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would have deserved more severe revenge by the judgment that common sense had brought upon him". When Béla granted another landholdings in 1262, the king noted too that those estates escheated to the crown from "our disloyal, Ban Bánk". The fact that Bánk held court positions even after the assassination questions the authenticity of the above accounts, or at least his leading role in the conspiracy. Historian Gyula Pauler considered Bánk managed to survive the subsequent retaliation, because Andrew II was not strong enough to punish one of the most powerful barons, while the main assassin Peter, son of Töre was executed. According to János Karácsonyi, Bánk supported the conspiracy, but he did not mastermind the crime. Historian Erik Fügedi argued Bánk was the most prestigious member of the conspiracy, which in the following decades magnified his role and thus became the executor and chief of the assassination in the later narratives. Tamás Körmendi emphasized the late 19th-century historiography incorrectly considered Andrew II as a weak ruler. Körmendi argued Bánk was accused of involvement in the assassination sometime only between 1222 and 1240. Along with other charged barons – Simon
Kacsics, Michael Kacsics and Bánk's son-in-law Simon – it is presumable that Bánk became a victim of power intrigues and political purge, and accused of conspiracy purely out of political reasons, while Peter, son of Töre indeed assassinated the queen.
346:, which prescribed that foreigners could only be appointed to court positions if they remained in Hungary (because such people only "take the country's wealth "), may reflect a negative response to Gertrude's favoritism, the few surviving royal donation letters from the period do not prove the mass acquisition of land by the Germans either; the local provost Adolph was granted lands in Szepesség due to the intervention of Gertrude and his brothers in 1209, while a certain Lenguer was granted a small portion in the village of Szántó upon the request of Archbishop Berthold. Both donations are considered insignificant gains compared to other acquisitions of the period, the beneficiaries of which were members of the native Hungarian elite. Officials of the queen's court (for instance, its count or head), including the future assassin
1211:. According to Gyula Pauler, the Hungarian cleric witnessed the fall of Bánk Bár-Kalán and the subsequent political purges after Béla IV ascended the Hungarian throne in 1235, and connected these with the retaliation for the assassination of Queen Gertrude. Körmendi considered the author maybe used the mid-13th-century edition of the Hungarian chronicle composition. The Austrian Rhyming Chronicle is the earliest known work, where the Bánk story is appeared: Berthold persuaded the queen, his sister, to help him seduce the wife of Bánk. Gertrude was initially hesitant but, eventually, assisted her brother. In retaliation, Bánk and his confidants conspired against the queen, beheading her at a "field tent". The assassins were held accountable only after Béla was crowned.
607:", can be roughly translated into "Kill Queen you must not fear will be good if all agree I do not oppose". The meaning is highly dependent on punctuation: either the speaker wishes a queen killed ("Kill Queen, you must not fear, will be good if all agree, I do not oppose") or not ("Kill Queen you must not, fear will be good, if all agree I do not, oppose"). László Veszprémy considered the anecdote first appeared in the Annals of Salzburg after an oral spread among the lower clergymen. On the other hand, Tamás Körmendi argued the ambiguous letter was subscribed as a result of a subsequent insertion. It is possible that Boncompagno heard the story in the
690:) and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle –, which used its text, claim that Andrew II was present during the assassination of his wife, the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle even states that the real target was actually the king. In contrast, the Annals of Salzburg and four derivative texts refer to the fact that the assassination took place when Andrew II led a campaign into Halych. Körmendi emphasized there is no sign of a nationwide rebellion against the king in 1213 and the subsequent royal charters do not mention that the conspirators attempted to murder Andrew himself. Andrew refers to conspiracies against him in 1209–1210 and 1214 too, but not in 1213.
976:): The text, its continuation (written from 1202 to 1220), places the date of the murder to the year 1210. It contains a multi-distorted narration; Andrew was unable to capture a fort with his army. Upon Gertrude's advice, he hired German knights from her entourage, who successfully besieged this fort. The Germans were granted many gifts and positions. The jealous Hungarians intended to assassinate Andrew II, but Gertrude warned her husband. Andrew and his men left the camp, but Gertrude remained, and, thereafter, was brutally slaughtered with spears and stakes. Andrew captured all conspirators, along with their supporters, and ordered to execute them.
1102:): the unidentified author writes about the assassination twice, under the years 1213 and 1217 (the latter is just a four-word marginal note). It narrates that "the mother of Saint Elizabeth" was murdered by a noble, a certain "Peter of Várad", because the queen's brother Ekbert committed adultery with Peter's wife with Gertrude's knowledge. Subsequently, Béla, the queen's son confiscated Peter's castle and established a Cistercian abbey in its place. The manuscript also mentions "a bishop"'s letter. The untrustworthy text contaminates parallel oral traditions into a single text, but the information of the foundation of Bélakút Abbey is authentic.
1552:
484:), while accompanying her husband into the royal campaign against Halych. A royal charter from 1214 refers to that "a certain part of her body" was buried in Lelesz. Pauler argued Andrew II on his way to Halych was caught at Lelesz by the messenger who brought the news of her death, who presented a piece of the queen's corpse as evidence, which was subsequently buried there. In contrast, Körmendi considered the non-transportable pieces of the mutilated queen were quickly buried in the Lelesz monastery, near which the assassination could have taken place, perhaps in the
379:, Andrew II departed for a new royal campaign against the Principality of Halych in the summer of 1213. During his absence, Hungarian lords captured and murdered Gertrude and many of her courtiers. Late 19th-century Hungarian historian Gyula Pauler was the first scholar, who compiled a professional synthesis, as well as a detailed examination of the circumstances of the murder, based on comprehensive source research and considering the conditions of the era. His findings were unanimously accepted by Hungarian historiography in the following decades.
1136:): Boncompagno da Signa's rhetoric textbook, written before 1235, is the earliest work, which contains the story of the letter. Accordingly, King Andrew accused Archbishop John of participating in the murder before the Holy See. However Pope Innocent III, pointing out the correct use of commas, acquitted the archbishop from the charges. These references emphasize the letter's unintended ambiguity and, thus, John's approval of murder. Boncompagno resided in the papal court from 1229 to 1234, it is plausible he heard the story during his stay there.
1119:
1482:
710:
616:, pointing out the correct use of commas, acquitted the archbishop from the charges. These references emphasize the letter's unintended ambiguity and, thus, John's approval of murder. Körmendi emphasized the historiographical doubts regarding the authenticity of the letter, as John retained his influence in the upcoming years after the assassination. The historian also argued the preservation of the letter would have been irrational step, moreover the majority of the Hungarian nobility were illiterate during that time.
29:
816:
1268:): also known as the 14th-century Hungarian chronicle composition, the only medieval chronicle in Hungary (compiled in the 1350s) from the pre-Renaissance era, which narrates the assassination of Queen Gertrude. It incorrectly dates the event to the year 1212. According to Körmendi, the (original) author utilized the narration of the Austrian Rhyming Chronicle, or vica versa. Later, the text of the Illuminated Chronicle was utilized by subsequent Hungarian chronicles and
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figure in the case. However, only the
Galician–Volhynian Chronicle states that Berthold was present during the assassination. Despite the doubtful authenticity of the chronicle's report, historian Tamás Körmendi accepted the information on Berthold's presence, since a letter of Pope Innocent III to Archbishop John of Esztergom in January 1214 refers to the physical assault on Berthold. According to the pope's letter, during the rebellion many clergy and monks in the
426:
1286:): Thomas Ebendorfer compiled his work between 1449 and 1452. The author incorrectly connected the events of assassination to King Andrew's departure for his participation in the Fifth Crusade in 1217–1218. It also claims that Gertrude was the daughter of the duke of Moravia. According to the historian, Leopold VI was present during the skirmish. Ebendorfer utilized the text of the Illuminated Chronicle supplementing with the narration of the Annals of Admont.
