Analog Science Fiction and Fact

4446:, and Dell was in turn acquired by Crosstown Publications in 1996. That year the Mid-December issues stopped appearing, and the following year the July and August issues were combined into a single bimonthly issue. An ebook edition became available in 2000 and has become increasingly popular, with the ebook numbers not reflected in the published annual circulation numbers, which by 2011 were down to under 27,000. In 2004 the January and February issues were combined, so that only ten issues a year appeared. Having just surpassed John W. Campbell's tenure of 34 years, Schmidt retired in August 2012. His place was taken by 5323:, and his scientific background was well-suited to the magazine's readership. He avoided making drastic changes, and continued the long-standing tradition of writing provocative editorials, though he rarely discussed science fiction. In 1979 he resurrected "Probability Zero", a feature that Campbell had run in the early 1940s that published tall tales—humorous stories with ludicrous or impossible scientific premises. Also in 1979 Schmidt began a series of columns titled "The Alternate View", an opinion column that was written in alternate issues by 2965:

date gave the impression that it was a weekly magazine. The cover date was changed back to the current month starting with the April 1982 issue, but the new schedule remained in place, with a "Mid-September" issue in 1982 and 1983, and "Mid-December" issues for more than a decade thereafter. Circulation trended slowly down over the 1980s, to 83,000 for the year ending in 1990; by this time the great majority of readers were subscribers, as newsstand sales declined to only 15,000.

4671: 4564:, a nonfiction work about strange and inexplicable phenomena, in eight parts between April and November 1934, in an attempt to stimulate new ideas for stories. The best-remembered story of 1934 is probably Jack Williamson's "The Legion of Space", which began serialization in April, but other notable stories include Murray Leinster's "Sidewise in Time", which was the first genre science fiction story to use the idea of 2718: 4534:, dated October 1933. This issue and the next were unremarkable in quality, but with the December issue, Tremaine published a statement of editorial policy, calling for "thought variant" stories containing original ideas and not simply reproducing adventure themes in a science fiction context. The policy was probably worked out between Tremaine and Desmond Hall, his assistant editor, in an attempt to give 4642:" in June 1936, though protests from science fiction purists occurred. Generally, however, Tremaine was unable to maintain the high standard he had set in the first few years, perhaps because his workload was high. Tremaine's slow responses to submissions discouraged new authors, although he could rely on regular contributors such as Jack Williamson, Murray Leinster, Raymond Gallun, Nat Schachner, and 4926:, began serialization; the book was partly inspired by a challenge Campbell laid down to van Vogt that it was impossible to tell a superman story from the point of view of the superman. It proved to be one of the most popular stories Campbell published, and is an example of the way Campbell worked with his writers to feed them ideas and generate the material he wanted to buy. Isaac Asimov's 2734:. The "/" in the title was often replaced by a symbol of Campbell's devising, resembling an inverted U pierced by a horizontal arrow and meaning "analogous to". The change began with the February 1960 issue, and was complete by October; for several issues both "Analog" and "Astounding" could be seen on the cover, with "Analog" becoming bolder and "Astounding" fading with each issue. 4863:, were publishing space opera, stories of interplanetary adventure, or other well-worn ideas from the early days of the genre. Campbell's attempts to make science fiction more mature led to a natural division of the writers: those who were unable to write to his standards continued to sell to other magazines; and those who could sell to Campbell quickly focused their attention on 8906: 4879:", Asimov's first sale to Campbell and his second story to see print. Later fans identified the issue as the start of the Golden Age. Other first sales that year included Heinlein's "Lifeline" in August and Sturgeon's "Ether Breather" the following month. One of the most popular authors of space opera, E.E. Smith, reappeared in October, with the first installment of 4683:

the stories in order. The payment rate at the time was one cent a word, and Street & Smith agreed to let Campbell pay a bonus of an extra quarter-cent a word to the writer whose story was voted top of the list. Unlike other editors Campbell paid authors when he accepted—not published—their work; publication usually occurred several months after acceptance.

4990:, which was serialized in 1945. Kuttner and Moore contributed a humorous series about an inventor, Galloway Gallegher, who could only invent while drunk, but they were also capable of serious fiction. Campbell had asked them to write science fiction with the same freedom from constraints that he had allowed them in the fantasy works they were writing for 33: 4687:

stories in a magazine of the future; a reader of the future would not need long explanations for the gadgets in their lives, so Campbell asked his writers to find ways of naturally introducing technology to their stories. He also instituted regular nonfiction pieces, with the goal of stimulating story ideas. The main contributors of these were

