38:
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329:(SSI). Infections are categorized as superficial incisional, deep incisional, or organ; the first type are confined to the skin, the second to muscles and nearby tissues, and the third to organs not anatomically close to the operation site. The exact modes of infection depend on the types of surgery, but the most common bacteria that are responsible for SSIs are
210:
that bacteria caused diseases and antiseptic techniques. At the end of the 19th century, Joseph Lister and his followers expanded the term "antisepsis" and coined "asepsis", with the justification that Lister had initially "suggested excluding septic agents from the wound from the start." Generally,
341:
emphasizes the importance of both antiseptic and aseptic approaches in avoiding SSIs, especially since
Staphylococcus aureus, among other bacteria, are able to evolve drug-resistant strains that can be difficult to treat. In 2017, nearly 20,000 patients in the United States died from Staphylococcus
205:
The line between antisepsis and asepsis is interpreted differently, depending on context and time. In the past, antiseptic operations occurred in people's homes or in operating theaters before a large crowd. Procedures for implementing antisepsis varied among physicians and experienced constant
276:
through quarantine, specifically isolation procedures based on the mode of disease transmission. Within contact, droplet and airborne isolation methods, two different procedures emerge: strict isolation vs. reverse isolation. Strict isolation quarantines patients to prevent them from infecting
285:
In aseptic conditions, a "chronic low-level inflammation" known as sterile inflammation may develop as a result of trauma, stress, or environmental factors. As in infections caused by pathogens or microbes, the immune response is regulated by host receptors. Tissue damage resulting from
231:
and nurses. Ultimately, though, successful usage of aseptic operations depends on a combination of preparatory actions. For example, sterile equipment and fluids are used during invasive medical and nursing procedures. The largest manifestation of such aseptic techniques is in hospital
72:
techniques, a shift initiated by different individuals in the 19th century who introduced practices such as the sterilizing of surgical tools and the wearing of surgical gloves during operations. The goal of asepsis is to eliminate infection, not to achieve sterility. Ideally, a
271:
also need to be sterilized beforehand. Basic aseptic procedures includes hand washing, donning protective gloves, masks and gowns, and sterilizing equipment and linens. Medical aseptic techniques also includes curbing the spread of
211:
however, asepsis is seen as a continuation of antisepsis since many of the values are the same, such as a "germ-free environment around the wound or patient", and techniques pioneered under both names are used in conjunction today.
137:
shifted the movement then from antisepsis to asepsis, instilling practices such as a strict no-talking policy within his operating room and drastically limiting the number of people to come in contact with a patient's wound.
121:. Despite this, many hospitals continued to practice surgery in unsanitary conditions, with some surgeons taking pride in their bloodstained operating gowns. It was not until after reading of the findings by
223:). There are two types of asepsis — medical and surgical. Medical or clean asepsis reduces the number of organisms and prevents their spread; surgical or sterile asepsis includes procedures to eliminate
1197:
161:. Preceding modern-day scrubs attire, Halsted implemented a no street clothes policy in his operating room, opting to wear a completely white, sterile uniform consisting of a duck suit,
89:. Even in an aseptic state, a condition of sterile inflammation may develop. The term often refers to those practices used to promote or induce asepsis in an operative field of
290:
molecules released after injury or cell death has occurred, which are able to stimulate inflammation response. Diseases associated with sterile inflammation include
1190:
1094:"Vital Signs: Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections — United States"
338:
1183:
169:. This helped to prevent the introduction of infections into open wounds. Additionally, Halsted would sterilize the operation site with alcohol,
1749:
1676:
547:
219:
Asepsis refers to any procedure that is performed under sterile conditions. This includes medical and laboratory techniques (such as with
185:
solution as well as scrubbing with stiff brushes. The damage to a surgical nurse's hands compelled him to create the earliest form of the
731:
1490:
424:
37:
891:
1744:
1644:
1000:
126:
1552:
1326:
392:
81:, meaning it is free of all biological contaminants (e.g. fungi, bacteria, viruses), not just those that can cause disease,
975:
259:
to set up and maintain the sterile field. To prevent cross-contamination of patients, instruments are sterilized through
68:). There are two categories of asepsis: medical and surgical. The modern day notion of asepsis is derived from the older
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1510:
1495:
387:
78:
31:
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1024:
Owens, C. D.; Stoessel, K. (November 2008). "Surgical site infections: epidemiology, microbiology and prevention".