359:
964:): its first continuation (in the period 1140–1257) contains unique elements on the assassination. Accordingly, Gertrude was murdered because of the Hungarians' "hatred towards Germans" in the presence of King Andrew II. The text also emphasizes that Duke Leopold was present during the assassination. It incorrectly put the date of the crime to the end of the year 1211. Regarding the assassination, the text may have been revised and rewritten at least once.
637:
879:. To avoid persecution, the contemporary chronicles narrated Gertrude's assumed pro-German influence inserted between the events of the 11th century. The death of Gertrude and the "negative experiences" associated with her resulted the decline of a separate queenly court with own courtiers and partisans in the 13th-century Hungary. Even the 1298 laws prescribed that only Hungarian-born barons can hold positions and offices in the queen's court.
163:, and caused widespread astonishment across Europe in the 13th century. Despite a relatively diverse and large number of domestic and foreign sources, the motivation of the killers is unclear. According to contemporary sources, Gertrude's blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers had stirred up discontent among the native lords and prompted her murder. Later tradition says that Gertrude's brother Berthold raped the wife of
771:
government as a queen was an unusual phenomenon in
Hungary, which could be opposed by a group of barons. Tamás Körmendi does not reject the possibility of personal revenge as a motivation for the assassination. It is possible that Peter, who was considered still the queen's confidant in early 1213, became involved in an undefined personal conflict with Queen Gertrude, but its nature, due to lack of resources, remained obscure.
570:
1270. Pauler considered Simon was among the killers, and his involvement caused his father-in-law's political downfall years later. Veszprémy argued there is no record of Simon's active involvement in the murder, according to the unclear term of the medieval legal system. Körmendi emphasized Simon's lands escheated to the crown because of his death without issue and not for his alleged involvement in the assassination.
891:– refer to the assassination of Queen Gertrude. Among them, only 28 sources contain more information and details beyond the fact of the murder. While Flórián Mátyás was the first scholar, who collected the narrations in the early 20th century, historians László Veszprémy then Tamás Körmendi organized the sources according to content, determining the philological relationship between them and the time of their origin.
1423:. He finished his German-language work in 1421. Regarding the assassination of Gertrude, the chronicle provides a unique story: Hungarian lords conspired against the "pious" Gertrude in 1212, because one of them intended his own daughter to be the queen of the country. As a result of their intriques, the king ordered to decapitate his queen but the daughter of the Hungarian lord never became queen.
701:) claims that Gertrude's other brother, Ekbert was the one who forced the wife of a Hungarian lord to commit adultery, which resulted the assassination. The chronicle says Ekbert was present during the crime. It is plausible that the anonymous author confused Ekbert with Berthold. Although Ekbert resided in Hungary for a while, but departed for Austria long before the assassination.
763:) took over the story too, which then made a decisive contribution to making the story rooted in the Hungarian chronicle and historiographical tradition and, subsequently, the Hungarian-language literature and culture. Other works, which spread this narration too, emphasize the innocence of Gertrude regarding the adultery between Berthold and Bánk's wife.
220:
Berthold owned extensive domains in the Holy Roman Empire along the borders of Andrew's duchy. Gertrude's influence and political involvement, already in the years before Andrew's reign as king, are clearly shown by the fact that when Emeric defeated his brother again in 1203, he found it necessary to send
Gertrude back to her native land of Merania.
659:) mention the presence of the Austrian duke Leopold VI too. Despite relevant factual errors (e.g. the date), Tamás Körmendi accepted the information of the mid-13th-century annals, since the work provides a very detailed and authentic account of the activities of the Austrian dukes. Accordingly, Leopold arrived to Hungary after his return from
1011:): its main corpus was written before 1216. It narrates that while Andrew led a campaign into Halych, the queen was murdered by Peter "as revenge for her sin". Peter himself, along with others, was captured and beheaded the next night. Its other text variant (compiled after 1222) contains John's letter, which is a subsequent insertion.
1381:): Theodoric of Apolda wrote the hagiography of St. Elizabeth, Gertrude's daughter, in 1290. The text narrates that Gertrude was "brutally murdered by the magnates and nobles of the realm, who conspired evilly for her death". It correctly places the date to 1213. It is possible that Theodoric utilized the now-lost Annals of
534:
assassins of
Gertrude immediately after the murder. As Simon was mentioned as armed participant in the act, it is presumable that he became a victim of power intrigues and accused of conspiracy purely out of political reasons. Simon's brother, Michael Kacsics is also listed among the perpetrators by a royal charter of
546:
791:'s chronicle narrates that Peter was executed along with his wife and entire family the day after the assassination. The Anonymus of Leoben narrates that Peter's lands were also confiscated and Béla IV, now as king, donated Peter's former lands – including the eponymous Pétervárad ("Peter's Castle", present-day
1571:
in 1814. He completely reworked the text in 1819, which was first printed in 1820. Its premiere, however, took place only in 1833. Katona utilized mostly the texts of
Bonfini, Sachs, Valkai and Heltai. Despite the initial lack of interest of success, Katona's stage play became symbol of the Hungarian
541:
Two royal charters of Béla IV narrate that Bánk Bár-Kalán had participated in the assassination. In 1240, Béla IV donated Bánk's former lands, which he had lost for "his sin of high treason", since "he conspired to murder our dearest mother — he lost all his possessions, not exactly unjustly, for he
733:
With the beginning of the narration of the Annals of Göttweig, several contemporary and near-contemporary works mark the queen's pro-German attitude as a motive for her assassination. A side note from the
Hungarian chronicler Anonymus (see above) strengthens this standpoint. However, as mentioned in
467:
thereafter, Gyula Pauler claimed the assassination took place in the nearby Pilis royal forest on the occasion of a royal hunting. The subsequent
Hungarian historiography accepted the theory without any reservations. Tamás Körmendi emphasized the speculative nature of this data; he emphasized, other
399:
were also involved in the planning of the conspiracy, but they remained in the background at the time of the assassination. Gertrude was brutally slaughtered, while
Berthold and Leopold were physically assaulted, but they were released subsequently and managed to flee the scene. Based on new sources
1311:
in Buda. He raped the woman and returned to home, thereafter. The noblelady's husband began to suspect the queen's involvement. He hired assassins, who broke into her place and
Gertrude was strangled and hanged. However, after his happened, all perpetrators were paralyzed and fell to the ground. In
1255:
refused to join their cause and clearly warned the conspirators against attempting to assassinate the queen. Despite that, Gertrude was attacked and beheaded, while the child Béla was assaulted but survived. Thereafter, after growing up, Béla ordered to massacre the entire Prangaer kinship. Because
569:
counties were also confiscated prior to that. Early historiography identified Bánk's son-in-law with Simon Kacsics, however, as historian Gyula Pauler proved, while Simon Kacsics had descendants (his last known offspring was still alive in 1299), Bánk's son-in-law, Simon died without issue prior to
448:) from the late 13th century preserved the exact date of assassination, 28 September, but without adding the year. Historian László Veszprémy accepted the date as authentic, since the annals also used necrologies as source, which always focused on the specific month and day instead of the year. The
413:
in that year. On the other hand, her widower Andrew II mourned her death in his two surviving royal charters issued in 1214. Most of the narrative sources put the date of the murder to the year 1213. Tamás Körmendi accepted this year, since the majority of these works are the earliest and seemingly
1628:
Mikhal and Simon of Boioth were of Spanish origin. Both of them are involved in the assassination. In fact, another couple of brothers, Simon and Michael Kacsics were that nobles, who were embroiled in suspicion of their involvement in the murder. In Katona's stage play, Gertrude's another brother
811:
and started to revise his father's policy. In 1228, he confiscated the estates of Bánk and the Kacsics brothers, who had plotted against his mother. Tamás Körmendi believed that they were all victims of power intrigues and political purge, and accused of conspiracy purely out of political reasons.
