40:
639:
582:
bomb-thrower who had been captured at the scene, cooperated with the investigators. His testimony implicated the other participants, and enabled the police to raid the group's headquarters. The raid took place on 15 March, two days after the assassination. Helfman was arrested and Sablin fired several shots at the police and then shot himself to avoid capture. Mikhailov was captured in the same building the next day after a brief gunfight. The tsarist police apprehended Sophia
Perovskaya on 22 March, Nikolai Kibalchich on 29 March, and Ivan Yemelyanov on 14 April.
627:
518:
510:
377:
586:
332:
535:
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the Tsar, Hryniewiecki's bomb claimed more injuries than the first (according to
Dvorzhitsky, who was himself injured, there were about 20 people with wounds of varying degree). Alexander was leaning on his right arm. His legs were shattered below the knee from which he was bleeding profusely, his abdomen was torn open, and his face was mutilated. Hryniewiecki himself, also gravely wounded from the blast, lay next to the Tsar and the butcher's boy.
282:. If by the Malaya Sadovaya, the plan was to detonate a mine placed under the street. To further ensure the success of the plot, four bomb-throwers were to loiter at the corners of the street; after the explosion, all of them were to close in on the Tsar and use their bombs if necessary. If, in contrast, the Tsar passed by the canal, the bomb-throwers alone were to be relied upon. Ignacy Hryniewiecki (Ignaty Grinevitsky), Nikolai Rysakov,
274:
failure. The
Committee then decided to assassinate Alexander II on his way back to the Winter Palace following his usual Sunday visit to the Mikhailovsky Manège. Andrei Zhelyabov was the chief organizer of the plot. The group had observed his routines for a couple of months and was able to deduce the alternate intentions of the entourage. They found that the Tsar would head for home either by going through
456:
422:
362:
392:
317:
407:
437:
347:
609:
Yemelyanov was tried the following year and was sentenced to life imprisonment at hard labor; however, he received a pardon from the Tsar after serving 20 years. Vera Figner remained at large until 10 February 1883; during this time she orchestrated the assassination of
General Mayor Strelnikov, the
597:
Zhelyabov, Perovskaya, Kibalchich, Helfman, Mikhailov, and
Rysakov were tried as State criminals by the Special Tribunal of the Ruling Senate on 26–29 March and sentenced to death by hanging. The sentence was duly carried out on 15 April 1881. In the case of Hesya Helfman, her execution was deferred
542:
He was ready to drive away when a second bomber, Hryniewiecki, who had come close to the Tsar, made a sudden movement, throwing a bomb at his feet. A second explosion ripped through the air and the
Emperor and his assassin fell to the ground, both mortally injured. Since people had crowded close to
530:
carriage. The emperor emerged shaken but unhurt. Rysakov was captured almost immediately. Police Chief
Dvorzhitsky heard Rysakov shout out to someone else in the gathering crowd. The coachman implored the Emperor not to alight. Dvorzhitzky offered to drive the Tsar back to the Palace in his sleigh.
525:
At 2:15 PM, the carriage had gone about 150 yards down the quay when it encountered
Rysakov who was carrying a bomb wrapped in a handkerchief. On the signal being given by Perovskaya, Rysakov threw the bomb under the Tsar's carriage. The Cossack who rode behind (Alexander Maleichev) was mortally
546:
Ivan
Yemelyanov, the third bomber in the crowd, stood ready, clutching a briefcase containing a bomb that would be used if the other two bombers failed. However, he and other bystanders rushed to answer the Tsar's barely audible cries for help; he could barely whisper: "Take me to the palace...
273:
On 25–26 August 1879, on the anniversary of his coronation, the 22-member
Executive Committee of Narodnaya Volya resolved to assassinate Alexander II in the hopes that it would precipitate a revolution. Over the subsequent year and a half, the various attempts on Alexander's life had ended in
581:
The thrower of the fatal second bomb, Hryniewiecki, was carried to the military hospital nearby, where he lingered in agony for several hours. Refusing to cooperate with the authorities or even to give his name, he died that evening. In a vain attempt to save his own life, Rysakov, the first
309:
Zhelyabov was to have directed the bombing, and he was supposed to assail Alexander II with dagger or pistol in case both the mine and the bombs were unsuccessful. When Zhelyabov was arrested two days prior to the attack, his wife Sophia Perovskaya took the reins.
502:, thus avoiding the mine in Malaya Sadovaya. Perovskaya, by taking out a handkerchief and blowing her nose as a predetermined signal, dispatched the assassins to the Canal. On his way back, the Tsar also decided to pay a brief visit to his cousin, the
486:
and Frank (Franciszek) Joseph Jackowski, a Polish noble, with a sixth Cossack sitting on the coachman's left. The emperor's carriage was followed by three sleighs carrying, among others, the chief of police Colonel Dvorzhitzky and two officers of the
697:. During these pogroms, thousands of Jewish homes were destroyed; many families were reduced to poverty and large numbers of men, women and children were injured or killed in 166 towns in the south-western provinces of the Empire
297:
on Malaya Sadovaya Street, and used one of the rooms to dig a tunnel extending to the middle of the street, where they would lay large quantities of dynamite. The hand-held bombs were designed and manufactured chiefly by
531:
The Tsar agreed, but he decided to first see the culprit, and to survey the damage. He expressed solicitude for the victims. To the anxious inquires of his entourage, Alexander replied, "Thank God, I'm untouched".
