91:
27:
794:
443:, ultimately France's first satellite, was initially conceptualized as the second FR satellite under the name FR-2. Like FR-1, FR-2 would study the ionosphere. FR-3 was to be a "scaled-up" version of FR-2, with FR-4 to carry instruments measuring
395:, France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite and the third country to launch a satellite on its own rocket. Its main purpose was to test the Diamant launcher, though it was also designed to study the
691:
rocket from the CIEES launch complex
Brigitte/A at Hammaguir. The Diamant launcher measured 19 metres (62 ft) tall and weighed 18 tonnes (18 long tons; 20 short tons), and was filled with a mix of
416:
63:
754:, 1964). France also became the third country after the USSR and US to launch a satellite on its own rocket: the British, Canadian, and Italian satellites were launched on American rockets.
708:
either failed to transmit any signals, or stopped transmitting them after two days or 111 days. Nevertheless, American radar scans confirmed the satellite successfully entered orbit.
427:, another satellite, as early as 1963. FR-1 was the first step of an ambitious French plan to launch six FR-series satellites, each meant to study a different aspect of the
1171:
817:
2145:
894:
704:
ejected from the rocket ten minutes after launch, during which the satellite's telemetry equipment was damaged. Depending on the source, due to this damage
760:
remains in orbit as of 2024. Due to the relatively high altitude of its orbit, it is not expected to re-enter Earth's atmosphere for several centuries.
1111:
1003:
Siddiqi, Asif A. (April 2010). "Competing
Technologies, National(ist) Narratives, and Universal Claims: Toward a Global History of Space Exploration".
1164:
764:
36:
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507:
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2135:
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474:
and CNES wanted France to become the third space power by launching an independently-developed satellite on a French launcher, a
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99:
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rocket, a precursor to
Diamant; and France's collaborative civilian research with the United States (through
1115:
659:
542:
1771:
775:
84:
978:
Grevsmühl, Sebastian (2019). "Astérix Among the Stars". In
Boucheron, Patrick; Gerson, Stéphane (eds.).
26:
1710:
812:
575:
transmitters, the satellite was designed to report its position back to Earth. It is unclear whether
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Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
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451:, FR-5 to study "magnetic impulses" and serve as a platform for future research, and FR-6 to be a
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and FR-1 relatively quickly thanks to three related factors: postwar knowledge gained from
701:
511:
272:
265:
529:
Measuring approximately 55 centimetres (22 in) in diameter and 55 centimetres high,
1149:
666:
646:
431:. FR-1 was generally designed to study the Earth's magnetic and electric fields in the
322:
403:
continues to orbit Earth as of 2023 and is expected to remain in orbit for centuries.
90:
2124:
1451:
1032:
720:, France became the sixth country to have an artificial satellite in orbit after the
549:
436:
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1998:
1943:
1544:
1477:
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640:
610:, after another cartoon character from the French children's television program
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Initial plans called for a late 1964 or early 1965 launch of FR-1, with
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2003:
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to be determined based on experimental results from its antecedents.
369:
2113:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
853:"French Government Plans West Europe's Most Extensive Space Effort"
2062:
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594:'s first satellite, but later renamed by the press after popular
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136:
59:
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859:. New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company. 17 June 1963
552:
measuring vertical and horizontal movement and angular
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55:
47:
818:Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes
665:prototype flights on 31 May and 3 June 1965 using
774:displays a prototype of the satellite, while the
494:France managed to design, construct, and launch
417:Centre national d'études des télécommunications
1011:(2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 425–443.
893:Matignon, Louis de Gouyon (28 February 2019).
506:; France's independent development of nuclear
466:s launch scheduled for early 1965. It appears
2109:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
1165:
1114:(in English and French). CNES. Archived from
8:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
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833:
19:
982:. New York: Other Press. pp. 813–817.
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375:. It was launched on 26 November 1965 by a
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1150:
895:"When France Became the Third Space Power"
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89:
25:
18:
980:France in the World: A New Global History
470:was put into orbit prior to FR-1 because
2146:First artificial satellites of a country
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586:The satellite was originally designated
541:. Its black stripes purportedly provide
518:) and other European countries (through
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1042:
829:
1106:
1104:
1102:
687:was launched on 26 November 1965 by a
625:Weight: 42.0 kilograms (92.6 lb)
7:
857:Aviation Week & Space Technology
583:measurements as originally planned.
277:7,468.0 kilometres (4,640.4 mi)
943:Wilson, Steve (26 November 2012).