624:
The various sources mention only four people who were present as eyewitnesses during the assassination, but due to the differing credibility of the sources, it is certain that not all of them were actually present. A group of works (see below) marks Archbishop Berthold, Gertrude's brother as a key
750:
around 1270. The chronicle claims that Béla IV ordered to slaughter all participants of the assassination, after he ascended the Hungarian throne in 1235. Its text was utilized by the Annals of the Dominicans of Vienna at the end of the 13th century. In addition, the annals used other source too,
382:
According to Pauler, Queen Gertrude and her escort, also attending by his brother Archbishop Berthold and the reigning Austrian duke Leopold VI, took part in hunting in the Pilis Hills in late September 1213, when a group of Hungarian lords stormed the queen's tent and assassinated her partly for
219:
to him in 1197. In practice, Andrew administered the provinces as an independent monarch. Although Emeric defeated his brother after another conspiracy in 1199, Andrew was allowed to return to his duchy in 1200. Andrew married Gertrude of Merania sometime between 1200 and 1203; Gertrude's father
867:
says that Gisela "determined to appoint as king the queen's brother, Peter the German or rather Venetian, with the intention that Queen Gisela might then according to her desire fulfill all the impulses of her will, and that the kingdom of Hungary might lose its liberty and be subjected without
533:
since the early 1220s, as historian Gyula Pauler argued. Körmendi argued, it is quite unrealistic that Andrew II appointed Simon to baronial dignities after the murder, even his few opportunities for punish the perpetrators, as Pauler had claimed. Accordingly, Simon was not considered among the
999:
Veszprémy listed those sources within the group, which refer to Peter, son of Töre as the assassin, mention Andrew departure to the Principality of Halych and Archbishop John's famous letter. Considering the latter as later insertions, Körmendi separated those texts where the prelate's role is
827:
In accordance with her will, Gertrude was buried in the Pilis Abbey, while certain parts of her body were buried in the monastery of Lelesz. Andrew II ordered that two priests of the monastery pray for his wife's spiritual salvation. The ruins of her tomb were discovered during the excavations
515:
Subsequent Hungarian royal charters also refer to brothers Simon and Michael Kacsics as leading instigators of Gertrude's assassination. When Duke Béla, gaining power over the royal council, started reclaiming King Andrew's land grants throughout Hungary, he forced his father to confiscate the
1316:
was founded by the Counts of Andechs, who were originated from this area and possessed the right of patronage over the abbey until their extinction. The monks tried to clarify Gertrud's innocence with this "counterpropaganda tool". Despite he was also a family member, the text does not acquit
1331:, who wrote his work around 1427 or 1428, derived his narration from the preceding source (also with the wrong year), but, from a syntactic point of view, it is a more elaborate work. Perhaps Andreas used an earlier version of the Founders of the Monastery of Diessen. Later, Ulrich Onsorg's
806:
According to a mainstream view of Hungarian historiography, Peter's accomplices, including Palatine Bánk, did not receive severe punishments, due to the current political situation and Andrew's power instability. Only Duke Béla, son of Andrew and Gertrude took revenge after he was appointed
770:
assumed the conspirators attempted to oust Andrew from power in order to replace him with his heir, the seven-year-old Béla. However, since Andrew led a campaign to Halych during the assassination, killing the queen certainly would not have caused his downfall. Gertrude's active role in the
500:
Peter, son of Töre, a former confidant of Gertrude, was the only sure participant in the assassination. One of the earliest records, the all three manuscripts of the Annals of Salzburg (its main corpus was written before 1216) contain that element which say the "queen of the Hungarians was
529:
treacherous men, to the shame and dishonor of our royal crown, was involved in the death of the well-remembered Queen Gertrude, our dearest consort". The land confiscation in 1228 might be a sign of the subsequent retaliation after an increased role in national politics by princes Béla and
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and his clan. In his charter, Andrew II referred to Simon's active participation in the murder of his consort. Accordingly, Simon "by a new and unheard-of kind of wickedness and vileness, cruelly and horribly armed for hateful machinations, conspiring with his accomplices: bloodthirsty and
1295:
Tamás Körmendi listed those works to this sub-group, where the story of Bánk Bár-Kalán appear but emphasize Gertrude's innocence. According to the historian these narratives were born to deny the queen's role as a procuress, primarily in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire.
899:
This group contains those narrations which mark Gertrude's favoritism towards her German or Meranian courtiers as the cause of her assassination. These are the earliest sources on the murder, the texts were created within a few years in the territory of the Holy Roman Empire.
456:, the queen's granddaughter, lists the time of death of various members of the House of Andechs; accordingly Queen Gertrude died on 28 September (the year is not given). The three unrelated sources confirm that the assassination did indeed take place on 28 September 1213.
408:
Regarding the year, the contemporary and near-contemporary sources place the assassination in many different years, within a wide range between 1200 and 1218. However, Gertrude was firmly alive in 1211, when she sent her daughter Elizabeth with a substantial dowry to the
224:
1114:
These sources only contain the alleged letter of John, Archbishop of Esztergom in connection with the assassination of Queen Gertrude. The story was later also included in a second-hand manuscript of the Annals of Salzburg and its derivative texts (see above).
611:
and incorporated it into his rhetoric dissertation and textbook (published in 1235, the first written source of John's alleged letter). Both Boncompagno and Alberic mention that Andrew accused John of participating in the murder before the Holy See. However
283:(present-day Bratislava, Slovakia) around 1212 or 1213. Another note mentions that when Gertrude was assassinated, the royal seal was lost. Both remarks imply that Gertrude acted as royal governor both times when Andrew led campaigns in Bulgaria and
290:
Gertrude also expressed blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers, which may have stirred up discontent among the native Hungarian lords. Her younger brother Berthold was appointed Archbishop of Kalocsa in 1206 and was made
737:
The Austrian Rhyming Chronicle is the earliest known work, which preserved the alleged story of that Archbishop Berthold raped Bánk Bár-Kalán's wife, which was the immediate cause of the assassination of the queen, who acted as a
1307:): the text (from the 15th century) incorrectly places the year to 1200. According to the text, Berthold, the Patriarch of Aquileia (anachronism) kept his eye on a Hungarian noblewoman during the betrothal of Saint Elizabeth and
953:
Peter was impaled "through his belly" by Andrew II. Unidentified others were also captured and executed with different penalties. Körmendi argued this note is one of the most reliable and trustable written sources of the
1611:
and "defender" of the Hungarian national interests against the "oppressive" Queen Gertrude and her foreign courtiers. Since the early 19th-century historiography still assumed identity between Bánk and his contemporary
836:, who spent a considerable time in Hungary in those years, but Takács did not attribute the sculptures to him. It is possible that one of the excavated skeletons (that of a 30-40 year old woman) is Gertrude's remains.
1149:): the chronicler refers to the history of John's ambiguous letter as "well-known", as a result of which the archbishop was acquitted, "it is said". It is possible that Alberic used oral reports from Cistercian monks.
1256:
of the family name, Gerlinde Möser-Mersky assumed a philological connection between Jans der Enikel's chronicle and the Annals of the Dominicans of Vienna. Körmendi argued both works used a same, now lost source.
990:
in Liège, used the same source as the Royal Chronicle of Cologne regarding the assassination. According to the text, Andrew II, the real target, narrowly escaped from the palace, where Gertrude was assassinated.
263:, emphasizes Gertrude's "masculine characteristics". Two sources testify that Gertrude exercised power as regent during the king's absence on military campaigns. When Andrew II launched a campaign against the
1021:: the unidentified author took over the text from the Annals of Salzburg. Accordingly, during the king's absence, Peter and others assassinated the queen. He was executed together with his wife and others.
