25:
142:
760:
Suitable criteria – this means that there must be some agreed framework to which the information may be compared. In the case of an audit, this will be the form of company accounts mandated by the appropriate laws, regulations and accounting standards in a particular jurisdiction. For other subject
793:
Agreed–upon procedures do not constitute an assurance procedure under the above definition, because no conclusion is given. However, they are often loosely referred to as "assurance". Similarly compilation engagements (which also have no conclusion) are often described as giving assurance, but are
789:
Consulting services are not considered as assurance because in consulting services, an accountant generally uses their professional knowledge to make recommendations for a future event or a procedure, such as the design of an information system or accounting control system. In contrast, assurance
752:
A three-party relationship – the responsible party who prepares the information to be assured; the independent practitioner who assures the information; and the users who are expected to rely on the information. In the case of an audit, the responsible party is the management of the company, the
782:. Assurance engagements designed to test historical financial information are referred to as assurance reviews (these are regulated by International Standard on Review Engagements (ISRE 2400)), but assurance reports can be obtained over many other subject matters and will then be subject to
790:
services are designed to test the validity of past data of the business cycles. Although there is no boundary to what can be tested by assurance services, professional accountants cannot accept any engagement for which they do not believe themselves to be competent.
756:
Agreed subject matter – in the case of an audit, this would be the annual accounts of a company. However it could be almost anything in practice – the systems operated by a state lottery, a company's greenhouse gas emissions, controls over a supply chain
739:
or the context of information so that decision makers can make more informed, and presumably better, decisions. Assurance services provide independent and professional opinions that reduce information risk (risk from incorrect information).
1062:
Francis, Jere R.; Khurana, Inder K.; Martin, Xiumin; Pereira, Raynolde (2011). "The
Relative Importance of Firm Incentives versus Country Factors in the Demand for Assurance Services by Private Entities".
764:
Sufficient appropriate evidence. The practitioner must obtain sufficient appropriate evidence that the subject matter information (the data related to the subject matter) agrees with the criteria.
1041:
Hasan, Mahreen; Maijoor, Steven; Mock, Theodore J.; Roebuck, Peter; Simnett, Roger; Vanstraelen, Ann (2005). "The
Different Types of Assurance Services and Levels of Assurance Provided".
807:
921:
885:
843:
958:
889:
406:
991:
Douthett, Edward B.; Copley, Paul A. (2009). "Are
Assurance Services Provided by Auditors on Initial Public Offerings Influenced by Market Conditions?".
802:
Technical guidance for practitioners wishing to undertake assurance services can be found in ISAE (International
Standard on Assurance Engagements) 3000
391:
925:
1125:"The Competitive Market for Assurance Engagements on Greenhouse Gas Statements: Is There a Role for Assurers from the Accounting Profession?"
396:
705:
556:
260:
157:
779:
411:
401:
167:
42:
463:
591:
468:
108:
987:?" Ferguson, Andrew.; Pundrich, Gabriel. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory: May 2015, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 121–146.
748:
The technical definition of assurance requires five components set out in the
International Framework for Assurance Engagements:
416:
359:
89:
500:
61:
732:
453:
46:
1084:
Manetti, Giacomo; Becatti, Lucia (2009). "Assurance
Services for Sustainability Reports: Standards and Empirical Evidence".
68:
1162:
950:
878:
1012:
Ruhnke, Klaus; Lubitzsch, Kay (2010). "Determinants of the
Maximum Level of Assurance for Various Assurance Services".
839:
728:
1156:
75:
35:
698:
505:
57:
339:
215:
631:
566:
141:
290:
774:
are therefore a type of assurance service. However, audits only test the validity of the assertions in
616:
354:
220:
162:
761:
matter, it might be the design and proper operation (as specified) of the lottery systems and controls.
914:
724:
666:
205:
775:
691:
656:
651:
626:
621:
561:
490:
448:
430:
383:
364:
295:
200:
125:
1111:
1029:
810:) which also includes advice for companies wishing to choose between various assurance services.
495:
330:
285:
82:
1177:
676:
671:
250:
225:
1136:
1101:
1093:
1072:
1050:
1021:
1000:
458:
344:
546:
510:
300:
280:
265:
210:
195:
152:
868:
International
Standard on Assurance Engagements 3000 (Revised 2013), paras 6 (c) and A1.
