652:
626:
378:
348:
603:
409:. Beginning in AD 1542, the European settlers pushed to overtake the natural resources. In June 2010, however, the Brazilian and Peruvian governments signed an energy agreement that allows Brazilian companies to build a series of large dams in the Brazilian, Peruvian, and Bolivian Amazon. The problem with the 2,000-megawatt Pakitzapango Dam is that it has a permanent location that is proposed to be located in the heart of Peru's Ene valley and could displace as many as 10,000 Ashanínka. These encroaching problems have not only extremely changed the generational culture of the Ashanínka tribal societies, but has also changed landscape of what we call modern-day Peru.
205:
216:
255:
806:
557:
43:
194:
1406:
1029:
182:
157:
243:
227:
491:
Malaria is on the rise in Asháninka communities. Current threats (either directly or indirectly) are from oil companies, drug traffickers, colonists, illegal lumberers, illegal roads, and diseases brought by outsiders. In 1988 a program started in Peru to teach
Spanish language to indigenous people.
355:
The Asháninka are estimated between 25,000 and 100,000, although others give 88,000 to almost 100,000. Only little more than a thousand of them live on the
Brazilian side of the border. The Ashaninka communities are scattered throughout the central rainforests of Peru in the provinces of Junin,
569:
The Asháninka in
Brazilian territory add up to more than 1,000 inhabitants. Known as Kampas in Brazil and also as Campas in Peru (pejorative term), they are distributed in small towns along the Breu, Amônia, and Arara rivers, tributaries of the Envira and Yurúa rivers, in the state of Acre. Its
368:
method to clear lands and to plant yucca roots, sweet potato, corn, bananas, rice, coffee, cacao and sugar cane in biodiversity-friendly techniques. They live from hunting and fishing, primarily using bows and arrows or spears, as well as from collecting fruit and vegetables in the jungle.
404:
Ashanínka tribal societies have faced overwhelming obstacles in disputes over territory and culture against the immigrating
Spanish culture and neighboring tribal societies. Biodiversity is the establishment of the Ashanínka way of life, so they treat this biodiversity hotspot as their
417:
The Asháninka are known historically to be fiercely independent, and were noted for their "bravery and independence" by the
Spanish conquistadors. They resisted with some success missionary endeavors by Roman Catholic missionaries from the 17th to 19th centuries, especially near the
549:, as well as their main tributaries. Due to migrations, whether due to political violence or interest in the extraction of forest resources, they have mobilized and shared territories with other ethnic groups, such as in the Lower Urubamba, where they share space with the
437:
In 1914, there was an Asháninka rebellion against the settlers, missionaries and rubber tappers in the Pichis area and the latter group was evicted from the region by this rebellion. While describing the suppression of this rebellion, anthropologist
573:
It is very probable that the presence of Asháninka in Brazil is due to the action of the mine owners who forced them to move from Gran
Pajonal. The presence of Asháninkas in Brazilian territory, actually, goes back to the eighteenth century.
584:
They are of fine physique and generally good-looking. Their dress is a robe with holes for the head and arms. Their long hair hangs down over the shoulders, and round their necks a toucan beak or a bunch of feathers is worn as an ornament.
442:
wrote: "The government responded to these attacks by sending repressive military missions, but these were demonstrations of sovereignty and authority more than a true interest in retaking the lost rich rubber lands."
686:
The Asháninka language is spoken in the central eastern territory of Peru, in the departments of Cusco, Junín, Pasco, Huánuco and
Ucayali. Such a wide distribution certainly offers multiple dialectal varieties.
1017:
622:. Typically the robes are dyed either brown or a bright royal blue. The shoulders of the garments are ornamented with seeds. A full-length robe can take up to three months to complete.
1394:
683:
belongs to the Arawak linguistic family, as do the
Matsiguenga, Yine, Caquinte, Yanesha and Nomatsiguenga languages. In Peru it is spoken by approximately 25,000 Asháninka.
671:) fruits. For ceremonial purposes, the men also wear woven circles of palm leaves decorated with feathers on their heads, and the women wear a woven cotton head dress.
1010:
401:, were notorious for their fierce independence, and their warlike skills in successfully protecting their land and culture against intrusion from outsiders.
488:, around 6000 were killed, 10,000 were displaced, and 5000 imprisoned in camps of the Sendero Luminoso. About 30 to 40 Asháninka villages were obliterated.