2701:, but in 1939 a new magazine with that title appeared. Although "Astounding" was retained in the title, thereafter it was often printed in a color that made it much less visible than "Science-Fiction". At the start of 1942 the price was increased, for the first time, to 25 cents; the magazine simultaneously switched to the larger 294:, one of his editors at the time, Hersey had "discussed plans with Clayton to launch a pseudo-science fantasy sheet". Clayton was unconvinced, but the following year decided to launch a new magazine, mainly because the sheet on which the color covers of his magazines were printed had a space for one more cover. He suggested to 5070:'s first sale, "Alexander the Bait", appeared in May 1946, and H. Beam Piper's "Time and Time Again" in the April 1947 issue was his first story. Along with these newer writers, Campbell was still publishing strong material by authors who had become established during the war. Among the better-known stories of this era are " 4468: 5235:

to continue to focus on stories with a scientific foundation, though he also made it clear that change was inevitable. Over his first few months some long-time readers sent in letters of complaint when they judged that Bova was not living up to Campbell's standards, particularly when sex scenes began

4682:

until the March 1938 issue, Campbell was able to introduce some new features before then. In January 1938, he began to include a short description of stories in the next issue, titled "In Times To Come"; and in March, he began "The Analytical Laboratory", which compiled votes from readers and ranked

4979:

Campbell emphasized scientific accuracy over literary style. Asimov, Heinlein, and de Camp were trained scientists and engineers. After 1942, several of the regular contributors such as Heinlein, Asimov, and Hubbard, who had joined the war effort, appeared less frequently. Among those who remained,

4808:

as "possibly the greatest single adventure story in science fiction history", began serialization in the following issue. De Camp contributed a nonfiction article, "Language for Time Travelers", in the July issue, which also contained Hubbard's first science fiction sale, "The Dangerous Dimension".

4686:

Campbell wanted his writers to provide action and excitement, but he also wanted the stories to appeal to a readership that had matured over the first decade of the science fiction genre. He asked his writers to write stories that felt as though they could have been published as non-science fiction

2729:

was priced at 50 cents in some areas to find out what the impact would be on circulation. The results were apparently satisfactory, and the price was raised with the November 1959 issue. The following year, Campbell finally achieved his goal of getting rid of the word "Astounding" in the magazine's

6733:

A British edition published by Atlas Publishing and Distributing Company ran from August 1939 until August 1963, initially in pulp format, switching to digest from November 1953. The pulp issues began at 96 pages, then dropped to 80 pages with the March 1940 issue, and to 64 pages in December that

4813:

to the pulps for several years by that time. The same issue contained Clifford Simak's "Rule 18"; Simak had more-or-less abandoned science fiction within a year after breaking into the field in 1931, but he was drawn back by Campbell's editorial approach. The next issue featured one of Campbell's

5101:

In the November 1948 issue, Campbell published a letter to the editor by a reader named Richard A. Hoen that contained a detailed ranking of the contents of an issue "one year in the future". Campbell went along with the joke and contracted stories from most of the authors mentioned in the letter

5025:

was still not known to the public; Cartmill used his background in atomic physics to assemble a plausible story that had strong similarities to the real-world secret research program. Military Intelligence agents called on Campbell to investigate, and were satisfied when he explained how Cartmill

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in that stack. Two days before press time of each magazine, Tremaine would start reading. He would start at the top of the pile and read stories until he had found enough to fill the issue. Now, to be perfectly fair, Tremaine would take the stack of remaining stories and turn it upside down, so

5468:

was phased in between February and October (i.e., the words "Astounding" and "Analog" both appeared on the cover, with "Analog" gradually increasing in prominence over the months, culminating in the name "Astounding" being completely dropped.) In April 1965 the subtitle was reversed, so that the

2964:

to a four-weekly schedule, rather than monthly, to align the production schedule with a weekly calendar. Instead of being dated "January 1981", the first issue under the new regime was dated "January 5, 1981", but this approach led to newsstands removing the magazine much more quickly, since the

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under his own name, and more thoughtful stories under the pseudonym "Don A. Stuart". He started working for Street & Smith in October 1937, so his initial editorial influence appeared in the issue dated December 1937. The March 1938 issue was the first that was fully his responsibility. In

6738:

until October 1953; thereafter it was 1/6 until February 1961, and 2/6 until the end of the run. The material in the British editions was selected from the U.S. issues, most stories coming from a single U.S. number, and other stories picked from earlier or later issues to fill the magazine. The

5336:

no longer permits itself to be read." The magazine thrived nevertheless, and though part of the increase in circulation during the early 1980s may have been due to Davis Publications' energetic efforts to increase subscriptions, Schmidt knew what his readership wanted and made sure they got it,

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and Jerry Pournelle, and which is still a feature of the magazine as of 2016, though now with different contributors. The stable of fiction contributors remained largely unchanged from Bova's day, and included many names, such as Poul Anderson, Gordon R. Dickson, and George O. Smith, familiar to

4930:

began to take shape in 1941, with "Reason" and "Liar!" appearing in the April and May issues; as with "Slan", these stories were partly inspired by conversations with Campbell. Van Vogt's "The Seesaw", in the July 1941 issue, was the first story in his "Weapon Shop" series, described by critic

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to a bimonthly schedule with the June 1932 issue. Some printers bought the magazines which were indebted to them: Clayton decided to buy his printer to prevent this from happening. This proved a disastrous move. Clayton did not have the money to complete the transaction, and in October 1932,