1462:, where he confessed to the murder. Thereafter, Andrew acquitted him, for he learned of his wife's "sin" which caused her assassination. Based on Bonfini's work, the 16th-century Transylvanian chronicler
337:
the Romans graze on the goods of Hungary." However, there is no source suggesting that Gertrude ever appointed German courtiers in her queenly court. Although it is possible that the 26th article of the
843:
in February 1215. The king did not intend for the new wife to have a governmental role, experiencing the previous sharp opposition from the Hungarian elite. When Andrew left Hungary to fight in the
1221:): the first work (late 13th century), which provides the exact date of the assassination. Accordingly, Gertrude was murdered in a "field tent" on 28 September, because she helped her brother, the
766:
The Annals of Admont, the Royal Chronicle of Cologne, Rainer of Liége's annals and the Galician–Volhynian Chronicle claim the real target of the assassination was King Andrew II himself. Historian
1042:
Peter, while the Hungarian king led a campaign against the Rus'. Peter and his accompanies were beheaded the next night. The text also contains the story of the letter of the bishop of Esztergom (
1171:): Matthew of Paris' other work mentions that the assassins carried out the murder with the approval of the archbishop. The reinterpretation of the letter praises Pope Innocent's ingenuity.
167:, one of the lords, who, along with his companions, took revenge for the grievance. This story inspired many subsequent chroniclers and literary works in Hungary and the rest of Europe.
1405:): it was compiled in the late 14th century and is almost verbatim with the hagiography of St. Elizabeth by Theodoric of Apolda. The authors used the now-lost Annals of Reinhardsbrunn.
922:, around the same time as the assassination. Accordingly, the magnates of Hungary, "uniting their armed and violent hands", murdered Gertrude because of their "hatred towards Germans".
1458:("Ten Volumes of Hungarian Matters") in the 1490s. Bonfini combined the events with Andrew's crusade took place four years later. Accordingly, Bánk appeared in the royal camp in the
722:
626:
153:
1090:): the compilation contains the same text as in Hermann of Altach's annals, but with wrong year (1211). It also mentions the queen's death in an earlier entry, under the year 1200.
779:
When Andrew II heard the news of his wife's murder, he interrupted the campaign in Halych and returned home. He ordered the execution of the murderer, Peter, son of Töre, who was
1616:, Katona called Bánk as "the son of Conrad" and modeled his fictional wife Melinda on the "beautiful" court lady Tota, who was the spouse of Benedict. As Tota belonged to the
2562:(in Hungarian). Magyar Tudományos Akadémia; Debreceni Egyetem; Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem Bölcsészettudományi Kara; Pázmány Péter Katolikus Egyetem. pp. 495–511.
1225:(anachronism) to seduce the wife of Bánk, also called Prenger. Körmendi argued the manuscript used the text of the Austrian Rhyming Chronicle, in addition to necrologies.
742:
in the adultery. According to this narration, Bánk led the conspirators and stabbed Gertrude with a sword personally. The chronicle was compiled by a Hungarian cleric in
422:). 1213 is the only year, which appears in works that cannot be compared or related philologically, which makes it beyond doubt that the murder took place at that time.
463:) and the aforementioned Annals of the Dominicans of Vienna, which write that Gertrude was killed in her "field tent", and the fact that the queen was buried in the
947:. The annals write that Gertrude was assassinated because of her "largesse and generosity" towards her German entourage. It narrates that one of the murderers,
1180:
Those sources belong to this group, where Gertrude's alleged role of procuress in the adulterous affair between her brother and Bánk Bár-Kalán's wife appear.
1312:
the morning they confessed their sins to the arriving courtiers. Gertrude was canonized after this and other miracle signs. The Augustinian monastery of
1222:
718:
1495:
Bonfini's chronicle was also translated into German in 1545, which allowed the story of Bánk to spread in the German-speaking territories as well. Poet
633:
the perpetrators. In addition, the pope also sent a letter to the "dukes of Poland" not to give any refuge to the perpetrators who might flee abroad.
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estates of those noblemen who had plotted against his mother one and a half decade earlier. Accordingly, Simon Kacsics lost his lands and villages in
319:, Slovakia). Andrew's generosity towards his wife's German relatives and courtiers added to the discontent of the local lords. According to historian
803:) – to the newly founded Cistercian Bélakút Abbey, which belonged to the Archdiocese of Kalocsa. A royal charter from 1237 confirms this narrative.
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Körmendi, Tamás (2019b). "Megjegyzések Gertrúd királyné és udvara szerepéhez az országos politikában ". In Szovák, Kornél; Zsoldos, Attila (eds.).
1251:), he left behind a widow Gertrude and an heir Béla. The powerful Prangaer family sought to get power over Hungary. Despite their invitation, the
440:
Only three sources mentions the proper date of the murder. A 15th-century section of a Bavarian source, the Founders of the Monastery of Diessen (
1073:
444:) refers the date to 28 September but with the year 1200, and cannot be considered an authentic report. The Annals of the Dominicans of Vienna (
383:
political reasons, partly because of personal grievances. Among the perpetrators were the queen's former confidant Peter, son of Töre, brothers
204:
1432:
Bánk's story, which was preserved by the Illuminated Chronicle, inspired many subsequent chroniclers and authors in Hungary, for instance the
2741:
2676:
2657:
2636:
2567:
1191:): it was written by a Hungarian-born cleric in Klosterneuburg Abbey around 1270. According to several German and Austrian historians (e.g.
1420:
852:
1038:, used the text of the Annals of Salzburg. Hermann writes that Gertrude, "the mother of Saint Elizabeth", was assassinated by a certain
855:
had a similar concept of role. According to Gyula Kristó, Gertrude's unpopular pro-German attitude negatively affected the portrayal of
667:. The Annals of Admont claims that the assassins intended to kill Leopold too, but Körmendi refused this, considering the monks of the
133:
54:
2830:
2774:
248:
887:
Beside the 14th-century Illuminated Chronicle and six royal charters, approximately 60 medieval external sources – before the era of
512:, the king states that these estates were confiscated from Peter, who "committed the crime of high treason by murdering our mother".
2795:
2765:
Veszprémy, László (1994). "A Gertrúd királyné kerítőnői szerepéről kialakult legenda jogi hátteréről ". In Draskóczy, István (ed.).
2613:
2588:
1367:
from 1205 to 1241. He compiled the annals up to 1226. According to the text, Gertrude was assassinated "by her own nobles" in 1214 (
630:
1551:
1252:
734:
the background section, there is no trace of the beneficiary status of the Germans in the sources and royal donations of the time.
469:
2820:
1308:
714:
573:
The participation of John, Archbishop of Esztergom in the conspiracy also arose. His involvement is mentioned by Italian scholar
324:
149:
129:
1524:
603:. These works unanimously note John's famous phrase in his letter to Hungarian nobles planning the assassination of Gertrude: "
400:
and philological considerations, historian Tamás Körmendi reexamined the circumstances of the assassination in his 2014 study.
2840:
987:
212:
787:). The Annals of Salzburg says that Peter and others were beheaded the night after the assassination. The continuation of
550:
396:
2825:
1577:
521:
247:
Andrew II ascended to the Hungarian throne in 1205. As queen consort, Gertrude had unusual (but not unprecedented; see
1529:
868:
hindrance to the dominion of the Germans". In fact, Gisela had tense relationship with Stephen's nephew and successor
640:
303:, and Henry II, Margrave of Istria, fled to Hungary in 1208 after they were accused of participating in the murder of
145:
1613:
1352:
These works do not connect either narrative traditions and there is no philological connection between each other.
1140:
968:
829:
679:
582:
1118:
828:
carried out by László Gerevich in the Pilis Abbey between 1967 and 1982. Art historian Imre Takács considered the
180:
1481:
709:
538:
from 1277, when returned the lands to the sons of the aforementioned Denis Tomaj from Michael's descendants.
2815:
1630:
1016:
943:
around 1230. Körmendi considered the friars were informed through Cistercians from Hungary via the monks of
851:, instead of to Yolanda, who remained passive in political matters throughout her life. Andrew's third wife
788:
545:
535:
268:
208:
726:
342:, which prescribed that Hungarian properties could not be given to foreigners, and the 23rd article of the
164:
28:
869:
863:(r. 1000–1038) in the contemporary Hungarian chronicles, which in fact described Gertrude's activity. The
815:
468:
sources say that the queen was assassinated either in her palace, bedroom or the royal military camp. The
284:
1203:
was available to the chronicler. Gerlinde Möser-Mersky considered the author used the lost annals of the
343:
272:
2835:
2728:
Majorossy, Judit (2014). "A középkori Gertrúd-történet utóélete dióhéjban ". In Majorossy, Judit (ed.).
2577:Érszegi, Géza; Solymosi, László (1981). "Az Árpádok királysága, 1000–1301 ". In Solymosi, László (ed.).
833:
453:
2623:
Körmendi, Tamás (2014). "A Gertrúd királyné elleni merénylet körülményei ". In Majorossy, Judit (ed.).
1567:
1487:
1313:
502:
425:
347:
215:
against him. Following a victory against the king, he forced Emeric to cede Croatia and Dalmatia as an
107:
2558:
Benkő, Elek (2014). "Reginam occidere ...". In Bárány, Attila; Dreska, Gábor; Szovák, Kornél (eds.).
1269:
860:
840:
808:
743:
574:
558:
376:
260:
228:
137:
34:
1633:, who raped Bánk's wife, instead of Archbishop Berthold. In reality, Otto never stayed in Hungary.
1463:
1442:
1437:
1328:
1244:
1200:
1094:
1035:
936:
694:
664:
509:
430:
392:
339:
308:
252:
125:
80:
1471:
2767:
Scripta manent. Ünnepi tanulmányok a 60. életévét betöltött Gerics József professzor tiszteletére
1617:
1240:
1192:
672:
660:
530:
473:
410:
236:
160:
1507:
in 1561, updating the story to his own age at a few points (for instance, the appearance of the
767:
1624:
origin, Katona mistakenly connected "Melinda" to the kinship. In his play, Melinda's brothers,
636:
2791:
2770:
2737:
2716:
2695:
2672:
2653:
2632:
2609:
2584:
2563:
1621:
1541:
1451:
1199:), the author used only verbal or oral notifications, while Ernst Klebel argued the Annals of
1026:
915:
856:
652:
613:
505:(the eldest son of Andrew and Gertrude) donated Peter's former lands to the newly founded the
372:
300:
188:
176:
1573:
1562:
1260:
1059:
756:
553:. Some sources claim he was involved in the conspiracy which led to Gertrude's assassination
364:
329:
304:
184:
1536:
in the subject around 1795, while Johann Friedrich Ernst Albrecht created a dramatic poem (
140:(r. 1205–1235), was assassinated by a group of Hungarian lords on 28 September 1213 in the
2707:
Kristó, Gyula (1990). "Magyar öntudat és idegenellenesség az Árpád-kori Magyarországon ".
1447:
1239:(late 13th century) compiled a completely unreliable report in the second appendix of his
1236:
1153:
595:
566:
388:
296:
141:
50:
1589:
1540:) in 1797. Independently from Katona's play and its derivative works, Austrian dramatist
848:
333:
referred to the Germans from the Holy Roman Empire when he sarcastically mentioned that "
320:
2769:(in Hungarian). ELTE Középkori és Kora-újkori Magyar Történeti Tanszék. pp. 81–84.
1593:
1556:
1508:
1382:
1364:
873:
751:
since, unlike the Austrian Rhyming Chronicle, it mentions Bánk's alleged German name ("
292:
276:
223:
2809:
1597:
1204:
1122:
944:
919:
844:
747:
590:
485:
384:
92:
395:
Bánk Bár-Kalán. It is possible, as Pauler considered, that the palatine himself and
358:
1581:
1519:
1336:
933:
912:
876:
792:
668:
562:
517:
434:
196:
1395:): an early 14th-century record, which is similar to Conrad of Scheyern's wording.
312:
2652:(in Hungarian). MTA Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont Történettudományi Intézet.
911:): the earliest foreign record of the assassination, this section written in the
1625:
1608:
1512:
1196:
888:
820:
608:
605:
Reginam occidere nolite timere bonum est si omnes consentiunt ego non contradico
525:
506:
464:
256:
2648:
Az 1196–1235 közötti magyar történelem nyugati elbeszélő forrásainak kritikája
986:): the Benedictine author (1157 – after 1230), who continued the annals of the
783:"along with others" in the autumn of 1213, according to the Annals of Marbach (
2733:
2628:
2605:
1522:
also processed the story, but modified the plot at several points in his play
1516:
1496:
1062:(written around 1306) contains the same text as in Hermann of Altach's annals.
780:
280:
2720:
2699:
1161:): it is possible that Matthew of Paris used Boncompagno's rhetoric textbook.
1459:
739:
159:
The assassination became one of the most high-profile criminal cases in the
2730:
Egy történelmi gyilkosság margójára. Merániai Gertrúd emlékezete, 1213–2013
2625:
Egy történelmi gyilkosság margójára. Merániai Gertrúd emlékezete, 1213–2013
38:
629:
suffered physical insult and material damage. Innocent instructed John to
1585:
1419:. 1360–1434), chaplain of Anna of Schwarzburg-Blankenburg, the spouse of
1077:
949:
796:
675:
was possessed by the duke) sought to increase the importance of Leopold.
481:
216:
200:
96:
1500:
847:
in 1217–1218, he entrusted the regency to Archbishop John and Palatine
316:
729:, which was the immediate factor to the murder of his sister Gertrude.
686:) and three other works – Annals of Admont, Rainer of Liége's annals (
271:, Gertrude performed a judicial activity over a lawsuit between Abbot
1533:
1505:
Andreas der ungarisch König mit Bankbano seinem getreutem Statthalter
1208:
940:
800:
489:
264:
192:
2786:
Az Árpádok és asszonyaik. A királynéi intézmény az Árpádok korában
2671:(in Hungarian). Városi Levéltár és Kutatóintézet. pp. 45–58.
1550:
1480:
1117:
814:
708:
635:
544:
477:
424:
357:
222:
643:, who was present during the assassination, and narrowly survived
1044:
2686:
Körmendi, Tamás (2019c). "A Bánk bán és a történeti valóság ".
2524:
2522:
2520:
1584:
composed an opera in 3 acts with the same name, also using the
287:, respectively, which caused resentment among the local elite.
2579:
Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig
2000:
1998:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1607:
In the play and the opera, the character of Bánk appears as a
839:
Shortly after the Gertrude's assassination, Andrew II married
561:
from 1270, the lands of Bánk's son-in-law, a certain Simon in
2245:
2243:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2201:
2199:
2150:
2148:
2135:
2133:
2131:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1775:
1773:
1466:
wrote the first Hungarian-language epic poem under the title
1080:. It contains the same text as in Hermann of Altach's annals.
755:") and the exact date of the assassination. The 14th-century
414:
most authentic chronicles, including the Annals of Göttweig (
33:
Murder of Gertrude, depicted the 9th painting of Life of St.
459:
Based on the narrations of the Austrian Rhyming Chronicle (
2560:
Arcana tabularii. Tanulmányok Solymosi László tiszteletére
2507:
2505:
2503:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2411:
2409:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2027:
2025:
1973:
1971:
1893:
1891:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
832:
style of Gertrude's tomb to be similar to the drawings of
1826:
1824:
1790:
1788:
2753:
A magyar nemzet története az Árpád-házi királyok alatt,
1721:
1719:
1717:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1660:
1658:
1748:
1746:
1704:
1702:
195:
and also had nominal suzerainty over the coast of the
1474:also translated the story to Hungarian in his work
1363:): the author was the librarian of the Benedictine
117:
Possible grudge against German (Meranian) influence
113:
102:
86:
75:
60:
46:
21:
2583:(in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. pp. 79–187.
