602:
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33:
357:
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larvae, the perennial growth of the plant takes ill effect on the monarchs' migratory patterns and may have other physiological effects. Use of the tropical milkweed in gardens has disrupted monarch migrations notably in
California, Texas, Florida, and South Carolina. Unlike the milkweed species native to these locations, the tropical milkweed does not go dormant in the winter causing non-migratory groups of butterflies to form. Planting
554:
52:
321:
when used in gardens outside of its native tropical range. Though public concern for the rapidly declining monarch population increased the demand and commercial availability of milkweed among nurseries in the US, the results have been mixed. While tropical milkweed may effectively sustain monarch
383:
that grow up to 1 m (3.3 ft) tall and have pale gray stems. The leaves are arranged oppositely on the stems and are lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate shaped ending in acuminate or acute tips. Like other members of the genus, the sap is milky. The
490:, including asclepin, calotropin, uzarin and their free genins, calactin, coroglucigenin and uzarigenin. It also contains oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, and glycosides of asclepin. The most abundant cardiac glycoside present in
1093:
428:
is sometimes used in butterfly gardens (see above for concerns for monarchs) or as a cut flower. However, when the stems or leaves are broken, a poisonous milky sap exudes which can cause eye injury.
601:
577:
616:
471:
was introduced to
Australia prior to 1869 and is widespread in parts of Queensland. It is considered an exotic plant, and a weed, at the Meteor Downs South Project near
404:. The follicles contain tan to brown seeds that are ovate in shape and 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) long. The flat seeds have silky hairs that allow the seeds to
1574:
1776:
1639:
461:
provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan, and
Zhejiang, as well as in
446:
It is an introduced species in the US states of
California, Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Texas, as well as the US unincorporated territories of
541:
1512:
1863:
1600:
1525:
802:
793:
589:
1737:
1675:
1413:
1198:
Agrawal, Anurag A.; Böröczky, Katalin; Haribal, Meena; Hastings, Amy P.; White, Ronald A.; Jiang, Ren-Wang; Duplais, Christophe (2021-04-20).
1372:
907:
1878:
396:
and corona lobes that are yellow or orange. Flowering occurs nearly year-round. The 5–10 cm (2.0–3.9 in) long, fusiform shaped
1843:
1858:
1447:
1408:
1148:
Singh, B.; Rastogi, R.P. (February 1972). "Structure of asclepin and some observations on the NMR spectra of
Calotropis glycosides".
1873:
1561:
59:
1853:
1802:
1618:
996:
1716:
1605:
727:
798:
505:
1200:"Cardenolides, toxicity, and the costs of sequestration in the coevolutionary interaction between monarchs and milkweeds"
451:
1320:
645:
1763:
1587:
1359:
32:
326:
in nonnative regions therefore remains controversial and criticized. Alternatively, native milkweed species (such as
1094:"Flora, fauna and freshwater biota assessment of the Meteor Downs South Project, near Rolleston, Central Queensland"
955:
1868:
1807:
1750:
1377:
565:
74:
1644:
1613:
1680:
922:
443:
as a "widespread species, ranging from southern North
America through Central America and into South America."
1755:
858:"Exposure to Non-Native Tropical Milkweed Promotes Reproductive Development in Migratory Monarch Butterflies"
1499:
356:
1504:
1478:
756:
553:
1473:
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517:
1387:
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472:
191:
1491:
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with improved flower colors and shorter habit; some have bright red, yellow or orange colored flowers.
1530:
784:
1667:
1421:
1266:
1211:
494:
leaves is voruscharin, which comprises around 40% of the total cardiac glycoside content in leaves.
409:
339:
331:
41:
1631:
1068:
1848:
1815:
1486:
1270:
487:
271:
215:
69:
1742:
1579:
825:"Citizen Science Observations of Monarch Butterfly Overwintering in the Southern United States"
1701:
1395:
1245:
1227:
1011:
930:
889:
350:
318:
263:
1706:
1553:
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401:
393:
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335:
249:
112:
1729:
1331:
1215:
1781:
1724:
1465:
1240:
1199:
1121:
Singh, Bhagirath; Rastogi, R.P. (February 1970). "Cardenolides—glycosides and genins".
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99:
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207:
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703:
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314:
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158:
148:
1341:
995:
Hsueh, Kuo-Fang; Lin, Pei-Yu; Lee, Shui-Mei; Hsieh, Chang-Fu (February 2004).
974:
1452:
1305:
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934:
670:
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1434:
1223:
874:
374:
258:
168:
1657:
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1015:
893:
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1693:
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1092:
Wormington, Kevin; Tucker, Gail; Black, Robert; Campbell, Lorelle (2012).
841:
824:
1789:
1299:
421:
380:
346:
253:
138:
125:
1652:
1517:
997:"Ocular injuries from plant sap of genera Euphorbia and Dieffenbachia"
1543:
923:"California's Monarch Butterflies Are Down 99%. Can This Plant Help?"