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was published in pulp format until the January 1942 issue, when it switched to bedsheet. It reverted to pulp for six issues, starting in May 1943, and then became the first of the genre sf magazines to be published in digest format, beginning with the November 1943 issue. The format remained

4976:, all of whom became regular contributors. The September 1942 issue contained del Rey's "Nerves", which was one of the few stories to be ranked top by every single reader who voted in the monthly Analytical Laboratory poll; it dealt with the aftermath of an explosion at a nuclear plant. 2526:

caused Clayton problems. Normally a publisher would pay a printer three months in arrears, but when a credit squeeze began in May 1931, it led to pressure to reduce this delay. The financial difficulties led Clayton to start alternating the publication of his magazines, and he switched

5444:

between March 1963 and March 1965, after which it returned to digest format. In May 1998, and again in December 2008, the format was changed to be slightly larger than the usual digest size: first to 8.25 x 5.25 in (210 x 135 mm), and then to 8.5 x 5.75 in (217 x 148 mm).

5194:. The spaceship is carrying urgently needed medical supplies to a planet in distress, and has a single pilot; the ship does not have enough fuel to reach the planet if the girl stays on the ship, so the "cold equations" of physics force the pilot to jettison the girl, killing her. 2786:

s inventory to allow the remaining staff to put together issues for the rest of the year. Condé Nast had given the magazine very little attention, since it was both profitable and cheap to produce, but they were proud that it was the leading science fiction magazine. They asked

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was the leading science fiction magazine by the end of 1934, and it was also the largest, at 160 pages, and the cheapest, at 20 cents. Street & Smith's rates of one cent per word (sometimes more) on acceptance were not as high as the rates paid by Bates for the Clayton

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was interested, but suspected his desire to change the direction of the magazine lessened his chances with Condé Nast. The Condé Nast vice president in charge of selecting the new editor decided to read both fiction and nonfiction writing samples from the applicants, since

8909: 4580:'s "Old Faithful", which appeared in the December 1934 issue and was sufficiently popular that Gallun wrote a sequel, "Son of Old Faithful", published the following July. Space opera continued to be popular, though, and two overlapping space opera novels were running in 4576:", by John W. Campbell, writing as Don A. Stuart. "Twilight", which was written in a more literary and poetic style than Campbell's earlier space opera stories, was particularly influential, and Tremaine encouraged other writers to produce similar stories. One such was 101:. At the end of 1937, Campbell took over editorial duties under Tremaine's supervision, and the following year Tremaine was let go, giving Campbell more independence. Over the next few years Campbell published many stories that became classics in the field, including 4698:

Campbell changed the approach to the magazine's cover art, hoping that more mature artwork would attract more adult readers and enable them to carry the magazine without embarrassment. Howard V. Brown had done almost every cover for the Street & Smith version of

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The "thought variant" policy may have been introduced for publicity, rather than as a real attempt to define the sort of fiction Tremaine was looking for; the early "thought variant" stories were not always very original or well executed. Ashley describes the first,

5272:" sequence; Campbell had rejected it, listing multiple reasons including the frequent use of profanity and the implausibility of men and women serving in combat together. Bova asked to see it again and ran it without asking for changes. Other new writers included 2960:, so Schmidt regarded the change as likely to be beneficial, and in fact circulation quickly grew, reversing a gradual decline over the Bova years, from just over 92,000 in 1981 to almost 110,000 two years later. Starting with the first 1981 issue, Davis switched 4867:

and sold relatively little to the other magazines. The expansion of the market also benefited Campbell because writers knew that if he rejected their submissions, they could resubmit those stories elsewhere; this freed them to try to write to his standards.

4735:, because of the immense influence he had on the genre. Within two years of becoming editor, he had published stories by many of the writers who would become central figures in science fiction. The list of names included established authors like 231:, who continued to publish many of the same authors who had been contributing for years; the result was some criticism of the magazine as stagnant and dull, though Schmidt was initially successful in maintaining circulation. The title was sold to 5026:

had been able to make so many accurate guesses. In the words of science fiction critic John Clute, "Cartmill's prediction made sf fans enormously proud", as some considered the story proof that science fiction could be predictive of the future.

2830:

Bova planned to stay for five years, to ensure a smooth transition after Campbell's sudden death; the salary was too low for him to consider remaining indefinitely. In 1975, he proposed a new magazine to Condé Nast management, to be titled

2595:

The first Street & Smith issue was dated October 1933; until the third issue, in December 1933, the editorial team was not named on the masthead. Street & Smith had an excellent distribution network, and they were able to get

4554:, was not a new idea, but was energetically written. Over the succeeding issues, it became apparent that Tremaine was genuinely willing to publish material that would have fallen foul of editorial taboos elsewhere. He serialized 2485:. The first issue appeared in January 1930, with Bates as editor. Bates aimed for straightforward action-adventure stories, with scientific elements only present to provide minimal plausibility. Clayton paid much better rates than 2713:

in November 1943, increasing the number of pages to maintain the same total word count. The price remained at 25 cents through these changes in format. The hyphen was dropped from the title with the November 1946 issue.

