Assyrian independence movement

1874:(Nineveh) be re-examined. Assyrians once again were not allowed to participate as Great Britain interfered, but they were promised again that their rights would be protected. It is worth mentioning that Agha Petros, General of the Assyrian Army, attended the opening ceremonies. The United States stood with Great Britain in these deliberations, the latter promising 20% of the oil industry business be awarded to American companies. Turkey lost its appeal to win Mosul back based on Great Britain's claims that the region would be saved for the future settlement of the Kurdish and Assyrian people, but no final agreement was reached. 1730: 1903:...His Majesty's Government has decided to endeavor to secure a good treaty frontier, which will at the same time admit of the establishment of the Assyrians in a compact community within the limits of the territory in respect of which His Majesty's Government hold a mandate under the authority of the League of Nations, if not in every case in their ancestral habitation, at all events in suitable adjacent districts. This policy for the settlement of the Assyrians has the full sympathy and support of the Iraqi Government, which is prepared for its part, to give the necessary cooperation for giving effect thereto. 515: 1834:, signed on August 10, 1920, between the Allies and Turkey, laid the foundations for the new Turkish frontier after World War I. Assyrians were not permitted by Great Britain to participate in these deliberations under the rule that the Assyrians were not an equal power with the rest of the participants. However, the Assyrian issue was discussed and the plan was to contain full safeguards for the protection of the Assyro-Chaldeans and other racial or religious minorities under articles 62, 63, 140, 141, 142, 147, 148, 149, and 150. As a result of this treaty, 1738: 6105: 476: 2452: 6094: 264: 31: 1214:

unanimously held a Conference with me in Mosul on the 20th October 1931. At this Conference were present the temporal and spiritual leaders of the Assyrian Nation in its entirely as it will be observed from the document quoted above bearing the leaders' signatures." He goes on to say that at the conference, "it was unanimously decided by all those present that it is quite impossible for us to live in Iraq."

3009:

others of the defeated enemy, are in practical possession of its ruined homesteads. Such a state of things is incomprehensible to the minds of this people, but it is due to the difficulties of the country, the entire absence of food in, and the inaccessibility of their home, for purposes of ordinary transport, coupled with the extremely disorderly political conditions of Kurdistan and North-Western Persia.

2853: 6116: 1974:, in Mosul, asking for permission to allow the Assyrians to leave Iraq before the end of the Mandate, stating that it would be impossible for the Assyrians to live in Iraq. This decision was reached at with the agreement of all the Assyrian leaders and when responses to this petition were delayed, the Assyrians decided to take action and planned for a general 'cessation of service' by all the Levies. 2503: 2538:

spoke that language in addition to Arabic. Syriac was also to be taught at intermediate and secondary schools where the majority of students spoke that language in addition to Arabic. Special programs in Syriac were to be broadcast on public radio and television and three Syriac-language magazines were to be published. An association of Syriac-speaking authors and writers was also established.

7018: 5997: 2621:(or ADM) was one of the smaller political parties that emerged in the social chaos of the occupation. Its officials say that while members of the ADM also took part in the liberation of the key oil cities of Kirkuk and Mosul in the north, the Assyrians were not invited to join the steering committee that was charged with defining Iraq's future. The ethnic make-up of the 1590: 7006: 468:) and join them in dividing up the British, Russian and French empires in Asia. In 1914, knowing that it was heading into the war, the Ottoman government passed a law that required the conscription of all young males into the Ottoman army to support the war effort. The Ottoman Empire entered World War I in October 1914 by bombarding Russian ports on the 1057:

Assyrians, Armenians; fully 1,500,000 Armenians.' " With 250,000 Greeks among the dead, that makes Ambassador Morgenthau's estimate of Assyrian deaths about 250,000. The Assyro-Chaldean National Council stated in a December 4, 1922, memorandum that the total death toll is unknown, but it estimates that about 275,000 Assyrians died between 1914 and 1918.

1291: 2076:, the Iraqi Prime Minister, announced that the Assyrians should find a new home outside Iraq and promised that the Iraqi government was willing to make very generous contributions to cover any expenses of such settlement. On October 13, 1933, the League of Nations appointed a committee of six of its members to look into this possibility. 1160:, those serving could not re-engage, A 1922 Treaty between Great Britain and Iraq allowed for the continued existence of the Levies as "local forces of the Imperial garrison" and that its members were "members of the British Forces who are inhabitants of Iraq". By 1923 the ethnic composition of the Iraq Levies was half Assyrian and half 250:, which was a stated political objective of all major Assyrian political groups and institutions. Assyrians, including the leader of the Assyrian Christian party Bet al-Nahrain, Romio Hakkari, protested the Iraqi parliament's decision and stated "We do not want to be part of the possible Sunni (Arab) autonomous region in Iraq". 2653:

misrepresentation of Assyrians simply as a Christian minority without reference to the Assyrian political, cultural, and nationalist platform. As Mr. Jatou reflected, the increasing Islamic fervor as well as other challenges in Iraq necessitate the establishment of an administrative area for Assyrians and Yezidis.

652:

Benjamin and the Assyrian tribal chiefs "decided to side with the Allies, first with Christian Russia, and next with the British, in the hope that they might secure after the victory, a self-government for the Assyrians." The French also joined the alliance with the Assyrians, offering them 20,000 rifles. The

2716:, supported the idea of an Assyrian administrative region by saying "They (Assyrians) are free to organize a province or regional government. It should not be just because we have Kurdistan, but should be organized around an area. If they can do it in three provinces or even one it should and can be done." 3779:

Osmanischen Reich 120-22 (Tessa Hoffman ed., London and Berlin: LIT Verlag 2004); Travis, "Native Christians Massacred", pp. 331–38, 342–43; Gabriele Yonan, Ein vergessener Holocaust: Die Vernichtung der christlichen Assyrer in der Türkei 269, 277, 279 (Göttingen: Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker, 1989)

1037:. For example, the International Association of Genocide Scholars reached a consensus that "the Ottoman campaign against Christian minorities of the Empire between 1914 and 1923 constituted a genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, Pontian and Anatolian Greeks and Maronites." After this resolution, the 1977:

The Mandate Commission reviewed the Assyrian petition and was still not satisfied with Britain's and Iraq's assurances of protection of minorities. Worth mentioning here that Sir Humphrys was accused by his own fellow British officials to fabricate lies in regards to the Iraqi government's sentiments

1941:

In 1925 the Permanent Court of International Justice took over the disputed border line issue and, in December 1925, adopted a resolution which refused the idea of the Assyrian's return to Hakkâri and gave that region to Turkey, while giving Mosul to Iraq and settling on a border line almost matching

1921:

On June 16, 1925, the Commission presented its findings. It recommended that the Assyrian people receive full protection if they were to return to Turkey, that they be given their freedom, and that they receive reimbursements for all their losses during World War I. The Commission further recommended

1907:

Ultimately, no agreement was reached. Turkey then massed its troops on the border to occupy the Mosul Province by force. The Assyrian Levy Force of 2,000 was sent north to protect Iraq since the Iraqi army at this time was unfit to undertake such a task. The Assyrian force was largely responsible for

1217:

He added that "together with the undermentioned signatories being the responsible leaders of the Assyrian Nation" wanted to inform the League that the Assyrians, "which in past centuries numbered millions but reduced to a very small number due to repeated persecutions and massacres that faced us, ...

1122:

that the Assyrian city of Urmia was "completely wiped out, the inhabitants massacred," with 200 surrounding villages ravaged, 200,000 of Assyrian dead, and hundreds of thousands more Assyrians starving to death in exile from their agricultural lands. The Associated Press reported that in the vicinity

1056:

The death toll of the Assyrian genocide in Turkey alone was approximately 250,000, according to contemporary and more recent sources. "In 1918, according to the Los Angeles Times, Ambassador Morgenthau confirmed that the Ottoman Empire had 'massacred fully 2,000,000 men, women, and children – Greeks,

177:

The independence movement is active both within the homeland and throughout the global diaspora, with much resistance from the local Middle Eastern states and regions, as well as the Kurdish. The movement has spanned centuries, with the initial conceptualization of modern Assyrian statehood occurring

2644:

The unity of the federal government would be guaranteed by a bicameral system with a House of Representatives elected directly by the people and a Senate appointed by the various communities. For legislation affecting linguistic, cultural, or religious rights, both houses of parliament would have to

2477:

Several petitions from the Patriarch in 1945 and 1946 were sent to the Secretary-General of the United Nations to look into the Assyrian National Question. A letter from the UN Secretary-General # 1100-1-4/MEJ dated Oct. 7, 1946 was received by Mar Shimun stating that he had referred the Patriarch's

2051:

After negotiations with Assyrian leaders, the Levies withdrew their request and the British battalion was withdrawn. In all, 296 were discharged. No Iraqi was held responsible for the massacre. A large number of Assyrians began to flee Iraq and find safety in Syria, under French control at the time.

1221:

On June 1, 1932, the Assyrian Levies presented a signed memorial to their commanding officer stating that "all the men had decided to cease serving as from 1st July." The reason was Britain had "failed adequately to ensure the future of the Assyrian nation after the termination of their mandate over

1140:

reported on 11 October that 12,000 Assyrian Christians had died of massacre, hunger, or disease; thousands of girls as young as seven had been raped in sex attacks, or forcibly converted to Islam; Christian villages had been destroyed, and three-fourths of these Christian villages were burned to the

1087:

returned to their ancestral land in Hakkari in 1922, shortly after World War I without permission from the Turkish government. This led to clashes between the Assyrians and the Turkish army with their Arab allies that grew into a rebellion in 1924, it ended with the Assyrians being forced to retreat

724:

Also in April, Turkmen and Turkish troops surrounded the village of Tel Mozilt and imprisoned 475 men, among them, Reverend Gabrial, the famous red-bearded priest. The following morning, the prisoners were taken out in rows of four and shot. Arguments rose between the Arabs and the Ottoman officials

553:

and Bit-Diz "took arms against the Turks at the request of the Russians and British." Over the summer of 1915 they successfully held off the far larger Ottoman army and 10,000 Turkish militia and tribal forces fighting with the Ottomans. The Ottomans, unable to break the Assyrians, then brought in

491:

on the British, French and Russian Empires. Ottoman Turkish army and allied Kurdish, Turcoman, Circassian and Chechen militias proceeded to massacre tens of thousands of Assyrians in the Hakkari mountains of Kurdistan (upper Mesopotamia, present-day southeastern Turkey) due to Russia's massacres and

1966:

Three petitions were received by the Mandate Commission stressing the fears of the Assyrians regarding the termination of the Mandate; they were dated in September 1931; October 20, 1931; and October 23, 1931. One was rejected by Sir Francis Humphrys on the grounds that it was submitted by a person

2640:

Mr. Willis Fautre's (from Human Rights Without Frontiers) model, two overlapping forms of federalism are envisioned. First, the nation would have separate administrative "regions", each with its own parliament; a form of territorial federalism. Each community (Assyrians, Turkmen, Arabs, and Kurds)

2405:

By 1942, the Iraq Levies consisted of a Headquarters, a Depot, Specialist Assyrian companies, 40 service companies and the 1st Parachute Company, which consisted of 75% Assyrian and 25% Kurd. The new Iraq Levies disciplinary code was based largely on the Indian Army Act. The Levies had 22 Assyrian

2047:

area for security. All Assyrian officers jointly presented a manifesto on July 16 to the commanding officer requesting discharge within 30 days. The other ranks also followed the lead of their officers. The British feared if this were allowed to happen they would lose all authority in Iraq. To buy

1959:

Britain dropped the earlier established recommendations by the Mandate Commission on the grounds that those recommendations should be directed to the Turkish Government and not the Iraqi Government, Assyrians from the Hakkâri and Tur Abdin originally, escaped and have no intentions of returning to

1950:

On November 11, 1927, the Assyrians continued to protest their mistreatment and sent letters to the League of Nations, requesting a report from both the governments of Britain and Iraq concerning the situation. The Permanent Court of International Justice in The Hague did not accept the reports of

1881:

There will be no official restriction on any Turkish citizen's right to use any language he wishes, whether in private, in commercial dealings, in matter of religion, in print or at a public gathering. Regardless of the existence of an official language, appropriate facilities will be provided for

1794:

We have the most conclusive proofs to show that the Assyrians were urged by the official representatives of Great Britain, France and Russia, to enter into the war on the side of the Allies . . . with the most solemn promises of being given a free state. The Assyrians, therefore, having risked the

1226:

They had dug trenches and were determined on destroying the Assyrians and taking their properties and possessions. Assyrians painfully remembered the massacre of 1933 in Simele and the surrounding villages and pledged "Never Again!". They remembered the raping and pillaging of defenseless Assyrian

651:

An Assyrian nation under British and Russian protection was promised the Assyrians first by Russian officers, and later confirmed by Captain Gracey of the British Intelligence Service over indigenous Kurdish land. Based on these representations, the Assyrians of Hakkari, under their Mar Shimun XIX