637:: 1,697 kilometres (1,054 mi)
413:Centre national d'études spatiales
14:
502:scientists and their work on the
1112:"The history of CNES satellites"
792:
307:1,697 kilometres (1,054 mi)
631:: 527 kilometres (327 mi)
101:
1:
765:Musée de l'air et de l'espace
736:, 1958), the United Kingdom (
533:s exterior casing is made of
360:(initially conceptualized as
146:42.0 kilograms (92.6 lb)
37:Musée de l'air et de l'espace
730:, 1957), the United States (
297:527 kilometres (327 mi)
2141:Spacecraft launched in 1965
2167:
673:launch complex Bacchus at
411:The French space agencies
2136:Satellites orbiting Earth
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1204:
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242:
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154:
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43:
24:
616:, were also considered.
510:launchers including the
658:France carried out two
419:(CNET) were developing
167:26 November 1965, 09:52
1005:Technology and Culture
579:was capable of making
455:spacecraft with final
16:First French satellite
480:French exceptionalism
252:Reference system
128:Spacecraft properties
2131:Satellites of France
1188:Orbital launches in
1141:Free paper model of
1086:Gunther's Space Page
1061:on December 28, 2016
813:French space program
782:displays a replica.
748:, 1962), and Italy (
447:distribution in the
1017:10.1353/tech.0.0459
654:Mission and results
171:1965-11-26UTC09:52Z
70:Harvard designation
21:
1118:on 23 January 2022
899:Space Legal Issues
800:Spaceflight portal
613:Le Manège enchanté
429:Earth's atmosphere
327:107.5 minutes
317:34.30 degrees
247:Orbital parameters
2118:
2117:
949:Space Archaeology
742:, 1962), Canada (
712:Legacy and status
669:rockets from the
490:Spacecraft design
472:Charles de Gaulle
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1080:Krebs, Gunther.
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1057:. Archived from
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989:978-159051-941-7
975:
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905:on 12 March 2021
901:. Archived from
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808:FR-1 (satellite)
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776:Cité de l'espace
548:. Equipped with
537:and resembles a
453:solar-stabilized
449:upper atmosphere
423:concurrent with
379:rocket from the
337:26 November 1965
293:Perigee altitude
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159:Start of mission
112:Mission duration
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1082:"Asterix (A 1)"
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649:: 107.5 minutes
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1257:DS-P1-Yu No.2
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31:Prototype of
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2106:
2094:DS-K-40 No.1
2092:
2030:
2008:
1983:
1916:
1892:Molniya 1-02
1789:
1782:
1765:
1746:Calsphere 4A
1731:Dodecapole 2
1613:
1606:
1549:
1537:
1463:Molniya 1-01
1450:
1418:
1406:
1357:Dodecapole 1
1314:
1277:
1255:
1223:
1142:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1054:
1049:Wade, Mark.
1008:
1004:
998:
979:
952:. Retrieved
948:
907:. Retrieved
903:the original
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861:. Retrieved
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684:
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602:. The names
587:
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558:radio beacon
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420:
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365:
361:
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352:
351:
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283:Eccentricity
224:Last contact
133:Manufacturer
48:Mission type
32:
1999:Explorer 31
1944:Explorer 29
1545:Explorer 28
1478:Explorer 27
1055:Astronautix
863:25 November
751:San Marco 1
698:nitric acid
641:Inclination
592:French Army
581:ionospheric
569:thermometer
565:transponder
