767:
501:
959:, three equally well-developed proximal tubera, and an anterior trochanter and trochanteric shelf. It lacks certain adaptations of more advanced silesaurids, such as a straight medial edge of the femoral head. The dorsolateral trochanter is poorly developed, in contrast to many dinosaurs. Much of the lower portion of the femur is also weakly developed, with the exception of a groove on the rear edge of the bone, which is extended up the shaft to the same extent as most other silesaurids. The
2780:
2769:
140:
647:
1212:
118:
2815:
2763:
2787:
2774:
913:
611:
specimens have been estimated to measure from 1 to 3 metres (3 to 10 ft) long and 0.5 to 1 metre (2 to 3 ft) high at the hip, and may have weighed 10 to 30 kilograms (20 to 70 lb). The ~3 meter upper length estimate is based on NHMUK R16303, an incomplete silesaurid femur found in the
471:
and a lower jaw which was not only toothless at the tip, but also downturned. These indicate that it probably had a small beak on the tip of the snout. It was fairly basal among silesaurids, and retained some dinosaur-like features absent in advanced silesaurids, such as a supratemporal fossa and a
1219:
There is only a weak relationship between skeletal maturity and size, as some small "robust" femora are more well-developed than some large "slender" ones. In most cases there is no correlation between the presence of absence of different traits. More consistency over the presence or absence of
931:
possessed a brevis fossa (only visible from below) edged by subtle medial and lateral ridges, with the lateral ridge likely homologous to the brevis shelf of dinosaurs. The preacetabular process, on the other hand, was edged by a lateral ridge similar to that of other silesaurids. The
1291:
is close to, but not as developed as dinosaurs in these regards as well. It is hypothesized that a lack of LAGs is not indicative that all the specimens died within a year, as the estimated growth rate is not fast enough to achieve skeletal maturity within that time period. Instead,
696:. Like other silesaurids, the teeth were ankylothecodont, set in sockets but also fused to the bone through small ridges. The teeth are conical, pointed, and slightly recurved. Some specimens' teeth have poorly developed serrations, while others are more prominent.
799:
has fewer teeth in the dentary (8-10) than other silesaurids, and the tooth row occupies a smaller portion of the bone than its relatives. The rear of the lower jaw is similar to other silesaurids, with a long retroarticular process and weakly defined
670:(even other silesaurids) had teeth along the entirety of the premaxilla. Other aspects, such as the shape of the posterodorsal process and the loose contact between adjacent premaxillae, are similar to other silesaurids. This is also the case with the
1183:
femurs were analyzed to determine how they developed. The study attempted to determine the sequence through which 11 femoral traits (mostly muscle scars) appeared in the bone. The study found that there was no universal sequence, and instead multiple
1266:' sequence of muscle scar development is likely a matter of individual variation. Since dinosaurs experience the same variability, sexual dimorphism is unlikely to be responsible for their different femoral morphologies. The study also involved
594:
are known from throughout the Manda Beds. Numerous fragments of small individuals have been found at another site, "locality Z90". NMT RB159, a well-preserved and articulated partial specimen, was found at "locality Z137" and described in 2019.
790:
is toothless and curves into a point. The tip bends down, in contrast to other silesaurids where it bends up. In addition, advanced silesaurids have a longitudinal groove at the lower edge of the inner portion of the dentary, while that of
1523:
Barrett, Paul M.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Peecook, Brandon R. (2015-04-01). "A large-bodied silesaurid from the Lifua Member of the Manda beds (Middle
Triassic) of Tanzania and its implications for body-size evolution in Dinosauromorpha".
467:. This has allowed it to provide important information for the evolution of other silesaurids and the origin of dinosaurs. It had several unique features compared to its close relatives, such as a lack of teeth at the front of the
1274:
and coelophysids, with a woven-fibered cortex full of longitudinal canals. The bone fibers are not well organized, but many are oriented parallel to the circumference of the bone. This is intermediate between
1232:
which were able to increase in size by taking advantage of plentiful resources, but had not yet attained skeletal maturity. Small "robust" femora are a result of the opposite circumstance, belonging to mature
1717:"Non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs from the Chinle Formation (Upper Triassic) of the Eagle Basin, northern Colorado: Dromomeron romeri (Lagerpetidae) and a new taxon, Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (Silesauridae)"
606:
was a lightly built animal with a fairly long neck (by early archosaur standards), a short snout tipped with a beak, and slender limbs. It probably walked on all four legs based on the length of its limbs.
