580:
604:
placed in a large tree (often banyan, mango, jackfruit, rosewood) or sometimes on man-made structures, often close to human habitation. Several pairs will breed in the same vicinity. The usual clutch is made up of about four to six glossy blue eggs. Each egg is laid with a day in between and incubation begins only after the third or fourth egg is laid. The eggs hatch after 14 to 15 days. The young are brooded for two weeks, the female staying at the nest during the night. Both parents feed the chicks until they fledge and leave after three weeks. More than one brood may be raised in a season.
556:
42:
530:
286:
107:
82:
596:
564:
establishing more recently in
Pakistan, Rajkot, and Bombay (since 1953), possibly aided by trade in caged birds and accidental escape. Their westerward spread in India particularly in parts of Rajasthan has been aided by changes in irrigation and farming patterns. The species has also established itself in the
508:
was likely driven to extinction in the wild due to the illegal songbird trade becoming increasingly pervasive in
Indonesia, and in captivity it is likely threatened by hybridization with captured individuals of mainland pied myna species. It has been recommended to search for genetically pure members
537:
This myna is strikingly marked in black and white and has a yellowish bill with a reddish bill base. The bare skin around the eye is reddish. The upper body, throat and breast are black while the cheek, lores, wing coverts and rump are contrastingly white. The sexes are similar in plumage but young
591:
Both sexes sing. They forage in fields, lawns and on open ground feeding on grains, fruit, insects, earthworms and molluscs usually taken from the ground. Like many other starlings, they often use a prying or gaping action, piercing soil and then opening apart the bill to dislodge hidden food. The
563:
The species is found mainly in the plains but in the foothills up to about 700m above sea level. They are found mainly in areas with access to open water. Their main distribution in India is from the
Gangetic plains extending south to the Krishna River. Their range is increasing, with populations
603:
The breeding season in India is spread from March to
September. With the onset of breeding, the sizes of flocks decline and birds pair up. Courtship involves calling, fluffing of the feathers and head bobbing. The nest is a loose mass of straw formed into a dome with an entrance on the side and
587:
These starlings are usually found in small groups, foraging mainly on the ground but perching on trees and buildings. Birds in a group call frequently with a wide repertoire that includes whistles, trills, buzzes, clicks, and warbling calls. Young birds taken into captivity have been trained to
414:
in 1950. This form differs from the Indian form in having reduced streaking on the shoulders and nape. The populations in
Manipur south to Myanmar and east to Yunnan have the white extending over the eye and are included in the subspecies
592:
strong protractor muscles allow them to part a mat of grass and their eyes are positioned to obtain a binocular view of the space between the parted beak. They often feed in grazing land or among cattle.
402:
It is found mainly along the
Gangetic plains extending south into Andhra Pradesh and east to Bangladesh. The population in northeastern India (Sadiya to Tirap and the Naga Hills) was named as
579:
60:
1264:
972:
Baveja, Pratibha; Garg, Kritika M.; Chattopadhyay, Balaji; Sadanandan, Keren R.; Prawiradilaga, Dewi M.; Yuda, Pramana; Lee, Jessica G. H.; Rheindt, Frank E. (2021).
2057:
1925:
2124:
61:
571:
The habitat is lowland open areas with scattered trees near water, often near human habitation. This species is often seen at sewage farms and refuse tips.
273:. It is usually found in small groups mainly on the plains and low foothills. It is often seen within cities and villages although it is not as bold as the
626:
will not eat this bird as they believe it is the reincarnation of a human. They are considered to be generally beneficial because they eat many insects.
2044:
1860:
2070:
1886:
1099:"The birds of the Madhubani sub-division of the Darbhanga district, Tirhut, with notes on species noticed elsewhere in the district. Part VIII"
919:
2154:
538:
birds have dark brown in place of black. The subspecies vary slightly in plumage, extent of streaking of the feathers and in measurements.
1564:
Gupta, SK & BR Maiti (1986). "Study of atresia in the ovary during the annual reproductive cycle and nesting cycle of the pied myna".