1317:Berthold from the charge of adultery or even rape.
227:Contemporary depiction of Queen Gertrude and King
2669:Királynék a középkori Magyarországon és Európában
2790:(in Hungarian). MTA Történettudományi Intézete.
311:. Andrew granted large domains to Ekbert in the
1737:
1649:
1070:Annales Sanctorum Udalrici et Afrae Augustenses
721:. A group of sources claim that Berthold (then
211:from 1196 to 1204. His younger brother Andrew
1544:wrote his historical tragedy in the subject (
725:) raped or committed adultery with a wife of
199:. Merania was located in the neighborhood of
8:
1072:): compiled by the Benedictine monks of the
501:slaughtered by a certain count Peter". When
156:were also wounded but survived the attack.
16:1213 murder of the queen consort of Hungary
2694:(1–4). Anyanyelvápolók Szövetsége: 12–19.
859:, the consort of the first Hungarian king
27:
18:
2540:
2528:
2511:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2451:
2439:
2415:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2249:
2234:
2222:
2205:
2154:
2139:
2033:
1882:
1859:
1842:
1779:
1676:
1604:is labelled as Hungary's national opera.
472:writes that Gertrude was murdered in the
2297:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2122:
2098:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2016:
2004:
1977:
1950:
1933:
1921:
1897:
1830:
1794:
350:, were in all cases Hungarian magnates.
1725:
1693:
1664:
1642:
1592:. The opera was first performed at the
1247:; following the death of King Stephen (
251:) influence over governmental affairs.
2427:
2285:
2110:
1989:
1962:
1909:
1815:
1764:
1752:
1708:
1147:Chronica Albrici Monachi Trium Fontium
205:Croatia in personal union with Hungary
2273:
2261:
1576:; it was presented on the eve of the
1379:Vita Sanctae Elisabethae de Thuringia
1305:De fundatoribus monasterii Diessenses
1084:Foundations of Monasteries in Bavaria
442:De fundatoribus monasterii Diessenses
299:in 1209. Two other brothers, Ekbert,
7:
1565:wrote the first edition of his play
1454:expanded the story in his chronicle
1421:Frederick IV, Landgrave of Thuringia
1393:Annales Bavarici et Austriaci breves
1301:Founders of the Monastery of Diessen
1219:Annales Praedicatorum Vindobonensium
823:, the burial place of Queen Gertrude
446:Annales Praedicatorum Vindobonensium
119:or personal motives against Gertrude
22:Assassination of Gertrude of Merania
1095:Chronicle of the Anonymus of Leoben
695:Chronicle of the Anonymus of Leoben
391:and a certain Simon, son-in-law of
144:during a royal hunting expedition.
1215:Annals of the Dominicans of Vienna
1088:Fundationes monasteriorum Bavariae
433:, as depicted in mid-14th century
37:cycle in Heiligen-Geist-Hospital,
14:
2732:(in Hungarian). Ferenczy Museum,
2627:(in Hungarian). Ferenczy Museum,
1476:Chronica az magyaroknak dolgairól
1468:Az Nagysagos Bank Bannak Historia
1415:): the author is Johannes Rothe (
1074:St. Ulrich's and St. Afra's Abbey
651:) and the 15th-century historian
476:monastery of Lelesz (present-day
1291:Group D/2 – Gertrude's innocence
557:According to a royal charter of
371:In order to support his protege
106:group of Hungarian lords led by
1525:Elmerick, or Justice Triumphant
1511:as enemy and the theses of the
1343:handed over the same story too.
795:, part of the agglomeration of
1546:Ein treuer Diener seines Herrn
1450:, the court historian of King
1389:Short Bavarian–Austrian Annals
1189:Chronicon rhytmicum Austriacum
1066:Benedictine Annals of Augsburg
461:Chronicon rhytmicum Austriacum
418:) and the Annals of Salzburg (
1:
2709:Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények
1557:1861 opera with the same name
895:Group A – Pro-German attitude
551:John, Archbishop of Esztergom
488:royal forest along the river
397:John, Archbishop of Esztergom
240:
2600:Ispánok, bárók, kiskirályok
1594:Pesti Nemzeti Magyar Szinház
1578:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
1503:on Ban Bánk under the title
1403:Chronica Reinhardsbrunnensis
1357:Annals of Conrad of Scheyern
1034:): Its author, the Abbot of
470:Galician–Volhynian Chronicle
1738:Érszegi & Solymosi 1981
1650:Érszegi & Solymosi 1981
1530:Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay
1485:Premiere of the stage play
1399:Chronicle of Reinhardsbrunn
1235:): the Austrian chronicler
641:Leopold VI, Duke of Austria
330:The Deeds of the Hungarians
191:, laid in the peninsula of
175:Gertrude was born into the
146:Leopold VI, Duke of Austria
64:28 September 1213
2857:
2760:(in Hungarian). Athenaeum.
1580:. Based on Katona's work,
1185:Austrian Rhyming Chronicle
1141:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
1058:): the chronicle from the
995:Group B – Andrew's absence
974:Chronica regia Coloniensis
969:Royal Chronicle of Cologne
684:Chronica regia Coloniensis
680:Royal Chronicle of Cologne
583:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
136:as the first wife of King
2831:Assassinations in Hungary
2646:Körmendi, Tamás (2019a).
1528:in 1739. The German poet
1456:Rerum Ungaricarum decades
1290:
452:, which was compiled for
450:Aschaffenburgi Psalterium
411:Landgraviate of Thuringia
181:Berthold, Duke of Merania
26:
2784:Zsoldos, Attila (2005).
1176:Group D – Bánk's revenge
980:Rainer of Liége's annals
678:The continuation of the
2821:13th century in Hungary
1614:Benedict, son of Korlát
1375:Legend of St. Elizabeth
1361:Conradus Biblothecarius
1348:Group E – Miscellaneous
1175:
1056:Chronicon Osterhoviense
1052:Chronicle of Osterhofen
1017:Magnus von Reichersberg
994:
789:Magnus von Reichersberg
655:'s Austrian Chronicle (
148:and Gertrude's brother
2751:Pauler, Gyula (1899).
1559:
1492:
1409:Chronicle of Thuringia
1165:The History of England
1125:
1009:Annales Salisburgenses
824:
730:
647:The Annals of Admont (
644:
627:Archdiocese of Kalocsa
554:
524:which were granted by
437:
420:Annales Salisburgenses
368:
362:Andrew II depicted in
244:
2841:Female murder victims
2598:Fügedi, Erik (1986).
1600:on 9 March 1861. The
1554:
1484:
1341:Chronicon Baioariorum
1261:Illuminated Chronicle
1223:Patriarch of Aquileia
1121:
865:Illuminated Chronicle
834:Villard de Honnecourt
818:
757:Illuminated Chronicle
723:Archbishop of Kalocsa
719:Patriarch of Aquileia
712:
693:A single source, the
639:
548:
454:Gertrude of Aldenberg
428:
365:Illuminated Chronicle
361:
267:chieftain Gubasel in
226:
207:, which was ruled by
154:Archbishop of Kalocsa
2736:. pp. 303–304.
1538:Der gerechte Andreas
1434:Chronicon Posoniense
841:Yolanda of Courtenay
809:Duke of Transylvania
744:Klosterneuburg Abbey
575:Boncompagno da Signa
377:Mstislav Mstislavich
261:Elizabeth of Hungary
35:Elisabeth of Hungary
2826:13th-century murder
2631:. pp. 95–124.
2531:, pp. 303–304.
2288:, pp. 435–436.
2276:, pp. 508–509.
2125:, pp. 106–107.
2101:, pp. 105–106.
2089:, pp. 104–105.