826:
591:
1387:
430:(1839–1913), the Asháninka were enslaved by rubber tappers and an estimated 70% of the Asháninka population was killed. The rubber enterprise founded by
2640:
481:
1003:
1372:
2660:
1380:
602:
651:
625:
434:
killed many Asháninka people during the rubber boom and enslaved the Asháninka which would not voluntarily extract rubber for
Fitzcarrald.
377:
347:
2655:
995:
1267:
659:
Traditionally the Asháninka men, women and children paint their faces in a variety of designs using the bright red crushed seeds of
126:
2650:
821:
752:
2645:
1363:
1262:
701:
107:
64:
79:
1229:
525:, organized into small residential groups made up of around five nuclear families under the direction of a local chief or
60:
31:
1410:
2169:
1305:
1272:
636:
below the ear. Around their necks they wear a large variety of necklaces and bracelets made with seeds, the teeth of
476:
During the 1980s and 90s, the Asháninka suffered forced conscription, forced labour and massacres at the hands of the
86:
1778:
1521:
1045:
632:
Traditionally, women wear their hair long, and over the shoulder, while typically men wear their hair short or in
2619:
2604:
93:
2458:
2018:
889:
777:
332:
221:
529:. The rivers where the Ashaninka are settled and where they can be found are the Lower Apurímac, Ene, Tambo,
1872:
1699:
53:
75:
2516:
485:
324:
199:
2084:
1788:
1161:
336:
232:
696:
680:
273:
2534:
2454:
1501:
1428:
439:
2247:
1861:
1220:
328:
281:
210:
2392:
2242:
1300:
1242:
431:
2506:
2342:
2337:
2272:
1798:
1793:
890:
Peru: The Truth and
Reconciliation Commission – a first step towards a country without injustice
2478:
2470:
2405:
2307:
2237:
2109:
2099:
1969:
1290:
1257:
1237:
514:
506:
458:
308:
2104:
505:
In Peru, the Ashaninkas lived dispersed in a vast territory that included the valleys of the
2542:
2496:
2327:
2317:
2297:
2217:
2212:
2127:
2038:
1851:
1808:
1737:
1669:
1634:
1252:
1247:
1156:
811:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
546:
477:
277:
100:
2568:
2547:
2322:
2267:
2061:
1931:
1333:
1317:
1295:
1282:
1131:
1111:
530:
462:
419:
406:
2425:
2420:
2410:
2252:
2189:
1752:
518:
2415:
2367:
2332:
2287:
2227:
1921:
1898:
1818:
1684:
1649:
1629:
1604:
1338:
1310:
1206:
1191:
1176:
1136:
1080:
542:
534:
365:
2634:
2552:
2430:
2352:
2347:
2312:
2292:
2262:
2257:
2145:
2089:
2066:
2056:
1742:
1704:
1674:
1594:
1569:
1496:
1491:
1463:
1348:
1060:
817:
812:
538:
447:
316:
2488:
2362:
1888:
1574:
1564:
1440:
1070:
951:
927:
903:
728:
522:
423:
260:
2621:
Salt of the Mountain Campa Asháninka History and Resistance in the Peruvian Jungle
2204:
2076:
1984:
1951:
1867:
1843:
1813:
1679:
1639:
1624:
1584:
1554:
1473:
1458:
1166:
1126:
975:
570:
population was estimated at 689 people according to data from the CEDI of 1991.
556:
550:
470:
427:
386:
42:
17:
521:, Pichis rivers, a sector of the Alto Ucayali and the interfluvial zone of the
2372:
2302:
2137:
2119:
1989:
1758:
1732:
1714:
1534:
1448:
1085:
451:
426:(Great Grassland) in the central part of the Amazon basin in Peru. During the
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1833:
2400:
2094:
1961:
1941:
1883:
1783:
1619:
1468:
1141:
1033:
510:
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The Asháninka are mostly dependent on subsistence agriculture. They use the
156:
2501:
2277:
2194:
1974:
1768:
1747:
1614:
1539:
1181:
1171:
2377:
2181:
2048:
1979:
1946:
1878:
1803:
1709:
1659:
1654:
1579:
1549:
1529:
1483:
1146:
1116:
1075:
633:
466:
446:
For over a century, there has been encroachment onto Asháninka land from
398:
2524:
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1994:
1926:
1913:
1856:
1823:
1724:
1689:
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1559:
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1343:
1196:
830:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 120.