5341:

for the kind of science fiction I've described here: good stories about people with problems in which some piece of plausible (or at least not demonstrably implausible) speculative science plays an indispensable role".

2536:, with the expectation that the January 1933 issue would be the last one. As it turned out, enough stories were in inventory, and enough paper was available, to publish one further issue, so the last Clayton 2679:

early 1938, Street & Smith abandoned its policy of having editors-in-chief, with the result that Tremaine was made redundant. His departure, on May 1, 1938, gave Campbell a freer rein with the magazine.

2578:, and who had come to Street & Smith as part of the transfer of titles after Clayton's bankruptcy. Desmond Hall, who had also come from Clayton, was made assistant editor; because Tremaine was editor of 9784: 9023: 196:

took over from 1972 to 1978, and the character of the magazine changed noticeably, since Bova was willing to publish fiction that included sexual content and profanity. Bova published stories such as

4984:, all of whom were less oriented towards technology in their fiction than writers like Asimov or Heinlein. This led to the appearance of more psychologically oriented fiction, such as van Vogt's 5046:

was still the leading magazine in the field, it was no longer the only market for the writers who had been regularly selling to Campbell. Many of the best new writers still broke into print in

9774: 9520: 9292: 5002:, serialized in 1943, was set in a world where scientific knowledge is hidden from the masses and presented as magic; as with Kuttner and Moore, he was simultaneously publishing fantasies in 9754: 4490:

and similarly action-filled; the first issue showed a giant beetle attacking a man. Bates would not accept any experimental stories, relying mostly on formulaic plots. In the eyes of

220:" sequence; Pohl had been unable to sell to Campbell, and "Hero" had been rejected by Campbell as unsuitable for the magazine. Bova won five consecutive Hugo Awards for his editing of 7039:

For example, Malcolm Edwards and Brian Stableford describe the story as a "classic", and Ashley describes it as "a brilliant story merging the wonders of the unknown with its horrors".

2662:

In 1936 the magazine switched from untrimmed to trimmed edges; Brian Stableford comments that this was "an important symbolic" step, as the other sf pulps were still untrimmed, making

2725:

The price increased again, to 35 cents, in August 1951. In the late 1950s, it became apparent to Street & Smith that they were going to have to raise prices again. During 1959,

9016: 2791:, who had been Campbell's assistant, to help them find a replacement: she contacted regular contributors to ask for suggestions. Several well-known writers turned down the job; 9558: 2659:

Gruber pointed out that stories in the middle might go many months before Tremaine read them; the result was erratic response times that sometimes stretched to over 18 months.

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in February 1939; Rogers quickly became a regular, painting all but four of the covers between September 1939 and August 1942. They differentiated the magazine from rivals.

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were changed to glossy paper, to carry both advertisements and scientific features. The change did not attract advertising support, however, and from the April 1965 issue

9749: 9313: 9215: 9739: 5106:, by Heinlein. Other stories and articles were written by some of the most famous authors of the time: Asimov, Sturgeon, del Rey, van Vogt, de Camp, and the astronomer 186:; he had long wanted to get rid of the word "Astounding" in the title, which he felt was too sensational. At about the same time Street & Smith sold the magazine to 9009: 4956:" stories; "Foundation" appeared in May and "Bridle and Saddle" in June. The March 1942 issue included Van Vogt's novella "Recruiting Station", an early version of a 4719:

was the last magazine I picked up" as a child because, without covers showing men with ray guns and women with large breasts, "it didn't look like an SF magazine".

4662:". Tremaine printed some nonfiction articles during his tenure, with Campbell providing an 18-part series on the solar system between June 1936 and December 1937. 2827:, afterwards telling Bova that his stories and articles "were the only ones I could understand". January 1972 was the first issue to credit Bova on the masthead. 2835:; he wanted to publish articles about science and technology, leavened with some science fiction stories. Condé Nast was not interested, and refused to assist 5456:

from February 1931 to November 1932, and the longer title returned for the three Clayton issues at the start of 1933. The Street & Smith issues began as

5190:" appeared. The story, about a girl who stows away on a spaceship, generated much reader debate, and has been described as capturing the ethos of Campbell's 2956:, and by February 1980 the deal was agreed. The first issue published by Davis was dated September 1980. Davis was willing to put some effort into marketing 9663: 5124: 4609:

s readership was more knowledgeable and more mature than the readers of the other magazines, and this was reflected in the cover artwork, almost entirely by

141: 4621:. Ashley describes the interior artwork as "entrancing, giving hints of higher technology without ignoring the human element", and singles out the work of 9376: 9131: 4486:

was an adventure-oriented magazine: unlike Gernsback, Bates had no interest in educating his readership through science. The covers were all painted by