1362:
700:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
845:
Zuccon, D.; Pasquet, E.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships among
Palearctic–Oriental starlings and mynas (genera
2129:
306:
222:
1081:
2075:
1891:
1295:
2083:
1912:
2134:
555:
1629:
1265:"Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic–Oriental starlings and mynas (genera Sturnus and Acridotheres: Sturnidae)"
1811:
1677:
1556:
1428:
1153:
743:
327:
290:
1969:
974:"Using historical genome-wide DNA to unravel the confused taxonomy in a songbird lineage that is extinct in the wild"
730:
A Natural
History of Birds : Illustrated with a Hundred and One Copper Plates, Curiously Engraven from the Life
1930:
938:
106:
322:. Linnaeus based his description on the "Contra, from Bengall" that had been described and illustrated in 1738 by
1320:
41:
2139:
335:
1798:
1725:
353:
2023:
1816:
911:
Priority! The Dating of
Scientific Names in Ornithology: a Directory to the literature and its reviewers
669:
608:
316:
285:
201:
1763:
1098:
1713:
1790:
1772:
985:
765:
565:
411:
1661:
Narang, ML; Lamba, BS (1976). "On the feeding-time and feeding-area preference of Indian Pied Myna,
1363:"A new eocene Chascacocolius-like mousebird (Aves: Coliiformes) with a remarkable gaping adaptation"
905:
529:
482:
442:
298:
270:
71:
1603:"The male sex accessories in the annual reproductive cycle of the Pied Myna Sturnus contra contra"
2144:
1589:
1343:
1287:
870:
799:
339:
231:
101:
2062:
1904:
1525:
334:
word for this species, but this name was not known in the 19th century. Linnaeus specified the
2031:
1951:
1834:
1581:
1077:
1021:
1003:
915:
732:. Vol. 3. London: Printed for the author and sold by William Innys. p. 20, Plate 21.
466:
754:. Vol. Part 4. London: Printed for the author at the College of Physicians. p. 187.
326:
and the "Black and White Indian Starling" that had been described and illustrated in 1751 by
1956:
1803:
1614:
1573:
1377:
1335:
1279:
1243:
1011:
993:
942:
862:
781:
703:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 167.
664:
510:
331:
1964:
1697:
2096:
1938:
1702:. Miscellaneous publication. Occasional paper no. 5. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India.
646:
485:
431:
398:, 1863) – Manipur (northeast India), north, central, southeast Myanmar and southwest China
311:
1423:
1046:. Washington, D.C. and Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 583.
989:
2149:
1777:
1495:) feeding young of Pied Myna (S. contra) and nesting habits of the Common Pariah Kite (
1016:
973:
888:
721:
518:
363:
2118:
1899:
1283:
1148:
909:
866:
834:. Vol. 15. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 110.
717:
694:
655:
622:
The ability of these mynas to mimic human voices made them popular as cagebirds. The
384:, 1758) – east Pakistan, north, central, India, south Nepal and Bangladesh (includes
381:
323:
302:
218:
91:
86:
49:
1593:
1291:
892:
874:
829:
803:
747:
725:
2036:
1839:
769:
595:
420:
395:
17:
1982:
1826:
1248:
1227:
698:
623:
611:, where an adult of a common myna fed a young Indian pied myna has been reported.
1748:
770:"The birds of Calcutta, collected and described by Carl J. Sundevall (continued)"
59:
2088:
1917:
1873:
1757:
1463:
1396:
1200:
1173:
1121:
274:
1490:
946:
1977:
1684:
Saini, Harjeet K; Chawla, Geeta; Dhindsa, Manjit S (1995): "Food of Pied Myna
1381:
825:
370:
2009:
1007:
1644:
1577:
785:
614:
These mynas form communal roosts at night and jointly defend nesting areas.
501:
358:
178:
158:
118:
1619:
1602:
1585:
1025:
947:"Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers"
1943:
342:
in 1921. In the past the Indian pied myna has been included in the genera
338:
as India but this was restricted to Calcutta by the British ornithologist
2101:
2003:
1742:
478:
474:
266:
168:
138:
2049:
1865:
1785:
1347:
544:
446:
344:
262:
1878:
998:
2018:
1451:(2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 172–175.
450:
356:
analysis published in 2008 it is now placed in the resurrected genus
128:
1852:
1719:
1339:
1630:"Southward Migration of Shorebirds in the Ganges Delta, Bangladesh"
1847:
594:
578:
554:
528:
454:
437:
284:
53:
497:
493:
148:
1723:
640:
638:
897:(in French). Paris: F.G. Levrault. p. 401 (livraison 6).
1699:
A contribution to the breeding biology of two Indian mynas
362:
that had been introduced in 1831 by the French naturalist
1551:. M.Sc. Thesis, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana.
1263:
Zuccon, Dario; Pasquet, Eric; Ericson, Per G. P. (2008).
509:
of the species in the wildlife trade for the purpose of
277:. It produces a range of calls made up of liquid notes.
908:; Overstreet, L.K.; Dowsett, R.J.; Bruce, M.D. (2011).
541:
The flight is slow and butterfly-like on round wings.
1554:
Gupta, AP (1982). "About the distribution of birds".
1449:
Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5
903:
between 1830 and 1831. For the publication date see:
1464:"A contribution to the ecology of Indian Pied Myna,
1122:"Record of the sightings and breeding of Pied Mynah
1993:
1732:
670:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103890729A118852226.en
559:Asian Pied Starling (Pied Myna) near Chandigarh.
1044:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2
1507:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1228:"Present distribution of Asian Pied Starling
808:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
434:of 3 distinct species: the Indian pied myna (
8:
1397:"Nesting habitat selection by the Pied Myna
914:. Northampton, UK: Aves Press. p. 119.
894:Traité d'Ornithologie, ou Tableau Méthodique
804:"Hand-list of the "Birds of India" Part III"
1668:Linn. Newsl. Zool. Surv. India 2(3), 83–86.
1720:
689:
687:
80:
40:
31:
1618:
1462:Narang, ML; Tyagi, AK; Lamba, BS (1978).
1247:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1015:
997:
668:
513:; a potential captive population of pure
1076:. London: Croom Helm. pp. 167–168.
1042:Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005).
1530:. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 92.
712:
710:
634:
330:. Albin believed that "contra" was the
1424:"An unusual nesting site of Pied Myna"
1037:
1035:
933:
931:
828:; Greenway, James C. Jr, eds. (1962).
774:Annals and Magazine of Natural History
1545:Ecological studies on the Pied Myna (
1072:Freare, Chris; Craig, Adrian (1998).
953:. International Ornithologists' Union
748:"The Black and White Indian Starling"
7:
1714:Indian pied myna – Images and videos
1370:Organisms, Diversity & Evolution
2125:IUCN Red List least concern species
1601:Gupta SK & B. R. Maiti (1987).
1549:) in an intensively cultivated area
752:A Natural History of Uncommon Birds
656:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
533:Asian Pied Starling (Pied Myna)...
25:
1696:Tyagi, A.K.; Lamba, B.S. (1984).
1688:in the agroecosystem of Punjab".
1447:Ali, S & S D Ripley (1986).
1284:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00339.x
951:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
867:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00339.x
831:Check-list of Birds of the World
547:individuals have been recorded.
105:
57:
645:BirdLife International (2017).
588:imitate tunes of other birds.
1:
1395:Pandey, Deep Narayan (1991).
1249:10.11609/jott.zpj.1222.1716-8
481:, and the monotypic possibly
1538:General and cited references
1321:"A phylogeny of the Oscines"
1319:Beecher, William J. (1953).
2155:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1678:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
1643:(31–36): 34. Archived from
1607:J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol
1557:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
1429:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
1154:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
492:), historically known from
2171:
1671:Ray, D (1972). "Pied Myna
1120:Murtaza, Syed Ali (1997).
726:"The Contra, from Bengall"
663:: e.T103890729A118852226.
352:but based on results from
301:by the Swedish naturalist
1382:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.013
978:Evolutionary Applications
297:The Indian pied myna was
289:An early illustration by
237:
230:
207:
200:
102:Scientific classification
100:
78:
69:
48:
39:
34:
1472:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1405:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1209:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1182:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1130:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
1103:J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc
551:Distribution and habitat
426:A 2021 study found that
2130:Birds described in 1758
1578:10.1002/jmor.1051900305
1201:"Nest of the Pied Myna
1199:Naik, Vasant R (1987).
786:10.1080/037454809496589
408:Sturnus contra sordidus
1620:10.3312/jyio1952.19.45
600:
584:
560:
534:
354:molecular phylogenetic
294:
1628:Islam, M. S. (2001).
1566:Journal of Morphology
1499:) and Brahminy Kite (
1466:Sturnus contra contra
1361:Mayr, Gerald (2005).
1178:(Linnaeus) in Bombay"
609:interspecific feeding
598:
582:
558:
532:
288:
945:, eds. (July 2021).
566:United Arab Emirates
412:Sidney Dillon Ripley
2135:Birds of Bangladesh
1543:Chawla, G. (1993).
1489:Inglis, CM (1910).
1422:Tiwari, JK (1992).
1236:Zoos' Print Journal
1172:George, NJ (1971).
1097:Inglis, CM (1904).
1074:Starlings and Mynas
990:2021EvApp..14..698B
483:extinct in the wild
443:Indian Subcontinent
441:) from most of the
419:first described by
392:G. c. superciliaris
271:Indian subcontinent
243:Linnaeus, 1758
72:Conservation status
18:Asian pied starling
1716:at ibc.lynxeds.com
1692:33(1&2):47–62.
1524:Hutton JH (1921).
1226:Sharma SK (2004).
941:; Donsker, David;
800:Baker, E.C. Stuart
766:Sundevall, Carl J.
601:
585:
561:
535:
457:, with subspecies
340:E. C. Stuart Baker
299:formally described
295:
2112:
2111:
1952:Open Tree of Life
1726:Taxon identifiers
1272:Zoologica Scripta
1242:(12): 1716–1718.
1149:"Unexpected bird"
1147:Raol, LM (1966).
999:10.1111/eva.13149
943:Rasmussen, Pamela
921:978-0-9568611-1-5
855:Zoologica Scripta
467:Siamese pied myna
249:
248:
95:
62:
35:Indian pied myna
16:(Redirected from
2162:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2091:
2089:NHMSYS0001689686
2079:
2078:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2052:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2026:
2014:
2013:
2012:
1986:
1985:
1983:Gracupica-contra
1973:
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1781:
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1764:Gracupica contra
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1734:Gracupica contra
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1367:
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1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1294:. Archived from
1269:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1174:"The Pied Myna,
1169:
1163:
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1144:
1138:
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1117:
1111:
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734:
733:
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704:
691:
682:
681:
679:
677:
672:
649:Gracupica contra
642:
599:In flight, Nepal
511:captive breeding
465:; the monotypic
373:are recognised:
258:Gracupica contra
253:Indian pied myna
244:
213:
211:Gracupica contra
110:
109:
89:
84:
83:
64:
63:
44:
32:
21:
2170:
2169:
2165:
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2163:
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2100:
2097:Observation.org
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2008:
2007:
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1989:
1981:
1976:
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1955:
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1942:
1939:Observation.org
1937:
1929:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1903:
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1864:
1859:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1833:
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1797:
1789:
1784:
1776:
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1488:
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1483:
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1441:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1340:10.2307/4081321
1323:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1267:
1262:
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1257:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1171:
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1146:
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1141:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1071:
1070:
1051:
1041:
1040:
1033:
971:
970:
966:
956:
954:
937:
936:
929:
922:
906:Dickinson, E.C.
904:
899:Published in 8
887:
886:
882:
853:: Sturnidae)".
844:
843:
839:
824:
823:
819:
798:
797:
793:
764:
763:
759:
744:Edwards, George
742:
741:
737:
722:Derham, William
716:
715:
708:
693:
692:
685:
675:
673:
644:
643:
636:
632:
620:
607:An instance of
577:
553:
527:
486:Javan pied myna
432:species complex
312:Systema Naturae
305:in 1758 in the
283:
242:
226:
215:
209:
196:
104:
96:
85:
81:
74:
58:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2168:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Birds of India
2137:
2132:
2127:
2117:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2093:
2080:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2028:
2024:sturnus-contra
2015:
1999:
1997:
1995:Sturnus contra
1991:
1990:
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1987:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1935:
1922:
1909:
1896:
1883:
1870:
1857:
1844:
1831:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1778:Sturnus_contra
1769:
1754:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1709:
1708:External links
1706:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1686:Sturnus contra
1682:
1673:Sturnus contra
1669:
1663:Sturnus contra
1659:
1625:
1598:
1572:(3): 285–296.
1561:
1552:
1547:Sturnus contra
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1527:The Sema Nagas
1516:
1491:"Common Myna (
1481:
1454:
1439:
1414:
1399:Sturnus contra
1387:
1376:(3): 167–171.
1353:
1334:(3): 270–333.
1311:
1278:(5): 469–481.
1255:
1230:Sturnus contra
1218:
1203:Sturnus contra
1191:
1176:Sturnus contra
1164:
1139:
1124:Sturnus contra
1112:
1089:
1082:
1049:
1031:
984:(3): 698–709.
964:
927:
920:
880:
861:(5): 469–481.
837:
817:
791:
757:
735:
718:Albin, Eleazar
706:
695:Linnaeus, Carl
683:
633:
631:
628:
619:
616:
576:
573:
552:
549:
526:
523:
519:Bali Bird Park
400:
399:
389:
328:George Edwards
320:Sturnus contra
291:George Edwards
282:
279:
247:
246:
240:Sturnus contra
235:
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1411:(2): 285–286.
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1188:(1): 243–244.
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463:superciliaris
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438:sensu stricto
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430:represents a
429:
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336:type locality
333:
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324:Eleazar Albin
321:
318:
317:binomial name
314:
313:
308:
307:tenth edition
304:
303:Carl Linnaeus
300:
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269:found in the
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159:Passeriformes
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88:
87:Least Concern
77:
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50:Uttar Pradesh
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1640:
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851:Acridotheres
850:
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674:. Retrieved
660:
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458:
435:
427:
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421:Edward Blyth
416:
407:
406:(originally
403:
401:
391:
385:
378:G. c. contra
377:
368:
357:
350:Sturnopastor
349:
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296:
257:
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250:
239:
238:
210:
208:
192:
191:
179:
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29:
1874:iNaturalist
1758:Wikispecies
1675:in Delhi".
1109:(1): 70–75.
939:Gill, Frank
826:Mayr, Ernst
814:: 692–744 .
676:11 November
525:Description
364:René Lesson
275:common myna
2119:Categories
1978:Xeno-canto
1654:2012-12-01
1560:. 22(2):10
1497:M. govinda
1493:A. tristis
1436:(3–4): 12.
1305:2011-07-12
1161:(7): 9–10.
1126:at Lahore"
1083:071363961X
957:11 January
901:livraisons
624:Sema Nagas
618:In culture
517:exists at
471:G. floweri
436:G. contra
371:subspecies
315:under the
2145:Gracupica
1905:216912703
1804:103890729
1749:Q27075597
1637:The Stilt
1613:: 45–55.
1513:(4): 985.
1468:Linnaeus"
1215:(1): 210.
1205:Linnaeus"
1008:1752-4571
630:Citations
575:Behaviour
545:Leucistic
502:Indonesia
428:G. contra
423:in 1863.
359:Gracupica
187:Species:
180:Gracupica
169:Sturnidae
125:Kingdom:
119:Eukaryota
2063:10889229
2004:Wikidata
1799:BirdLife
1743:Wikidata
1594:49588404
1586:29954160
1501:H. indus
1292:56403448
1026:33767745
891:(1831).
875:56403448
802:(1921).
768:(1846).
746:(1751).
724:(1738).
697:(1758).
515:G. jalla
506:G. jalla
490:G. jalla
479:Cambodia
475:Thailand
382:Linnaeus
281:Taxonomy
267:starling
232:Synonyms
219:Linnaeus
165:Family:
139:Chordata
135:Phylum:
129:Animalia
115:Domain:
92:IUCN 3.1
2050:2489111
2010:Q148485
1866:7341597
1853:aspsta2
1827:aspsta2
1786:Avibase
1348:4081321
1017:7980273
986:Bibcode
847:Sturnus
473:) from
459:sordida
447:Myanmar
404:sordida
386:sordida
345:Sturnus
332:Bengali
309:of his
263:species
261:) is a
175:Genus:
155:Order:
145:Class:
90: (
2076:563164
2019:ARKive
1957:844085
1944:199293
1931:451423
1892:915879
1879:145099
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1024:
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451:Yunnan
449:, and
293:(1751)
2150:Mynas
2102:76420
2058:IRMNG
2037:5384G
1848:eBird
1840:3H5D2
1824:BOW:
1817:95519
1648:(PDF)
1633:(PDF)
1590:S2CID
1401:Linn"
1366:(PDF)
1344:JSTOR
1324:(PDF)
1299:(PDF)
1288:S2CID
1268:(PDF)
871:S2CID
455:China
410:) by
396:Blyth
54:India
2071:ITIS
2045:GBIF
1970:7675
1926:NCBI
1900:IUCN
1887:ITIS
1861:GBIF
1812:BOLD
1690:Pavo
1582:PMID
1078:ISBN
1022:PMID
1004:ISSN
959:2022
916:ISBN
849:and
678:2021
661:2017
583:Nest
498:Bali
496:and
494:Java
477:and
461:and
369:Two
348:and
251:The
223:1758
149:Aves
2084:NBN
2032:CoL
1965:TSA
1913:NBN
1835:CoL
1773:ADW
1615:doi
1574:doi
1570:190
1378:doi
1336:doi
1328:Auk
1280:doi
1244:doi
1012:PMC
994:doi
863:doi
782:doi
665:doi
500:in
453:in
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