302:
controlled robots, sealed in safe containers, and stored temporarily above ground. Preparations include creating a new shaft that will be big enough and building the above ground storage facility. The estimated costs for the closure of the mine are estimated to be at least 3.7 billion Euro. The recovery of the waste and closure of the mine will be paid with tax money, not by the operators of the German nuclear plants, even though most of the waste was created by them. The beginning of the recovery is planned to start in 2033 and is estimated to last for decades.
315:
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ten in the southern flank of the mine at depths from 725 to 750 metres (2,379 to 2,461 ft) below surface. Between 1972 and 1977, exclusively medium-level radioactive waste was emplaced in a chamber on the 511 metres (1,677 ft) level. Research was stopped in 1995; between 1995 and 2004 cavities were filled with salt. After media reports in 2008 about brine contaminated with radioactive
242:
1560:
1451:
1439:
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1415:
393:
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179:. The containers typically included mixed and laboratory waste, rubble, scrap, filter residues and combustion residues. Liquids such as evaporator concentrates, sludges, oils, resins and solvents had to be bound as solids. According to some former employees barrels of liquid waste were accepted in the early days of storage.
17:
285:
solution. However the long-term safety of this method could not be proven. The radioactive waste would have been dissolved by the solution and would have had the potential to contaminate the groundwater. The magnesium chloride solution would also have reacted with the cement which could have created explosions and
118:
used the mine on behalf of the
Federal Ministry of Research to test the handling and storage of radioactive waste in a repository. Between 1967 and 1978 low-level and intermediate-level radioactive waste were emplaced in 13 chambers in the Asse II mine. Two chambers are located in the middle part and
301:
After the controversies about the facility became public and the operator was changed to the
Federal Office for Radiation Protection, a new plan was developed in 2010. It became obvious that the recovery of the waste is necessary for long-term safety. The waste is planned to be collected by remotely
276:, which had been monitoring Asse II since 1996, predicted that an increase in the rate of loss of load carrying capacity would result in an increased displacement of the surrounding rock. The shifts would lead to an uncontrollable increase in water inflow and make continued dry operation impossible.
268:
In 1979 a report on the stability of the mine was released by a working group under HH Juergens, which describes an imminent scenario of uncontrolled plastic flow from the surrounding rock on the southern flank resulting in the subsequent loss of the load carrying capacity. The manager of Asse II in
232:
The waste containers were only intended to be safe during transportation to the facility. They do not have long time stability and rust after some years, especially in a salty environment. The salt surrounding them was intended to be the only containment for the waste. There never was an intention
264:
Because of the large number of tunnels and chambers, and the decades of use, deformation in Asse II has reached a state where the pressurised surrounding salt is losing its stability: "The supporting construction is softening by creep deformation, plasticity effects and local fractures from ground
228:
In the first years of operation the barrels were stored in orderly rows and space was left so it was theoretically possible to inspect them. In the later years, when most of the waste was brought in, the drums were rolled off a salt embankment into the chambers and the layers covered by salt. This
208:
However the type of the waste was determined by the measurable amount of radiation outside of the container, not by the actual contents of the vessel. Because of this it must be assumed that the containers with concrete shielding also contained medium level waste, raising their number from 1293 to
162:
125,787 drums of low level radioactive waste stored from 1967 to 1978 in various chambers at the 750-metre (2,460 ft) level. The containers are mostly drums with volumes from 100 to 400 litres (26 to 106 US gal) or concrete vessels. The declared total activity at the time of storage
284:
First plans for a permanent closure were developed between 1992 and 2007. Recovery of waste was not considered feasible. During this time many cavities of the mine were filled with salt as an intent to stabilize it. To fill all cavities it was planned to fill the mine with a magnesium chloride
182:
1,293 containers with medium-level radioactive waste stored from 1972 to 1977 in
Chamber 8a at the 511-metre (1,677 ft) level. Only 200-litre (53 US gal) roll drums were permitted with waste fixed in concrete or bitumen. The declared total activity at the time of storage was
131:, politicians accused the operator, Helmholtz Zentrum München – German Research Center for Environmental Health, of not having informed the inspecting authorities. On 8 September 2008, the responsible ministers of Lower Saxony and the German government replaced the operator with
344:
in the southern part of the mine. The brine is captured before it comes in contact with the storage drums, at the 658, 725 and 750 metres (2,159, 2,379 and 2,461 ft) levels and, since 2005, at the 950 metres (3,120 ft) level. The 2008 influx was 11.8 m
325:
For the period 1906 to 1988, when Asse II was an operational salt mine, there were 29 documented water breaches. They were sometimes successfully sealed off, partly dry or sometimes with negligible inflows (less than 0.5 cubic metres (130 US gal) per day).