4818:", and included Kuttner's "The Disinherited"; Kuttner had been selling successfully to the other pulps for a few years, but this was his first story in 2940: 5244:—it turned out that Campbell had bought the story in question. As the 1970s went on, Bova continued to publish authors such as Anderson, Dickson, and 5220: 8093:"Hubbard Bubble, Dianetics Trouble: An Evaluation of the Representations of Dianetics and Scientology in Science Fiction Magazines From 1949 to 1999" 7210: 9734: 9551: 8947: 270:, the first science fiction (sf) magazine. Gernsback had been printing scientific fiction stories for some time in his hobbyist magazines, such as 4703:, and Campbell asked him to do an astronomically accurate picture of the Sun as seen from Mercury for the February 1938 issue. He also introduced 9208: 7195: 5382: 5308: 2552:

Science fiction was not entirely a departure for Street & Smith. They already had two pulp titles that occasionally ventured into the field:

2690:, starting with the March 1938 issue. Campbell's editorial policy was targeted at the more mature readers of science fiction, and he felt that " 298:, a newly hired editor, that they start a magazine of historical adventure stories. Bates proposed instead a science fiction pulp, to be titled 5260:. Frederik Pohl, who later commented in his autobiography about his difficulties in selling to Campbell, appeared in the March 1972 issue with " 9744: 9475: 9459: 8968: 4936: 2768:

reverted to digest size once again. Circulation, which had been increasing before the change, was not harmed, and continued to increase while

4494:, a science fiction historian, Bates was "destroying the ideals of science fiction". One historically important story that almost appeared in 9759: 9404: 8712: 8619: 8600: 2540:

was dated March 1933. In April, Clayton went bankrupt, and sold his magazine titles to T.R. Foley for $ 100; Foley resold them in August to

4512:

not folded in early 1933. The cover Wesso had painted for the story appeared on the March 1933 issue, the last to be published by Clayton.

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did not convey the right image. He intended to subsequently drop the "Astounding" part of the title, as well, leaving the magazine titled

5066:, began his career with "Christmas Tree" in February 1949. Youd would become much better known under his pseudonym "John Christopher". 9544: 9257: 5248:, who had appeared regularly during Campbell's tenure, but he also attracted authors who had not been able to sell to Campbell, such as 2717: 8975: 7917: 4628:

Tremaine's policy of printing material that he liked without staying too strictly within the bounds of the genre led him to serialize

4538:

a clear identity in the market that would distinguish it from both the existing science fiction magazines and the hero pulps, such as

290:, a successful and well-respected publisher of several pulp magazines, considered starting a competitive title in 1928; according to 8814: 8792: 8765: 8673: 8656:

Berger, Albert I.; Ashley, Mike (1985). "Information Sources & Publication History". In Tymn, Marshall B.; Ashley, Mike (eds.).

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to succeed him. Schmidt's first issue was December 1978, though material purchased by Bova continued to appear for several months.

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smarter-looking than its competitors. Tremaine was promoted to assistant editorial director in 1937. His replacement as editor of

2839:

with marketing or promotions. Bova resigned in June 1978, having stayed for a little longer than he had planned, and recommended

9769: 9082: 6760:, was published by Phoenix Enterprise in 1994/1995, for a total of five issues. Danish publisher Skrifola produced six issues of 5261: 5018: 201: 98: 8738: 243:

acquired Dell in 1996 and remains the publisher. Schmidt continued to edit the magazine until 2012, when he was replaced by

2746:, the owner of Condé Nast, in August 1959, though Street & Smith was not merged into Condé Nast until the end of 1961. 9390: 5464:

in March 1938. The hyphen disappeared in November 1946, and the title then remained unchanged until 1960, when the title

5285: 5118:

By 1950, Campbell's strong personality had led him into conflict with some of his leading writers, some of whom abandoned

4732: 4526: 4432:

from 1984 to 2019, showing volume and issue number. The editors were Stanley Schmidt (green) and Trevor Quachri (yellow).

127: 8629:

Berger, Albert I. (1985). "Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact: Parts I–III". In Tymn, Marshall B.; Ashley, Mike (eds.).

2944:, and after Bova's departure, Joel Davis, the owner of Davis Publications, contacted Condé Nast with a view to acquiring 9334: 9299: 8940: 5231:

Bova, like Campbell, was a technophile with a scientific background, and he declared early in his tenure that he wanted

5094: 4829:

The market for science fiction expanded dramatically the following year; several new magazines were launched, including

2600:

s circulation up to an estimated 50,000 by the middle of 1934. The two main rival science fiction magazines of the day,

4530:, and acquired material for it before deciding not to proceed. These stories appeared in the first Street & Smith 2772:

was in slick format. From the April 1965 issue the title switched the "fiction" and "fact" elements, so that it became

5397:, who mostly continued the editorial policies of Schmidt. Starting in January 2017, the publication became bimonthly. 4634: 2495:—two cents a word on acceptance, rather than half a cent a word, on publication (or sometimes later)—and consequently 287: 162:

was no longer regarded as the leader of the field, though it did continue to publish popular and influential stories:

64: 9607: 8982: 5215:

in two separate sequences, in 1963 and 1965, and soon became "one of the most famous of all sf novels", according to

5332:

writing in 1984 that the magazine "has become old, dull, and drivelling... It is a situation screaming for reform.