462:
385:
1276:
622:
Scarlet milkweed with a
Monarch caterpillar and large milkweed bugs
1439:
458:
397:
355:
86:
1566:
1426:
1280:
823:
Howard, Elizabeth; Aschen, Harlen; Davis, Andrew K. (2010).
704:"Common Names for Tropical Milkweed (Asclepias curassavica)"
317:, however it may be harmful to the migration patterns of
1044:"Plants Profile for Asclepias curassavica (Bloodflower)"
671:"Synonyms of Tropical Milkweed (Asclepias curassavica)"
1177:"Chemical investigation of Asclepias curassavica Linn"
956:"Gardening to Help Monarch Butterflies? Plant Natives"
646:"Comprehensive Report Species – Asclepias curassavica"
650:
NatureServe
Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life
856:
Majewska, Ania A.; Altizer, Sonia (16 August 2019).
1289:
728:"ITIS Standard Report Page: Asclepias curassavica"
392:with 10-20 flowers each. They have purple or red
1204:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
360:Collage of arthropods using tropical milkweed (
457:It has been introduced and naturalized in the
1050:. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
639:
637:
8:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
652:. 7.1. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe Inc
313:garden plant and as a food source for some
1277:
1004:Journal of the Chinese Medical Association
50:
31:
20:
1239:
883:
873:
840:
757:"Asclepias curassavica in Flora of China"
751:
749:
747:
595:Monarch caterpillars feeding on milkweed.
803:United States Department of Agriculture
794:Germplasm Resources Information Network
732:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
633:
583:Flowers with ants feeding on the nectar
501:
1273:and non-native California distribution
1175:Singh, Bhagirath; Rastogi, R. (1969).
779:
777:
345:It also attracts other members of the
1069:"Asclepias curassavica (bloodflower)"
7:
1808:63aedafd-b662-4559-8e8c-ca4aaf641afa
1668:aede92a5-130e-4d8d-aa28-5c164e4b10a9
364:) for nectar or as a hunting ground
975:"Asclepias curassavica: Floridata"
908:"Can Milkweed be Bad for Monarchs"
338:for California) are suggested for
14:
954:Clarke, Chris (9 January 2015).
615:
600:
588:
576:
564:
552:
540:
528:
516:
504:
420:There are a number of different
73:
1756:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:94213-1
973:Christman, Steve (2004-01-21).
829:Psyche: A Journal of Entomology
1864:Garden plants of South America
1:
1135:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85141-9
799:Agricultural Research Service
274:. Other common names include
1162:10.1016/0031-9422(72)80044-X
761:Flora of China @ eFloras.org
452:United States Virgin Islands
408:when the pod-like follicles
1879:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1181:Indian Journal of Chemistry
921:Fahy, Claire (2021-06-01).
763:. Missouri Botanical Garden
1895:
1844:NatureServe secure species
16:Species of flowering plant
1859:Flora of Southern America
1101:EIS and Technical Reports
475:, Queensland, Australia.
221:
214:
197:
190:
70:Scientific classification
68:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1874:Plants described in 1753
1321:Asclepias curassavica L.
1224:10.1073/pnas.2024463118
1103:. Gold Coast Quarry: 28
875:10.3390/insects10080253
511:Flower from flower biew
349:subfamily, such as the
365:
292:Mexican butterfly weed
288:hierba de la cucaracha
262:. It is native to the
1854:Butterfly food plants
1492:Asclepias curassavica
1414:Asclepias_curassavica
1378:Asclepias_curassavica
1291:Asclepias curassavica
787:Asclepias curassavica
608:Asclepias curassavica
492:Asclepias curassavica
484:Asclepias curassavica
469:Asclepias curassavica
437:Asclepias curassavica
426:Asclepias curassavica
406:float on air currents
362:Asclepias curassavica
359:
324:Asclepias curassavica
241:Asclepias curassavica
201:Asclepias curassavica
25:Asclepias curassavica
1267:Jepson Manual (1993)
708:Encyclopedia of Life
675:Encyclopedia of Life
244:, commonly known as
1216:2021PNAS..11824463A
1210:(16): e2024463118.
842:10.1155/2010/689301
547:Seed with parachute
373:Typical plants are
332:narrowleaf milkweed
319:monarch butterflies
270:distribution as an
183:A. curassavica
42:Conservation status
1271:introduced species
927:The New York Times
910:. 12 January 2013.
488:cardiac glycosides
366:
309:It is grown as an
272:introduced species
1869:Pantropical flora
1831:
1830:
1702:Open Tree of Life
1283:Taxon identifiers
644:Raker, C (1995).
486:contains several
340:butterfly gardens
246:tropical milkweed
237:
236:
232:
63:
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1278:
1269:—description of
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1018:. Archived from
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660:
658:
657:
641:
619:
604:
592:
580:
568:
556:
544:
532:
520:
508:
439:is described by
304:wild ipecacuanha
300:scarlet milkweed
264:American tropics
230:
203:
78:
77:
57:
54:
53:
35:
21:
1894:
1893:
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1689:Observation.org
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1120:
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1096:
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1086:
1077:
1075:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1053:
1051:
1048:Plants Database
1042:
1041:
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545:
536:
533:
524:
521:
512:
509:
500:
481:
434:
418:
371:
336:desert milkweed
252:species of the
250:flowering plant
224:Asclepias nivea
210:
205:
199:
186:
72:
64:
55:
51:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1892:
1890:
1882:
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1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
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1835:
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1821:wfo-0000551246
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1760:
1747:
1734:
1721:
1711:
1698:
1685:
1672:
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1261:External links
1259:
1256:
1255:
1190:
1167:
1156:(2): 757–762.
1150:Phytochemistry
1140:
1129:(2): 315–331.
1123:Phytochemistry
1113:
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571:Flower closeup
570:
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559:Seeds close up
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412:(split open).
370:
367:
328:showy milkweed
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1025:on 2014-06-11
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1187:: 1105–1110.
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1105:. Retrieved
1100:
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1076:. Retrieved
1073:www.cabi.org
1072:
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1052:. Retrieved
1047:
1038:
1027:. Retrieved
1020:the original
1010:(2): 93–98.
1007:
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926:
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649:
610:'Silky Gold'
607:
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432:Distribution
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280:blood flower
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1730:kew-2654713
1627:NatureServe
1539:iNaturalist
1315:Wikispecies
977:. Floridata
808:5 September
448:Puerto Rico
441:NatureServe
416:Cultivation
400:are called
369:Description
315:butterflies
284:cotton bush
276:bloodflower
268:pantropical
231:(L.) Kuntze
228:curassavica
159:Apocynaceae
149:Gentianales
113:Angiosperms
60:NatureServe
1838:Categories
1725:Plant List
1385:Calflora:
1107:2014-03-30
1078:2022-05-06
1054:2014-03-22
1029:2011-05-01
981:2014-03-22
940:2021-06-04
868:(8): 253.
767:2014-03-22
737:2014-03-22
713:2014-03-22
680:2014-03-22
656:2014-03-22
628:References
311:ornamental
266:and has a
1849:Asclepias
1505:200018502
1479:200018502
1461:FloraBase
1232:0027-8424
935:0362-4331
479:Chemistry
473:Rolleston
422:cultivars
402:follicles
381:subshrubs
378:perennial
375:evergreen
259:Asclepias
177:Species:
170:Asclepias
83:Kingdom:
1803:VicFlora
1790:Tropicos
1632:2.129369
1580:10207644
1409:eFloraSA
1300:Wikidata
1250:33850021
1016:15146906
894:31426310
450:and the
394:corollas
347:Danainae
254:milkweed
216:Synonyms
155:Family:
139:Asterids
126:Eudicots
1795:2603005
1782:2681-77
1653:NTFlora
1614:MoBotPF
1567:94213-1
1518:3170241
1306:Q939991
1241:8072370
1212:Bibcode
885:6724006
862:Insects
835:: 1–6.
498:Gallery
459:Chinese
410:dehisce
388:are in
386:flowers
296:redhead
256:genus,
248:, is a
165:Genus:
145:Order:
87:Plantae
58: (
56:Secure
1738:PLANTS
1707:749456
1694:114904
1665:NZOR:
1619:276911
1453:152545
1427:581283
1365:103173
1349:APDB:
1329:AoFP:
1248:
1238:
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1014:
933:
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882:
523:Fruits
463:Taiwan
398:fruits
334:, and
302:, and
1777:SANBI
1769:57813
1714:PFI:
1676:NZPCN
1645:52823
1606:30258
1575:IRMNG
1554:13933
1551:IPA:
1544:75602
1487:FoAO2
1448:EUNIS
1440:ASCCU
1352:74130
1339:APA:
1097:(PDF)
1023:(PDF)
1000:(PDF)
535:Seeds
390:cymes
351:queen
226:var.
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
1751:POWO
1743:ASCU
1717:8402
1681:4351
1640:NCBI
1601:ITIS
1593:7248
1562:IPNI
1531:4469
1526:GRIN
1513:GBIF
1466:6580
1435:EPPO
1401:H6BX
1373:ATRF
1360:APNI
1342:5578
1332:1400
1246:PMID
1228:ISSN
1012:PMID
960:KCET
931:ISSN
890:PMID
833:2010
810:2014
1816:WFO
1764:RHS
1658:364
1588:ISC
1500:FoC
1474:FNA
1422:EoL
1396:CoL
1388:744
1236:PMC
1220:doi
1208:118
1158:doi
1131:doi
880:PMC
870:doi
837:doi
278:or
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