330:
305:
Chamber 7 is designated to be the first one for recovery. It contains low and medium level waste covered by salt. Test drillings in 2017 offered the first pictures from inside the chamber since decades, they show damaged and rusted containers.
139:
789:
Hans-Helge Jürgens, Katrin Hille: Atommülldeponie
Salzbergwerk Asse II - Gefährdung der Biosphäre durch mangelnde Standsicherheit und das Ersaufen des Grubengebäudes, Braunschweiger Arbeitskreis gegen Atomenergie, 2. Auflage, März
1564:
292:
During this time most of the caverns with nuclear waste were sealed behind thick walls; because of this the condition of the waste inside is unknown. The only theoretically accessible chamber is one with medium level waste.
191:
material. Storage limits per drum were 200 grams (7.1 oz) U-235, 15 grams (0.53 oz) U-233 and 15 grams (0.53 oz) Pu-239. These limits were not reached. Maximum values per drum were 24 grams (0.85 oz)
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Typically salt mining is structurally unsupported. Stresses produced in the remaining salt structure during construction of the mine voids are accommodated in the overlying rock.
322:
A significant inflow of water and a subtle loss of mechanical stability may jeopardise the underground mine integrity – the site is in danger of collapsing and becoming flooded.
1184:
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138:
In April 2017, operator responsibility for Asse II was transferred from BFS to the
Supervisory Board of the Bundes-Gesellschaft für Endlagerung mbH (BGE), under the
229:
was done to reduce radiation exposure of the workers and to save time, however it meant that many containers would be damaged already at the time they were stored.
1516:
945:
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and the mine construction. The overlying rock mass in Asse II moves 15 centimetres (5.9 in) per year, undermining the strength of the mine construction.
1244:
1101:
576:
848:
1219:
Halbjahresbericht über den Stand der BMBF-Stilllegungsprojekte und der vom BMBF geförderten FuE-Arbeiten zu „Stilllegung/Rückbau kerntechnischer
Anlagen“
772:
1061:
1025:
923:
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353:/litre, which is the value that must be present in accordance with the European drinking water standard (and slightly more than radon levels in
1610:
1455:
425:
349:. All measured values have been below the detection limit. The liquid is also tested for tritium. The weighted mean concentration is about 100
29:
1288:
1395:
678:
154:(LILW-SL, Short lived), defined as waste without significant heat generation. After public speculation about the presence of radioactive
1625:
548:
1141:
660:
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1188:
475:
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16.100. Some of these concrete vessels emitted radiation above the permitted level and had to be stored in special metal shielding.
1630:
727:
1295:
755:
1333:
800:
183:
2.8·10 Bq. About 97% of the packages (over 90% of the total activity inventory of Asse II) originated from the
Karlsruhe
132:
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530:
506:
713:
631:
115:
1479:
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168:
895:
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1979 and his advisers categorised this report as "unscientific" and declared that there were no stability problems.
216:, mercury, tons of lead and animal carcasses from radiation experiments. Even some human remains and waste from the
103:
The Asse II mine was developed between 1906 and 1908 to a depth of 765 metres (2,510 ft). Initially extracting
1311:
563:
84:
72:
969:"Salt usually seals, but sometimes leaks: Implications for mine and cavern stabilities in the short and long term"
741:
412:
334:
176:
1382:
1139:
Statusbericht des
Niedersächsischen Ministeriums für Umwelt und Klimaschutz über die Schachtanlage Asse II
658:
Statusbericht des
Niedersächsischen Ministeriums für Umwelt und Klimaschutz über die Schachtanlage Asse II
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769:
699:
1076:
1036:
430:
286:
825:
968:
877:
983:
250:
184:
770:
Dreidimensionale gebirgsmechanische
Modellrechnungen zur Standsicherheitsanalyse des Bergwerkes Asse
314:
1245:"Abyss of Uncertainty: Germany's Homemade Nuclear Waste Disaster - Part 3: Political Foot-Dragging"
172:
1431:
1102:"Abyss of Uncertainty: Germany's Homemade Nuclear Waste Disaster - Part 2: Mountains of Red Tape"
862:
420:
187:
plant. Some of the Karlsruhe drums contained waste from the reprocessing plant itself, and thus
801:
Gebirgsmechanische Zustandsanalyse des Tragsystems der Schachtanlage Asse II – Kurzbericht
999:
471:
465:
440:
370:
76:
1231:
1138:
991:
657:
362:
155:
1145:
807:
776:
685:
668:, Seiten 93–128. Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Umwelt und Klimaschutz, Hannover, 2008.