526:
wounded and died later that day. Among those injured was a fourteen year old peasant boy (Nikolai Zakharov) who served as a delivery boy in a butcher's shop. However, the explosion had only damaged the
614:. In 1884, Figner was sentenced to die by hanging which was then commuted to indefinite penal servitude. She likewise served for 20 years until a plea from her dying mother persuaded the last tsar,
670:
Alexander II was seen as tolerant towards Jews. During his reign, special taxes on Jews were eliminated and those who graduated from secondary school were permitted to live outside the
593:. On the left, the executioner Frolov, described as a strongly-built man of the peasant class. Convicts from left to right: Rysakov, Zhelyabov, Perovskaya, Kibalchich, and Mikhailov.
646:
A temporary shrine was erected on the site of the attack while plans and fundraising for a more permanent memorial were undertaken. The permanent memorial took the form of the
1056:
1284:
93:
1244:
1239:
503:
1136:
Hartnett, L. (2001). "The Making of a Revolutionary Icon: Vera Nikolaevna Figner and the People's Will in the Wake of the Assassination of Tsar Aleksandr II".
606:(forced labor) for an indefinite period of time. She died of a post-natal complication in January 1882, and her infant daughter did not survive much longer.
567:, was asked how long it would be, he replied, "Up to fifteen minutes." At 3:30 PM that day, the personal flag of Alexander II was lowered for the last time.
1229:
547:
there... I will die." Alexander was carried by sleigh to his study in the Winter Palace, where almost the same day twenty years earlier, he had signed the
674:, and became eligible for state employment. Large numbers of educated Jews moved as soon as possible to Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and other major cities.
376:
662:, and other semi-precious stones, making a striking contrast with the simple cobblestones of the old road, which are exposed in the floor of the shrine.
642:
The cobblestones of the old road, the flagstones of the sidewalk, and the iron railing along the edge of the quay where the assassination took place.
1279:
361:
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1084:
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654:, was constructed at the end of the church opposite the altar, on the exact place of Alexander's assassination. It is embellished with
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1065:
506:. This gave the bombers ample time to reach the Canal on foot; with the exception of Mikhailov, they all took up their new positions.
240:
650:. Construction began in 1883 under Alexander III, and was completed in 1907 under Nicholas II. An elaborate shrine, in the form of a
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331:
39:
689:, was also rumoured to be Jewish, though there seems to have been no basis for this. In the aftermath of the assassination, the
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1012:"Dangerous Politics, Dangerous Liaisons: Love and Terror among Jewish Women Radicals in Czarist Russia"
590:
1077:
1 marta 1881 goda: Kazn imperatora Aleksandra II (1 марта 1881 года: Казнь императора Александра II)
251:
in February 1880. The assassination is popularly considered to be the most successful action by the
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45:
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role in the assassination was undetermined, and her Jewish origins stressed. Another conspirator,
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On the afternoon of 13 March, after having watched the manoeuvres of two Guard battalions at the
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in a closed two-seater carriage drawn by a pair of horses. He was accompanied by five mounted
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Alexander II had previously survived several attempts on his life, including the attempts by
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1197:. Australian Town and Country Journal (Sydney, NSW : 1870–1907). 4 June 1881
513:
The scene of the assassination immediately after the explosion of the first bomb.
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306:(also one of seven women on the Executive Committee) helped assemble the bombs.
303:
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678:, who succeeded his father after his assassination, reversed this trend.
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135:, Alexander Maleichev, Nikolai M. Zakharov, and possibly others.
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The execution of the conspirators on the parade grounds of the
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The assassination was planned by the Executive Committee of
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The uniform worn by Alexander II during the assassination.
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224:, threw a bomb which damaged the carriage, prompting the
220:, two of them actually committed the deed. One assassin,
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came rushing to the scene. The dying emperor was given
1173:
Kirschenbaum, Lisa A. (2014). "The Noble Terrorist".
302:. The night before the attack, Perovskaya along with
1057:
Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism
160:
150:
139:
124:
85:
70:
52:
1095:
982:Czars: Russia's Rulers for Over One Thousand Years
232:, threw a bomb that fatally wounded Alexander II.
243:, the attempt to dynamite the imperial train in
1118:"Church of the Savior on Blood, St. Petersburg"
228:to disembark. At this point a second assassin,
954:Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005).
941:
693:were passed. The assassination also inspired
634:was erected on the site of the assassination.