482:during the
415:(CNES) and
313:Inclination
190:Launch site
164:Launch date
143:Launch mass
2125:Categories
2088:Kosmos 103
2083:Kosmos 102
2048:Kosmos 101
2043:Kosmos 100
2032:Gemini VIA
2010:Gemini VII
1994:Alouette 2
1572:Titan 3C-7
1420:Gemini III
1279:DS-A1 No.6
1122:1 December
1091:1 December
1065:1 December
954:1 December
909:1 December
824:References
772:Le Bourget
745:Alouette 1
733:Explorer 1
700:fuel. The
694:turpentine
660:suborbital
598:character
546:solar gain
535:fiberglass
504:V-2 rocket
476:propaganda
433:ionosphere
407:Background
397:ionosphere
256:Geocentric
231:1965-11-29
197:Brigitte/A
51:Technology
2107:underline
2038:Pioneer 6
2026:Kosmos 99
1989:Kosmos 98
1979:Kosmos 97
1974:Kosmos 96
1939:Kosmos 95
1924:Kosmos 94
1918:GATV 5002
1912:Kosmos 93
1907:Kosmos 92
1862:Kosmos 91
1852:Kosmos 90
1847:Kosmos 89
1842:Kosmos 88
1837:Kosmos 87
1832:Kosmos 86
1822:Kosmos 85
1817:Kosmos 84
1812:Kosmos 83
1807:Kosmos 82
1802:Kosmos 81
1797:Kosmos 80
1778:Kosmos 79
1756:Kosmos 78
1736:Tempsat-1
1696:Kosmos 77
1691:Pegasus 3
1681:Kosmos 76
1641:Kosmos 75
1636:Kosmos 74
1631:Kosmos 73
1626:Kosmos 72
1621:Kosmos 71
1602:Kosmos 70
1582:Kosmos 69
1567:Kosmos 68
1551:Gemini IV
1528:Kosmos 67
1523:Pegasus 2
1498:Kosmos 66
1458:Kosmos 65
1426:Kosmos 64
1408:Voskhod 2
1397:Kosmos 63
1392:Kosmos 62
1387:Kosmos 61
1377:Kosmos 60
1347:Solrad 7B
1327:NRL PL142
1322:Kosmos 59
1310:Kosmos 58
1300:Kosmos 57
1295:Kosmos 56
1290:Kosmos 55
1285:Kosmos 54
1268:Pegasus 1
1241:Kosmos 53
1209:Kosmos 52
1145:satellite
1051:"Asterix"
1033:109523262
1025:1097-3729
945:"Asterix"
727:Sputnik 1
689:Diamant A
675:Hammaguir
590:, as the
573:telemetry
478:coup for
385:Hammaguir
377:Diamant A
373:satellite
266:Low Earth
194:Hammaguir
184:Diamant A
175: UTC
85:1965-096A
79:COSPAR ID
73:1965-096A
2078:OPS 4639
2073:OPS 1509
2021:OPS 7249
1969:Solrad 8
1964:Venera 3
1959:Venera 2
1954:OPS 6232
1949:OPS 8293
1934:Proton 2
1929:OPS 2155
1882:OPS 5325
1867:OPS 7208
1857:OPS 7221
1827:OPS 8068
1791:OPS 3373
1767:Gemini V
1761:OPS 7208
1751:Surcal 5
1741:Long Rod
1726:OPS 8464
1706:OPS 6761
1701:OPS 5698
1671:OPS 6564
1666:OPS 6577
1661:OPS 5543
1651:OPS 8411
1646:Proton 1
1608:OPS 5810
1597:TIROS-10
1592:OPS 6749
1587:OPS 5501
1577:OPS 8480
1562:OPS 8425
1533:OPS 5236
1513:OPS 8386
1508:OPS 8431
1483:OPS 5023
1473:OPS 6717
1468:OPS 4983
1436:OPS 4682
1431:OPS 4803
1414:Ranger 9
1402:OPS 7353
1382:OPS 4920
1367:OPS 7087
1352:Surcal 4
1305:OPS 4782
1273:Ranger 8
1236:OPS 4703
1219:OPS 7040
1214:OPS 3928
786:See also
780:Toulouse
554:velocity
531:Astérix'
484:Cold War
464:Astérix'
445:hydrogen
216:Disposal
56:Operator
2151:Asterix
2111:italics
2068:OSCAR 4
1984:Astérix
1716:SECOR 5
1441:SECOR 4
1372:SECOR 2
1362:OSCAR 3
1342:SECOR 3
1231:TIROS-9
1143:Astérix
758:Astérix
739:Ariel 1
718:Astérix
706:Astérix
685:Astérix
679:Algeria
663:Astérix
629:Perigee
604:Zébulon
600:Astérix
577:Astérix
543:passive
496:Astérix
468:Astérix
457:payload
441:Astérix
421:Astérix
401:Astérix
393:Astérix
391:. With
389:Algeria
353:Astérix
287:0.08023
229: (
169: (
100:SATCAT
35:at the
33:Astérix
20:Astérix
2004:Luna 8
1872:Luna 7
1676:ERS-17
1656:Zond 3
1557:Luna 6
1503:Luna 5
1337:GGSE-3
1332:GGSE-2
1197:1966 →
1182:← 1964
1031:
1023:
986:
635:Apogee
571:, and
512:Saphir
370:French
323:Period
262:Regime
180:Rocket
2063:LES-4
2058:LES-3
2053:OV2-3
1902:LCS-2
1897:OV2-1
1887:OGO-2
1877:OV1-2
1784:OSO-C
1539:OV1-3
1493:LCS-1
1488:LES-2
1251:LES-1
1246:OSO-2
1225:OV1-1
1029:S2CID
769:Paris
716:With
671:CIEES
667:Rubis
608:Zebby
562:radar
381:CIEES
333:Epoch
2016:FR-1
1190:1965
1124:2020
1093:2020
1067:2020
1021:ISSN
984:ISBN
956:2020
911:2020
865:2020
763:The
722:USSR
696:and
606:and
556:, a
524:ESRO
522:and
520:CERN
516:NASA
508:IRBM
500:Nazi
435:and
425:FR-1
366:FR-2
362:FR.2
137:CNES
107:1778
64:CNET
60:CNES
1772:REP
1711:SEV
1013:doi
778:in
767:in
588:A-1
539:top
526:).
364:or
358:A-1
356:or
102:no.
2127::
1101:^
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1019:.
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