668:
641:
976:"Ashaninka Language and the Asháninka Indian Tribe (Ashéninka, Campa)"
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1101:
1065:
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615:
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455:
320:
248:
356:
Pasco, Huanuco, a part of Ucayali, and the Brazilian state of Acre.
2222:
2030:
1936:
1609:
1201:
650:
637:
624:
601:
555:
376:
346:
1037:
893:. AI Index: AMR 46/003/2004. Amnesty International 2004. p. 15f.
619:
312:
187:
2451:
2166:
2015:
1425:
1376:
999:
36:
560:
Two Asháninka children in their home in the Ucayali region
397:. The Antis, who gave their name to the Inca province of
610:
The Asháninka traditional dress, commonly known as a
618:
that is collected, spun, dyed and woven by women on
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1094:
1053:
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147:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2605:Parks Watch - Reserva Comunal Asháninka de Satipo
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323:. Their ancestral lands are in the forests of
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2012:
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952:"Ashaninka - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil"
729:"Ashaninka - Indigenous Peoples in Brazil"
655:Asháninka boys with face paint, Acre, 2010
141:
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
799:
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2601:El Ojo verde - Cosmovisiones amazónicas
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778:"PeopleGroups.org - Ashaninca of Peru"
7:
174:Regions with significant populations
65:adding citations to reliable sources
381:Asháninka man with woven palm crown
351:Asháninka men in house, Acre, 2010
25:
648:, and brightly colored feathers.
2641:Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
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385:The Asháninka were known by the
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2624:. University of Oklahoma Press.
52:needs additional citations for
1364:Category:Ethnic groups in Peru
753:"Asháninka | Encyclopedia.com"
702:2009 Peruvian political crisis
1:
484:. Of the 55,000 Asháninka in
311:living in the rainforests of
2661:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
293:Traditional tribal religion
2677:
2656:Indigenous peoples in Peru
2453:Indigenous peoples of the
2168:Indigenous peoples of the
2017:Indigenous peoples of the
1427:Indigenous peoples of the
606:Ashaninka child in Brazil.
32:Asháninka (disambiguation)
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2618:Varese, Stefano (2002).
980:www.native-languages.org
422:(Salt Mountain) and the
2651:Ethnic groups in Brazil
827:Encyclopædia Britannica
593:Encyclopædia Britannica
1034:Ancestry and ethnicity
956:pib.socioambiental.org
733:pib.socioambiental.org
656:
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614:, is a robe made from
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2646:Ethnic groups in Peru
932:Minority Rights Group
908:Minority Rights Group
654:
628:
605:
559:
380:
350:
757:www.encyclopedia.com
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2170:Central-West Region
843:, p. 70,82-85.
144:
2393:Mato Grosso do Sul
1411:Indigenous peoples
867:, p. 125-127.
855:, p. 126-132.
776:PeopleGroups.org.
697:Asháninka language
681:Asháninka language
657:
630:
608:
562:
432:Carlos Fitzcarrald
383:
353:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2459:Southeast Regions
2443:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1370:
1369:
1357:
1356:
1215:
1214:
1172:Matsés (Mayoruna)
578:Traditional dress
309:indigenous people
297:
296:
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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2626:
2625:
2615:
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2449:
2178:
2164:
2027:
2019:Northeast Region
2013:
1437:
1423:
1409:
1408:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1226:
1051:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1020:
1013:
1006:
997:
990:
989:
987:
986:
972:
966:
965:
963:
962:
948:
942:
941:
939:
938:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
900:
894:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
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832:
831:
810:
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801:
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791:
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788:
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595:Eleventh Edition
533:, Pichis, Lower
478:Sendero Luminoso
463:drug traffickers
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257:
256:
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245:
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231:
229:
228:
220:
218:
217:
209:
207:
206:
198:
196:
195:
186:
184:
183:
164:Total population
159:
145:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
18:Asháninka people
2676:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2573:
2557:
2529:
2511:
2483:
2461:
2435:
2387:
2199:
2172:
2150:
2132:
2114:
2071:
2043:
2021:
1999:
1956:
1908:
1838:
1719:
1516:
1478:
1431:
1417:
1403:
1401:
1371:
1366:
1353:
1322:
1277:
1211:
1132:Canelos-Quichua
1090:
1040:
1028:
1026:
1024:
994:
993:
984:
982:
974:
973:
969:
960:
958:
950:
949:
945:
936:
934:
926:
925:
921:
912:
910:
902:
901:
897:
887:
883:
875:
871:
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
820:, ed. (1911). "
816:
805:
803:
802:
795:
786:
784:
775:
774:
770:
761:
759:
751:
750:
746:
737:
735:
727:
726:
715:
710:
693:
677:
600:
589:
580:
567:
503:
498:
420:Cerro de la Sal
415:
407:natural capital
375:
362:
345:
254:
252:
242:
240:
235:) 97,477 (2007)
226:
224:
215:
213:
204:
202:
193:
191:
181:
179:
150:
140:
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2596:External links
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2531:
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2528:
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2517:Santa Catarina
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2406:Guarani-Kaiowá
2403:
2397:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
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2340:
2335:
2333:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
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2280:
2275:
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2140:
2134:
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2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2110:Gavião-Pykobjê
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
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2042:
2041:
2035:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
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1955:
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1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1899:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
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1652:
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1642:
1637:
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1627:
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1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1221:Non-indigenous
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1192:Shipibo-Conibo
1189:
1184:
1179:
1177:Quijos-Quichua
1174:
1169:
1164:
1162:Kichwa-Lamista
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813:public domain
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2620:
2613:
2592:
2589:Bibliography
2489:Minas Gerais
2248:Enawene Nawe
2190:Avá-Canoeiro
1799:Suruí (Pará)
1453:
1429:North Region
1121:
983:. Retrieved
979:
970:
959:. Retrieved
955:
946:
935:. Retrieved
931:
922:
911:. Retrieved
907:
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785:. Retrieved
781:
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732:
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583:
572:
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523:Gran Pajonal
504:
490:
475:
445:
436:
424:Gran Pajonal
416:
403:
394:
390:
384:
363:
354:
335:and part of
304:
300:
298:
139:Ethnic group
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
27:Ethnic group
2243:Cinta Larga
2205:Mato Grosso
1868:Cinta Larga
1640:Pira-tapuya
1630:Parintintín
1311:B'nai Moshe
1167:Machiguenga
928:"Ashaninka"
904:"Ashaninka"
877:Varese 2002
865:Varese 2002
853:Varese 2002
841:Varese 2002
634:"bowl" cuts
551:Machiguenga
473:companies.
428:rubber boom
360:Subsistence
315:and in the
117:August 2017
76:"Asháninka"
2635:Categories
2562:Widespread
2479:Tupiniquim
2373:Yawalapiti
2308:Nambikwara
2238:Chiquitano
2138:Pernambuco
1875:(Rondônia)
1864:(Rondônia)
1268:Portuguese
1046:Indigenous
985:2022-04-21
961:2022-02-03
937:2021-08-01
913:2021-07-01
787:2021-07-01
762:2021-07-01
738:2022-06-20
708:References
496:Demography
459:guerrillas
343:Population
282:Portuguese
87:newspapers
2535:São Paulo
2401:Chamacoco
2328:Rikbaktsa
2298:Munduruku
2128:Potiguara
2095:Guajajara
2085:Awá-Guajá
1962:Tocantins
1942:Wapishana
1884:Karitiana
1789:Parkatêjê
1784:Munduruku
1779:Kỳikatêjê
1620:Munduruku
1469:Machinere
1454:Asháninka
1147:Huambisas
1142:Harakmbut
1122:Asháninka
1095:Amazonian
565:In Brazil
467:colonists
339:in Peru.
305:Asháninca
301:Asháninka
274:Asháninka
268:Languages
143:Asháninka
2569:Kaingang
2548:Kaingang
2507:Xakriabá
2343:Tapirapé
2338:Tapayúna
2273:Kamayurá
2268:Kalapalo
2077:Maranhão
2062:Tabajara
1985:Tapirapé
1952:Ye'kuana
1947:Yanomami
1932:Patamona
1844:Rondônia
1814:Turiwára
1794:Parakanã
1710:Yanomami
1680:Turiwára
1660:Tenharim
1580:Jamamadi
1550:Barasana
1530:Amahuaca
1522:Amazonas
1502:Karipuna
1474:Yaminawá
1459:Kaxinawá
1301:Japanese
1243:Croatian
1230:European
1117:Amahuaca
1112:Aguaruna
1081:Quechuas
691:See also
675:Language
543:Pachitea
537:, Upper
535:Urubamba
507:Apurímac
480:and the
399:Antisuyu
288:Religion
149:Ashenika
2525:Xokleng
2416:Kadiweu
2368:Xavante
2358:Umutina
2303:Nahukuá
2288:Kuikuro
2228:Bakairi
2120:Paraíba
2105:Krĩkatí
2100:Ka'apor
1995:Xerente
1990:Xambioá
1970:Apinajé
1927:Macushi
1922:Akawaio
1914:Roraima
1857:Akuntsu
1824:Wayampi
1819:Wai-wai
1759:Araweté
1733:Amanayé
1715:Zuruahã
1690:Wayampi
1685:Wai-wai
1650:Tariana
1645:Siriano
1560:Cambeba
1535:Apurinã
1512:Wayampi
1507:Palikur
1449:Apurinã
1344:Mestizo
1334:African
1291:Chinese
1273:Spanish
1258:Italian
1238:British
1207:Yanesha
1197:Urarina
1152:Jibitos
1137:Cashibo
1066:Huancas
815::
669:annatto
661:Achiote
646:monkeys
642:peccary
539:Ucayali
501:In Peru
452:loggers
413:Threats
373:History
337:Ucayali
333:Huánuco
307:are an
278:Spanish
233:Ucayali
222:Huanuco
101:scholar
2553:Terena
2543:Aimoré
2502:Kaxixó
2497:Aimoré
2431:Terena
2353:Trumai
2348:Terena
2323:Paresi
2318:Panará
2313:Paiter
2293:Matipu
2283:Kayapo
2278:Karajá
2263:Kaiabi
2258:Ikpeng
2233:Bororo
2218:Apiacá
2213:Aimoré
2195:Karajá
2146:Xukuru
2090:Canela
2067:Tapeba
2057:Kiriri
2039:Pataxó
1975:Karajá
1894:Paiter
1873:Gavião
1852:Aikanã
1829:Wayana
1809:Tiriyó
1774:Kayapo
1769:Karajá
1764:Atikum
1755:(Pará)
1748:Apiacá
1743:Aparai
1738:Anambé
1705:Witoto
1695:Wayana
1675:Tucano
1670:Tiriyó
1665:Ticuna
1635:Pirahã
1615:Matsés
1600:Macuna
1595:Kulina
1590:Korubo
1545:Baniwa
1540:Banawá
1497:Kalina
1492:Aparai
1464:Kulina
1415:Brazil
1327:Others
1318:Korean
1296:Indian
1263:Polish
1253:German
1248:French
1187:Secoya
1182:Sápara
1157:Jíbaro
1107:Aguano
1102:Achuar
1061:Aymara
1054:Andean
809:
616:cotton
612:kushma
597:, 1911
531:Satipo
527:Kuraka
519:Perené
469:, and
456:Maoist
321:Brazil
258:
249:Brazil
246:
230:
219:
208:
197:
185:
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2455:South
2426:Ofayé
2421:Mbayá
2411:Guató
2378:Yudjá
2363:Wauja
2253:Guató
2223:Aweti
2182:Goiás
2049:Ceará
2031:Bahia
1980:Krahô
1937:Pemon
1904:Wari’
1889:Kwaza
1879:Kanoê
1862:Arara
1804:Tembé
1753:Arara
1655:Tembé
1610:Matis
1575:Hupda
1565:Cubeo
1484:Amapá
1283:Asian
1202:Yagua
1076:Q'ero
1071:Maina
638:tapir
620:looms
547:Yurúa
515:Tambo
486:Junín
395:Campa
387:Incas
329:Pasco
325:Junín
211:Pasco
200:Junin
108:JSTOR
94:books
2457:and
2383:Zoró
1834:Zo'é
1725:Pará
1625:Mura
1605:Mawé
1585:Juma
1555:Bora
1441:Acre
1339:Arab
1306:Jews
1127:Bora
1086:Uros
1038:Peru
822:Anti
679:The
644:and
545:and
482:MRTA
391:Anti
313:Peru
299:The
261:Acre
188:Peru
80:news
1570:Dâw
1413:of
1036:in
824:".
667:) (
511:Ene
471:oil
393:or
389:as
303:or
63:by
2637::
978:.
954:.
930:.
906:.
796:^
780:.
755:.
731:.
716:^
640:,
553:.
541:,
517:,
513:,
509:,
465:,
461:,
454:,
450:,
331:,
327:,
319:,
280:,
276:,
1396:e
1389:t
1382:v
1019:e
1012:t
1005:v
988:.
964:.
940:.
916:.
790:.
765:.
741:.
663:(
590:–
251:(
190:(
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