3778:

Baumer, The Church of the East, p. 263; David Gaunt, Massacres, Resistance, Protectors 58–63, 73–75, 81, 98, 109, 121, 130, 141, 145, 148, 164, 192–96, 226–30, 244, 250–56, 265–66 (2006); Amill Gorgis, Der Völkermord an den Syro-Aramäern, in Verfolgung, Vertreibung und Vernichtung der Christen im

2834:

In September 2016, a bipartisan resolution was introduced into the US House of Representatives to support the creation of a permanent safe haven for persecuted minorities, including Christians, Yazidis, and Shiite Turkmen, that would be centered on the traditional Assyrian homeland in the Nineveh

2537:

The Ba'ath brought promise to Iraq and the Assyrian cause when the new government recognized the cultural rights of Syriac-speaking citizens (Assyrians, Chaldeans and members of the East Syrian Church) in 1972. Syriac was to be the language used at all primary schools where the majority of pupils

3008:

Our Smallest Ally is now homeless, and dependent on our charity at Baqubah, for its lands and villages have been utterly destroyed, and it has the further mortification of seeing — from reasons beyond our control — that although it threw in its lot with the ultimately victorious side, Kurds, and

2068:

After the Simele massacre, the Council of the League of Nations was absolutely sure that the Assyrian issue was still an unsolved problem. The Assyrian Patriarch requested the League to form an Assyrian and Kurdish enclave in the north of the province of Mosul under a special administration. The

1891:

The Constantinople Conference was between Great Britain and Turkey, May 21, 1924. The Assyrians were told that Britain was "fighting" their case for them and that there was no need for them to attend. A letter on behalf of the Assyrians and their settlement was written under the direction of Sir

1346:

were killed during the massacre, including one beheaded and another burned alive. Girls were raped and women violated and made to march naked before the Muslim army commanders. Holy books were used as fuel for burning girls. Children were run over by military cars. Pregnant women were bayoneted.

1110:

held them off until June 1918, however their Armenian allies resistance broke and vastly outnumbered, out gunned and cut off from lines of supply, they were again encircled and had no choice but to break through the Ottoman forces to their British allies across the border in Mesopotamia. Up to

2115:

might send a relief party to Mosul was also objected to, apparently on the grounds that this would discourage the activities of the Iraqi Crescent, which has not carried out any relief work among the Assyrians. In September 1935, the plan of settling of some of the Assyrians in the Khabour and

1985:

In partial compliance with requests of the petition, the Iraqi government set up a further land-finding committee. It discovered but little land both cultivable and available. In fact, they found malaria-ridden, swampy lands, and recommended expenditure on an irrigation scheme to produce more.

1895:

The government of Turkey claimed Mosul as part of Turkey, and Fet'hi Beg declared that the Assyrians, whom he referred to as Nestorians, are welcome to live in their previous lands in Turkey where they would find freedom. Sir Percy Cox stated that Mosul belonged to Iraq and that the Christian

1624:

The next week, 49 Kurdish tribal chieftains joined in a pro-conscription telegram to the government, expressing thanks for punishing the 'Assyrian insurgents', stating that a "nation can be proud of itself only through its power, and since evidence of this power is the army," they requested

1213:

wrote to the Chairman of the Mandates Commission of the League of Nations to request resettlement out of Iraq, to French Syria or any other country in the League that would accept them as refugees. The Patriarch wrote that: "The Assyrian Nation which is temporarily living in Iraq, ... have

2645:

pass the bill. In addition, though, in the community-based Senate, a super-majority (e.g. 2/3) vote would be needed in addition to a simple majority of every represented community. In such a way, each community would enjoy virtual veto power in matters of language, culture, and religion.

2652:

to the northwest has gained increasing appeal among Assyrian activists, intellectuals, and political leaders. The current political challenges facing Assyrians in the newly developing Iraq include rising Islamic pressure, gross under representation of Assyrians, and a sometimes callous

2059:…We're washed up as a race, we're through, it's all over, why should I learn to read the language? We have no writers, we have no news — well, there is a little news: once in a while the English encourage the Arabs to massacre us, that is all. It's an old story, we know all about it. 990:

of London was perhaps the first widely respected publication to document the fact that 250,000 Assyrians eventually died in the Ottoman genocide of Christians, a figure which many journalists and scholars have subsequently accepted.... As the Earl of Listowel, speaking in the

2568:

rose to power, things began to change for the Assyrians in Iraq. Assyrians were deprived of their cultural and national rights while at the same time the Ba'athist regime tried to co-opt their history. The 1972 proclamation was reversed and Hussein began a strict campaign of

1314:, who at the time were controlling Syria, had notified the Iraqis that the Assyrians were not armed; but while the Iraqi soldiers were disarming those whose arms had been returned, shots were fired resulting in 30 Iraqi and Assyrian casualties. Anti-Assyrian and Anti-British 1111:

100,000 Assyrians left Persia in 1918, but around half died of Turkish, Kurdish and Arab massacres and related outbreaks of starvation and disease. About 80 percent of Assyrian clergy and spiritual leaders had perished, threatening the nation's ability to survive as a unit.

2825:

party asked the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs Verhagen to increase the pressure on the Central Government of Baghdad through the European Union in order to execute a plan for an Assyrian police force for the protection of their towns and villages in the Nineveh plains.

1749:

In the letter the bishop wrote that 180,000 Assyrians had been massacred by the Turks. He also said that the Assyrian people were against the proposed autonomy of the Kurds. The letter convinced France to allow Assyrian representation during the upcoming peace conference.

1321:

Reports circulated of Assyrian mutilation of Iraqi soldiers, later proven to be false. In Baghdad, the government panicked, fearing disaster as the Assyrians presented a formidable fighting force that could provoke a general uprising in the north. The government unleashed

2736:, Dr. Mohammad Ihsan, stated "We don't mind Iraqi Christians concentrating anywhere they wish, and establishing a new province for themselves in the Nineveh plain, and bringing together Iraqi Christians from all over the world and their return to their houses and towns." 2891:

A $ 4 million measure will fund a 711-man local police force for the Nineveh Plain. It is part of a $ 30 million emergency relief package for the predominantly Christian region submitted to Congress last month by Rep. Mark Kirk, R-Ill., and Rep. Frank Wolf, R-Va.

589:

to be massacred, including women, children and the elderly. Churches and monasteries were destroyed or converted into Mosques, livestock and possessions were stolen by the Turks and Turkmens, who then occupied the emptied Assyrian towns, villages and farmsteads.

2641:

would also have their own parliament representing their communities throughout the country; a form of community federalism. The community parliament would have full autonomy in religion, culture, schools, agriculture, energy, and protection of monuments.

2014:

again when he addressed the Permanent Mandate Commission meeting and urged the council to fulfill its obligations toward the Assyrian Nation. The League yet again granted the Assyrians their rights of homogenous community in Iraq with a local autonomy.

2664:

As the attacks on Assyrians continue to escalate, with the 20th church bombed and the death toll of the Assyrians climbing in 2004, demands by Assyrian politicians for an autonomous safe haven reached at an all-time high. A meeting took place in the

2474:, was there to present the Assyrian petition to the new world body of peace and was accompanied by two members of the Assyrian National Federation. In this petition the Assyrian tragedy was explained from World War I until the end of World War II. 751:, the famous red-bearded priest). The following morning, the prisoners were taken out in rows of four and shot. Arguments rose between the Arabs and the Ottoman officials on what to do with the women and orphans left behind. At about this time, in 2095:

exposing what was going on inside Iraq and the British games. This petition gives the details of many cases of oppression against the Assyrians in Iraq, details on hardships from government officials, and the facts about the Simele massacre.

444:, almost one half of the Assyrian population lived in what is today South eastern Turkey occupied Kurdistan with the remainder living over the borders in what is now northern Iraq occupied Kurdistan north east Syria and north west Iran. The 3793: 2052:

The transport and machine gun Assyrian companies ceased to exist as separate units, both being divided between the two Assyrian battalions. Kirkuk was occupied by a platoon from the 2nd battalion to guard the wireless and other RAF stores.

1601: 2529:

The overthrow of Iraq's monarchy instilled new hope for the Assyrian cause. However, this hope was short-lived. Qassem was assassinated in February 1963, throwing Iraq into a period of political uncertainty. Out of the chaos emerged the

1768:

The Assyrian group from Iran arrived in France first. The British, having no authority in Iran and fearing the presence of a group which it could not control, forced the Iranian Assyrian delegation to leave Paris and not participate.

2895:

In April 2008, the initial complement of 711 policemen were called up and began training. Another 4000 policemen will be needed to fully secure the region and establish checkpoints on all highways and roads leading into the villages.

1981:

The Mandate Commission gave its recommendations, stating that they are concerned about the Christians, and accordingly, average people were given the right to submit any petitions to the League of Nations, directly, in the future.

1620:

demanded that the central government 'ruthlessly' stamp out the rebellion, and that it eliminate all foreign influence in Iraqi affairs, and that the government take immediate steps to enact a law for compulsory military service.

1053:, endorsed the "repudiation by the world's leading genocide scholars of the Turkish government's ninety year denial of the Ottoman Empire's genocides against its Christian populations, including Assyrians, Greeks, and Armenians." 1341:

The Assyrian population of the district of Simele was indiscriminately massacred; men women, and children. In one room alone, eighty one Assyrians of Baz tribe were massacred. Religious leaders were prime targets; eight Assyrian

1153:. Up to 1921 the Levies had consisted of Arabs, Kurds, Turkomans. Now that an Iraqi Army was to be formed, the Arabs would be required to join it rather than to go to Levies. It was decided to enlist Assyrians in the Levies. 2796:

set fire to St. George Assyrian Church in the Dora neighborhood of Baghdad. The group of men poured gasoline on the church and set it on fire. This is the same church that was bombed in the first of a wave of bombings of

3258: 1585:

were being reported up to the end of the month. After the campaign, Badr Sidqi was invited to Baghdad for a victory rally. The campaign resulted in one third of the Assyrian population of Iraq fleeing to Syria.

1660:, for which he prepared an essay on the Crime of Barbarity as a crime against international law. The concept of the crime, which later evolved into the idea of genocide, was based the Simele massacre, the 755:

the Turks and Arabs "assembled all the children of from six to fifteen years and carried them off to the headquarters of the police. There they led the poor little things to the top of a mountain known as

2883:

During recent kidnappings and murders of Assyrian Bishops and priests in the North Iraqi region, Assyrians have demonstrated worldwide in the thousands in demanding protection for their villages and the

1845:. . . this plan must provide complete guarantees as to the protection of the Assyro-Chaldeans and other ethnic or religious minorities in this area. To this end, a commission made up of British, French, 2359:, then a British mandate, combined with the Habbaniya units to force the rebel forces to retreat to Baghdad. The Levies then recruited an additional 11,000 men, mostly Assyrians but also some Kurd and 5059: 2030:

and agreeing not to thwart the scheme of the League of Nations for the settlement of the Assyrians, was deported by the order of the government on August 18, 1933, and deprived of Iraqi nationality.

1218:

have been able to preserve our Language and Faith up to the present time." He concludes that "WE ARE POSITIVELY SURE THAT IF WE REMAIN IN IRAQ, we shall be exterminated in the course of few years."

3475: 3210: 2577:, many Assyrians were recruited to the armies of both sides. This resulted in Assyrians in Iraq killing Assyrians in Iran. It was estimated that 60,000 Assyrians were killed during the conflict. 2214:

As early as 1920, al-Husseini was active in both opposing the British in order to secure the independence of Palestine as an Arab state and opposing Jewish immigration and the establishment of a

2131:

and wanted to force the British out of Iraq completely. The faith of the British existence in Iraq hanged in the hands of the 1500 Assyrian Levies' ability to hold the British Air Force Base in

1857:

representatives will visit the area so as to determine what adjustments, if any, should be made to the Turkish frontier wherever it coincides with Persian frontier as laid down in this treaty.

2719:

In the same weekend, a further five Assyrian churches were bombed in Iraq. By the end of 2004, an estimated 40,000 Assyrians and other Christians had fled Iraq since the beginning of the war.

2207:

1895/1897 – July 4, 1974), was the choice of the Nazis and Italian fascists to make inroads into the Middle East, including Iraq. A veteran of the Ottoman army, from 1921 to 1948 he was the

1963:

Several treaties were signed and ratified between Britain and Iraq in the next two years in what seemed to be Britain's preparations to clear the way for Iraq to enter the League of Nations.

1942:

the same status quo line which was called the Brussels Line. Further, it recommended the continuation of the British mandate on Iraq for another 25 years to safeguard the Assyrian interests.

1625:

compulsory military service. Rashid Ali presented the bill to the parliament. His government fell before it was legislated and Jamil Midfai's government enacted conscription in January 1934.

3966: 981:

attacked Simko and sacked his citadel in revenge, however the Kurdish chieftain himself managed to flee. The issue between the two in this case was a proxy war between Iran and Russia.

3406: 984:

The Assyrian National Council stated in a December 4, 1922, memorandum that the total death toll was unknown, but it estimated that about 275,000 Assyrians died between 1914 and 1918.

5033:

Högt upp i Nd:s program står att verka för en återvandringspolitik. Södertäljes syrianer och assyrier ska uppmuntras att skaffa sig ett nytt land, gärna med hjälp av generösa bidrag.

1134:

some with gunshot wounds, others decapitated, and still others carved to pieces. Other leading British and American newspapers corroborated these accounts of the Assyrian genocide.

1822:, that they be accorded equal rights, that all Assyrian prisoners be released, and that the individuals responsible for the atrocities committed against the Assyrians be punished. 1795:

very existence of their nation, and having made such appalling sacrifices upon the altar of freedom, demand that these promises of the Allied governments now be honorably redeemed.

119:. The efforts are specifically in the regions where larger concentrations still exist, and not the Assyrian homeland in its entirety, those regions with large concentrations being 6926: 507:

under General Dawid, the patriarch's brother, led the Assyrians in a successful breaking of an encircling Ottoman army maneuver, and across the Persian border onto the plains of

5347: 3250: 1326:

irregulars who killed some 120 inhabitants of two Assyrian villages in the week of August 2 to August 9 (with most of the massacre occurring on August 7). Then on August 11,

3427: 965:

The village of Sairt/Seert, was populated by Assyrians and Armenians. Seert was the seat of an Assyrian Archbishop of the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Assyrian orientalist

4836:"Twelfth periodic reports of States parties due in 1993 : Iraq. 14/06/96, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (the Iraqi government's point of view)" 327:

of eastern Anatolia, including the Hakkari mountains in Van province, were the subject of forced relocations and executions, a possible cause being religious persecution.

554:

heavy artillery and ammunition that, together with an overwhelming advantage in numbers and supplies, eventually overwhelmed the lightly armed and outnumbered Assyrians.

790:, and we will do the same in Van". The following is a list documenting the villages that were attacked by Cevdet's soldiers and the estimated number of Assyrian deaths: 5143:

Treatment of Armenians and the Assyrian Christians by the Turks, 1915–1916, in the Ottoman Empire and North-West Persia, 3 Class 96, Series II, six files, FO 96*205–210

4297:"The Fate Of Assyrian Villages Annexed To Today's Dohuk Governorate In Iraq And The Conditions In These Villages Following The Establishment Of The Iraqi State In 1921" 2580:

When Hussein first assumed power, the Assyrian population in Iraq numbered 2 million to 2.5 million. Due to both persecution by his regime and subsequent emigration to

6034: 2285:

for a holy war against Britain in May. Less than days later, the Rashid Ali government collapsed, Regent Abdul Ilah returned, and British troops occupied the country.

1933:, an integral part of the charter of the League of Nations. This court was later replaced by the International Court of Justice after the birth of the United Nations. 1772:

Then the Assyrian delegates from the United States arrived. Their demands included the establishment of an Assyrian independent territory which would include Northern

1130:

Two hundred Assyrians were burned to death inside a church. The Russians discovered more than 700 bodies of massacre victims in the village of Hafdewan outside Urmia,

2026:

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Iraq in 1932, an Assyrian uprising followed through the following year, anyone refusing to sign a declaration of loyalty to

1616:

government demanded a conscription bill. Non-Assyrian Iraqi tribesmen offered to serve in the Iraqi army, to counter the Assyrians. In late August, the government of

1182:

In 1931 Assyrian Levies and Iraqi Army units were patrolling Barzan district. Government troops implied government control, which Shaykh Ahmad still wanted to avoid.

1806:

The Assyrian delegates from Iraq, after many delays by the British authorities, were approved to travel to Paris on July 21 on one condition: that they pass through

1818:, the head of the delegation was kept in London until the conference of France finished its deliberations. His demands had been to allow the Assyrians to return to 5970: 3054: 5106:

Les Assyro-Chaldeans et les Armeniens Massacres Par les Turcs, documents inédits recueillis par un témoin oculaire published in English as Shall This Nation Die?

729:

the Turks and Arabs "assembled all the children of from six to fifteen years and carried them off to the headquarters of the police. There they carried out mass

4773:

William Saroyan, "Seventy Thousand Assyrians," in William Saroyan, The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze and Other Stories. New York: New Directions, 1934

76:. To this respect, Assyrian independence movement is a "catch-all" term of the collective efforts of proponents of Assyrian nationalism in the context of the 1892:

Henry Conway Dobbs, the British High Commissioner in Iraq, under "Statement of Proposals for the Settlement of the Assyrian People in Iraq", in that regard.

5056: 1368:

of Northern Iraq in August 1933. This included not only the massacre of Simele, but also the killing spree that continued among 63 Assyrian villages in the

605:, and had a real prospect of fighting with the Russians to evict the Ottoman forces from Persia, and historic Assyria. The Assyrians, under such leaders as 4568: 1989:

The Council of the League of Nations accepted the recommendations and Iraq issued a declaration guaranteeing the protection of minorities on May 30, 1932.

1967:

not qualified to represent the Assyrians. Humphrys still pledged the moral responsibility of Great Britain to the future attitude of the Iraqi government.

1176: 3467: 6818: 6073: 5946: 3202: 2637:

The panel discussion entitled "Focus on Iraq" on August 30 featured Assyrian politicians and activist from Iraq and the U.S., which was held in Chicago.

733:, leading the poor little things to the top of a mountain known as Ras-el Hadjar and cut their throats one by one, throwing their bodies into an abyss. 4839: 2437:

took over command of the Levies. In 1946 the Iraq Levies battalions were redesignated as Wings and Squadrons to conform to the RAF Regiment procedure.

1235:, described public animosity towards the Assyrians as reaching a 'fever' pitch. With Iraq's independence, the new Assyrian spiritual-temporal leader, 3798: 5340: 4864: 2801:

churches. When St. George was bombed in 2004, the church Cross was not damaged; the bombers tore the cross down with their hands after the bombing.

3152: 1719: 1708: 969:

who was helped by local Kurds to flee but was eventually murdered by Ottoman soldiers. On March 3, 1918, the Ottoman army led by Kurdish chieftain

6251: 5941: 5881: 4969: 2925: 2706: 413:. In the beginning, key Assyrian nationalist leaders and religious figures were wiped out of communities, followed by the systematic massacre and 62: 4056: 4027: 1742: 3973: 5668: 702:, and Basibrin. For month, Kurdish tribes and Turkish soldiers commanded by Ömer Naci Bey were unable to subdue the mostly Syriac Orthodox and 3500: 3398: 2242:

in 1941. He asked Germany to oppose, as part of the Arab struggle for independence, the establishment of a Jewish national home in Palestine.

1929:

These recommendations were not approved. It was finally decided that the issue be referred to the Permanent Court of International Justice in

4943: 3117: 3079: 3337: 2322:

took place. At Habbaniya, the besieging Iraqis demanded the cessation of all training activities and of all flights in and out of the base.

2219: 492:

hostilities towards Muslim populations in northern Iran (including but not limited to Azeris, Turkmen, and Iranians) in 1911 and onwards.

6027: 5542: 1803:

had strong reservations concerning any plans to divide Turkey. The American Assyrian delegation returned from the conference empty handed.

335: 3123: 6901: 5333: 3085: 2048:

time, they decided to allow discharge over a four-month period. A British battalion was flown in from Egypt when discharges commenced.

155: 4494: 4463: 2069:

Patriarch reminded the Council about the plan originally suggested by Lord Curzon, the British Foreign Minister, on December 17, 1919.

557:

The Russian Army Corps had promised reinforcements, which came too late, leading most of the population of the tribes and districts of

6578: 6104: 3001: 2601: 2541:

Still, no autonomy was granted to the Assyrians. However, movements towards autonomy and independence remained active. In 1968, a new

1171:

As a high British official in Mesopotamia wrote in 1933: "As they became more disciplined they rendered excellent service; during the

1007:.... About half of the Assyrian nation died of murder, disease, or exposure as refugees during the war, according to the head of the 7083: 5617: 5265: 5221: 4522: 4426: 3875: 3806: 3742: 3562: 2371: 2193:. By the end of April, the Iraqi armed forces were situated in strong positions on the escarpment above the base and a siege began. 1729: 1259:

under the command of the British, serving British interests), and to re-group as a militia and concentrate in the north, creating a

151:

had a sizable Assyrian presence prior to the takeover and forced expulsion of the Assyrian population by the Islamic State in 2014.

5166:

Cable sent from Ismet Inönü, head of the Turkish delegation in Lausanne, to the Turkish government. Cable No. 353, January 15, 1923

3648: 2332:, responded to the Iraqi demands by launching a pre-emptive strike against the Iraqi forces overlooking the air base. During the 4667: 3431: 2661:

The first of the many church bombings that were to come occurred on the morning of August 4, 2003, that left 19 worshippers dead.

1334:(who had clashed with Assyrians before) led a march to what was then one of the most heavily inhabited Assyrian area in Iraq, the 6960: 5871: 5611: 5605: 4895: 4632: 3893:

Joseph Yacoub, La question assyro-chaldéenne, les Puissances européennes et la SDN (1908–1938), 4 vol., thèse Lyon, 1985, p. 156.

2022:

If the (British) mandate is lifted without effective guarantees for our protection in the future, our extermination would follow.

1115: 4214: 3908:

Travis, Hannibal (December 8, 2006). "'Native Christians Massacred': The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I".

3717: 3377: 2043:

The Levies, alarmed by this and the imminent withdrawal of British troops, decided upon a concentration of all Assyrians in the

7073: 6246: 6020: 5866: 5653: 5512: 3304: 2490:, Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East. Mar Eshai struggled for over a half century at the League of Nations, then the 1271:'s government and was detained there after refusing to relinquish temporal authority. Mar Shimun would eventually be exiled to 69: 2648:

The proposal for an Assyrian self-administered zone established in the environs of Mosul, extending to Dohuk in the north and

2573:

on any non-Arabs in Iraq, including Assyrians as well as other groups such as Kurds, Iraqi Turkmen, and Armenians. During the

235:

in the nineteenth century, stated that the Assyrians had survived the Arab, Mongol, and Kurdish conquests in the mountains of

6641: 6626: 6584: 6566: 6560: 6489: 6314: 5586: 5172: 4592: 4482:

The Man Who Invented Genocide: The Public Career and Consequences of Raphael Lemkin, by James Joseph Martin. Page 166. 1984.

2950: 2622: 2215: 2079:

On October 24, the Assyrians submitted another petition by Yousuf Malik, an Assyrian Nationalist from Iraq who was exiled to

1150: 1097: 632:

some miles away in Mesopotamia, the Assyrians planned to follow the Russian lines to the Caucasus, but the Allies (including

85: 2888:

region, which Assyrians hope will become an autonomous area under the control of the Assyrians and minorities in the North.

778:

in at least 30 villages. Cevdet is reported to have held a meeting in February 1915 at which he said, "We have cleansed the

593:

Survivors of fighting age joined the Assyrians of northwest Persia, northern Iraq and northeast Syria, including those from

3181: 2433:

In 1945 after the Second World War 1945– the Iraq Levies were reduced to 60 British officers and 1,900 other ranks and the

2382:

and, after overcoming Iraqi resistance there, moved on to Baghdad. On 29 May, fearing a British onslaught, Gaylani fled to

7053: 7043: 6495: 6456: 6370: 6241: 5851: 5446: 2839:(R-NE), and it had 11 co-sponsors from Democrats and Republicans. It was referred to the House Foreign Affairs Committee 2817:, and support the foundation of an Assyrian state. After visiting the Assyrians in northern Iraq, Dutch Parliament member 1030: 406: 221:

in Northern Iraq. The Assyrian Aid Society of America has requested that the U.S. government designate these actions as a

5078: 5057:

https://www.algemeiner.com/2016/09/15/house-resolution-introduced-to-create-safe-haven-for-persecuted-minorities-in-iraq/

4999: 4921: 4806: 2561:, chartered a constitution for an autonomous Assyrian state. The Assyrians now had their goal set and would maintain it. 7068: 6980: 6955: 6891: 6655: 5580: 4782: 2677: 2618: 2507: 2399: 2367: 1648:, was directly influenced by the story of this massacre. The Simele massacre inspired Lemkin to create the concept of " 514: 6472: 4416: 3595: 2336: 2261: 1870:, signed on July 24, 1923, between the Allied powers and Turkey, was composed after Turkey requested that the issue of 174:

in 1975 was a demoralizing moment to Assyrian freedom fighters, as he was a significant spiritual and temporal leader.

7063: 7058: 6965: 6911: 6774: 6191: 6166: 6160: 6083: 5953: 5770: 5629: 5527: 5521: 5491: 2810: 2694:

Pound argued "the fate of the Chaldo-Assyrians in Iraq will define the socio-political structure of the Middle East."

1310:

in crossing the border to return to their villages in Northern Iraq, where their wives and children had remained. The

1276: 1076: 648:

to defend the Allied-Ottoman front lines, and enjoy autonomy and independence in the post-war period as their reward.

500: 331: 236: 4325: 3935:

The Armenian Genocide: Wartime Radicalization Or Premeditated Continuum — Page 272 edited by Richard Hovannisian

3234: 1581:

Today, most of these villages are inhabited by Kurds. The main campaign lasted until August 16, but violent raids on

178:

in the 19th century with the waning of the Ottoman Empire and rise of European control of the region, notably by the

3305:"1975: From The Public Records of The Trial Proceedings of The Assassination of His Holiness Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII" 2366:

The siege was lifted by the units based at Habbaniya, including pilots from the training school, a battalion of the

774:, upon entering Siirt (or Seert) with 8,000 soldiers whom he himself ordered the massacre of almost 20,000 Assyrian 668:

tribe, according to Joseph Naayem, a key witness, whose account on the atrocities was prefaced by Lord James Bryce.

7048: 6975: 6197: 5597: 5497: 5404: 4102: 4077: 3632: 1156:

In July 1922, orders were issued in which no more Arabs were to be enlisted, as they were required to join the new

1149:

In Iraq, the Assyrians joined the Kurds and Arabs in celebrating the Ottoman defeat, and joining the levies of the

622: 5074:

Patrick Goodenough "ISIS Genocide Brings Fresh Calls for a Semi-Autonomous Haven for Christians in Iraq" AINA.org

4749: 4394: 4349: 4300: 2378:. Within a week, the Iraqis abandoned the escarpment. By mid-May, British forces from Habbaniya had moved on to 1737: 5572: 5460: 5379: 4702: 3998:

Hannibal Travis (2006), "Native Christians Massacred": The Ottoman Genocide of the Assyrians During World War I,

3686: 1103: 448:, an ultra-nationalist Turkish group, took control of the Ottoman Empire only five years before the beginning of 6093: 5114: 3847: 3822: 3706:

Paul Bartrop, Encountering Genocide: Personal Accounts from Victims, Perpetrators, and Witnesses, ABC-CLIO, 2014

6896: 6434: 6185: 5810: 5674: 5468: 5311:– the oldest Christians in the Middle East and the national struggle for their Assyrian homeland and statehood. 4813: 3012:

These circumstances combine to render their safe re-instalment in their former lands, at present impracticable.

2666: 2208: 5131:"Les chrétiens aux bêtes"; Souvenirs de la guerre sainte proclamée par les Turcs contre les chrétiens en 1915 4835: 4825:

The League of Nations in Retrospect: Proceedings of the Symposium – Page 376 by United Nations Library – 1983

4259: 3279: 736:

In October 1914, 71 Assyrian rebels males of Gawar were arrested and taken to the local government centre in

307:

in southeastern Turkey, in an area which was they found refuge under Kurdish people. These areas had sizable

6985: 6519: 6507: 6380: 6279: 5755: 5662: 5055:"House Resolution Introduced-to-create Safe Haven for Persecuted Minorities In Iraq" algemeiner.com 9 2016 2940: 1629: 1210: 974: 461: 6256: 5876: 5315: 6740: 6352: 6154: 6148: 5795: 5780: 5638: 5412: 5393: 3732: 3538: 2698: 2625:

briefly (September 2003 – June 2004) guided Iraq after the invasion included a single Assyrian Christian,

2293: 1923: 1689: 807: 703: 171: 136: 4860: 3972:(Press release). International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS). December 16, 2007. Archived from 3636:. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp. 5–6. 1753:

Three Assyrian groups were scheduled to participate in the Peace Conference: Assyrian delegates from the

6364: 6340: 4612: 4564: 4342: 4242:"International Journal of Middle East Studies, "The Assyrian Affair of 1933", by Khaldun S. Husry, 1974" 4176: 3926:

The Plight of Religious Minorities: Can Religious Pluralism Survive? – Page 51 by United States Congress

3865: 2729:

spoke about the possibility of autonomy for the Assyrians numerous times in the Parliament during 2005.

2607: 2419: 2333: 2174: 2073: 1716: 1705: 1677: 813: 187: 4973: 3144: 1908:

the annexation of Mosul to Iraq rather than to Turkey, as an official of the League of Nations stated.

763:

In April 1915, Ottoman Troops invaded Gawar, a region of Hakkari, and massacred the entire population.

4688:

Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide – Page 149 by Bat Yeor, Miriam Kochan, David Littman

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areas in Syria was approved. History shows that the plan was never followed up so it too has failed.

1951:

Britain and Iraq and requested that both countries fulfill their obligations towards the Assyrians.

1783:

and extending to the Armenian mountains, and that the territory would be under the protection of the

1697: 1175:

rebellion of 1920 they displayed, under conditions of the greatest trial, steadfast loyalty to their

73: 5214:

Massacres, resistance, protectors: Muslim-Christian relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I

4341:"The Origins and Developments of Assyrian Nationalism", Committee on International Relations Of the 855: 518:

Assyrian troops led by Agha Petros (saluting) with a captured Turkish banner in the foreground, 1918

68:

The tumultuous history of the traditional Assyrian homeland and surrounding regions, as well as the

7022: 6906: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6851: 6769: 6531: 6440: 6358: 6346: 6294: 6289: 6129: 6109: 6068: 6001: 5975: 5830: 5815: 5775: 5356: 3497: 2518:, officers from the Nineteenth Brigade known as "Free Officers", under the leadership of Brigadier 1831: 760:

and cut their throats one by one, throwing their bodies into an abyss, according to Joseph Naayem.

757: 657: 653: 645: 618: 602: 528: 504: 410: 296: 228: 148: 1628:

The massacre would eventually lead to 15,000 Assyrians leaving the Nineveh Plains for neighboring

6921: 6841: 6762: 6735: 6452: 6078: 5886: 5790: 5720: 5434: 4608: 4386: 3357: 3329: 3048: 2519: 2515: 2411: 2356: 2329: 1867: 1567: 1190: 1136: 1072: 1066: 909: 867: 691: 367: 351: 93: 88:, the Assyrians were reduced to a minority population in their indigenous homeland, resulting in 50: 46: 2574: 2406:

companies, 5 Mixed Assyrian/Yizidi companies, 10 Kurdish companies, 4 Gulf Arab companies and 3

945: 915: 861: 849: 744: 6056:

with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans

1168:. The original Levies were not Assyrians until 1928 when the Levies became entirely Assyrian. 951: 897: 885: 801: 713:

and other Assyrian refugees from surrounding villages. The leaders of the Azakh fedayeen swore

6916: 6886: 6713: 6664: 6650: 6620: 6501: 6304: 5931: 5695: 5370: 5261: 5217: 5161: 5138: 4584: 4528: 4518: 4422: 3909: 3871: 3802: 3738: 3581: 3558: 3113: 3107: 3075: 3036: 2997: 2974: 2935: 2910: 2905: 2550: 2464: 2308: 2143: 2112: 1799:

Great Britain and the U.S. delegates denied this petition, explaining that the U.S. President

1701: 1661: 1653: 1384: 1373: 1369: 1248: 1240: 1022: 1018: 837: 795: 699: 677: 503:, Mar Shimun XIX Benjamin, declared war on the Ottomans on behalf of the Assyrian nation. The 402: 394: 268: 194: 167: 159: 124: 89: 81: 58: 6799: 5021: 3913: 3552: 3069: 2629:, a leader of the Assyrian Democratic Movement and an opponent of Saddam Hussein since 1979. 2135:

against the rebels of over 60,000 Arab tribesmen and regular troops who surrounded the base.

1079:

that began on the 3rd of September 1924 and ended on the 28th of September. The Assyrians of

873: 495:

Following the unprovoked massacres of tens of thousands of unarmed Assyrian civilians by the

6861: 6446: 6299: 6271: 6177: 6140: 5820: 5745: 5551: 5427: 5364: 4596: 4491: 4460: 4378: 4003: 3769:

Lord James Bryce, British Government Report on the Armenian Massacres of April–December 1915

2836: 2523: 2487: 2471: 2451: 2326: 2312: 2297: 2196: 2099:

From October 1933 to June 1935, the committee of six looked into many options. They covered

2027: 2011: 1971: 1819: 1680:, the Assyrians were promised an independent state of their own. This promise was not kept. 1665: 1236: 1194: 957: 933: 903: 891: 879: 825: 819: 695: 681: 414: 4451:

Minorities in the Middle East: a history of struggle and self-expression By Mordechai Nisan

3626: 939: 6789: 6614: 6404: 6398: 6261: 6236: 6216: 6043: 5913: 5896: 5891: 5715: 5710: 5387: 5176: 5082: 5063: 4947: 4810: 4753: 4580: 4498: 4467: 4353: 4329: 4241: 3851: 3238: 2930: 2915: 2818: 2798: 2786: 2743: 2713: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2319: 2278: 2246: 2200: 2182: 2163: 2155: 2001: 1723: 1712: 1693: 1633: 1582: 1380: 1365: 1361: 1268: 1252: 1232: 1050: 1008: 783: 706: 687: 558: 382: 339: 334:

region was the main center of Assyrian population in early 20th century. According to the

324: 312: 201:, internal conflicts over naming disputes and Assyrian churches, portrayals in media, and 198: 132: 54: 4204:

Iraq Between the Two World Wars: The Militarist Origins of Tyranny by Reeva Spector Simon

2610:, no reliable census figures exist on the Assyrians in Iraq (as they do not for Kurds or 2271: 5289: 5277: 3452: 2866:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2705:, said he was considering the plan, but nothing resulted as he lost his position in the 2690:

Oppose "the active and passive ethnic cleansing" of "the only indigenous people of Iraq"

1357:

In the end, around 65 Assyrian villages were targeted in the Mosul and Dohuk districts.

7010: 6669: 6596: 6572: 6460: 6231: 6226: 5989: 5856: 5846: 5800: 5740: 5472: 5450: 5044: 4663: 4616: 3788: 2885: 2822: 2814: 2782: 2747: 2565: 2491: 2456: 2305: 2275: 2265: 2257: 2104: 1960:

Turkey. Hence, they should occupy the land the Iraqi government has provided for them.

1838:(Nineveh) was given to Iraq while France was guaranteed 25% of Mosul's oil production. 1800: 1639: 1323: 1244: 1165: 1034: 1026: 992: 978: 661: 633: 629: 614: 610: 496: 453: 418: 398: 347: 308: 247: 232: 218: 183: 179: 163: 5320: 4887: 4628: 263: 30: 7037: 6779: 6513: 6120: 6098: 5963: 5649: 5508: 5254: 4222: 3734:

The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924

2945: 2778: 2673: 2626: 2611: 2554: 2542: 2460: 2407: 2190: 2033:

The failed uprising led to the massacre of 3,000 Assyrians throughout northern Iraq.

1780: 1754: 1327: 1042: 550: 210: 206: 34: 3369: 3308: 2222:. In 1937, wanted by the British, he fled Palestine and took refuge successively in 2177:

came to power as Prime Minister of Iraq. As one of his first acts, he sent an Iraqi

1882:

any non-Turkish-speaking citizen of Turkey to use his own language before the court.

1393: 1125:

Turkish regular troops and Kurds are persecuting and massacring Assyrian Christians.

17: 6537: 5805: 5765: 5725: 5483: 5110: 2434: 2250: 2239: 2235: 2170: 2128: 2124: 1815: 1773: 1612:

Immediately after the massacre and the shutting down of the Assyrian uprising, the

1589: 1299: 1256: 970: 771: 546: 77: 6784: 5279:

The Rage of Islam: An Account of the Massacre of Christians by the Turks in Persia

5169: 2502: 1049:, contained an entry on the "Assyrian genocide." The president of Genocide Watch, 300: 243:, where they had fought to maintain their independence in the nineteenth century. 5155:

Ein vergassener Holocaust: Die Vernichtung der christlichen Assyrer in der Turkei

4512: 3173: 2680:

and the Jubilee Campaign, a Christian human-rights group. Pound's demands were:

2343:

encamped on the overlooking plateau. The subsequent arrival of a relief column (

6422: 6416: 6053: 5825: 5291:

The Death of a Nation, or: The Ever Persecuted Nestorians or Assyrian Christians

4918:"More on Muslims Forcing Christian Assyrians in Baghdad to Pay 'Protection Tax'" 4007: 3794:

A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility

2726: 2702: 2649: 2570: 2531: 2301: 2117: 1784: 1388: 1206: 1107: 966: 730: 606: 562: 538: 484: 449: 445: 441: 434: 355: 343: 240: 202: 100: 3967:"Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides" 6750: 6745: 6543: 5750: 5075: 4995: 4917: 4803: 3867:

Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century

3231: 3071:

Reforging a Forgotten History: Iraq and the Assyrians in the Twentieth Century

2759: 2740: 2340: 2253: 2186: 2132: 2127:, when the Iraqis revolted under Rashid Ali al-Kaylani who sided himself with 1992:

Accordingly, Iraq was accepted into the League of Nations on October 3, 1932.

1777: 1600: 1331: 1315: 1186: 1157: 787: 767: 374: 370: 193:

There have been many hindrances to the movement, including events such as the

4764:

Assyrians of Eastern Massachusetts – Page 66 by Sargon Donabed, Ninos Donabed

2296:

war effort and represented an important landbridge between British forces in

1005:

lost altogether by the end of the War about two-thirds of their total number.

725:

on what to do with the women and orphans left behind. At about this time, in

7017: 6970: 6804: 6684: 6525: 6466: 5996: 5705: 4532: 3604: 2978: 2733: 2722: 2614:), though the number of Assyrians is estimated to be approximately 800,000. 2289: 2178: 2159: 1930: 1127:

The victims included 800 massacred near Urmia, and 2,000 dead from disease.

986: 779: 710: 469: 390: 378: 316: 217:, which took over and expelled a massive portion of the population from the 99:

The territory that forms the Assyrian homeland is, similarly to the rest of

4653:

The Legal Regime of the Turkish Straits By Nihan Unlu, Nihan Ünlü – Page 32

3040: 2767: 1376:

districts that led to the deaths of an estimated 3,000 innocent Assyrians.

1014:

Scholars have placed the number of Assyrian victims at 250,000 to 500,000.

479:

Nestorian archbishop with staff and servants in Persia, early 20th century.

4745:, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan., 1933), 1741:

The Assyrian delegation's map of an independent Assyria, presented at the

694:

made significant resistance. Their strongest stand was at the villages of

6755: 6728: 6701: 6689: 6674: 6428: 6375: 5958: 5861: 5700: 4604: 4322: 4162:

Britain, Iraq and the Assyrians: The Nine Demands By Stavros T. Stavridis

3453:"Nineveh and Its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldæan ..." 2777:

On May 9, 2007, Catholicos Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East,

2379: 2351: 2092: 2055:

Due to the events of 1933, Assyrians mark August 7 as their martyrs day.

1649: 1644: 775: 737: 570: 488: 465: 430: 222: 5256:

Minorities in the Middle East: A History of Struggle and Self-Expression

4106: 4081: 3468:"Iraqi Parliament Votes Against New Christian Province In Nineveh Plain" 2486:

A petition concerning the Assyrian massacres in Iran was filed again by

533:

In April 1915 the Assyrian nation, led by its main tribal chiefs of Bit-

246:

In 2016, the Iraqi Parliament voted against a new Christian province in

6410: 6332: 6212: 5785: 5194:

The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity

4746: 4588: 4390: 4346: 4296: 4283:"Modern Aramaic Dictionary & Phrasebook" By Nicholas Awde. Page 11. 3525:. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2010, 2007, pp. 237–77, 293–294. 2793: 2751: 2589: 2558: 2549:. In 1977, the Assyrian Provisional Government, headquartered from the 2423: 2345: 2223: 2080: 1811: 1351: 1290: 1280: 1264: 594: 578: 457: 37:, designed in 1968 and adopted by major Assyrian organizations by 1971. 5325: 4698: 4366: 3678: 2154:

The British and Soviet Allies used the Iraq Levies, many of whom were

2146:, a British intelligence officer serving in Iraq during World War II. 2123:

Things did not change for the Assyrians in Iraq until the outbreak of

1986:

Hundreds upon hundreds of Assyrians died with malaria in those lands.

1102:

The Ottoman forces threatened Urmia and northwestern Persia after the

6990: 6794: 6723: 6696: 6679: 5559: 5104: 4600: 4572: 4478: 4476: 3844: 3818: 3399:"The Complex Relations Between Kurds and Christians in Northern Iraq" 2771: 2581: 2546: 2482:

Petition to the UN Secretary-General about Assyrian Massacres in Iran

2427: 2415: 2360: 2268: 2100: 2088: 2084: 2044: 2037: 2007: 1807: 1657: 1343: 1335: 1311: 1303: 1272: 1084: 1046: 927: 665: 641: 637: 582: 574: 386: 363: 320: 304: 108: 4382: 4279: 4277: 2971:

The settlement of the Assyrians, a work of humanity and appeasement

2162:. The Iraq Levies distinguished themselves in May 1941 during the 1652:". In 1933, Lemkin made a presentation to the Legal Council of the 6718: 6706: 6602: 6012: 5919: 5730: 5563: 4576: 4255: 4135:

A Modern History of the Kurds – Page 178 by David MacDowall – 2004

3953:

The Political Dictionary of Modern Middle East by Agnes G. Korbani

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being unattainable due to the security risks, and the rise of the

29: 5204:

The Forgotten Genocide: The Eastern Christians, the Last Arameans

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Recueil des cours – Page 39 by Hague Academy of International Law

4172: 2739:

On March 18, 2007, it was reported that Muslims were forcing the

2410:

companies. Eleven Assyrian companies served in World War II-era

977:, one of the Assyrians leaders at that time. The Assyrian leader 3523:

Genocide in the Middle East: The Ottoman Empire, Iraq, and Sudan

2763: 2227: 1854: 1850: 1762: 1758: 1613: 1202: 1172: 1161: 1017:

Contemporary sources usually speak of the events in terms of an

717:

We all have to die sometime, do not die in shame and humiliation

534: 214: 170:

before stepping down as Patriarch in 1973. The assassination of

128: 112: 104: 6016: 5329: 4723:

League of Nations Documents and Serial Publications, 1919–1946

4323:

Displaced persons in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraqi refugees in Iran

621:

forces despite overwhelming odds during this period, until the

213:

policies. Most recently, the primary problem for them has been

3232:

Permanent Mandates Commission, League of Nations, Geneva, 1928

2846: 1596:- named after the massacre stands today in the town of Simele. 27:

Movement calling for Assyrian independence and self-governance

1306:

led more than 1,000 Assyrians who had been refused asylum in

1263:

Assyrian enclave. In June 1933, the Patriarch was invited to

437:

of hundreds of thousands of unarmed men, women and children.

4743:

The Admission of Iraq to Membership in the League of Nations

4173:"FROM THE BIOGRAPHY OF OUR BRAVE ASSYRIAN LEVIESin Habaniea" 3649:"The European War: August [1914] to March [1915" 3203:"'Leave, convert or die': Isis takes largest Christian town" 2969:

League of Nations; Secretariat; Information Section (1935).

1790:

U.S. delegate Rev. Joel E. Werda in his petition concluded;

4970:"Assyrian Patriarch Pleads Protection for Iraqi Christians" 3944:

Not Even My Name: A True Story — Page 131 by Thea Halo

3455:

John Murray. October 11, 1854 – via Internet Archive.

2684:

Support an autonomous administrative region as a safe haven

4126:

The Tragedy of the Assyrians By R. S. Stafford – Page – 59

3760:

Joseph Naayem, Shall This Nation Die? 147 (New York, 1921)

2430:. The Iraq Levies was renamed the Royal Air Force Levies. 1387:

beginning in August 1914 in the early days of what became

1347:

Children were flung in the air and pierced with bayonets.

1106:

in October 1917. The Assyrians, led by Assyrian general

656:

grew to 20,000 men co-led by Agha Petrus Elia of the Bit-

4794:

The Tragedy of the Assyrians By R. S. Stafford – Page 59

4545:

The Paris Peace Conference, 1919: Peace Without Victory?

2374:, and the RAF's Iraq Levies. This action initiated the 2281:

to resign. From his base in Iraq, al-Husseini issued a

1733:

Assyro-Chaldean delegation to the Paris Peace Conference

743:

Also in April, Turkish troops surrounded the village of

366:

ethnic groups, began to systemically target the ancient

5307: 4514:

Unrepresented Nations And Peoples Organization Yearbook

3961: 3959: 2545:

was introduced and adopted by the Assyrian Congress in

2256:

and his pro-German "Golden Square" supporters staged a

2138:

The Battle of Habbaniya is well described in the book,

1294:

The targeted villages in the Simele and Zakho districts

1045:, an expert on Holocaust education and the genocide in 4816:, December 10, 1941, Nr. 588, Excerpt in video images. 4613:

the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia)

2218:

in Palestine. His oppositional role peaked during the

2040:. Eyewitnesses wrote numerous books about the events. 1164:, plus an attached battalion of Marsh Arabs and a few 315:

populations. Starting in the nineteenth century, the

4153:

Malik, British Betrayal of the Assyrians, appendix 1.

4144:

Malik, British Betrayal of the Assyrians, appendix 1.

3756: 3754: 3330:"Friends of the Church of the East (Assyrian) (1940)" 2526:, overthrew the Hashimite monarchy on July 14, 1958. 2111:, however, all failed. A further suggestion that the 5234:

Syriens et Chaldéens: Leur Martyre, Leurs Espérances

3536:

The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies

1231:

In early 1933, the American representative in Iraq,

483:

In late 1914 and 1915, the Ottoman Empire under the

6946: 6817: 6649: 6640: 6553: 6482: 6389: 6330: 6313: 6270: 6211: 6176: 6139: 6128: 6061: 5906: 5839: 5688: 5648: 5627: 5596: 5571: 5541: 5507: 5482: 5459: 5426: 5403: 5378: 5363: 3280:"Mar Eshai Shimun | Mar Shimun Memorial Foundation" 2318:During 1940/41 Iraq joined the Axis powers and the 1700:) wrote a letter on behalf of the Assyrians to the 5253: 3870:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. Chapter 3. 2732:On February 24, 2006, Minister of Human Rights in 1251:in 1932. His followers planned to resign from the 2158:, to resist German efforts to gain a foothold in 1632:, and create 35 new villages on the banks of the 3428:"Press Release: ISIS Genocide in Iraq and Syria" 2534:who promptly took control of Iraq's government. 1970:The October 23, 1931, petition was submitted by 1318:, apparent throughout the crisis, accelerated. 997:the Assyrians fought on our side during the war, 4517:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 43–45. 3668:Naayem, Shall This Nation Die? (New York, 1921) 2712:On November 30, 2005, Iraq's Foreign Minister, 2633:Assyrian Convention Addresses Assyrian Autonomy 2057: 2020: 1901: 1879: 1843: 1792: 1114:Hannibal Travis, assistant professor of law at 452:. The Ottomans planned to join the side of the 5157:. Gottingen: Gesellschaft für bedrohte Volker. 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 2835:Plain. The legislation was introduced by Rep. 2494:. None of his petitions were taken seriously. 295:Assyrians primarily lived in the provinces of 96:for Assyrian independence as it exists today. 6028: 5341: 4447: 4445: 4321:International Federation for Human Rights — " 3731:Morris, Benny; Ze’evi, Dror (24 April 2019). 2498:Assyrians in the Republic of Iraq (1958–2003) 8: 6052:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the 4886:The Christian Science Monitor (2004-09-21). 3597:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society 3579:Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society 2592:, that number began to decline drastically. 2478:petition to the Commission on Human Rights. 2418:. The Parachute Company was attached to the 2064:Mar Eshai Shimun in Geneva with Yousuf Malik 2018:Mar Eshai Shimum was quoted in the meeting: 2006:The Assyrian national question was taken to 1656:conference on international criminal law in 1354:, 600 Assyrians were killed by Sidqi's men. 499:Army and their allies, the Patriarch of the 156:Patriarch of the Assyrian Church of the East 5076:http://www.aina.org/news/20160913143759.htm 4664:"Treaty of Peace with Turkey, 24 July 1923" 3720:. Chaldean rescue – via Google Books. 2036:The largest massacre was in the village of 1926:, be given full authority over his people. 6646: 6327: 6136: 6035: 6021: 6013: 5971:Malankara–Persian ecclesiastical relations 5568: 5456: 5375: 5348: 5334: 5326: 5133:. Paris: Les editions du Cerf (2004/2005). 3053:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 290: Regions with Assyrian concentrations 5282:. Philadelphia, PA: Roger Williams Press. 4996:"Muslims Burn Assyrian Church in Baghdad" 4418:The Ottoman Peoples and the End of Empire 3903: 3901: 3899: 3619: 3617: 3174:"27 maps that explain the crisis in Iraq" 2785:pleading for immediate protection of the 2672:A meeting was organized by the Labour MP 1896:Assyrians needed protection from Turkey. 1396: 405:followed, as did the similarly motivated 231:, the British Empire's ambassador to the 4291: 4289: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 3651:. Priv. print. – via Google Books. 2687:Support the infrastructure of the region 2606:With the fall of Saddam Hussein and the 1298:In early August 1933, the chiefs of the 1041:co-authored by eminent genocide scholar 1011:, which had a mission to the Assyrians. 613:, scored a number of victories over the 158:, Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII petitioned the 103:, currently divided between present-day 5942:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 4367:"Iraq and the Problem of the Assyrians" 4256:"Genocides Against the Assyrian Nation" 3889: 3887: 3498:"Bryce – The Treatment of Armenians..." 2961: 2926:Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq 2595: 2150:Assyrian resistance during World War II 1955:British treaties and Assyrian petitions 1917:Recommendation of the League of Nations 1239:, demanded that the Assyrians be given 5669:St. Thomas Evangelical Church of India 3557:. Gorgias Press, LLC. pp. 24–25. 3466:Macintyre, James (27 September 2016). 3109:Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities 3046: 2446:Mar Eshai Shimun at the United Nations 2315:to protect the air base at Habbaniya. 721:and lived up to their fighting words. 131:, the latter two being located in the 5260:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. 5244:The British Betrayal of the Assyrians 4924:from the original on 17 December 2014 4635:from the original on 12 November 2017 2758:, the 'Protection Tax' demanded from 1118:, wrote in the peer-reviewed journal 644:diplomats) urged Mar Shimoun and the 7: 4888:"Iraq losing its best and brightest" 4867:from the original on 1 February 2016 4303:from the original on 9 November 2011 4262:from the original on 7 February 2018 3647:Arnoux, Anthony (October 11, 1915). 3478:from the original on 8 November 2020 3358:Assyrian-Canadians – Knowledge (XXG) 2792:The following week a group of armed 1383:is often regarded as a phase of the 1283:up until 2015, when it was moved to 1075:was an uprising by the Assyrians in 747:and imprisoned 475 men (among them, 336:Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople 225:against Assyrians in these regions. 63:self-governance of an Assyrian State 5196:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. 5168:. See the original Ottoman text in 4670:from the original on 6 January 2015 4567:and the Associated Powers were the 3716:Naayem, Joseph (October 11, 1921). 3679:"British Betrayal of the Assyrians" 3033:Settlement of the Assyrians of Iraq 3031:League of Nations; Council (1937). 3017:(Late G.O.C. Refugee Camp, Baqubah) 2386:. As a result, al-Husseini fled to 2204: 5321:Iraq Sustainable Democracy Project 5246:. Warren Point, NJ: Kimball Press. 5002:from the original on 26 March 2015 4705:from the original on 15 March 2015 4179:from the original on 25 March 2016 3989:Baumer, Church of the East, at 263 2288:Iraq had been a major supplier of 1243:within Iraq, seeking support from 549:, Bit-Shamasha, Bit-Eshtazin, Bit- 61:in northern Mesopotamia under the 25: 5947:Assyrian–Chaldean–Syriac diaspora 5618:Malabar Independent Syrian Church 3864:Donabed, Sargon (February 2015). 3825:from the original on 3 March 2016 2781:dispatched a letter to President 2596:Post-Ba'thist Iraq (2003–present) 2372:Number 1 Armoured Car Company RAF 1877:Article 39 of the treaty states: 1841:Article 62 of the Treaty states: 1247:. He pressed his case before the 72:, led to the emergence of modern 7016: 7004: 6961:Assyrian Democratic Organisation 6114: 6103: 6092: 5995: 5612:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church 5606:Jacobite Syrian Christian Church 5206:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. 3603:. pp. 25–29. Archived from 3503:from the original on 11 May 2019 2851: 2450: 2325:The commander at RAF Habbaniya, 2220:1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine 1899:This was part of his statement: 1364:was the systematic targeting of 1116:Florida International University 672:Assyrian resistance in Tur Abdin 5316:Assyria Council of Europe (ACE) 5294:. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 5202:de Courtois, Sébastian (2004). 5117:from the original on 2017-12-18 4898:from the original on 2015-06-13 4842:from the original on 2012-02-06 4554:Balfour to FO, Paris, 31.7.1919 4415:McCarthy, Justin (2001-02-02). 4397:from the original on 2022-01-31 4059:from the original on 2019-09-13 4030:from the original on 2019-09-13 4000:Genocide Studies and Prevention 3689:from the original on 2021-06-13 3541:. Accessed on 11 November 2014. 3534:Hovannisian, Richard G., 2007. 3409:from the original on 2017-05-18 3380:from the original on 2021-05-26 3340:from the original on 2018-06-25 3261:from the original on 2021-07-15 3213:from the original on 2020-07-13 3184:from the original on 2016-06-01 3155:from the original on 2021-05-10 3126:from the original on 2023-01-15 3088:from the original on 2023-01-15 2973:. Geneva: Information section. 2843:Assyrian Christian Police Force 2602:Assyrians in post-Ba'thist Iraq 1887:Constantinople Conference, 1924 1547: 1518: 1489: 1460: 1431: 1402: 1275:, thus forcing the head of the 1120:Genocide Studies and Prevention 70:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 6627:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 6490:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 5937:Assyrian independence movement 5587:Syro-Malankara Catholic Church 4785:, William SAROYAN, WikiQuotes. 3074:. Edinburgh University Press. 2992:Wigram, William (April 2010). 2951:History of the Assyrian people 2623:Iraq Interim Governing Council 2506:Assyrian militia loyal to the 1151:British Mandate of Mesopotamia 1098:Persian campaign (World War I) 43:Assyrian independence movement 1: 6371:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 4892:The Christian Science Monitor 4002:, vol. 1.3, pp. 334, 337–38. 3370:"Assyrians – Minority Rights" 3230:Mar Eshai Shimun's letter to 2996:. Assyrian Academic Society. 2813:in Sweden were supporters of 2370:flown in at the last moment, 2339:the base was besieged by the 2245:al-Husseini was still in the 1996:Massacre of Assyrians in Iraq 1031:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 995:on 28 November 1933, stated, 407:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 275:Towns where genocide occurred 6981:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon) 6956:Assyrian Democratic Movement 4103:"The Assyrian Levies (2008)" 4078:"The Assyrian Levies (2008)" 3737:. Harvard University Press. 3624:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922). 3554:The Tragedy of the Assyrians 3307:. 2004-10-11. Archived from 2678:Assyrian Democratic Movement 2619:Assyrian Democratic Movement 2274:to flee and the pro-British 1684:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 625:dissolved the Russian army. 280:Towns that received refugees 57:to live in their indigenous 6966:Assyrian Universal Alliance 6192:Assyrian Church of the East 6167:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 6161:Assyrian Evangelical Church 6084:Terms for Syriac Christians 5954:Terms for Syriac Christians 5771:Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa 5630:Assyrian Church of the East 5528:Assyrian Pentecostal Church 5522:Assyrian Evangelical Church 5492:Assyrian Church of the East 5309:Atour: The State of Assyria 4583:(Principal Allied Powers), 4049:"Turkish Horrors in Persia" 4020:"Turkish Horrors in Persia" 4008:10.3138/YV54-4142-P5RN-X055 3843:Rev. Joseph Naayem, O.I. – 2414:and another four served in 2249:when, on 1 April 1941, pro- 1912:Interwar period (1925–1939) 1379:The Simele massacre of the 1277:Assyrian Church of the East 1209:, Tkhuma, and Upper Tiyari 1132:mostly naked and mutilated, 35:Flag of the Assyrian Nation 7100: 6976:Syriac Union Party (Syria) 6198:Ancient Church of the East 5498:Ancient Church of the East 5288:Yohannan, Abraham (1916). 5192:Baumer, Christoph (2006). 4783:Seventy Thousand Assyrians 4511:Mary Kate Simmons (1996). 3112:. Routledge. p. 149. 2676:, in conjunction with the 2599: 2010:by the Assyrian Patriarch 1999: 1604:Assyrian fighter from the 1095: 1064: 740:and killed in cold blood. 688:Assyrian Syriac Christians 675: 628:Lacking allies except the 623:Russian Revolution of 1917 526: 6999: 6090: 6050: 5984: 5556:(active 1st century–1601) 5252:Nisan, Mordechai (1991). 5232:Griselle, Eugene (1918). 4501:— EuropeWorld, 22/6/2001. 4055:. 1915-10-11. p. 4. 4026:. 1915-10-11. p. 4. 3251:"assyrian%20petition.pdf" 2860:This section needs to be 2368:King's Own Royal Regiment 1398:List of targeted villages 1185:On October 23, 1931, the 1104:Russian Revolution (1917) 7084:History of the Assyrians 6496:Muslim conquest of Syria 6186:Chaldean Catholic Church 5811:Dionysius of Vattasseril 5675:Believers Eastern Church 5469:Chaldean Catholic Church 5022:"Den nya nationalhögern" 4861:"Zinda 30 November 2005" 4814:Die Deutsche Wochenschau 4629:"Treaty of Sevres, 1920" 4470:– EuropeWorld, 22/6/2001 4365:Stafford, R. S. (1934). 3718:"Shall this Nation Die?" 3068:Donabed, Sargon (2015). 2669:to discuss the subject. 2667:British House of Commons 2470:The Assyrian Patriarch, 2422:and were active in both 2209:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 1862:Treaty of Lausanne, 1923 1672:Conferences and treaties 1608:tribe, during the 1890s. 377:, primarily composed of 186:Empires, as well as the 7023:Christianity portal 6986:Syriac Military Council 6585:Massacres of Diyarbekir 6520:Principality of Antioch 6473:Byzantine–Sasanian wars 6280:Assyrian folk/pop music 6002:Christianity portal 5756:Mar Sabor and Mar Proth 5663:Mar Thoma Syrian Church 5543:Saint Thomas Christians 5276:Shahbaz, Yonan (1918). 4699:"Who are the Assyrians" 4421:. Bloomsbury Academic. 3633:Encyclopædia Britannica 3551:R. S. Stafford (2006). 2941:List of Assyrian tribes 1717:revised clearer version 1630:French Mandate of Syria 975:Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin 770:, Military Governor of 462:Austro-Hungarian Empire 354:in 1912/1913. In 1914, 7074:Independence movements 6741:Al-Hasakah Governorate 6579:Massacres of Badr Khan 6353:Middle Assyrian Empire 6155:Syriac Catholic Church 6149:Syriac Orthodox Church 5796:Ignatius Andrew Akijan 5781:Gregorios Abdal Jaleel 5639:Chaldean Syrian Church 5413:Syriac Orthodox Church 5394:Syriac Catholic Church 5236:. Paris: Bloud et Gay. 4345:, by Robert DeKelaita 4215:"Nestorian Patriarchs" 3845:Shall This Nation Die? 2725:'s Labor Party member 2707:January 2005 elections 2699:Prime Minister of Iraq 2511: 2262:1941 Iraqi coup d'état 2181:force to confront the 2083:and who moved between 2061: 2024: 1924:Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII 1905: 1884: 1859: 1826:Treaty of Sèvres, 1920 1797: 1746: 1743:Paris Peace Conference 1734: 1676:After siding with the 1642:, who coined the term 1609: 1597: 1295: 1267:for negotiations with 1229: 1039:Dictionary of Genocide 719: 519: 480: 389:and to a small degree 292: 172:Mar Eshai Shimun XXIII 137:Al-Hasakah Governorate 38: 6609:Independence movement 6365:Post-imperial Assyria 6341:Early Assyrian period 5242:Malek, Yusuf (1936). 5212:Gaunt, David (2006). 5103:Naayem, Jean (1920). 4371:International Affairs 4343:University of Chicago 3106:Carl Skutsch (2013). 2608:2003 invasion of Iraq 2505: 2420:Royal Marine Commando 2390:where he was granted 2175:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 2169:In the early days of 2074:Rashid Ali al-Kaylani 1978:about the Assyrians. 1946:Assyrian human rights 1740: 1732: 1678:Allies of World War I 1603: 1592: 1293: 1224: 715: 709:, who were joined by 517: 478: 393:. Events such as the 266: 33: 7054:Assyrian irredentism 7044:Assyrian nationalism 6285:Music of Mesopotamia 6232:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 6227:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 5927:Assyrian nationalism 5872:Koy Sanjaq Christian 5857:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic 5847:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic 5761:Dionysius bar Salibi 5736:Philoxenus of Mabbug 5589:(West Syriac) (1932) 5583:(East Syriac) (1665) 3979:on January 18, 2012. 3594:Jordi Tejel (2008). 3577:Jordi Tejel (2008). 2921:Assyrian nationalism 2216:Jewish national home 1698:Patriarch of Antioch 1350:Back in the city of 1001:enormous sacrifices, 808:Artoull (Altahtanie) 358:with the aid of the 338:, there were 18,000 74:Assyrian nationalism 18:Assyrian irredentism 7069:Separatism in Syria 6591:Rise of nationalism 6532:Jalayirid Sultanate 6359:Neo-Assyrian Empire 6347:Old Assyrian period 6290:Syriac sacral music 6110:Aramean-Syriac flag 6069:Assyrian continuity 5976:Syriac sacral music 5831:Baselios Paulose II 5816:Geevarghese Ivanios 5776:Abraham of Angamaly 5581:Syro-Malabar Church 5357:Syriac Christianity 5024:(in Swedish). DN.se 4976:on 10 February 2012 4225:on October 9, 2009. 3627:"Enver Pasha" 3405:. 6 November 2010. 3334:anglicanhistory.org 2320:Battle of Habbaniya 1937:The Hague September 1776:, beginning at the 529:Assyrian volunteers 523:Assyrian volunteers 411:Maronite Christians 285:Other major cities 229:Austen Henry Layard 154:In his 53 years as 149:Nineveh Governorate 78:modern nation state 7064:Separatism in Iraq 7059:Separatism in Iran 7011:History portal 6453:Church of the East 6242:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 6079:Chaldean Catholics 5852:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic 5791:Abraham Koorilos I 5721:Severus of Antioch 5654:Eastern Protestant 5513:Eastern Protestant 5441:"Nestorian Church" 5435:Church of the East 5175:2017-07-24 at the 5129:Rhetore, Jacques. 5113:/Chaldean Rescue. 5109:. Paris/New York: 5081:2016-09-24 at the 5062:2016-09-24 at the 4809:2017-01-25 at the 4752:2019-02-12 at the 4741:Manley O. Hudson, 4497:2002-03-09 at the 4466:2002-03-09 at the 4404:– via JSTOR. 4352:2016-03-03 at the 4328:2015-10-01 at the 3850:2017-12-18 at the 3521:Travis, Hannibal. 3237:2019-07-31 at the 3149:Heritage for Peace 2811:National Democrats 2787:Christians of Iraq 2520:Abdul-Karim Qassem 2516:Gamal Abdel Nasser 2512: 2441:After World War II 2330:Harry George Smart 2304:. To secure Iraq, 1868:Treaty of Lausanne 1747: 1735: 1722:2015-09-23 at the 1711:2015-09-23 at the 1610: 1598: 1296: 1191:Church of the East 1137:The New York Times 1073:Assyrian rebellion 1067:Assyrian rebellion 1061:Assyrian rebellion 814:Artoun (Alfokanie) 707:Assyrian villagers 692:Diyarbekir Vilayet 520: 487:regime declared a 481: 352:Diyarbekir Vilayet 293: 90:political autonomy 47:political movement 39: 7049:Assyrian genocide 7031: 7030: 6942: 6941: 6658: 6636: 6635: 6603:Assyrian genocide 6502:Abbasid Caliphate 6324: 6207: 6206: 6074:Assyrian diaspora 6010: 6009: 5932:Assyrian homeland 5920:Assyrian genocide 5696:Ephrem the Syrian 5684: 5683: 5598:Oriental Orthodox 5537: 5536: 5422: 5421: 5405:Oriental Orthodox 5371:Church of Antioch 5216:. Gorgias Press. 5185:Secondary sources 5145:. Foreign Office. 4219:www.nestorian.org 3119:978-1-135-19388-1 3081:978-0-7486-8605-6 3019:February 6, 1920. 2994:Our Smallest Ally 2936:Assyrian diaspora 2911:Assyrian genocide 2906:Assyrian homeland 2881: 2880: 2657:Current situation 2551:Assyrian diaspora 2465:League of Nations 2337:rebellion in 1941 2309:Winston Churchill 2205:محمد أمين الحسيني 2185:base situated in 2144:Somerset de Chair 2140:The Golden Carpet 2113:British Red Cross 1702:League of Nations 1662:Armenian genocide 1654:League of Nations 1594:Church Of Martyrs 1579: 1578: 1385:Assyrian genocide 1279:to be located in 1249:League of Nations 1023:Armenian genocide 1021:, along with the 1019:Assyrian genocide 678:Defence of Iwardo 440:At the outset of 403:Armenian genocide 395:Assyrian genocide 269:Assyrian genocide 195:Assyrian genocide 168:Assyrian Homeland 160:League of Nations 125:Duhok Governorate 80:. As a result of 59:Assyrian homeland 53:desire of ethnic 51:ethno-nationalist 16:(Redirected from 7091: 7021: 7020: 7009: 7008: 7007: 6654: 6647: 6621:Post-Saddam Iraq 6447:Nestorian schism 6441:Christianization 6413:(132 BCE–244 CE) 6407:(247 BCE–224 CE) 6367:(609 BCE–240 CE) 6328: 6318: 6178:East Syriac Rite 6141:West Syriac Rite 6137: 6118: 6107: 6096: 6037: 6030: 6023: 6014: 6000: 5999: 5887:Syriac Malayalam 5821:Coorilos Paulose 5746:Isaac the Syrian 5573:Eastern Catholic 5569: 5552:Malankara Church 5461:Eastern Catholic 5457: 5380:Eastern Catholic 5376: 5350: 5343: 5336: 5327: 5295: 5283: 5271: 5259: 5247: 5237: 5227: 5207: 5197: 5158: 5151:Yonan, Gabrielle 5146: 5134: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5085: 5072: 5066: 5053: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5029: 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4972:. Archived from 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4946:. Archived from 4940: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4817: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4715: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4625: 4619: 4561: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4508: 4502: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4471: 4458: 4452: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4362: 4356: 4339: 4333: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4293: 4284: 4281: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4227: 4226: 4221:. Archived from 4211: 4205: 4202: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4145: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4114: 4105:. Archived from 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4080:. Archived from 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4064: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4016: 4010: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3971: 3963: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3917: 3905: 3894: 3891: 3882: 3881: 3861: 3855: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3713: 3707: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3653: 3652: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3629: 3621: 3612: 3611: 3609: 3602: 3591: 3585: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3548: 3542: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3463: 3457: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3430:. Archived from 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3385: 3376:. 19 June 2015. 3366: 3360: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3316: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3282:. Archived from 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3266: 3247: 3241: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3219: 3218: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3190: 3189: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3160: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3131: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3052: 3044: 3028: 3022: 3021: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2966: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2855: 2854: 2847: 2837:Jeff Fortenberry 2805:European support 2750:Neighborhood of 2524:Abdul Salam Arif 2488:Shimun XXI Eshai 2472:Shimun XXI Eshai 2454: 2327:Air Vice-Marshal 2313:Archibald Wavell 2311:ordered General 2206: 2197:Amin al-Husseini 2012:Shimun XXI Eshai 1972:Shimun XXI Eshai 1832:Treaty of Sèvres 1666:Jewish Holocaust 1394: 1237:Shimun XXI Eshai 1195:Shimun XXI Eshai 786:Christians from 749:Reverend Gabrial 682:Midyat rebellion 415:ethnic cleansing 289: 284: 279: 274: 21: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7034: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7015: 7005: 7003: 6995: 6938: 6813: 6790:Mardin Province 6653: 6632: 6615:Simele massacre 6549: 6478: 6443:(1st to 3rd c.) 6425:(64 BCE–637 CE) 6419:(66 BCE–217 CE) 6405:Parthian Empire 6399:Seleucid Empire 6391: 6385: 6381:Assyrian tribes 6349:(2025–1364 BCE) 6343:(2600–2025 BCE) 6322: 6320: 6317: 6309: 6266: 6219: 6203: 6172: 6131: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6088: 6057: 6046: 6044:Assyrian people 6041: 6011: 6006: 5994: 5988:* Defunct with 5980: 5914:Assyrian people 5902: 5835: 5716:Jacob of Serugh 5711:Jacob Baradaeus 5680: 5644: 5623: 5592: 5557: 5555: 5548: 5546: 5533: 5503: 5478: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5418: 5399: 5388:Maronite Church 5368: 5359: 5354: 5304: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5268: 5251: 5241: 5231: 5224: 5211: 5201: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5177:Wayback Machine 5149: 5139:Toynbee, Arnold 5137: 5128: 5120: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5096:Primary sources 5093: 5088: 5083:Wayback Machine 5073: 5069: 5064:Wayback Machine 5054: 5050: 5045:English version 5043: 5039: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5005: 5003: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4942: 4941: 4937: 4927: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4911: 4901: 4899: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4845: 4843: 4834: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4820: 4811:Wayback Machine 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4754:Wayback Machine 4740: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4617:Czecho-Slovakia 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4525: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4499:Wayback Machine 4490: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4468:Wayback Machine 4459: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4383:10.2307/2603135 4364: 4363: 4359: 4354:Wayback Machine 4340: 4336: 4330:Wayback Machine 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4265: 4263: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4240: 4239: 4230: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4110: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4062: 4060: 4047: 4046: 4042: 4033: 4031: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3907: 3906: 3897: 3892: 3885: 3878: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3852:Wayback Machine 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3745: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3667: 3656: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3623: 3622: 3615: 3607: 3600: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3481: 3479: 3472:Christian Today 3465: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3412: 3410: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3381: 3374:Minority Rights 3368: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3314: 3312: 3303: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3287: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3264: 3262: 3255:docs.google.com 3249: 3248: 3244: 3239:Wayback Machine 3229: 3225: 3216: 3214: 3207:The Independent 3201: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3185: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3156: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3129: 3127: 3120: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3089: 3082: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3045: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3010: 3004: 2991: 2990: 2986: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2931:Assyrian people 2916:Simele massacre 2902: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2856: 2852: 2845: 2832: 2823:Christian Union 2819:Joel Voordewind 2807: 2714:Hoshiyar Zebari 2659: 2635: 2604: 2598: 2500: 2484: 2463:(replacing the 2448: 2443: 2396:Empire of Japan 2392:legation asylum 2376:Anglo-Iraqi War 2279:Taha al-Hashimi 2264:caused the pro- 2247:Kingdom of Iraq 2164:Anglo-Iraqi War 2152: 2066: 2004: 2002:Simele massacre 1998: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1922:the Patriarch, 1919: 1914: 1889: 1864: 1828: 1724:Wayback Machine 1713:Wayback Machine 1706:original letter 1694:Afram I Barsoum 1690:Syriac Orthodox 1686: 1674: 1381:Assyrian people 1362:Simele massacre 1269:Hikmat Sulayman 1253:Assyrian Levies 1233:Paul Knabenshue 1147: 1100: 1094: 1069: 1063: 1051:Gregory Stanton 1009:Anglican Church 973:, assassinated 963: 704:Syriac Catholic 684: 676:Main articles: 674: 531: 525: 497:Ottoman Turkish 409:which targeted 373:communities of 291: 287: 282: 281: 277: 276: 272: 271: 261: 256: 199:Simele massacre 188:French Republic 162:, and then the 135:region and the 133:Iraqi Kurdistan 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7097: 7095: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7036: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7013: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6952: 6950: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6919: 6917:United Kingdom 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6711: 6710: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6670:Nineveh Plains 6661: 6659: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6631: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6597:Adana massacre 6594: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6573:Schism of 1552 6570: 6567:Ottoman Empire 6564: 6561:Safavid Empire 6557: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6508:Emirs of Mosul 6505: 6499: 6493: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6395: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6355:(1363–912 BCE) 6350: 6344: 6337: 6335: 6325: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6223: 6221: 6209: 6208: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6182: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6170: 6164: 6158: 6152: 6145: 6143: 6134: 6126: 6125: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6039: 6032: 6025: 6017: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 5992: 5990:schism of 1552 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5929: 5924: 5923: 5922: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5801:Cyril VI Tanas 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5741:Thomas of Cana 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5672: 5666: 5659: 5657: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5642: 5635: 5633: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5575: 5566: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5531: 5525: 5518: 5516: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5382: 5373: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5303: 5302:External links 5300: 5298: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5266: 5249: 5239: 5229: 5222: 5209: 5199: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5159: 5147: 5135: 5126: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5067: 5048: 5037: 5013: 4987: 4961: 4935: 4909: 4878: 4852: 4827: 4818: 4796: 4787: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4690: 4681: 4655: 4646: 4620: 4569:United Kingdom 4556: 4547: 4538: 4523: 4503: 4492:Raphael Lemkin 4484: 4472: 4461:Raphael Lemkin 4453: 4441: 4427: 4407: 4377:(2): 159–185. 4357: 4334: 4314: 4285: 4273: 4247: 4228: 4206: 4190: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4094: 4069: 4053:New York Times 4040: 4024:New York Times 4011: 3991: 3982: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3895: 3883: 3876: 3856: 3836: 3810: 3781: 3771: 3762: 3750: 3743: 3723: 3708: 3699: 3670: 3654: 3639: 3613: 3610:on 2016-03-04. 3586: 3570: 3563: 3543: 3527: 3514: 3489: 3458: 3444: 3419: 3390: 3361: 3350: 3321: 3296: 3271: 3242: 3223: 3209:. 2014-08-07. 3194: 3165: 3151:. 2013-10-16. 3145:"Demographics" 3136: 3118: 3098: 3080: 3060: 3023: 3003:978-0982712412 3002: 2984: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 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Bush 2692: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2658: 2655: 2634: 2631: 2600:Main article: 2597: 2594: 2566:Saddam Hussein 2499: 2496: 2492:United Nations 2483: 2480: 2457:United Nations 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2306:Prime Minister 2276:Prime Minister 2151: 2148: 2105:British Guiana 2065: 2062: 2000:Main article: 1997: 1994: 1956: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1888: 1885: 1863: 1860: 1827: 1824: 1801:Woodrow Wilson 1685: 1682: 1673: 1670: 1640:Raphael Lemkin 1577: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1360:The Semele or 1146: 1143: 1093: 1090: 1065:Main article: 1062: 1059: 1035:Ottoman Empire 1027:Greek genocide 993:House of Lords 979:Malik Khoshaba 962: 961: 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6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6361:(911–609 BCE) 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6329: 6326: 6316: 6312: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6263: 6262:Syriac script 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6165: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6127: 6122: 6121:Chaldean flag 6117: 6111: 6106: 6100: 6099:Assyrian flag 6095: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6026: 6024: 6019: 6018: 6015: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5965: 5964:Phoenicianism 5962: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5895: 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3212: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3102: 3099: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3072: 3064: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3005: 2999: 2995: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2946:Assyrian flag 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2887: 2875: 2863: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779:Mar Dinkha IV 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674:Stephen Pound 2670: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2627:Younadem Kana 2624: 2620: 2615: 2613: 2612:Iraqi Turkmen 2609: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2575:Iran–Iraq War 2572: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2555:United States 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543:Assyrian flag 2539: 2535: 2533: 2527: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2510:in the 1980s. 2509: 2504: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2461:San Francisco 2458: 2453: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2400:Fascist Italy 2397: 2394:first by the 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2238:where he met 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2191:RAF Habbaniya 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2003: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1961: 1954: 1952: 1945: 1943: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1802: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:United States 1751: 1744: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1688:In 1919, the 1683: 1681: 1679: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1584: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1427: 1424: 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Retrieved 5111:Bloud et Gay 5105: 5091:Bibliography 5070: 5051: 5040: 5032: 5026:. Retrieved 5016: 5004:. Retrieved 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4974:the original 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4948:the original 4938: 4926:. Retrieved 4912: 4900:. Retrieved 4891: 4881: 4869:. Retrieved 4855: 4844:. Retrieved 4830: 4821: 4799: 4790: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4742: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4707:. Retrieved 4693: 4684: 4672:. Retrieved 4658: 4649: 4637:. Retrieved 4623: 4559: 4550: 4541: 4513: 4506: 4487: 4456: 4432:. Retrieved 4417: 4410: 4399:. Retrieved 4374: 4370: 4360: 4337: 4317: 4305:. Retrieved 4264:. Retrieved 4250: 4223:the original 4218: 4209: 4181:. Retrieved 4167: 4158: 4149: 4140: 4131: 4122: 4111:. Retrieved 4107:the original 4097: 4086:. Retrieved 4082:the original 4072: 4061:. Retrieved 4052: 4043: 4032:. Retrieved 4023: 4014: 3999: 3994: 3985: 3974:the original 3949: 3940: 3931: 3922: 3866: 3859: 3839: 3827:. Retrieved 3813: 3792: 3789:Akçam, Taner 3784: 3774: 3765: 3733: 3726: 3711: 3702: 3691:. 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Austin 3007: 2993: 2987: 2970: 2964: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2872:January 2024 2869: 2861: 2833: 2808: 2791: 2776: 2738: 2731: 2721: 2718: 2711: 2696: 2693: 2671: 2663: 2660: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2616: 2605: 2579: 2563: 2540: 2536: 2532:Ba'ath Party 2528: 2522:and Colonel 2514:Inspired by 2513: 2485: 2476: 2469: 2459:was born in 2449: 2435:RAF Regiment 2432: 2404: 2398:and then by 2365: 2350: 2344: 2324: 2317: 2287: 2244: 2240:Adolf Hitler 2236:Nazi Germany 2234:and finally 2213: 2195: 2171:World War II 2168: 2153: 2139: 2137: 2125:World War II 2122: 2098: 2078: 2071: 2067: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2035: 2032: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2005: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1928: 1920: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1880: 1876: 1865: 1844: 1840: 1829: 1816:Surma Khanim 1805: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785:great powers 1774:Beth Nahrain 1771: 1767: 1752: 1748: 1687: 1675: 1643: 1638: 1634:Khabur River 1627: 1623: 1611: 1593: 1580: 1555:Chem Jehaney 1442:Dair Kishnik 1425:Majel Makhte 1397: 1378: 1359: 1356: 1349: 1340: 1320: 1300:Tkhuma Tribe 1297: 1260: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1184: 1181: 1170: 1155: 1148: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1101: 1070: 1055: 1038: 1016: 1013: 1004: 1000: 996: 985: 983: 971:Simko Shikak 964: 772:Van Province 765: 762: 742: 735: 723: 720: 716: 685: 650: 627: 592: 573:, Mergawar, 556: 532: 494: 482: 439: 346:, 15,000 in 329: 294: 245: 227: 192: 176: 153: 98: 67: 42: 40: 7079:Middle East 6897:New Zealand 6892:Netherlands 6656:Settlements 6569:(1555–1917) 6546:(1453–1501) 6540:(1375–1468) 6534:(1335–1432) 6528:(1258–1335) 6522:(1098–1268) 6483:Middle ages 6423:Roman Syria 6417:Syrian Wars 6054:Middle East 5826:Thoma Darmo 5689:Key figures 5628:Nestorian ( 5430:, legacy of 5428:East Syriac 5365:West Syriac 5162:Ismet Inönü 4747:pp. 133–138 3403:GeoCurrents 2772:Islamic law 2754:to Pay the 2727:Chris Bowen 2703:Iyad Allawi 2650:Fesh Khabur 2571:Arabization 2349:), part of 2258:coup d'etat 2028:King Faisal 1781:Diyar Bakir 1704:. (See the 1568:Qasr Yazdin 1564:Kharsheniya 1535:Kharab Koli 1500:Fishkhabour 1486:Spendarook 1389:World War I 1179:officers." 1108:Agha Petros 967:Addai Scher 910:Mar-Chmoune 868:Derr-Rabban 731:infanticide 664:of the Bit- 660:tribe, and 607:Agha Petros 601:to form an 450:World War I 446:Young Turks 442:World War I 435:Circassians 356:Young Turks 344:Van Vilayet 267:Map of the 254:World War I 241:Mesopotamia 203:Arabization 101:Mesopotamia 7038:Categories 6780:Diyarbakır 6751:Tell Tamer 6746:Al-Hasakah 6642:By country 6554:Modern era 6544:Aq Qoyunlu 6516:(945–1055) 6510:(905–1383) 6504:(750–1258) 6319:(including 6295:Folk dance 5751:John Maron 5650:Protestant 5509:Protestant 5121:2009-08-15 5028:2007-12-15 4846:2014-04-08 4401:2020-10-11 4113:2009-08-15 4088:2009-08-15 4063:2008-08-19 4034:2008-08-19 3693:2009-08-15 3482:12 October 3438:2017-03-02 3413:2016-06-03 3384:2016-06-03 3344:2019-10-11 3315:2019-10-10 3290:2019-10-10 3265:2020-10-11 3217:2016-06-03 3188:2016-06-03 3159:2016-06-03 3130:2018-10-03 3092:2018-10-03 3035:. Geneva. 2957:References 2830:US Support 2760:Christians 2355:sent from 2341:Iraqi Army 2334:Rashid Ali 2272:Abdul Ilah 2254:Rashid Ali 1778:Little Zab 1552:Benaringee 1544:Tel Khish 1512:Sar Shorey 1509:Mansouriya 1457:Shekhidra 1422:Korekavana 1419:Kaserezden 1338:district. 1332:Bakr Sidqi 1316:xenophobia 1227:villagers. 1197:, and the 1187:Catholicos 1158:Iraqi Army 1123:of Urmia, 1096:See also: 946:Tellimchar 916:Mar-Gourya 862:Der-Maze-n 850:Der-Chemch 788:Azerbaijan 768:Cevdet Bey 745:Tel Mozilt 569:, Tkhuma, 485:Young Turk 375:Asia Minor 368:indigenous 362:and other 123:, and the 6971:Dawronoye 6902:Palestine 6832:Australia 6805:Tur Abdin 6685:Tel Keppe 6605:(1914–20) 6593:(19th c.) 6575:(16th c.) 6563:(1508–55) 6526:Ilkhanate 6475:(502–628) 6469:(226–651) 6467:Asoristan 6437:(116–118) 6392:antiquity 6390:Classical 6323:contexts) 6220:languages 5840:Languages 5706:Nestorius 5547:legacy of 5484:Nestorian 5170:atour.com 4597:the Hejaz 3049:cite book 2744:Assyrians 2741:Christian 2734:Kurdistan 2723:Australia 2697:The then 2412:Palestine 2357:Palestine 2290:petroleum 2187:Habbaniya 2179:artillery 2160:West Asia 2156:Assyrians 2133:Habbaniya 2072:In Iraq, 1931:The Hague 1583:Assyrians 1549:Bakhitmey 1465:Baroshkey 1462:Badalliya 1428:Sirchuri 1416:Gond Naze 1404:Ala Keena 1366:Assyrians 1166:Turkomans 1092:In Persia 1088:to Iraq. 999:and made 987:The Times 952:Teln,evro 898:Hartevena 886:Guedianes 802:Archkanes 776:civilians 501:Assyrians 470:Black Sea 391:Georgians 383:Assyrians 379:Armenians 371:Christian 340:Assyrians 325:Assyrians 317:Armenians 259:In Turkey 55:Assyrians 6948:Politics 6819:Diaspora 6800:Mazıdağı 6756:Qamishli 6729:Sanandaj 6702:Shaqlawa 6690:Bartella 6675:Qaraqosh 6651:Homeland 6449:(5th c.) 6431:(15–116) 6429:Adiabene 6376:Arameans 6331:Ancient 6305:Clothing 6247:Hertevin 6062:Identity 5959:Arameans 5916:/Syriac 5907:See also 5867:Hertevin 5862:Garshuni 5701:Aphrahat 5173:Archived 5153:(1989). 5141:(1916). 5115:Archived 5079:Archived 5060:Archived 5006:20 March 5000:Archived 4980:20 March 4954:20 March 4928:20 March 4922:Archived 4902:20 March 4896:Archived 4871:20 March 4865:Archived 4840:Archived 4807:Archived 4804:Newsreel 4750:Archived 4709:20 March 4703:Archived 4674:20 March 4668:Archived 4639:20 March 4633:Archived 4605:Portugal 4533:36779050 4495:Archived 4464:Archived 4434:20 March 4395:Archived 4350:Archived 4332:", 2003. 4326:Archived 4307:20 March 4301:Archived 4266:20 March 4260:Archived 4183:20 March 4177:Archived 4057:Archived 4028:Archived 3848:Archived 3829:20 March 3823:Archived 3819:"martyr" 3687:Archived 3507:20 March 3501:Archived 3476:Archived 3407:Archived 3378:Archived 3338:Archived 3259:Archived 3235:Archived 3211:Archived 3182:Archived 3153:Archived 3124:Archived 3086:Archived 2979:14164442 2900:See also 2799:Assyrian 2380:Fallujah 2352:Habforce 2093:Damascus 1814:first. 1720:Archived 1709:Archived 1664:and the 1650:Genocide 1645:genocide 1575:Zeniyat 1523:Bastikey 1515:Tal Zet 1491:Baderden 1471:Derjendy 1454:Rabibyia 1451:Kowashey 1445:Harkonda 1439:Betafrey 1436:Barcawra 1410:Betershy 1330:general 1302:and the 1261:de facto 1241:autonomy 1141:ground. 838:Charnakh 796:Ain-Dare 784:Assyrian 780:Armenian 738:Bashkale 711:Armenian 571:Tergawar 489:holy war 466:Bulgaria 431:Chechens 313:Armenian 223:genocide 147:and the 94:movement 82:genocide 6934:Uruguay 6927:Detroit 6882:Lebanon 6862:Germany 6857:Georgia 6847:Finland 6837:Belgium 6827:Armenia 6775:Hakkari 6629:(2014–) 6623:(2003–) 6611:(1919–) 6581:(1840s) 6411:Osroene 6333:Assyria 6321:related 6315:History 6300:Cuisine 6272:Culture 6213:Aramaic 6200:(1968–) 6194:(1692–) 6188:(1552–) 6169:(1940–) 6163:(1870–) 6157:(1662–) 5786:Thoma I 4609:Romania 4593:Armenia 4589:Belgium 4565:Entente 4391:2603135 3799:pg. 201 3178:vox.com 3041:3822236 2862:updated 2821:of the 2794:Muslims 2766:by the 2752:Baghdad 2746:in the 2590:Lebanon 2559:Chicago 2553:in the 2424:Albania 2408:Baluchi 2346:Kingcol 2292:to the 2266:British 2260:. 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