2756:. All the advertisers in these magazines had plates made up to take advantage of this size, and Condé Nast changed 9779: 9677: 9453: 9411: 9383: 9173: 6860:

Issued yearly, 1963–1968, then 1970 and 1971. The first eight volumes were edited by Campbell; the ninth by Bova.

5473:, and it has remained unchanged since then, though it has undergone several stylistic and orthographic variations. 2743: 2709:

returned to pulp-size in mid-1943 for six issues, and then became the first science fiction magazine to switch to

9691: 9327: 9278: 9236: 9194: 9103: 9075: 4823: 4487: 41: 9670: 9567: 9229: 9036: 9032: 8405: 4995: 4953: 190:, and the name changed again to its current form by 1965. Campbell remained as editor until his death in 1971. 106: 54: 9579: 5168:

continued to publish some popular and influential science fiction. In 1953, Campbell serialized Hal Clement's

4916: 7409: 9764: 9705: 9635: 9439: 9222: 9201: 9166: 9159: 9145: 9117: 8933: 5381:. Schmidt never won an editing Hugo while in charge of the magazine, but after he resigned he won the 2013 2800: 2630: 2625: 2504: 278: 9243: 9068: 7214: 5358: 5354: 5269: 5130: 5055: 4639: 4573: 240: 135: 89: 6776: 83:

the leading magazine in the nascent pulp science fiction field, publishing well-regarded stories such as

9649: 9621: 9614: 9397: 9362: 9264: 9250: 9138: 7608: 6744: 4935:

as the most compelling of all van Vogt's work. The September 1941 issue included Asimov's short story "

4927: 4592: 2671: 2635: 8887: 8878: 8869: 8857: 5102:

that would follow the Hoen's imaginary story titles. One of the best-known stories from that issue is

4904: 2482: 6753: 4796:

The April 1938 issue included the first story by del Rey, "The Faithful", and de Camp's second sale, "

4678:

Street & Smith hired Campbell in October 1937. Although he did not gain full editorial control of

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Montanari, Gianni; de Turres, Gianfranco (1985). "Italy". In Tymn, Marshall B.; Ashley, Mike (eds.).

8492: 7833: 7719: 7191: 5010: 4941: 4876: 4845: 4688: 4610: 4504: 4491: 2721:

The changes in layout during 1960, showing the January, February, September and October title layouts

295: 68: 7736: 9503: 9089: 8092: 6933: 5277: 5080: 4986: 4708: 5157:

in May 1950, and promoting it heavily in the months beforehand; later in the decade he championed

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more equitable, and the distinction between a science crackpot and a genuine unrecognized genius.

5362: 5187: 5170: 4822:. In October, de Camp began a popular series about an intelligent bear named Johnny Black with " 4765: 4748: 4655: 4643: 4622: 4586: 4454:

as of 2023. From January 2017, the publication frequency became bimonthly (six issues per year).

2935: 2788: 2750:

was the only digest-sized magazine in Condé Nast's inventory—all the others were slicks, such as

2592:, Hall did much of the editorial work, though Tremaine retained final control over the contents. 2584: 232: 177: 168: 123: 7755: 7048:

For example, Isaac Asimov, in his memoirs, recalls that many fans, including himself, felt that

2558:, which had begun in 1931 and was tremendously successful, with a circulation over 300,000; and 8784: 8757: 8665: 8508: 5295:, continued to appear after Bova took over, and Bova also began to regularly feature covers by 4957: 9369: 8810: 8788: 8761: 8748:

Remar, Frits; Schiøler, Carsten (1985). "Denmark". In Tymn, Marshall B.; Ashley, Mike (eds.).

8734: 8708: 8691: 8669: 8642: 8638: 8615: 8596: 8573: 8550: 8531: 8512: 8478: 8117: 7913: 5374: 5345:

Over the decades of Schmidt's editorship, many writers became regular contributors, including

5245: 5241: 5198: 5075: 5022: 4831: 4778: 4704: 4577: 4565: 2808: 2569: 2541: 76: 72: 9536: 9001: 8528:

The Time Machines: The Story of the Science-Fiction Pulp Magazines from the Beginning to 1950

7905: 9712: 9698: 9656: 9418: 9285: 9187: 9124: 8864: 8776: 8749: 8657: 8630: 8500: 8107: 5378: 5370: 5281: 5107: 5063: 5051: 4969: 4815: 2752: 2634:, and was replaced by R.V. Happel. Tremaine remained in control of story selection. Writer 2523: 272: 94: 7016:

Into the New Millennium: Trailblazing Tales From Analog Science Fiction and Fact, 2000–2010

5307:, who had had a poor relationship with Campbell, sold several covers to Bova. Bova won the 5291:

Two of the cover artists who had been regular contributors under Campbell, Kelly Freas and

9642: 9586: 9432: 9110: 9061: 8802: 8468: 8031: 7139:"Culture : Astounding Science-Fiction : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 7094:

Ashley (2000), p. 69. The quote is from Hersey (1937), p. 188, cited by Ashley.