551:
519:
230:
1171:
1115:
1076:
1054:
1033:
1025:
661:
524:
443:
438:
275:
985:
Does
Industry Specialist Assurance of Non-Financial Information Matter to Investors
596:
335:
736:
482:
24:
1097:
586:
270:
133:
819:
803:
783:
753:
practitioner is the audit firm and the users are primarily the shareholders.
879:"SSAE #10 Attest Engagements, AT §101, clause .21, second general standard"
915:"International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE) 3402, §13(a)(i)"
1141:
1124:
1106:
1004:
369:
349:
255:
984:
515:
190:
771:
538:
320:
185:
847:
325:
723:
is an independent professional service, typically provided by
18:
786:
or other individual
Standards on Assurance Engagements.
1123:
Huggins, Anna; Green, Wendy J.; Simnett, Roger (2011).
808:
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
1157:
The International Framework for Assurance Engagements
922:
International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board
806:
and in The Assurance Sourcebook published by ICAEW (
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
886:American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
844:American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
744:Definition and distinction from other services
699:
8:
16:Profession giving information to reduce risk
767:A conclusion expressed in a written report.
407:International Financial Reporting Standards
706:
692:
120:
1140:
1105:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
831:
132:
778:, and are subject to regulation under
397:Generally-accepted auditing standards
7:
794:not strictly assurance engagements.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
895:from the original on 8 October 2010
780:International Standards on Auditing
412:International Standards on Auditing
14:
1043:International Journal of Auditing
1014:International Journal of Auditing
931:from the original on 26 July 2011
469:Notes to the financial statements
1077:10.1111/j.1911-3846.2010.01053.x
1065:Contemporary Accounting Research
1055:10.1111/j.1099-1123.2005.00262.x
1026:10.1111/j.1099-1123.2009.00414.x
993:Contemporary Accounting Research
417:Management Accounting Principles
140:
23:
961:from the original on 5 May 2016
840:"Welcome to Assurance Services"
733:Chartered Certified Accountants
34:needs additional citations for
1:
735:, with the goal of improving
392:Generally-accepted principles
729:Certified Public Accountants
1194:
1129:Current Issues in Auditing
1086:Journal of Business Ethics
951:"The Assurance Sourcebook"
1098:10.1007/s10551-008-9809-x
261:Constant purchasing power
158:Constant purchasing power
1163:The Assurance Sourcebook
592:Accounting organizations
580:People and organizations
340:Amortization (business)
464:Management discussion
776:financial statements
431:Financial statements
384:Accounting standards
58:"Assurance services"
43:improve this article
657:Earnings management
627:Positive accounting
501:Double-entry system
491:Bank reconciliation
296:Revenue recognition
1142:10.2308/ciia-50083
1005:10.1506/car.26.2.6
632:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
567:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
496:Debits and credits
331:Cost of goods sold
286:Matching principle
721:Assurance service
716:
715:
677:Two sets of books
672:Off-balance-sheet
314:Selected accounts
251:Accounting period
119:
118:
111:
93:
1185:
1146:
1144:
1119:
1109:
1080:
1058:
1037:
1008:
971:
970:
968:
966:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
930:
919:
911:
905:
904:
902:
900:
894:
883:
875:
869:
866:
860:
859:
857:
855:
846:. Archived from
836:
708:
701:
694:
144:
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1168:
1167:
1153:
1122:
1083:
1061:
1040:
1011:
990:
980:
978:Further reading
975:
974:
964:
962:
949:
948:
944:
934:
932:
928:
917:
913:
912:
908:
898:
896:
892:
881:
877:
876:
872:
867:
863:
853:
851:
850:on 6 April 2005
838:
837:
833:
828:
816:
800:
746:
712:
683:
682:
681:
646:
638:
637:
636:
611:
603:
602:
601:
581:
573:
572:
571:
541:
531:
530:
529:
485:
475:
474:
473:
433:
423:
422:
421:
386:
376:
375:
374:
315:
307:
306:
305:
301:Unit of account
281:Historical cost
266:Economic entity
245:
237:
236:
235:
180:
172:
153:Historical cost
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1151:External links
1149:
1148:
1147:
1120:
1081:
1071:(2): 487–516.