2077:, pp. 103–104.
2007:, pp. 114–115.
1953:, pp. 109–110.
1924:, pp. 101–102.
1652:, pp. 124–125.
1443:Chronica Hungarorum
1438:Johannes de Thurocz
1413:Düringische Chronik
1329:Andreas of Ratisbon
1325:Chronkon universale
1321:Universal Chronicle
1314:Diessen (or Dießen)
1245:universal chronicle
1134:Rhetorica novissima
1130:The Latest Rhetoric
1100:Chronicon Leobiense
984:Reinerus Leodiensis
962:Annales Admontenses
930:Annales Marbacenses
909:Annales Gotwicenses
785:Annales Marbacenses
699:Chronicon Leobiense
688:Reinerus Leodiensis
665:Albigensian Crusade
649:Annales Admontenses
579:Rhetorica novissima
431:Gertrude of Merania
416:Annales Gotwicenses
344:Golden Bull of 1231
340:Golden Bull of 1222
309:King of the Germans
273:Uros of Pannonhalma
253:Theodoric of Apolda
213:constantly rebelled
187:, a fiefdom of the
179:as the daughter of
126:Gertrude of Merania
81:Gertrude of Merania
1618:Nagymartoni family
1560:
1493:
1333:Chronicon Bavariae
1327:): the chronicler
1309:Louis of Thuringia
1284:Chronicon Austriae
1280:Austrian Chronicle
1241:Middle High German
1193:Wilhelm Wattenbach
1126:
1005:Annals of Salzburg
932:): written in the
905:Annals of Göttweig
825:
731:
673:right of patronage
661:Calatrava la Vieja
657:Chronicon Austriae
645:
555:
438:
369:
245:
161:history of Hungary
108:Peter, son of Töre
55:Kingdom of Hungary
2743:978-963-9590-77-9
2678:978-963-8406-22-4
2659:978-963-416-163-9
2638:978-963-9590-77-9
2569:978-963-4737-59-9
2497:, pp. 54–55.
2485:, pp. 53–54.
2442:, pp. 49–51.
2403:, pp. 42–43.
2391:, pp. 41–42.
2360:, pp. 36–38.
2336:, pp. 32–34.
2324:, pp. 31–32.
2252:, pp. 39–40.
2225:, pp. 35–36.
2208:, pp. 30–31.
2157:, pp. 51–52.
2142:, pp. 45–48.
2113:, pp. 43–44.
1862:, pp. 48–49.
1818:, pp. 52–53.
1782:, pp. 48–51.
1679:, pp. 46–47.
1542:Franz Grillparzer
1452:Matthias Corvinus
1169:Historia Anglorum
1027:Hermann of Altach
926:Annals of Marbach
872:, the son of the
653:Thomas Ebendorfer
614:Pope Innocent III
601:Historia Anglorum
474:Premonstratensian
404:Date and location
373:Danylo Romanovich
301:Bishop of Bamberg
233:Landgrafenpsalter
189:Holy Roman Empire
123:
122:
2848:
2801:
2780:
2761:
2747:
2724:
2711:(in Hungarian).
2703:
2690:(in Hungarian).
2682:
2663:
2642:
2619:
2594:
2573:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1863:
1857:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1712:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1574:national revival
1266:Chronicon Pictum
1123:Matthew of Paris
1109:Reginam occidere
1060:Osterhofen Abbey
1032:Annales Hermanni
1015:Continuation of
958:Annals of Admont
761:Chronicon Pictum
591:Matthew of Paris
336:
325:anonymous author
249:Helena of Serbia
242:
185:Duchy of Merania
177:House of Andechs
71:
69:
31:
19:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2783:
2777:
2764:
2750:
2744:
2727:
2706:
2685:
2679:
2666:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2622:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2535:
2527:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2364:
2356:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2153:
2146:
2138:
2129:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2040:
2032:
2023:
2015:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1866:
1858:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1801:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1724:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1555:Scene from the
1515:). The English
1448:Antonio Bonfini
1430:
1428:Cultural legacy
1350:
1293:
1270:Henry of Mügeln
1237:Jans der Enikel
1229:World Chronicle
1178:
1159:Chronica Majora
1154:Major Chronicle
1112:
997:
988:St. James Abbey
897:
885:
861:Saint Stephen I
853:Beatrice d'Este
777:
707:
622:
596:Chronica Majora
498:
406:
389:Michael Kacsics
356:
334:
203:, belonging to
173:
142:Pilis Mountains
118:
89:
67:
65:
51:Pilis Mountains
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:1213 in Europe
2808:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2781:
2776:963-462-92-0-2
2775:
2762:
2748:
2742:
2725:
2715:(4): 425–443.
2704:
2683:
2677:
2664:
2658:
2643:
2637:
2620:
2614:
2595:
2589:
2574:
2568:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2541:Körmendi 2019c
2533:
2529:Majorossy 2014
2516:
2512:Körmendi 2019a
2499:
2495:Körmendi 2019a
2487:
2483:Körmendi 2019a
2475:
2471:Körmendi 2019a
2456:
2452:Körmendi 2019a
2444:
2440:Körmendi 2019a
2432:
2430:, p. 510.
2420:
2416:Körmendi 2019a
2405:
2401:Körmendi 2019a
2393:
2389:Körmendi 2019a
2381:
2377:Körmendi 2019a
2362:
2358:Körmendi 2019a
2350:
2346:Körmendi 2019a
2338:
2334:Körmendi 2019a
2326:
2322:Körmendi 2019a
2314:
2310:Körmendi 2019a
2302:
2290:
2278:
2266:
2264:, p. 496.
2254:
2250:Körmendi 2019a
2239:
2235:Körmendi 2019a
2227:
2223:Körmendi 2019a
2210:
2206:Körmendi 2019a
2195:
2193:, p. 120.
2183:
2181:, p. 119.
2171:
2169:, p. 117.
2159:
2155:Körmendi 2019a
2144:
2140:Körmendi 2019a
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2065:, p. 116.
2055:
2053:, p. 115.
2038:
2034:Veszprémy 1994
2021:
2019:, p. 111.
2009:
1994:
1982:
1980:, p. 113.
1967:
1965:, p. 101.
1955:
1938:
1936:, p. 108.
1926:
1914:
1902:
1900:, p. 100.
1887:
1883:Veszprémy 1994
1864:
1860:Körmendi 2019a
1847:
1843:Körmendi 2019a
1835:
1820:
1799:
1784:
1780:Körmendi 2019b
1769:
1757:
1755:, p. 434.
1742:
1740:, p. 128.
1730:
1728:, p. 106.
1713:
1698:
1696:, p. 127.
1681:
1677:Körmendi 2019b
1669:
1667:, p. 125.
1654:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1509:Ottoman Empire
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1383:Reinhardsbrunn
1372:
1365:Scheyern Abbey
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1318:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1257:
1253:bishop of Győr
1226:
1212:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1150:
1137:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1091:
1081:
1063:
1049:
1022:
1012:
996:
993:
992:
991:
977:
965:
955:
923:
916:Göttweig Abbey
896:
893:
884:
881:
857:Blessed Gisela
776:
773:
727:Bánk Bár-Kalán
706:
703:
621:
618:
497:
494:
405:
402:
355:
352:
293:Ban of Croatia
172:
169:
165:Bánk Bár-Kalán
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
104:
100:
99:
90:
87:
84:
83:
77:
73:
72:
62:
58:
57:
48:
44:
43:
41:(15th century)
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2853:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2799:
2797:963-8312-98-X
2793:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2615:963-14-0582-6
2611:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2590:963-05-2661-1
2586:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2543:, p. 15.
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2514:, p. 56.
2513:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2473:, p. 55.
2472:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:, p. 52.
2453:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2418:, p. 43.
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2379:, p. 38.
2378:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2348:, p. 34.