8:
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44:Painting of Alexander II on his deathbed by
33:Assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia
32:
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498:, the Tsar's carriage turned into Bolshaya
38:
31:
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695:retaliatory attacks on Jewish communities
996:, 6 May 1881; quoted in Benjamin Blech,
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818:
602:later commuted her sentence of death to
27:1881 bombing in Saint Petersburg, Russia
1285:Terrorist incidents in Saint Petersburg
710:
370:(died of wounds from the 2nd explosion)
312:
293:The group opened a cheese store in the
216:. Of the four assassins coordinated by
1245:Deaths by person in the Russian Empire
430:(died in prison after childbirth 1882)
7:
1240:Assassinations in the Russian Empire
1195:"Execution of the Czar's Assassins"
1230:1881 murders in the Russian Empire
1075:Kel'ner, Viktor Efimovich (2015).
980:James P. Duffy, Vincent L. Ricci,
551:freeing the serfs. Members of the
521:Alexander II's shattered carriage.
290:had volunteered as bomb-throwers.
25:
1098:Alexander II: The Last Great Czar
882:EXECUTION OF THE CZAR'S ASSASSINS
1016:Histoire, économie & société
571:Arrests, trials, and punishments
563:. When the attending physician,
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1280:Terrorism in the Russian Empire
478:travelled both to and from the
1150:10.1080/00085006.2001.11092282
1060:. Princeton University Press.
464:(20 years in prison; pardoned)
385:(20 years in prison; pardoned)
212:("People's Will"), chiefly by
1:
648:Church of the Savior on Blood
632:Church of the Savior on Blood
598:on account of her pregnancy.
18:Assassination of Alexander II
1260:Murder in the Russian Empire
1054:Yarmolinsky, Avrahm (2016).
998:Eyewitness to Jewish History
960:. Infobase. pp. 10–11.
1175:The Women's Review of Books
1301:
1275:Suicide bombings in Russia
1225:1881 in the Russian Empire
1094:Radzinsky, Edvard (2005).
574:
262:
1220:1880s in Saint Petersburg
253:Russian nihilist movement
247:, and the bombing of the
37:
1270:Russian Empire regicides
1138:Canadian Slavonic Papers
278:or by driving along the
181:1 March] 1881,
1010:Hertz, Deborah (2014).
957:Encyclopedia of Judaism
610:military prosecutor of
504:Grand Duchess Catherine
197:while returning to the
58:; 143 years ago
1235:Alexander II of Russia
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635:
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276:Malaya Sadovaya Street
205:in a closed carriage.
189:, was assassinated in
177:On 13 March [
129:Alexander II of Russia
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575:Further information:
537:
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255:of the 19th century.
109:59.94000°N 30.32861°E
1250:Deaths from bleeding
1029:10.3917/hes.144.0094
591:Semyonovsky Regiment
1122:Sacred Destinations
687:Ignacy Hryniewiecki
618:, to set her free.
500:Italyanskaya Street
368:Ignacy Hryniewiecki
230:Ignacy Hryniewiecki
203:Mikhailovsky Manège
133:Ignacy Hryniewiecki
105: /
46:Konstantin Makovsky
34:
942:SacredDestinations
681:The importance of
672:Pale of Settlement
666:Aftermath for Jews
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549:Emancipation Edict
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415:(tried and hanged)
400:(tried and hanged)
398:Nikolai Kibalchich
355:(tried and hanged)
340:(tried and hanged)
325:(tried and hanged)
300:Nikolai Kibalchich
241:Alexander Soloviev
114:59.94000; 30.32861
56:13 March 1881
1255:March 1881 events
1086:978-5-289-01024-7
740:Kirschenbaum 2014
413:Timofey Mikhailov
338:Sophia Perovskaya
295:Eliseyev Emporium
284:Timofey Mikhailov
218:Sophia Perovskaya
187:Emperor of Russia
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16:(Redirected from
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859:
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855:Radzinsky 2005
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1102:. Freepress.
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470:Assassination
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259:Conspirators
245:Zaporizhzhia
234:
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183:Alexander II
176:
29:
1127:20 December
616:Nicholas II
528:bulletproof
489:Gendarmerie
462:Vera Figner
445:(committed
304:Vera Figner
143:Members of
112: /
87:Coordinates
1214:Categories
1201:2 December
701:References
561:Last rites
100:30°19′43″E
97:59°56′24″N
63:1881-03-13
1166:108709808
1038:0752-5702
706:Citations
557:Communion
169:piroxylin
140:Convicted
74:Near the
1187:24430570
1158:40870322
984:, p. 324
691:May Laws
660:lazurite
652:ciborium
484:Cossacks
155:Regicide
71:Location
604:katorga
447:suicide
151:Charges
61: (
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1106:
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1036:
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622:Burial
612:Odessa
496:Manège
480:Manège
286:, and
195:Russia
185:, the
161:Weapon
125:Deaths
1183:JSTOR
1162:S2CID
1154:JSTOR
656:topaz
201:from
171:bombs
1203:2019
1129:2018
1104:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1034:ISSN
962:ISBN
630:The
559:and
476:Tsar
474:The
267:and
239:and
226:Tsar
179:O.S.
167:and
53:Date
1146:doi
1024:doi
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