1059:
1038:
1020:(3): 233–255.
1009:
999:(2): 453–476.
988:
979:
976:
973:
972:
942:
906:
870:
861:
830:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
815:
812:
799:
796:
769:
768:
765:
762:
758:
754:
745:
742:
714:
713:
711:
710:
703:
696:
688:
685:
684:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
604:
600:
599:
594:
589:
583:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
570:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
543:
542:
537:
536:
533:
532:
528:
527:
522:
520:General ledger
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
487:
486:
481:
480:
477:
476:
472:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
434:
429:
428:
425:
424:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
388:
387:
382:
381:
378:
377:
373:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
333:
328:
323:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
304:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
234:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
171:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
146:
145:
137:
136:
130:
129:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1190:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1135:(2): A1–A12.
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:(2): 91–102.
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
989:
986:
982:
981:
977:
960:
956:
952:
946:
943:
927:
923:
916:
910:
907:
891:
887:
880:
874:
871:
865:
862:
849:
845:
841:
835:
832:
825:
821:
818:
817:
813:
811:
809:
805:
797:
795:
791:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
750:
749:
743:
741:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
709:
704:
702:
697:
695:
690:
689:
687:
686:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
662:Error account
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
642:
641:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
607:
606:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
577:
576:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
535:
534:
526:
525:Trial balance
523:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
506:FIFO and LIFO
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
484:
479:
478:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
444:Balance sheet
442:
440:
439:Annual report
437:
436:
432:
427:
426:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
385:
380:
379:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
311:
310:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Going concern
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
241:
240:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
176:
175:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
148:
147:
143:
139:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1132:
1128:
1089:
1085:
1068:
1064:
1046:
1042:
1017:
1013:
996:
992:
963:. Retrieved
954:
945:
933:. Retrieved
909:
897:. Retrieved
873:
864:
852:. Retrieved
848:the original
834:
801:
792:
788:
770:
747:
720:
719:
717:
597:Luca Pacioli
518: /
338: /
336:Depreciation
244:Key concepts
216:Governmental
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1107:2158/344320
1092:: 289–298.
935:13 November
899:13 November
737:information
610:Development
587:Accountants
483:Bookkeeping
402:Convergence
360:Liabilities
291:Materiality
179:Major types
1159:, ifac.org
826:References
645:Misconduct
271:Fair value
221:Management
163:Management
134:Accounting
69:newspapers
1116:153991595
1034:154726418
955:icaew.com
820:ISAE 3000
804:ISAE 3000
784:ISAE 3000
725:Chartered
667:Hollywood
547:Financial
449:Cash-flow
206:Financial
99:June 2010
1178:Auditing
1172:Category
959:Archived
926:Archived
890:Archived
814:See also
798:Guidance
652:Creative
622:Research
552:Internal
539:Auditing
355:Goodwill
350:Expenses
201:Forensic
126:a series
124:Part of
965:6 April
854:14 June
617:History
511:Journal
370:Revenue
256:Accrual
83:scholar
1114:
1032:
772:Audits
562:Report
516:Ledger
459:Income
454:Equity
365:Profit
345:Equity
321:Assets
226:Social
191:Budget
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1112:S2CID
1030:S2CID
929:(PDF)
918:(PDF)
893:(PDF)
882:(PDF)
557:Firms
186:Audit
90:JSTOR
76:books
967:2016
937:2010
901:2010
856:2010
757:etc.
326:Cash
211:Fund
196:Cost
62:news
1137:doi
1102:hdl
1094:doi
1073:doi
1051:doi
1022:doi
1001:doi
731:or
727:or
231:Tax
168:Tax
45:by
1174::
1131:.
1127:.
1110:.
1100:.
1090:87
1088:.
1069:28
1067:.
1045:.
1028:.
1018:14
1016:.
997:26
995:.
957:.
953:.
924:.
920:.
888:.
884:.
842:.
128:on
1145:.
1139::
1133:5
1118:.
1104::
1096::
1079:.
1075::
1057:.
1053::
1047:9
1036:.
1024::
1007:.
1003::
983:"
969:.
939:.
903:.
858:.
707:e
700:t
693:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