7010: 5350: 5300: 5292: 5273: 5216: 5149:

also damaged his reputation in the field. Campbell was deeply involved with the launch of

5103: 4973: 4887: 4872: 4790: 4744: 4659: 4629: 2840: 2796: 2508: 2500: 266: 228: 217: 84: 8545:

Ashley, Mike (2004). "The Gernsback Days". In Ashley, Mike; Lowndes, Robert A.W. (eds.).

8547:

The Gernsback Days: A Study of the Evolution of Modern Science Fiction from 1911 to 1936

5626:$ 4.50 for the January issue; $ 5.50 for the July/August issue; $ 3.50 for other issues 2646:

As the stories came in Tremaine piled them up on a stack. All the stories intended for

282:, but decided that interest in the genre was sufficient to justify a monthly magazine. 9496: 9348: 9306: 8956: 8727: 8589: 8566: 6748:, published seven issues from April 1952 to March 1953, the contents drawn mostly from 5394: 5329: 5324: 5296: 5257: 5179: 5071: 5014: 4851: 4801: 4786: 4774: 4740: 4736: 4670: 4651: 4647: 4551: 4447: 4443: 2804: 2761: 2491: 261: 244: 236: 180:" appeared the following year. In 1960, Campbell changed the title of the magazine to 113: 8347: 9728: 9600: 9355: 9039: 8777: 8750: 8722: 8683: 8658: 8631: 8501: 8496: 8201: 8129: 7669: 5366: 5346: 5253: 5202: 5146: 5042:

began to publish much more mature fiction than they had during the war, and although

4810: 4797: 4752: 4550:'s "Ancestral Voices", as "not amongst Schachner's best"; the second, "Colossus", by 4547: 2812: 2792: 291: 197: 187: 147: 8612:

Science Fiction Rebels: The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1981 to 1990

8032:"Authors : Campbell, John W, Jr : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 7774: 7020:

This title was published strictly as an ebook, without any physical print editions.

5328:

readers from the Campbell era. This continuity led to criticisms within the field,

5074:", by C.L. Moore (under the pseudonym Lawrence O'Donnell); Jack Williamson's story " 5021:", a story about the development of the atomic bomb. It appeared in 1944, when the 4855:

in December. All of the competing magazines, including the two main extant titles,

9152: 8920: 8155: 6869: 5304: 5265: 5237: 5207: 5067: 4981: 4910: 4881: 4782: 4712: 4646:. New writers who did appear during the latter half of Tremaine's tenure included 4555: 213: 209: 102: 7982: 6959:

These four anthologies are drawn from the Clayton era, and have the running title

2799:, who also felt the salary was too small. Before he died, Campbell had talked to 2655:

next month he would start with the stories that had been on the bottom this month.

2437:, showing volume/issue number; the apparent volume numbering error in January 1975 8896: 8591:

Gateways to Forever: The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1970 to 1980

7948: 9482: 9054: 7879: 7853: 7670:"Themes : Alternate History : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 5650:$ 7.99 for the January/February and July/August issues; $ 4.99 for other issues 4965: 4569: 2710: 2675: 163: 155: 8495:(1985). "Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact: IV: The Post-Campbell Years". In 7983:"Authors : Cartmill, Cleve : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 7775:"Themes : Golden Age of SF : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 5319:

Stanley Schmidt was an assistant professor of physics when he became editor of

4998:", which appeared in February 1943 and is now regarded as a classic. Leiber's 126:. The period beginning with Campbell's editorship is often referred to as the 8202:"Authors : Herbert, Frank : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 7949:"Authors : Kuttner, Henry : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 7495: 5476:

As of 2016, the sequence of prices over the magazine's history is as follows:

5249: 5183: 5175: 4932: 4920:; and half a dozen short stories. In September 1940, van Vogt's first novel, 4805: 4756: 4499: 2948:

had always been something of a misfit in Condé Nast's line up, which included

2560: 2554: 205: 173: 8568:

Transformations: The Story of the Science-Fiction Magazines from 1950 to 1970

8439: 8121: 8112: 7880:"Authors : Asimov, Isaac : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 7854:"Authors : van Vogt, A E : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 7189:

See the individual issues. For convenience, an online index is available at

2760:

to the larger size from the March 1963 issue to conform. The front and back

9425: 8838: 8298: 8156:"Authors : Clement, Hal : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 7580: 7062: 6727:, showing volume/issue number; "nn" indicates that the issue had no number. 5264:", which was nominated for both the Hugo and Nebula Awards, and that summer 5150: 4964:, often under the pseudonym "Lewis Padgett", and more new writers appeared: 4692: 2803:

about taking over as editor, but Harrison did not want to live in New York.