664:
552:
534:
151:
909:
987:
1547:
545:
435:
398:
329:
Between 1988 and 2008 32 new entry points were recorded. In 1996, the BFS notified the
80:
1604:
1583:
1486:
1474:
1161:"In Germany And Austria, Visits To Radon Health Spas Are Covered By Health Insurance"
1149:, Seite 12. Niedersächsisches Ministerium für Umwelt und Klimaschutz, Hannover, 2008.
995:
361:). The brine is pumped into a tanker and transported to the abandoned K+S AG mines (
337:
if the mine ran full of water and that further investigation was urgently required.
217:
88:
1462:
1443:
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241:
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120:
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1272:
388:
1003:
703:. Fraktion von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen im Niedersächsischen Landtag, 2008.
44:
31:
610:
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
366:
345:(3,100 US gal) per day. The liquid is tested for the radionuclide
254:
197:
164:
140:
Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety
128:
124:
108:
68:
21:
1243:
Fröhlingsdorf, Michael; Ludwig, Udo; Weinzierl, Alfred (21 February 2013).
1100:
Fröhlingsdorf, Michael; Ludwig, Udo; Weinzierl, Alfred (21 February 2013).
575:
Fröhlingsdorf, Michael; Ludwig, Udo; Weinzierl, Alfred (21 February 2013).
527:
158:
in the mine the old documentation was once again reviewed in August 2008:
150:
Asse II contains intermediate radioactive waste (LILW-LL, Long lived) and
1407:
606:"Supervisory Board of the Bundes-Gesellschaft für Endlagerung mbH (BGE)"
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213:
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728:"Umstrittenes Atommülllager: Radioaktive Tierkadaver in Asse gelagert"
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1377:
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1328:
341:
258:
104:
257:. Significant mechanical stress is built up between the surrounding
1552:
1185:"Zutritt und Verbleib der Salzlösung aus dem Deckgebirge (German)"
841:"Einsturzgefahr: Atommüll aus der Asse soll in den Schacht Konrad"
313:
240:
15:
577:"Abyss of Uncertainty: Germany's Homemade Nuclear Waste Disaster"
467:
Langfristig sichere Deponien: Situation, Grundlagen, Realisierung
1068:
Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit
212:
Other notable waste that is stored in the mine are 497 kilogram
16:
1284:
944:. Darmstadt, Germany: Oeko-Institut e.V. 2015. Archived from
878:"Atommülllager Asse: Der Staat bezahlt die strahlende Zeche"
1208:
Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung vom 16. August 2008, S. 17.
700:
Die Asse Chronik – Vom Umgang mit Atommüll in Niedersachsen
350:
253:
effects are taken into account as they occur naturally in
1035:(in German). Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz. Archived from
340:
Most of the brine influx is concluded as coming from the
638:. London, UK: World Nuclear Association. 24 August 2018
546:
Problems at Germany's Asse II Nuclear Waste Repository
135:(BFS) - the Federal Office for Radiation Protection.
111:
from 1916 to 1964. Potash production ceased in 1925.
464:
Herrmann, Albert Günter; Röthemeyer, Helmut (2013).
167:. Around 50% of the containers came from the former
1501:
1367:
1318:
811:. Institut für Gebirgsmechanik GmbH, Leipzig, 2007.
780:. Institut für Gebirgsmechanik GmbH, Leipzig, 2006.
679:
Schachtanlage Asse – Befragung früherer Mitarbeiter
272:In 2007 the Institut für Gebirgsmechanik (IfG) in
1346:Meuse/Haute Marne Underground Research Laboratory
1277:- Deutsche Welle, April 2024 (video, 15:48 mins)
632:"German agencies to collaborate on repositories"
505:. Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz. Archived from
1296:
373:) The brine in Mariaglück is also tested for
8:
1274:Germany’s hidden leaking nuclear waste dump
1303:
1289:
1281:
200:-239 and less than 1 gram (0.035 oz)
220:are rumored to be part of the inventory.
470:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 355.
967:Warren, John Keith (16 December 2016).
456:
318:Brine tankers at the mine (August 2009)
289:of radioactive waste to the biosphere.
204:on the 511-metre (1,677 ft) level.
114:Between 1965 and 1995, the state-owned
938:"What now for the Asse II repository?"
896:"Wer zahlt für Sanierung von Asse II?"
426:Morsleben radioactive waste repository
528:German Leaks Raise More Nuclear Fears
171:nuclear reprocessing plant, 20% from
7:
1222:. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, 2007.
1024:Kaul, Alexander (29 February 1996).
942:Institut für angewandte Technologie
876:Kosch, Stephan (31 January 2009).
689:. Helmholtz Zentrum München, 2008.
14:
233:for the waste to be recoverable.
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499:"Radioactive waste in Asse mine"
405:
391:
333:that there was a risk of severe
245:Schacht Asse II 490 m level
1334:Underground Research Laboratory
996:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.11.008
612:. Berlin, Germany. October 2018
1616:Radioactive waste repositories
756:"Phantom einer Nazi-Atombombe"
1:
1611:Nuclear facilities in Germany
910:"Die Rückholung - scinexx.de"
863:"Die Asse als Milliardengrab"
1312:Deep geological repositories
1064:Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz
714:"Hochgiftiges Arsen in Asse"
133:Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz
684:September 12, 2008, at the
446:Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
196:, 5.7 grams (0.20 oz)
169:Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe
1647:
1144:December 30, 2008, at the
663:December 30, 2008, at the
73:deep geological repository
1358:Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory
413:Nuclear technology portal
335:radioactive contamination
116:Helmholtz Zentrum München
107:, the mine also produced
1383:Deep Geologic Repository
175:and 10% from the former
1631:Economy of Lower Saxony
1626:Wolfenbüttel (district)
1026:"Schachtanlage Asse II"
924:"Schachtanlage Asse II"
431:Nuclear decommissioning
331:Bundesumweltministerium
237:Instability of the mine
1251:. Hamburg: Der Spiegel
1232:Mariaglück Testresults
1108:. Hamburg: Der Spiegel
742:"Leichenasche in Asse"
319:
246:
177:Jülich Research Centre
24:
1621:Salt mines in Germany
976:Earth-Science Reviews
882:Die Tageszeitung: Taz
317:
244:
45:52.14389°N 10.64222°E
19:
839:Lucius, Robert von.
280:Recovery and closure
173:nuclear power plants
1368:Disposal facilities
988:2017ESRv..165..302W
41: /
1432:Gorleben salt dome
806:2009-06-17 at the
775:2011-07-19 at the
636:World Nuclear News
551:2009-08-03 at the
533:2008-10-22 at the
421:Gorleben salt dome
320:
247:
50:52.14389; 10.64222
25:
1598:
1597:
1159:Kabat, Geoffrey.
1042:on 6 October 2018
982:. Elsevier: 337.
948:on 2 October 2015
865:. 19 August 2019.
509:on 5 October 2015
441:Schikorr reaction
163:was 1.8·10
77:radioactive waste
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1187:. Archived from
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1127:Die Asse Chronik
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822:"Asse-archiv.de"
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297:Current progress
156:high level waste
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851:on 2014-03-08.
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828:on 2012-03-19.
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564:Shaft ASSE II
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83:Mountains of
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20:Asse II
18:
1420:Asse II mine
1419:
1319:Laboratories
1273:
1255:30 September
1253:. Retrieved
1248:
1238:
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1204:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:the original
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1168:. Retrieved
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1112:30 September
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1077:the original
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1037:the original
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952:30 September
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511:. Retrieved
507:the original
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481:. Retrieved
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310:Water inflow
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185:reprocessing
149:
137:
113:
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89:Lower Saxony
85:Wolfenbüttel
64:
61:Asse II mine
60:
58:
26:
1444:Konrad mine
1385:(cancelled)
585:Der Spiegel
583:. Hamburg:
375:caesium-137
367:Adolfsglück
355:Bad Gastein
347:caesium-137
265:pressure."
121:caesium-137
48: /
1605:Categories
1195:2009-03-04
1170:2021-03-19
1086:2015-12-13
1033:Greenpeace
452:References
371:Mariaglück
255:salt domes
251:Plasticity
71:used as a
36:10°38′32″E
33:52°08′38″N
1456:Morsleben
1004:0012-8252
513:2 October
146:Inventory
129:strontium
125:plutonium
109:rock salt
69:salt mine
22:headframe
1468:Wolseong
1142:Archived
804:Archived
773:Archived
682:Archived
661:Archived
549:Archived
531:Archived
385:See also
287:blowouts
218:Nazi era
1066:to the
984:Bibcode
845:Faz.net
642:4 April
616:4 April
503:Asse II
379:tritium
359:Austria
274:Leipzig
214:arsenic
189:fissile
99:History
93:Germany
79:in the
1529:Posiva
1396:Onkalo
1165:Forbes
1046:22 May
1009:22 May
1002:
474:
342:diapir
259:diapir
105:potash
1589:USDOE
1553:Nirex
1541:Andra
1408:Cigéo
1080:(PDF)
1073:(PDF)
1040:(PDF)
1029:(PDF)
972:(PDF)
202:U-233
194:U-235
1517:NWMO
1480:WIPP
1257:2015
1114:2015
1048:2018
1011:2018
1000:ISSN
954:2015
790:1979
644:2020
618:2020
592:2015
515:2015
485:2015
472:ISBN
377:and
369:and
127:and
81:Asse
75:for
59:The
1577:SKB
1565:DBE
992:doi
980:165
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63:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