785:
640:
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1581:
1348:
1240:
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361:
1380:
705:"Developments in bacteriology - Attempts to prevent illness and disease – WJEC - GCSE History Revision - WJEC"
1505:
1500:
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220:
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30:
This article is about the state of being free from pathogens. For the process of achieving this state, see
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While all members of the surgical team should demonstrate good aseptic technique, it is the role of the
228:
194:
915:
Holland, Christian; Jaeger, Lothar; Smentkowski, Ulrich; Weber, Beate; Otto, Christina (15 June 2012).
177:, he enforced an extreme hand washing ritual consisting of soaking in harmfully strong chemicals like
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1440:
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837:
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170:
1307:
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and other disinfectants and use drapes to cover all areas except for the site. In his department at
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1343:
53:
803:
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changes. Until the late 19th century, physicians rejected the connection between Louis
Pasteur's
182:
139:
1485:
425:"Standard Precautions, Transmission Based, Surgical Asepsis: NCLEX-RN || RegisteredNursing.org"
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growth due to "immune cell infiltration." Additionally, aseptic tissue damage may arise from
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Despite efforts to preserve asepsis during surgery, there still persists a 1-3% chance of a
110:
61:
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264:
118:
1001:"Surgical Site Infections - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center"
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149:
109:
The modern concept of asepsis evolved in the 19th century through multiple individuals.
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others, while reverse isolation prevents vulnerable patients from becoming infected.
186:
130:
122:
877:
1450:
1395:
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844:. Damage-associated molecular patterns and their pathological relevance in ageing.
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162:
114:
86:
82:
540:
Destiny of the republic: a tale of madness, medicine and the murder of a president
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146:, a device used for the practice of the sterilization of surgical instruments.
17:
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injections, which are drugs used to treat musculoskeletal conditions such as
1586:
1445:
584:"Asepsis and Bacteriology: A Realignment of Surgery and Laboratory Science1"
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98:
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958:
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838:"DAMPs as mediators of sterile inflammation in aging-related pathologies"
299:
94:
49:
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But, everything from operating room uniforms to gloves was pioneered by
1681:
90:
193:. These gloves became a part of the aseptic surgery standard when Dr.
1520:
133:
as an antiseptic, and in doing so, reduced surgical infection rates.
498:
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and several others began wearing them for that particular purpose.
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287:
242:
148:
57:
36:
836:
Feldman, Noa; Rotter-Maskowitz, Aviva; Okun, Eitan (2015-11-01).
1179:
917:"Septic and Aseptic Complications of Corticosteroid Injections"
314:, though this tends to result from improper aseptic technique.
657:"History of Infection Control and its Contributions to the"
342:
aureus in comparison to the 16,350 from diagnosed HIV.
483:"Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage"
1657:
1615:
1571:
1421:
1336:
1325:
1295:
1254:
1228:
1214:
481:Chen, Grace Y.; Nuñez, Gabriel (19 November 2010).
1152:"Basic Statistics | HIV Basics | HIV/AIDS | CDC"
786:"Microbiology Techniques & Troubleshooting"
236:, where the aim is to keep patients free from
1191:
8:
1098:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
1333:
1225:
1198:
1184:
1176:
1127:
1109:
948:
615:
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247:Packaged, sterilized surgical instruments
27:Absence of disease-causing microorganisms
404:
804:"Bios 318 Microbiology methods manual"
321:Medical illustration of Staphylococcus
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418:
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412:
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333:, coagulase-negative staphylococci,
41:Hand scrubbing procedure for surgery
1491:Oxidative/fermentation glucose test
765:"Medical Asepsis (Clean Technique)"
286:non-infectious means are caused by
921:Deutsches Ă„rzteblatt International
263:or by using disposable equipment;
25:
1617:Antibiotic susceptibility testing
1424:biochemical and immunologic tests
1026:The Journal of Hospital Infection
227:from an area and is practiced by
1645:Minimum inhibitory concentration
1337:Manual testing: basic techniques
1068:"Superbug, super-fast evolution"
823:Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery
153:Image of William Stewart Halsted
48:is the state of being free from
379:(measurements of effectiveness)
50:disease-causing micro-organisms
1553:Novobiocin susceptibility test
1543:Bacitracin susceptibility test
393:Transmission-based precautions
1:
1436:Amino acid decarboxylase test
1038:10.1016/S0195-6701(08)60017-1
582:Schlich, Thomas (July 2012).
1750:Sterilization (microbiology)
1548:Optochin susceptibility test
1511:Sulfide indole motility test
1496:Phenylalanine deaminase test
892:"Injectable Corticosteroids"
772:Indiana Department of Health
388:Sterilization (microbiology)
337:, and Enterococcus spp. The
32:Sterilization (microbiology)
1092:Kourtis, Athena P. (2019).
685:portraitcollection.jhmi.edu
463:. New York: Pantheon Books.
1766:
976:"Surgical Site Infections"
487:Nature Reviews. Immunology
117:prior to delivery reduced
29:
1592:Polymerase chain reaction
933:10.3238/arztebl.2012.0425
854:10.1016/j.arr.2015.01.003
681:"William Stewart Halsted"
538:Millard, Candice (2011).
429:www.registerednursing.org
1582:Analytical profile index
645:. Thomas Vicary Lecture.
362:Body substance isolation
238:hospital micro-organisms
1745:Microbiology techniques
980:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
896:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
842:Ageing Research Reviews
542:. New York: Doubleday.
461:An anatomy of addiction
327:surgical site infection
191:Goodyear Rubber Company
1516:Triple sugar iron test
1111:10.15585/mmwr.mm6809e1
1072:evolution.berkeley.edu
1005:www.urmc.rochester.edu
322:
248:
229:surgical technologists
201:Antisepsis vs. Asepsis
175:Johns Hopkins Hospital
154:
129:introduced the use of
42:
1574:point-of-care testing
1255:Cultures by body site
1208:clinical microbiology
372:Contamination control
331:Staphylococcus aureus
320:
257:surgical technologist
246:
195:Joseph Colt Bloodgood
152:
40:
1533:Voges–Proskauer test
1441:Bile solubility test
1296:Cultures by organism
1229:Isolation techniques
298:, as well as cancer
142:also introduced the
1640:McFarland standards
1630:Disk diffusion test
1625:Beta-lactamase test
1558:Lancefield grouping
1538:X and V factor test
1506:Salt tolerance test
1381:Ziehl–Neelsen stain
1344:Colonial morphology
600:10.1017/mdh.2012.22
292:Alzheimer's disease
274:infectious diseases
54:pathogenic bacteria
1709:Inoculation needle
982:. 22 November 2019
323:
281:Related infections
249:
234:operating theaters
221:bacterial cultures
183:mercury bichloride
155:
140:Ernst von Bergmann
43:
1717:
1716:
1694:Biosafety cabinet
1653:
1652:
1501:Reverse CAMP test
1321:
1320:
1303:Bacterial culture
1032:(Suppl 2): 3–10.
732:"Aseptic Surgery"
549:978-0-385-52626-5
16:(Redirected from
1757:
1704:Inoculation loop
1602:Rapid strep test
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821:Yool, Donald A.
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808:www.ruf.rice.edu
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736:research.uci.edu
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459:Markel, Howard.
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383:Ignaz Semmelweis
335:Escherichia coli
111:Ignaz Semmelweis
62:pathogenic fungi
21:
1765:
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1755:
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1740:Medical hygiene
1720:
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1718:
1713:
1649:
1611:
1567:
1476:Methyl red test
1423:
1422:Manual testing:
1417:
1376:India ink stain
1366:Acid-fast stain
1329:
1317:
1291:
1267:Genital culture
1250:
1246:Selective media
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927:(24): 425–430.
914:
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909:
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898:
890:
889:
885:
848:(Pt A): 29–39.
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790:Science Buddies
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639:Flack, Harvey.
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588:Medical History
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499:10.1038/nri2873
493:(12): 826–837.
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357:Barrier nursing
348:
296:atherosclerosis
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225:micro-organisms
217:
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187:surgical gloves
159:William Halsted
119:puerperal fever
107:
35:
28:
23:
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18:Aseptic surgery
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1572:Automated and
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1456:Coagulase test
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1327:Identification
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1308:Fungal culture
1305:
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1277:Throat culture
1274:
1272:Sputum culture
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1206:Techniques in
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1203:
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1180:
1169:
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1143:
1104:(9): 214–219.
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907:
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813:
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777:
747:
720:
696:
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594:(3): 308–334.
563:
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440:
423:Burke, Alene.
403:
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1677:Anaerobic jar
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1670:Growth medium
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1607:Monospot test
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1347:
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1332:
1328:
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1314:
1313:Viral culture
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1287:Wound culture
1285:
1283:
1282:Urine culture
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1262:Blood culture
1260:
1259:
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1481:Nitrite test
1451:Citrate test
1392:Rapid tests
1371:Giemsa stain
1241:Streak plate
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1160:. Retrieved
1158:. 2020-03-20
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1074:. April 2008
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179:permanganate
163:tennis shoes
156:
115:hand washing
113:showed that
108:
87:fermentation
83:putrefaction
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1735:Antiseptics
1689:Durham tube
1521:Urease test
1330:and testing
1156:www.cdc.gov
642:Lawson Tait
367:Cleanliness
261:autoclaving
253:scrub nurse
208:germ theory
135:Lawson Tait
97:to prevent
1724:Categories
1665:Agar plate
1461:DNAse test
1361:Gram stain
1162:2020-04-21
1078:2020-04-21
1010:2020-04-21
986:2020-04-21
901:2020-04-21
741:2020-04-21
714:2020-04-21
690:2020-04-21
666:2020-04-21
434:2020-04-21
399:References
352:Antiseptic
269:xenografts
70:antiseptic
1699:Incubator
1658:Equipment
1587:MALDI-TOF
1486:ONPG test
1446:CAMP test
1349:Hemolysis
1216:Isolation
1120:0149-2195
1046:0195-6701
941:1866-0452
862:1568-1637
608:0025-7273
558:700205578
507:1474-1733
189:with the
144:autoclave
99:infection
66:parasites
52:(such as
1563:RPR test
1471:KOH test
1431:ALA test
1401:Catalase
1388:Wet prep
1356:Staining
1138:30845118
1054:19022115
959:22787504
878:33283933
870:25641058
661:Medscape
626:23002302
525:21088683
346:See also
167:skullcap
95:medicine
1730:Surgery
1682:Gas-pak
1396:Oxidase
1236:Asepsis
1221:culture
1129:6421967
950:3394381
825:. CABI.
617:3426977
516:3114424
105:History
91:surgery
79:sterile
58:viruses
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1406:Indole
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215:Method
171:iodine
165:, and
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1635:Etest
1597:VITEK
1526:rapid
1466:IMViC
874:S2CID
768:(PDF)
300:tumor
288:DAMPs
125:that
85:, or
1219:and
1134:PMID
1116:ISSN
1050:PMID
1042:ISSN
955:PMID
937:ISSN
866:PMID
858:ISSN
622:PMID
604:ISSN
554:OCLC
544:ISBN
521:PMID
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310:and
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1124:PMC
1106:doi
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