686:
of the maxilla is shallow and poorly defined. There were at least 10 teeth in the maxilla, possibly up to 12 assuming that the rear part of the maxilla (which was not preserved) was similar to that of
666:
is large and primarily toothless, with a sharp lower edge converging towards a pointed front tip. There is only a single tooth at the rear of the bone, near the contact with the maxilla. Other basal
1228:
suggests that "robust" morphologies are simply more mature individuals, while "slender" morphologies are less mature individuals. Large "slender" femora can be explained as coming from young
1270:
analysis on the femur, humerus, tibia, and fibula. No LAGs (lines of arrested growth) are observed, even in bones from large individuals. The cross-sections are very similar to those of
449:
has provided evidence for a rapid diversification of avemetatarsalians during the Middle
Triassic, with the diversification of archosaurs during this time previously only documented in
1283:
are abundant, as with other dinosauromorphs. Some of the longitudinal canals branch into irregular forms (in cross section) near the surface of the bone, to a greater extent than
1188:
trajectories, with many traits appearing earlier in the sequence in some bones and later in others. This large amount of variability is also observed in dinosaurs, but not
2880:
1375:; Irmis, R.B.; Angielczyk, K.D.; Smith, R.M.H.; Tsuji, L.A. (2010). "Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira".
883:
by a thick ridge, do not resemble the situation in dinosaurs. Many of the joint surfaces at the shoulder and elbow are roughly textured and well-delineated. The
816:
are parallelogram-shaped and moderately elongated, proportionally similar to other silesaurids. Most of the depressions and ridges on the neck vertebrae of
2926:
775:
1037:
with some exceptions. Unlike many dinosauromorphs, the fifth metatarsal is not vestigial and instead is a fairly thick bone slightly longer than the thin
735:
are stable enough to determine whether a postfrontal bone was present, or instead lost (which is the situation in dinosaurs). Also like dinosaurs, the
1848:
2946:
723:
and dinosaurs, but unlike other silesaurids. Just lateral to the fossa, the frontal has a straight (rather than embayed) contact with either the
1155:
seem to exhibit both "slender" and "robust" morphologies. On average, "robust" femurs are larger and have more prominent bone scars. Many other
2941:
940:
and other dinosauromorphs, with connected shafts separated by a groove on the top. A small expansion is present at the tip of the ischium. The
1296:
may have had a constant and moderately high growth rate (though slower than dinosaurs), which was not impeded by any seasonal interruptions.
556:
word for "lizard". This refers to its position as an early avemetatarsalian which helps provide details for the evolution of dinosaurs. The
1313:
Novas, Fernando E.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Temp Müller, Rodrigo; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Langer, Max C. (October 2021).
612:
Manda Beds. This femur had an estimated length of 29.6-39.6 cm (11.7-15.6 in), more than twice the length of the next largest
1220:
traits would be expected if the different morphologies were truly based on sexual dimorphism. However, this is not the case since no
841:
348:
1287:
but a lesser extent than coelophysids. Increasing size, abundance, and branching of canals is correlated with higher growth rates.
1666:
Qvarnström, Martin; Wernström, Joel
Vikberg; Piechowski, Rafał; Tałanda, Mateusz; Ahlberg, Per E.; Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz (2019).
1279:(which have discrete layers of slowly-growing bone), and dinosaurs (in which there is completely disorganized fast-growing bone).
879:
is straight and only slightly twisted. Several aspects of the humerus, such as the small deltopectoral crest connected to the
126:
893:. However, it was also shorter than the humerus, only about 85% the length of that bone. The ulna is similar and has a large
2779:
1841:
1237:
which grew up in more impoverished environments. This type of "developmental plasticity" has previously been proposed for
1005:. It has a convex fibular joint separated from a small but distinct calcaneal tuber. The astragalus is similar to that of
2936:
2768:
1200:(although these may be due to a small sample size). There are some general trends, such as the anterior trochanter and
948:, with a long shaft topped by a short crest. There is a small gap at the intersection of the ilium, ichium, and pubis.
671:
580:
139:
955:
possesses many of the features typical for dinosauriforms. These include a groove on the top of the femoral head, a
2931:
2818:
880:
804:
ridge. The middle portion of the lower jaw is not known, so there is ambiguity about the overall shape of the jaw.
1954:
2786:
766:
579:, which preserves a middle Triassic lake ecosystem. At least 14 individuals were present at the site, including
2697:
1834:
1561:"Reconstructing the archosaur radiation using a Middle Triassic archosauriform tooth assemblage from Tanzania"
1021:) it is clearly different. The foot is shorter than that of other silesaurids but still rather long, with the
500:
1221:
1011:
and has a low and ridge-like ascending process. In some respects the fourth distal tarsal resembles that of
732:
557:
2835:
2391:
1185:
1030:
1026:
906:
531:
2762:
2893:
2481:
1038:
1022:
1018:
981:
863:
is long and narrow, expanded into a triangular structure at the tip and lacking any perforations on the
752:
266:
1315:"Review of the fossil record of early dinosaurs from South America, and its phylogenetic implications"
2921:
2867:
2773:
2219:
1109:
243:
1927:
1781:"The femoral ontogeny and long bone histology of the Middle Triassic (?late Anisian) dinosauriform
825:
683:
1070:
Evidence for a beak at the tip of the snout and peg-like teeth further back support the idea that
852:, which has three or four sacral vertebrae which share sacral ribs between each other. Like other
563:
is in line with this naming scheme, as it is the
Swahili word for "ancient". The first remains of
480:. On the other hand, it also retains primitive features contrasting with dinosaurs, including two
2720:
1812:
1619:
1497:
1400:
1280:
1258:
901:
broad groove running down along its outer edge. The hand is poorly known, but the best preserved
837:
813:
134:
2898:
1372:
1102:, leading to the possibility that fish were part of its diet. The teeth are similar to those of
2885:
1804:
1756:
1738:
1697:
1648:
1600:
1582:
1541:
1474:
1392:
1334:
1205:
1176:
678:, which has a flat surface separated from the rest of the bone via a ridge and pit. However,
2375:
2135:
1939:
1796:
1746:
1728:
1687:
1679:
1638:
1590:
1572:
1559:
Hoffman, Devin K.; Edwards, Hunter R.; Barrett, Paul M.; Nesbitt, Sterling J. (2019-11-05).
1533:
1464:
1454:
1384:
1326:
1113:
902:
728:
724:
539:
525:
362:
304:
236:
646:
2808:
2686:
2629:
2240:
2018:
1996:
1966:
1857:
1156:
1087:
853:
710:
667:
464:
438:
423:
117:
2803:
2659:
2160:
2073:
2039:
1751:
1716:
1692:
1667:
1595:
1560:
1443:, a Dinosauriform from the Lifua Member of the Manda Beds (~Middle Triassic) of Africa"
1211:
868:
740:
553:
477:
1033:
which are about the same length at each other. Overall the foot is similar to that of
713:
is large and has a pronounced lateral "swelling" in front of the eye. The rear of the
2915:
2652:
2645:
2601:
2580:
2535:
2398:
2189:
1780:
1668:"Beetle-bearing coprolites possibly reveal the diet of a Late Triassic dinosauriform"
1314:
1165:
1160:
1095:
1054:
1025:
being the longest bone (at just under half the length of the tibia), followed by the
993:("crocodile-normal") ankle characterized by a convex-concave interaction between the
964:
889:
884:
748:
736:
622:
512:
473:
370:
68:
1816:
1082:. These traits are mirrored by dinosaurs which acquired a herbivorous diet, such as
971:, and a lateral groove in the distal portion. This is furthermore the case with the
2674:
2593:
2525:
2470:
2405:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2306:
2197:
2144:
2088:
2064:
1404:
1239:
1083:
1042:
941:
928:
898:
833:
714:
627:
520:
450:
397:
390:
216:
200:
1800:
927:, rather than the open acetabulum of dinosaurs. The postacetabular process of the
871:
is directed backwards, and overlies a strongly developed knob-like process on the
1330:
1175:. This variation has traditionally (but perhaps incorrectly) been interpreted as
463:
is known from a relatively large amount of fossils compared to most non-dinosaur
2638:
2617:
2609:
2566:
2419:
2412:
2384:
2320:
2281:
2175:
2168:
2118:
2095:
2081:
2050:
1136:
1117:
990:
829:
801:
719:
489:
43:
1128:
was very unlikely to be a specialized carnivore like the more basal silesaurid
2545:
2515:
2498:
2433:
2426:
2341:
2271:
2261:
2182:
2153:
2102:
1912:
1887:
1276:
1245:
1196:
1190:
1171:
1130:
1104:
1099:
1013:
1007:
994:
924:
744:
705:
692:
663:
576:
485:
468:
454:
411:
88:
53:
2858:
1826:
1808:
1742:
1652:
1586:
1545:
1537:
1338:
682:'s palatal process of the maxilla is much taller than other silesaurids. The
2709:
2334:
2208:
1896:
1267:
1121:
1091:
1079:
998:
894:
760:
431:
393:
151:
93:
37:
1760:
1701:
1604:
1478:
1396:
985:. The tibia and fibula are shorter than the femur, unlike basal dinosaurs.
909:) is small, indicating that the hand was likely much shorter than the foot.
1643:
2852:
2555:
2453:
2292:
1881:
1249:
1075:
872:
864:
840:
are shorter and more complex, lacking epipophyses and instead possessing
584:
572:
568:
435:
427:
415:
184:
171:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
30:
1683:
1469:
1388:
912:
1733:
1577:
1041:, which is also not too short. All of the metatarsals had accompanying
933:
876:
860:
787:
779:
675:
587:
516:
419:
98:
73:
634:
like traits means that it is not certain that NHMUK R16303 belongs to
1875:
1459:
1438:
1046:
972:
845:
617:
481:
442:
161:
2829:
1210:
1148:
968:
960:
952:
911:
765:
659:
655:
645:
499:
386:
2872:
2726:
755:
has a curved jugal process and a deep ventral fossa, similar to
2833:
1868:
1830:
1208:
transitioning to a wide and rounded shape late in development.
1090:. The conical shape of the teeth shares some similarities with
963:
is also par for the course for dinosauriforms, with a straight
856:, the tail vertebrae increase in length further down the tail.
616:
femurs. The specimen belonged to one of the largest known pre-
322:
316:
543:
380:
374:
331:
307:
434:
side of the archosaurian family tree). It was the first non-
1159:
are known to possess these different morphologies, such as
828:
of a few vertebrae do have small projections identified as
337:
751:
and a presumably sloping rear portion of the maxilla. The
1049:
were low and wide, a "hoof"-like appearance also seen in
511:
was described in 2010 by a team of researchers from the
747:
is pointed, wedging between a wide lower branch of the
1224:
is observed. The size and developmental variation of
1017:, but in other respects (such as the large facet for
848:, each with its own sacral ribs. This contrasts with
630:
position of the specimen and a lack of unambiguously
349:
340:
328:
313:
310:
2683:
2577:
2562:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2467:
2303:
2288:
2277:
2267:
2257:
2132:
2061:
2046:
2035:
1620:"Dental microwear of a Late Triassic dinosauriform,
1108:, which has been considered a primarily herbivorous
334:
319:
2842:
2708:
2682:
2673:
2628:
2576:
2496:
2466:
2451:
2374:
2302:
2238:
2207:
2143:
2131:
2116:
2060:
2016:
1965:
1938:
1911:
1785:
and implications for the growth of early dinosaurs"
1779:Griffin, C. T.; Nesbitt, Sterling J. (2016-03-04).
1437:Nesbitt, S.J.; Langer, M.C.; Ezcurra, M.D. (2019).
422:, making it one of the oldest known members of the
325:
575:. This bonebed is part of the Lifua Member of the
1715:Martz, Jeffrey W.; Small, Bryan J. (2019-09-03).
887:is thin and simple, similar in shape to that of
844:, another dinosaur-like feature. There were two
836:and dinosaurs but not advanced silesaurids. The
542:word for "ancestor" or "foundation", as well as
1492:
1490:
1488:
1842:
1001:. The calcaneum is fairly similar to that of
492:, and a non-vestigial fifth toe of the foot.
8:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1498:"Oldest known dinosaur relative discovered"
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
776:Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture
2830:
2679:
2585:
2504:
2463:
2459:
2312:
2250:
2246:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2028:
2024:
2013:
1944:
1917:
1908:
1865:
1849:
1835:
1827:
717:has a pronounced supratemporal fossa like
699:The rest of the skull generally resembles
654:The overall skull was short, with a small
116:
20:
1750:
1732:
1691:
1642:
1594:
1576:
1468:
1458:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
620:avemetatarsalians, only exceeded by some
1618:Kubo, Tai; Kubo, Mugino O. (June 2013).
1319:Journal of South American Earth Sciences
916:Life restoration in a quadrupedal stance
567:were found in 2007 at "locality Z34", a
125:Skeletal cast PR 3062 on display at the
1305:
820:were not as well-developed as those of
1045:, though complete toes are not known.
786:Like the premaxilla, the front of the
743:in lateral view. The front tip of the
1262:. The large amount of variability in
7:
957:facies articularis antitrochanterica
571:near the town of Litumba Ndyosi in
2927:Middle Triassic reptiles of Africa
1789:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1179:. In a 2016 study, a sample of 27
975:, which closely resembles that of
369:("ancestor" or "foundation"), and
14:
1134:, nor an obligate herbivore like
2814:
2813:
2785:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2761:
626:specimens. Uncertainty over the
303:
138:
1202:linea intermuscularis cranialis
739:partially overlaps part of the
127:Field Museum of Natural History
2947:Taxa named by Sterling Nesbitt
590:. Fossils likely belonging to
410:fossils were uncovered in the
1:
2942:Fossil taxa described in 2010
1801:10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224
1631:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
1331:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103341
709:, with some exceptions. The
381:
944:is also similar to that of
770:Skeletal reconstruction of
731:. Neither preservation nor
455:crocodylian-line archosaurs
418:and date back to the early
2963:
1858:Avemetatarsalia / Pan-Aves
1672:Royal Society Open Science
1259:Alligator mississippiensis
544:
385:, "lizard") is an extinct
375:
129:, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
16:Genus of reptiles (fossil)
2798:
2759:
2588:
2507:
2462:
2315:
2253:
2249:
2127:
2031:
2027:
2012:
1993:
1947:
1920:
1907:
1864:
1204:appearing early, and the
951:The upper portion of the
272:
265:
135:Scientific classification
133:
124:
115:
23:
1538:10.1016/j.gr.2013.12.015
936:is generally similar to
1256:and observed in modern
832:, which are present in
733:phylogenetic bracketing
1216:
989:retains a "primitive"
917:
795:is positioned higher.
783:
658:and a large and round
651:
505:
2894:Paleobiology Database
1644:10.4202/app.2013.0027
1447:The Anatomical Record
1214:
915:
769:
649:
503:
1622:Silesaurus opolensis
967:, two equally sized
808:Postcranial skeleton
2937:Fossils of Tanzania
1684:10.1098/rsos.181042
1389:10.1038/nature08718
875:. The shaft of the
476:which overlaps the
445:. The discovery of
1783:Asilisaurus kongwe
1734:10.7717/peerj.7551
1578:10.7717/peerj.7970
1441:Asilisaurus kongwe
1217:
1120:based on referred
1053:and the unrelated
918:
784:
774:on display at the
772:Asilisaurus kongwe
652:
506:
403:Asilisaurus kongwe
279:Asilisaurus kongwe
2932:Triassic Tanzania
2909:
2908:
2836:Taxon identifiers
2827:
2826:
2794:
2793:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2669:
2668:
2492:
2491:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2112:
2111:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1526:Gondwana Research
1281:Osteocyte lacunae
1206:fourth trochanter
1177:sexual dimorphism
1094:reptiles such as
969:proximal condyles
923:hip had a closed
907:second metacarpal
895:olecranon process
523:, in the journal
490:crurotarsal ankle
294:
293:
246:
2954:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2831:
2817:
2816:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2685:
2680:
2586:
2579:
2564:
2553:
2543:
2533:
2523:
2513:
2505:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2376:Sulcimentisauria
2313:
2305:
2290:
2279:
2269:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2141:
2136:Pterosauromorpha
2134:
2129:
2125:
2063:
2048:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2014:
1955:Archosauromorpha
1945:
1940:Archosauromorpha
1918:
1909:
1902:
1901:
1866:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1776:
1765:
1764:
1754:
1736:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1628:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1598:
1580:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1494:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1460:10.1002/ar.24287
1439:"The Anatomy of
1434:
1409:
1408:
1368:
1343:
1342:
1310:
1114:dental microwear
1039:first metatarsal
1023:third metatarsal
865:acromion process
846:sacral vertebrae
838:dorsal vertebrae
826:postzygapophyses
684:antorbital fossa
547:
546:
534:is derived from
426:(animals on the
384:
378:
377:
357:
353:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
281:
277:
235:
228:
215:
204:
199:
143:
142:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2884:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2838:
2828:
2823:
2809:Phytodinosauria
2790:
2777:
2733:
2704:
2698:Sauropodomorpha
2687:Sauropodomorpha
2665:
2630:Herrerasauridae
2624:
2572:
2501:
2488:
2456:
2439:
2370:
2298:
2243:
2241:Dinosauromorpha
2226:
2203:
2121:
2108:
2056:
2021:
2019:Avemetatarsalia
2000:
1997:Avemetatarsalia
1981:
1967:Avemetatarsalia
1961:
1934:
1903:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1825:
1824:
1795:(3): e1111224.
1778:
1777:
1768:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1626:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1504:. March 3, 2010
1496:
1495:
1486:
1436:
1435:
1412:
1383:(7285): 95–98.
1371:Nesbitt, S.J.;
1370:
1369:
1346:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1146:
1088:sauropodomorphs
1068:
1063:
824:. However, the
810:
672:palatal process
668:dinosauromorphs
644:
601:
498:
465:dinosauromorphs
441:recovered from
424:Avemetatarsalia
355:
351:
306:
302:
290:
283:
275:
274:
261:
234:
226:
213:
202:
197:
137:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2960:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2890:
2877:
2864:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2806:
2804:Ornithoscelida
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2660:Staurikosaurus
2656:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2560:
2549:
2539:
2529:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2360:
2353:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2286:
2275:
2265:
2254:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2165:
2161:Faxinalipterus
2157:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2074:Incertovenator
2069:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2044:
2040:Incertovenator
2032:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1766:
1707:
1658:
1637:(2): 305–312.
1610:
1551:
1532:(3): 925–931.
1515:
1484:
1453:(4): 813–873.
1410:
1344:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1157:dinosauriforms
1145:
1142:
1124:. Regardless,
1084:ornithischians
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
854:dinosauriforms
814:neck vertebrae
809:
806:
643:
640:
600:
597:
497:
494:
451:pseudosuchians
292:
291:
284:
270:
269:
263:
262:
258:A. kongwe
254:
252:
248:
247:
224:
220:
219:
211:
207:
206:
195:
188:
187:
182:
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2959:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2820:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2728:
2724:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2653:Sanjuansaurus
2650:
2648:
2647:
2646:Herrerasaurus
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:Daemonosaurus
2599:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Herrerasauria
2575:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2536:Daemonosaurus
2530:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2399:Eucoelophysis
2396:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:Scleromochlus
2187:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:(3): 181042.
1677:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1215:Skeletal cast
1213:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1166:Masiakasaurus
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:and advanced
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:cnemial crest
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
921:Asilisaurus's
914:
910:
908:
904:
900:
899:autapomorphic
896:
892:
891:
890:Herrerasaurus
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
807:
805:
803:
798:
794:
789:
781:
777:
773:
768:
764:
762:
758:
754:
753:ectopterygoid
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
712:
708:
707:
702:
697:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:nasal opening
650:Skull diagram
648:
641:
639:
637:
633:
629:
628:stratigraphic
625:
624:
623:Herrerasaurus
619:
615:
610:
605:
598:
596:
593:
589:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
559:
558:specific name
555:
551:
541:
537:
533:
529:
527:
522:
518:
514:
513:United States
510:
502:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
482:hip vertebrae
479:
475:
470:
466:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:dinosauriform
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
404:
399:
395:
392:
388:
383:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
345:
300:
299:
288:
282:
280:
271:
268:
267:Binomial name
264:
260:
259:
253:
250:
249:
245:
241:
238:
233:
232:
225:
222:
221:
218:
212:
209:
208:
205:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
141:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
2843:
2766:
2675:Eusaurischia
2658:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2594:Chindesaurus
2592:
2565:
2554:
2544:
2534:
2526:Chindesaurus
2524:
2514:
2482:Ornithischia
2471:Ornithischia
2432:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2406:Ignotosaurus
2404:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2364:Technosaurus
2362:
2357:Soumyasaurus
2355:
2349:Pisanosaurus
2347:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2307:Silesauridae
2291:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2198:Venetoraptor
2196:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2152:
2145:Lagerpetidae
2101:
2094:
2089:Spondylosoma
2087:
2080:
2072:
2065:Aphanosauria
2049:
2038:
1995:
1892:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1634:
1630:
1621:
1613:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:ScienceDaily
1501:
1470:11336/135536
1450:
1446:
1440:
1380:
1376:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1277:crocodilians
1271:
1268:histological
1263:
1257:
1253:
1240:Plateosaurus
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1180:
1170:
1164:
1161:coelophysids
1152:
1151:assigned to
1147:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1103:
1100:crocodilians
1096:spinosaurids
1071:
1069:
1061:Paleobiology
1055:shuvosaurids
1050:
1034:
1019:metatarsal V
1012:
1006:
1002:
986:
980:
976:
956:
950:
945:
937:
920:
919:
905:(probably a
888:
881:humeral head
858:
849:
821:
817:
811:
796:
792:
785:
771:
756:
718:
704:
700:
698:
691:
687:
679:
653:
635:
632:Asilisaurus-
631:
621:
613:
608:
603:
602:
591:
564:
560:
549:
535:
532:generic name
524:
521:South Africa
508:
507:
460:
459:
446:
407:
402:
401:
398:type species
366:
297:
296:
295:
286:
278:
273:
257:
256:
239:
230:
229:
217:Silesauridae
201:Ornithischia
191:
178:
24:
18:
2922:Silesaurids
2844:Asilisaurus
2639:Gnathovorax
2618:Caseosaurus
2420:Lutungutali
2413:Kwanasaurus
2385:Amanasaurus
2328:Asilisaurus
2321:Agnosphitys
2282:Nyasasaurus
2220:Pterosauria
2209:Pterosauria
2176:Kongonaphon
2169:Ixalerpeton
2119:Ornithodira
2096:Teleocrater
2082:Dongusuchus
2051:Mambachiton
1897:Archosauria
1373:Sidor, C.A.
1294:Asilisaurus
1289:Asilisaurus
1264:Asilisaurus
1246:pelycosaurs
1235:Asilisaurus
1230:Asilisaurus
1226:Asilisaurus
1186:polymorphic
1181:Asilisaurus
1153:Asilisaurus
1144:Development
1137:Kwanasaurus
1126:Asilisaurus
1118:insectivore
1092:piscivorous
1072:Asilisaurus
1035:Saturnalia,
1003:Teleocrater
991:crurotarsal
987:Asilisaurus
977:Teleocrater
842:hyposphenes
834:aphanosaurs
830:epipophyses
818:Asilisaurus
797:Asilisaurus
793:Asilisaurus
763:dinosaurs.
729:postorbital
725:postfrontal
720:Teleocrater
680:Asilisaurus
636:Asilisaurus
614:Asilisaurus
609:Asilisaurus
604:Asilisaurus
599:Description
592:Asilisaurus
565:Asilisaurus
509:Asilisaurus
484:, a closed
461:Asilisaurus
447:Asilisaurus
436:dinosaurian
408:Asilisaurus
298:Asilisaurus
231:Asilisaurus
25:Asilisaurus
2916:Categories
2802:See also:
2546:Eodromaeus
2516:Alwalkeria
2499:Saurischia
2454:Dinosauria
2434:Silesaurus
2427:Sacisaurus
2342:Lewisuchus
2272:Marasuchus
2262:Lagosuchus
2183:Lagerpeton
2154:Dromomeron
2103:Yarasuchus
1976:see below↓
1928:Sauropsida
1913:Sauropsida
1888:Sauropsida
1325:: 103341.
1300:References
1285:Silesaurus
1272:Silesaurus
1222:bimodality
1197:Silesaurus
1191:Dromomeron
1172:Silesaurus
1131:Lewisuchus
1122:coprolites
1105:Silesaurus
1051:Silesaurus
1014:Lagerpeton
1008:Marasuchus
995:astragalus
982:Saturnalia
946:Sacisaurus
938:Sacisaurus
925:acetabulum
903:metacarpal
850:Silesaurus
822:Silesaurus
802:surangular
757:Lewisuchus
711:prefrontal
706:Lewisuchus
701:Silesaurus
693:Sacisaurus
688:Silesaurus
664:premaxilla
577:Manda Beds
486:hip socket
469:premaxilla
412:Manda Beds
391:silesaurid
185:Dinosauria
2725:includes
2721:Theropoda
2710:Theropoda
2335:Gamatavus
1874:Kingdom:
1809:0272-4634
1743:2167-8359
1727:: e7551.
1653:0567-7920
1587:2167-8359
1571:: e7970.
1546:1342-937X
1339:0895-9811
1250:synapsids
1248:" (basal
1112:based on
1080:herbivore
1043:phalanges
999:calcaneum
741:squamosal
583:RB9, the
496:Discovery
478:squamosal
432:pterosaur
394:archosaur
251:Species:
203: (?)
158:Kingdom:
152:Eukaryota
36:245
2873:47446728
2853:Wikidata
2819:Category
2556:Saltopus
2392:Diodorus
2293:Saltopus
1882:Chordata
1880:Phylum:
1876:Animalia
1817:88106351
1761:31534843
1702:31031991
1605:31720109
1508:March 3,
1479:31797580
1397:20203608
1116:, or an
1076:omnivore
873:coracoid
761:theropod
749:lacrimal
737:quadrate
585:holotype
573:Tanzania
474:quadrate
428:dinosaur
416:Tanzania
361:); from
285:Nesbitt
210:Family:
172:Chordata
168:Phylum:
162:Animalia
148:Domain:
31:Triassic
2886:1479979
2859:Q132530
1886:Class:
1752:6730537
1693:6458417
1596:6839518
1405:4344048
1110:browser
1074:was an
1047:Unguals
934:ischium
897:and an
877:humerus
869:glenoid
861:scapula
788:dentary
780:Seattle
715:frontal
676:maxilla
674:of the
588:dentary
569:bonebed
552:), the
540:Swahili
517:Germany
504:Fossils
420:Carnian
363:Swahili
276:†
255:†
237:Nesbitt
223:Genus:
105:↓
2899:164324
1815:
1807:
1759:
1749:
1741:
1700:
1690:
1651:
1603:
1593:
1585:
1544:
1477:
1403:
1395:
1377:Nature
1337:
1244:some "
1169:, and
1149:Femora
1031:fourth
1027:second
973:fibula
885:radius
867:. The
662:. The
618:Norian
561:kongwe
550:sauros
545:σαυρος
538:, the
526:Nature
519:, and
443:Africa
396:. The
382:sauros
376:σαυρος
289:, 2010
287:et al.
240:et al.
2881:IRMNG
2727:birds
1893:Clade
1813:S2CID
1721:PeerJ
1627:(PDF)
1565:PeerJ
1401:S2CID
961:tibia
953:femur
942:pubis
929:ilium
745:jugal
660:orbit
642:Skull
554:Greek
536:asili
387:genus
371:Greek
367:asili
354:-lee-
192:Clade
179:Clade
2719:see
2696:see
2610:Tawa
2567:Tawa
2480:see
2218:see
1953:see
1926:see
1805:ISSN
1757:PMID
1739:ISSN
1698:PMID
1649:ISSN
1601:PMID
1583:ISSN
1542:ISSN
1510:2010
1475:PMID
1393:PMID
1335:ISSN
1098:and
1066:Diet
1029:and
997:and
979:and
859:The
812:The
759:and
703:and
690:and
530:The
488:, a
244:2010
44:PreꞒ
2868:EoL
1797:doi
1747:PMC
1729:doi
1688:PMC
1680:doi
1639:doi
1591:PMC
1573:doi
1534:doi
1465:hdl
1455:doi
1451:303
1385:doi
1381:464
1327:doi
1323:110
1194:or
1078:or
778:in
727:or
581:NMT
457:).
414:of
400:is
389:of
358:-əs
356:SOR
352:SEE
350:ah-
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1791:.
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373:,
365:,
332:ɔː
323:iː
317:iː
308:ɑː
242:,
194::
181::
94:Pg
38:Ma
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2684:†
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341:s
338:ə
335:r
329:s
326:ˈ
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314:s
311:ˌ
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227:†
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198:†
99:N
89:K
84:J
79:T
74:P
69:C
64:D
59:S
54:O
49:Ꞓ
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