2347:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2315:
2312:, p. 30.
2311:
2306:
2303:
2300:, p. 96.
2299:
2298:Körmendi 2014
2294:
2291:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2237:, p. 37.
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:Körmendi 2014
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:Körmendi 2014
2175:
2172:
2168:
2167:Körmendi 2014
2163:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2123:Körmendi 2014
2119:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2099:Körmendi 2014
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:Körmendi 2014
2083:
2080:
2076:
2075:Körmendi 2014
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:Körmendi 2014
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:Körmendi 2014
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2036:, p. 83.
2035:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2017:Körmendi 2014
2013:
2010:
2006:
2005:Körmendi 2014
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:, p. 85.
1991:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1978:Körmendi 2014
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1951:Körmendi 2014
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1934:Körmendi 2014
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:Körmendi 2014
1918:
1915:
1912:, p. 82.
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:Körmendi 2014
1894:
1892:
1888:
1885:, p. 82.
1884:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1845:, p. 99.
1844:
1839:
1836:
1833:, p. 99.
1832:
1831:Körmendi 2014
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1797:, p. 95.
1796:
1795:Körmendi 2014
1791:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:, p. 81.
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1711:, p. 52.
1710:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:József Katona
1558:
1553:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:Gáspár Heltai
1469:
1465:
1464:András Valkai
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1436:; 1350s) and
1435:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:Ungarnchronik
1271:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1205:Schottenstift
1202:
1201:Heiligenkreuz
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1036:Niederaltaich
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
989:
985:
981:
978:
975:
971:
970:
966:
963:
959:
956:
952:
951:
946:
945:Neuburg Abbey
942:
938:
937:Marbach Abbey
935:
931:
927:
924:
921:
920:Lower Austria
917:
914:
910:
906:
903:
902:
901:
894:
892:
890:
882:
880:
878:
875:
874:Venetian doge
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:Fifth Crusade
842:
837:
835:
831:
830:French Gothic
822:
819:The ruins of
817:
813:
810:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
772:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
748:Lower Austria
745:
741:
735:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
704:
702:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
638:
634:
632:
631:excommunicate
628:
619:
617:
615:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
571:
568:
564:
560:
552:
547:
543:
539:
537:
532:
527:
523:
522:Nógrád County
519:
513:
511:
510:Bélakút Abbey
508:
504:
495:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
436:
432:
427:
423:
421:
417:
412:
403:
401:
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:Simon Kacsics
380:
378:
374:
367:
366:
360:
354:Assassination
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
332:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
238:
234:
230:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
170:
168:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:queen consort
127:
116:
112:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
93:Assassination
91:
85:
82:
78:
74:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
45:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2836:Conspiracies
2788:
2785:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2729:
2712:
2708:
2691:
2687:
2668:
2650:
2647:
2624:
2602:
2599:
2581:
2578:
2559:
2536:
2490:
2478:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2396:
2384:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2269:
2257:
2230:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2118:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2070:
2058:
2012:
1985:
1958:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1838:
1760:
1733:
1726:Zsoldos 2005
1694:Zsoldos 2005
1672:
1665:Zsoldos 2005
1645:
1606:
1601:
1590:Béni Egressy
1582:Ferenc Erkel
1566:
1561:
1545:
1537:
1523:
1520:George Lillo
1504:
1494:
1486:
1475:
1467:
1455:
1441:
1433:
1431:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1340:
1337:Veit Arnpeck
1332:
1324:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1214:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1113:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1083:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1019:'s Chronicle
1014:
1008:
1004:
998:
983:
979:
973:
967:
961:
957:
948:
929:
925:
908:
904:
898:
886:
877:Otto Orseolo
864:
838:
826:
805:
793:Petrovaradin
784:
778:
768:Bálint Hóman
765:
760:
752:
736:
732:
713:Portrait of
698:
692:
687:
683:
677:
669:Admont Abbey
656:
648:
646:
623:
604:
600:
594:
586:
578:
577:'s tractate
572:
559:Duke Stephen
556:
540:
536:Ladislaus IV
518:Transylvania
514:
499:
496:Perpetrators
460:
458:
449:
445:
441:
439:
435:Hedwig Codex
419:
415:
407:
381:
370:
363:
328:
321:Gyula Kristó
315:region (now
289:
277:castle serfs
246:
232:
197:Adriatic Sea
174:
158:
124:
103:Perpetrators
2428:Pauler 1899
2286:Kristó 1990
2111:Pauler 1899
1990:Fügedi 1986
1963:Pauler 1899
1910:Fügedi 1986
1816:Pauler 1899
1765:Fügedi 1986
1753:Kristó 1990
1709:Pauler 1899
1609:tragic hero
1548:) in 1826.
1513:Reformation
1233:Weltchronik
1197:Karl Uhlirz
1143:' Chronicle
934:Augustinian
913:Benedictine
889:Renaissance
821:Pilis Abbey
705:Motivations
663:during the
609:Roman Curia
526:Denis Tomaj
465:Pilis Abbey
257:hagiography
88:Attack type
2810:Categories
2734:Szentendre
2629:Szentendre
2274:Benkő 2014
2262:Benkő 2014
1637:References
1517:playwright
1497:Hans Sachs
1243:-language
1107:Group C –
1025:Annals of
1000:appeared.
849:Julius Kán
507:Cistercian
171:Background
68:1213-09-28
2721:0021-1486
2700:2676-976X
2688:Magyaróra
1622:Aragonese
1478:in 1575.
1470:in 1567.
1460:Holy Land
1446:(1480s).
775:Aftermath
740:procuress
620:Witnesses
313:Szepesség
281:Pressburg
255:, in his
237:Thuringia
229:Andrew II
138:Andrew II
1602:Bánk bán
1586:libretto
1568:Bánk bán
1532:wrote a
1499:wrote a
1488:Bánk bán
1078:Augsburg
797:Novi Sad
715:Berthold
587:Chronica
567:Szabolcs
549:Seal of
482:Slovakia
393:Palatine
375:against
297:Dalmatia
275:and the
269:Bulgaria
217:appanage
201:Dalmatia
150:Berthold
97:stabbing
47:Location
2606:Magvető
2551:Sources
1501:tragedy
1491:in 1833
954:murder.
883:Sources
781:impaled
753:Prenger
531:Coloman
503:Béla IV
335:now ...
134:Hungary
66: (
2794:
2773:
2740:
2719:
2698:
2675:
2656:
2635:
2612:
2587:
2566:
1534:ballad
1209:Vienna
941:Alsace
801:Serbia
490:Bodrog
429:Queen
323:, the
305:Philip
285:Halych
209:Emeric
193:Istria
183:. The
128:, the
114:Motive
79:Queen
76:Target
39:Lübeck
1040:ispán
950:ispán
870:Peter
671:(its
563:Bereg
486:Patak
478:Leles
348:Peter
265:Cuman
2792:ISBN
2771:ISBN
2738:ISBN
2717:ISSN
2696:ISSN
2673:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2564:ISBN
1631:Otto
1626:bans
1598:Pest
1369:sic!
1335:and
1249:sic!
1195:and
1045:sic!
599:and
589:and
565:and
520:and
387:and
317:Spiš
295:and
243:1213
61:Date
2755:II.
1620:of
1596:in
1588:by
1440:'s
1339:'s
1272:'s
1207:in
1076:in
939:in
918:in
327:of
279:of
259:of
132:of
95:by
2812::
2713:94
2608:.
2604:.
2519:^
2502:^
2459:^
2408:^
2365:^
2242:^
2213:^
2198:^
2147:^
2130:^
2041:^
2024:^
1997:^
1970:^
1941:^
1890:^
1867:^
1850:^
1823:^
1802:^
1787:^
1772:^
1745:^
1716:^
1701:^
1684:^
1657:^
1371:).
1048:).
799:,
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717:,
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241:c.
239:,
235:,
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