151: 8695: 7061:

Typical themes for his editorials included scientific rapport, how to make

5276:, whose first sale was "The Guy With the Eyes" in the February 1973 issue; 2481:

was initially published by Publisher's Fiscal Corporation, a subsidiary of

7908:. In Bould, Mark; Butler, Andrew M.; Roberts, Adam; Vint, Sherryl (eds.). 2572:, an experienced editor who had been working for Clayton as the editor of 17: 8915: 8703:

Joshi, S.T.; Schultz, David E.; Derleth, August; Lovecraft, H.P. (2008).

6756:, and the publisher was Editrice Krator. Another Italian edition, called 5158: 2824: 2702: 2564:, which had been launched in March 1933. They gave the post of editor of 193: 5201:, Poul Anderson, and Harry Harrison appeared regularly in the magazine. 2811:

were also rumored to have been offered the job, though Simak denied it;

7138: 32: 7496:"Culture : Analog : SFE : Science Fiction Encyclopedia" 2779:

Campbell died suddenly in July 1971, but there was enough material in

2674:

Campbell had made his name in the early 1930s as a writer, publishing

2928:

Issue data for 1981 to 1983. Stanley Schmidt was editor throughout.

2823:

s title included both "science fiction" and "science fact". He chose

8705:

Essential Solitude: The Letters of H.P. Lovecraft and August Derleth

6735: 4467: 6943:

Facsimile of the July 1939 issue, with some additional commentary.

2439:

is in fact correct. The colors identify the editors for each issue:

8845: 6734:

year. All the digest issues were 128 pages long. The price was 9

5240:' story "Foundling Fathers", and its accompanying illustration by 5219:

and John Clute. 1965 marked the year Campbell received his eighth

4669: 4466: 2716: 286:

was very successful, quickly reaching a circulation over 100,000.

31: 8925: 4898:

Heinlein rapidly became one of the most prolific contributors to

216:'s "Hero", the first story in the Hugo and Nebula Award–winning " 5610:$ 4.50 for the January and July issues; $ 2.95 for other issues 5602:$ 3.95 for the January and July issues; $ 2.95 for other issues 5594:$ 3.95 for the January and July issues; $ 2.50 for other issues 4922: 2617:, but they were still better than those of the other magazines. 118: 9540: 9005: 8929: 4769:, and new writers who published some of their first stories in 4952:

The following year brought the first installment of Asimov's "

4560: 2638:

described Tremaine's editorial selection process in his book,

71:. Clayton went bankrupt in 1933 and the magazine was sold to 8406:"Analog Fantascienza (Phoenix Enterprise Publishing Company)" 8068:

Mike Ashley, "Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact", in Gunn,

5268:'s "Hero" appeared. This was the first story in Haldeman's " 5164:

Although these enthusiasms diminished Campbell's reputation,

5009:

Campbell continued to publish technological sf alongside the

4960:. Henry Kuttner and C.L. Moore began to appear regularly in 57:

published under various titles since 1930. Originally titled

7293:

Joshi, Schultz, Derleth & Lovecraft (2008), pp. 599–601.

9521:

History of US science fiction and fantasy magazines to 1950

8830: 8549:. Holicong, Pennsylvania: Wildside Press. pp. 16–254. 7242:"Publishers Fiscal Corp., Manhattan, to Clayton Magazines." 6739:

covers were usually repainted from the American originals.

5393:

Schmidt retired in August 2012, and his place was taken by

5642:$ 5.99 for the July/August issue; $ 3.99 for other issues 5634:$ 5.50 for the July/August issue; $ 3.50 for other issues 5618:$ 4.50 for the July/August issue; $ 2.95 for other issues 5440:

unchanged until Condé Nast produced 25 bedsheet issues of

4980:

the key figures were van Vogt, Simak, Kuttner, Moore, and

4475:, by Wesso, originally painted to illustrate E.E. Smith's 2847:

Davis Publications, Dell Magazines, and Penny Publications

2682:

One of Campbell's first acts was to change the title from

5145:

as the leading magazine. Campbell's growing interest in

4707:

as a cover artist, starting with the May 1938 issue, and

4600:

was the clear leader of the small field of sf magazines.

2499:

attracted some of the better-known pulp writers, such as

9785:

Science fiction magazines published in the United States

7211:"Magazine: Analog Science Fiction and Fact – ISFDB" 5141:

s dominance of science fiction, with many now regarding

4875:", the first sale by van Vogt; the issue also included " 7668:

Stableford, Brian M.; Wolfe, Gary K.; Langford, David.

6771:

A German anthology series of recent 1980s stories from

63:, the first issue was dated January 1930, published by 5586:$ 3.95 for the January issue; $ 2.50 for other issues 4994:, Street & Smith's fantasy title; the result was " 4524:, they also planned to relaunch another Clayton pulp, 8779: