126:
3716:
22:
3706:
1692:. Instead of referring to it as "2nd dina of kanyā masa" Hindus will refer to it as " bhādrapada māsa, śukla pakṣa, dvitiyā tithi", which is the tithi prevailing at sunrise on that sāvana dina. Even though the Moon moves into the trayodaśī arc soon after sunrise (at 6:54AM), that entire sāvana dina is considered to be dvādaśī tithi.
1782:
that a nakṣatra dina is divided into ghaṭikā (of 24 modern minutes each) and vighaṭikā (of 24 modern seconds each). These same units are used to subdivide a savana dina using sunrise as the starting point, i.e. the first 24 minutes after sunrise constitute the first ghaṭikā, the next 24 minutes the
1644:
As seen above, both the cāndra māna and saura māna of the calendar define a varṣa comprising twelve māsa, but the duration of the varṣa differ; the cāndra māna varṣa is shorter than the saura māna varṣa by about eleven sāvana dina. As a result, unless explicitly synchronised, these two parts of the
1754:
It is also possible that an entire tithi elapses between two sunrises, i.e. the Moon traverses a 12° arc in between two sunrises (it enters the arc after one sunrise and exits the arc before the next sunrise). In this such a case, neither sāvana dina will be associated with this tithi, i.e. this
1736:
It is possible that two consecutive sunrises may have the same tithi, i.e. the Moon continues to remain within the same 12° arc across two consecutive sunrises. In such a case, two consecutive sāvana dina will be associated with the same tithi. The tithi associated with the second sāvana dina is
483:
1813:
bhādrapada māsa kṛṣṇa pakṣa is identified with pitṛpakṣa. This identification is not always correct. For instance, in the
Gregorian year 2020, bhādrapada māsa kṛṣṇa pakṣa ended with the new moon on 17 September while autumnal equinox occurred five days later, on 22 September.
1684:
Human life is regulated by the rising of the Sun and not by the movement of the Moon through a 12° arc. Hence, the position of the Moon at sunrise is used to determine the tithi prevailing at sunrise. This tithi is then associated with the entire sāvana dina.
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If a cāndramāsa does not witness a saṅkramaṇa, that cāndramāsa is designated as a adhikamāsa thus resulting in the cāndra māna varṣa "catching up" with the saura māna varṣa. This happens approximately once every two and a half (solar) years.
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Not everyone is in agreement with this definition. Mercier argues that Ketkar has interpreted a
Sanskrit source in a way that is different from other authorities. Yet, this definition is widely used to create Hindu almanacs or
1590:
aśvinī, bharaṇī etc. These names are identical to the names of the asterisms that are located within the respective arc segments. For example, revatī refers to both an asterism and the arc segment within which the asterism is
1680:
As seen above, both the cāndra māna and sāvana māna of the calendar define the concept of a day as tithi and dina respectively. dina are not named and are not used for calendric purposes. The tithi takes precedence instead.
1003:
1882:. As a result of the precesstion of the equinoxes, that coincidence no longer exists thus making that definition incorrect. To illustrate, as per the Surya Siddhantha definition, the period from winter solstice (Dec 21) to
959:) is the time taken by the Sun to traverse a rāśi. Sauramāsa get their names from the corresponding rāśi. sauramāsa corresponds to the concept of a month. The moment in time when the Sun enters a rāśi is known as a
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1575:). There are twenty eight such nakṣatra and they are individually named. The name of a nakṣatra and its yogatārā are identical. For example, revatī is an asterism whose principal star is revatī (Zeta Piscium).
491:
1198:
is consecrated to the gods (deva) and the south celestial sphere is consecrated to the ancestors (pitṛ). Devayāna and pitṛyāṇa are not in active calendric use any longer but do form the basis for
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is the time taken by the Sun to orbit the Earth once and return to the starting point with respect to the fixed stars. The starting point is taken to be the position of the Sun when it is in
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39:
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The Surya
Siddhantha defines uttarāyaṇa and dakṣiṇāyana using rāśi instead of the equinoxes and solstices. That definition assumed a coincidence of the winter solstice and
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In order to synchronise these two parts of the calendar, an additional cāndramāsa is introduced into some cāndra māna varṣa. Such a cāndramāsa is referred to as
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A sidereal rotation is defined with respect to the fixed stars, i.e. at the end of a sidereal rotation all the fixed stars are back in their starting position.
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Apart from the four māna explained above, the concept of nakṣatra is an important characteristic of the Hindu calendar. This term has multiple meanings:
133:
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are defined in cāndra māna terms. Hence these annual festivals do not repeat on the same day on any solar calendar (neither saurana māna nor
Gregorian).
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1602:(as defined in point 3). Hence, nakṣatra is a sidereal element (unlike the tithi which it is similar to) and corresponds to the concept of a day.
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of the Earth on its axis. This definition is not used in practice but is required for defining the following smaller units of time. Ā
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1007:
54:
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1236:) is the time taken by the Sun to move sixty degrees on its orbit around the Earth. Ṛtu corresponds to the concept of a season.
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43:
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Since a rāśi is a 30° arc of the ecliptic, a ṛtu can be considered as the time taken by the Sun to transit through two rāśi.
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Explains the various calendric elements of the Hindu calendar by means of astronomical simulations created using
1662:. A adhikamāsa takes its name from the name of the cāndramāsa which follows, viz. adhika āśvina precedes āśvina.
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is a pakṣa during which the Sun crosses the equator and transitions overhead the southern hemisphere, i.e. the
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calendar will diverge over time, as the cāndra māna varṣa will keep "falling behind" the saura māna varṣa.
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615:) is the time taken by the moon to move from a new moon to the next new moon (as per the amānta tradition
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348:. A geocentric model describes the Solar System as seen by an observer on the surface of the Earth.
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727:) is the time taken by the Moon to advance 12° with respect to the Earth-Sun axis. In other words a
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1186:). Due to the axial tilt of the Earth, the Sun appears to be in the north celestial sphere during
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1907:, that assumption is no longer true and hence those definitions of ṛtu are no longer accurate.
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1972::pitṛ), Hindus perform special religious rites in honour of their ancestors during pitṛpakṣa.
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817:) of the Hindu calendar is defined by the movement of the Earth around the Sun. It contains
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862:
Animation that illustrates the twelve rāśi (and sauramāsa) that make up a saura māna varṣa.
420:) of the Hindu calendar is defined based on the movement of the Moon around the Earth. The
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or a full moon to the next full moon (as per the pūrṇimānta tradition). In other words a
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2293:, the astronomy software that was used to create the animations featured in this article.
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1491:) is the time between two succeeding sunrises. dina corresponds to the concept of a
1135:, and towards the south from the tropic of Cancer to the tropic of Capricorn during
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1586:(i.e. 360° divided by 13° 20'). Starting in the vicinity of revatī (Zeta Piscium),
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The Surya
Siddhanta defines ṛtu in terms of various rāśi assuming that makara
1454:
1120:
648:
2438:
1755:
tithi will be skipped over in the calendar. Such a tithi is referred to as a
1611:
The four māna explained above are used in combination in the Hindu calendar.
3689:
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3517:
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2600:
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1512:
445:
931:: revatī), the twelve (i.e. 360° divided by 30°) rāśi are designated meṣa (
923:) is a 30° arc of the orbit of the Sun around the Earth (i.e an arc of the
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1563:. One of the stars in the asterism is designated as its principal star (
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1934:
abhijit is an asterism for which there is no corresponding arc segment.
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Of these, only the last four are in active use and are explained here.
332:
An animation that illustrates a geocentric model of the Solar System.
2387:
505:
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2205:
Translation of the Surya
Siddhanta – a text-book of Hindu astronomy
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1968:
Since the south celestial sphere is consecrated to the ancestors (
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1694:
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1299:
1293:) is defined with respect to the fixed stars, so all elements are
1204:
1001:
984:
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of the Earth, the Sun appears to move towards the north from the
3601:
2284:
2280:
1969:
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Animation that illustrates the twenty seven nakṣatra (asterism).
1372:) is one sixtieth of a nakṣatra dina, or just under 24 minutes.
1051:
1035:
928:
359:
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2300:
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is a 13° 20' arc of the ecliptic. There are twenty seven such
15:
2232:
Astronomical
Computations for the History of Indian Astronomy
1335:
around the Earth. In reality, this movement is caused by the
635:, the Moon advances 360° with respect to the Earth-Sun axis.
578:, the Moon advances 180° with respect to the Earth-Sun axis.
2484:
1331:) is the time taken by the celestial sphere to complete one
2065:"Satapatha-brahmana Verse 8.7.3.10 [Sanskrit text]"
1890:
but the Sun is moving towards the north during this period.
1434:) is one sixth of a vighaṭikā, or just under four seconds.
2290:
1403:) is one sixtieth of a ghaṭikā, or just under 24 seconds.
1855:
in which the Moon is positioned at the time of full moon.
1842:
All examples in this article assume the amānta tradition.
2253:
The Orion or
Researches into the Antiquity of the Vedas
2235:. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
2202:
Burgess, Ebenezer (1935). Gangooly, Phanidarlal (ed.).
1112:
1082:
998:
Animation that illustrates uttarāyaṇa and dakṣiṇāyana.
899:
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1943:
This is a common calendric technique and is known as
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2335:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1665:Most times every cāndramāsa witnesses a saṅkramaṇa
351:The Hindu calendar defines nine measures of time (
1218:Animation that illustrates the six ṛtu (seasons).
1015:Animation that illustrates devayāna and pitṛyāṇa.
1264:the monsoon season, beginning at summer solstice
495:Animation that illustrates cāndramāsa and pakṣa.
1903:coincides with the winter solstice. Due to the
777:(second) etc. The fifteenth, that is, the last
522:) is the time taken by the Moon to move from a
2271:Ahargana - The Astronomy of the Hindu Calendar
1166:). The time taken by the Sun to move from the
2500:
2312:
1313:Animation that illustrates nākṣatra māna dina
1089:) and time taken by the Sun to move from the
927:). Starting in the vicinity of Zeta Piscium (
599:Animation that illustrates cāndra māna varṣa.
300:
8:
1598:is the time taken by the Moon to traverse a
1473:Animation that illustrates sāvana māna dina.
1024:These time periods are defined based on the
475:of the Hindu calendar defines the following
1688:To illustrate: consider the Gregorian date
1142:The time taken by the Sun to move from the
1059:The time taken by the Sun to move from the
765:numbers according by their position in the
755:corresponds to the concept of a lunar day.
3705:
3456:
2617:
2507:
2493:
2485:
2319:
2305:
2297:
468:) are important markers in this calendar.
307:
293:
120:
55:"Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar"
530:of the moon is known as the bright side (
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
2222:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay
1607:Combining the different measures of time
1985:
1835:
1708:Animation that illustrates adhika tithi
171:
132:
1725:Animation that illustrates kṣaya tithi
1627:Animation that illustrates adhikamāsa.
1190:and the south celestial sphere during
1154:(ecliptic longitude 180°) is known as
1239:The six ṛtu of the year are known as
7:
2041:
2039:
2020:
2018:
2016:
44:adding citations to reliable sources
2224:(75, Part 1). British Indian Press.
526:to a full moon and vice versa. The
118:Applied astronomy of ancient India
14:
2216:Ketkar, Venkatesh Bapuji (1923).
1851:These names are derived from the
1343:is ~4 minutes short of 24 hours.
731:is the time taken for the Moon's
3715:
3714:
3704:
1453:) of the Hindu calendar defines
1194:. In Hindu tradition, the north
1067:is known as northward movement (
670:In some instances an additional
124:
20:
3567:English and British regnal year
2218:"Indian and Foreign Chronology"
1886:(Jan 14) is considered part of
1199:
659:are designated by unique names
31:needs additional citations for
2179:Burgess 1935, p. 319 (XIV. 18)
2161:Burgess 1935, p. 314 (XIV. 15)
2143:Burgess 1935, p. 313 (XIV. 10)
1992:Burgess 1935, p. 285 (XII. 32)
1852:
678:, is added to synchronise the
1:
2250:Tilak, Bal Gangadhar (1955).
2134:Burgess 1935, p. 313 (XIV. 9)
2045:Burgess 1935, p. 104 (II. 64)
2010:Burgess 1935, p. 310 (XIV. 2)
2001:Burgess 1935, p. 310 (XIV. 1)
1774:Subdivisions of a sāvana dina
1097:is called southward movement
789:(new moon) and the fifteenth
651:is made up of 12 consecutive
1779:
1731:adhika tithi and kṣaya tithi
2283:, an online Hindu almanac (
2116:Burgess 1935, p. 16 (I. 28)
1905:precession of the equinoxes
1113:
1083:
900:
793:of a śukla pakṣa is called
707:Animation that illustrates
570:
554:is known as the dark side (
546:
464:
440:
364:
3762:
2170:Burgess 1935, p. 5 (I. 11)
2033:Burgess 1935, p. 7 (I. 13)
1783:second ghaṭikā and so on.
1637:
1510:
503:
3700:
2620:
2383:Agrahayana (Margashirsha)
2229:Mercier, Raymond (2018).
2211:. University of Calcutta.
2188:Burgess 1935, pp. 202–250
2098:Mercier (2018). pp. 74–75
1810:occurs within pitṛpakṣa.
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1955:As a result, almost all
739:) to increase by 12°. A
2635:Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)
747:and one thirtieth of a
682:with the solar year or
3666:Dungeons & Dragons
3072:Ethiopian and Eritrean
2089:Ketkar 1923. pp. 34–35
1726:
1709:
1628:
1594:In calendric terms, a
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1474:
1314:
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863:
743:is one fifteenth of a
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333:
135:History of science and
3678:The Lord of the Rings
3385:Hanke–Henry Permanent
2125:Tilak 1955, pp. 20–31
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159:Science in Bangladesh
2152:Burgess 1935, p. 207
2107:Burgess 1935, p. 230
2054:Burgess 1935, p. 106
1749:) (additional) tithi
627:of the Moon, or two
237:Traditional medicine
200:Units of measurement
40:improve this article
3390:International Fixed
3328:Proleptic Gregorian
2949:Slavic Native Faith
2071:. 18 September 2021
1125:Tropic of Capricorn
479:calendar elements:
195:Measurement systems
164:Science in Pakistan
139:Indian subcontinent
3060:Christian variants
2024:Burgess 1935, p. 8
1727:
1710:
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1532:
1495:. The length of a
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1315:
1220:
1148:ecliptic longitude
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1000:
864:
713:
601:
497:
334:
137:technology in the
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3710:List of calendars
3637:
3636:
3336:historiographical
3203:French Republican
3109:
3108:
2867:Manipuri (Meitei)
2482:
2481:
2242:978-81-215-1177-3
2069:www.wisdomlib.org
1884:makara saṅkramaṇa
1880:makara saṅkramaṇa
1737:referred to as a
1722:
1705:
1624:
1527:
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1333:sidereal rotation
1310:
1215:
1174:is designated as
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1020:Tropical elements
1012:
995:
898:
859:
845:Sidereal elements
709:cāndra māna tithi
704:
680:candra māna varṣa
657:twelve candramāsa
645:candra māna varṣa
639:Candra māna varṣa
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3572:Human (Holocene)
3557:Chinese Imperial
3457:
3377:Reform proposals
3332:Proleptic Julian
3094:Eastern Orthodox
2724:Germanic heathen
2702:Earthly Branches
2618:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2260:
2258:
2246:
2225:
2212:
2210:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1808:autumnal equinox
1802:
1765:
1747:
1723:
1706:
1658:
1625:
1574:
1548:
1528:
1490:
1471:
1452:
1433:
1419:
1402:
1388:
1371:
1359:
1337:diurnal rotation
1330:
1311:
1292:
1235:
1216:
1196:celestial sphere
1185:
1168:autumnal equinox
1165:
1152:autumnal equinox
1129:Tropic of Cancer
1118:
1106:
1104:
1088:
1076:
1074:
1055:
1039:
1013:
996:
979:
971:) or saṅkrānti (
969:
958:
946:
938:
921:
903:
893:
891:
869:saura māna varṣa
860:
840:
828:
816:
726:
705:
684:saura māna varṣa
614:
597:
573:
563:
561:
549:
539:
537:
521:
493:
467:
457:
455:
443:
433:
431:
419:
367:
358:
342:geocentric model
330:
309:
302:
295:
269:Maritime history
154:Science in India
140:
128:
121:
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3746:Hindu astronomy
3731:
3730:
3729:
3724:
3696:
3633:
3587:Nirayana system
3513:Ab urbe condita
3501:
3453:
3451:
3444:
3423:
3421:
3414:
3371:
3322:anthropological
3306:
3105:
3089:Liturgical year
3055:
3022:
2614:
2612:
2605:
2544:
2518:
2513:
2483:
2478:
2407:
2331:
2325:
2267:
2256:
2249:
2243:
2228:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1963:
1957:Hindu festivals
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1898:
1894:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1824:Nirayana system
1820:
1789:
1775:
1732:
1712:
1695:
1676:
1642:
1634:
1614:
1609:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1460:
1440:
1300:
1285:Nākṣatra māna (
1283:
1205:
1095:winter solstice
1091:summer solstice
1065:summer solstice
1061:winter solstice
1022:
1002:
985:
849:
847:
827:निरयन; nirayana
803:
694:
692:
641:
586:
584:
508:
502:
482:
406:
381:prājāpatya māna
319:
313:
138:
136:
134:
119:
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
3759:
3757:
3749:
3748:
3743:
3741:Hindu calendar
3733:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3712:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:Chinese Minguo
3559:
3554:
3552:Before Present
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3128:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3049:Calendar round
3046:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2707:Heavenly Stems
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:Hindu calendar
2327:Months of the
2326:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2278:
2266:
2265:External links
2263:
2262:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2226:
2213:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2056:
2047:
2035:
2026:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1892:
1871:
1857:
1844:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1816:
1787:
1773:
1767:) (lost) tithi
1730:
1675:dina and tithi
1674:
1638:Main article:
1632:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1592:
1588:they are named
1576:
1553:
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1501:daytime length
1439:
1436:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1172:spring equinox
1144:spring equinox
1021:
1018:
846:
843:
802:
799:
737:ecliptic plane
691:
688:
674:, known as an
640:
637:
625:synodic period
583:
580:
504:Main article:
501:
498:
405:
402:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
340:is based on a
338:Hindu calendar
315:
314:
312:
311:
304:
297:
289:
286:
285:
284:
283:
278:
277:
276:
271:
261:
260:
259:
249:
244:
239:
234:
232:Indian Alchemy
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
203:
202:
192:
187:
182:
174:
173:
169:
168:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
143:
142:
130:
129:
117:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3758:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3721:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3537:Anno Martyrum
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3452:and numbering
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3367:'Pataphysical
3365:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Tōnalpōhualli
3134:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:Vikram Samvat
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Vikram Samvat
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2259:. Tilak Bros.
2255:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2158:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:intercalation
1940:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1922:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1693:
1691:
1690:18th Sep 2021
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1612:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1424:
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1322:
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1298:
1296:
1288:
1281:Nākṣatra māna
1280:
1275:
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1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
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1161:
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1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1119:. Due to the
1117:
1116:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
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950:
942:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
912:
911:
905:
902:
896:
887:
883:
879:
875:
874:sidereal year
871:
870:
844:
842:
836:
832:
824:
820:
812:
808:
800:
798:
797:(full moon).
796:
792:
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768:
764:
760:
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750:
746:
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469:
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436:
427:
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415:
411:
403:
401:
396:nākṣatra māna
395:
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383:
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110:
107:
99:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
3688:
3676:
3673:Middle-earth
3664:
3652:
3422:applications
3420:Displays and
3330: /
3311:By specialty
3280:
3141:Xiuhpōhualli
3039:Mesoamerican
2885:Nepal Sambat
2556:Astronomical
2287:: pañcāṅga).
2281:drikPanchang
2252:
2231:
2221:
2204:
2196:Bibliography
2184:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2068:
2059:
2050:
2029:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1964:
1951:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1900:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
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1860:
1847:
1838:
1812:
1803:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1785:
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1771:
1766:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1738:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1650:adhikamāsa (
1649:
1647:
1643:
1631:
1630:
1610:
1599:
1595:
1579:
1556:
1549:
1539:
1533:
1499:varies with
1496:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1442:
1441:
1422:
1421:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1391:
1390:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1340:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1297:in nature.
1291:नाक्षत्र मान
1284:
1276:(pre-winter)
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1244:Śiśira ṛtu (
1243:
1238:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1191:
1187:
1175:
1155:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1114:
1084:
1058:
1023:
980:
970:
961:saṅkramaṇa (
960:
948:
939:), vṛṣabha (
914:
909:
908:
906:
868:
867:
865:
841:) elements.
839:सायन; sāyana
806:
804:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
758:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
728:
716:
714:
708:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
664:
660:
652:
644:
642:
632:
628:
620:
616:
604:
602:
575:
574:). During a
552:waning phase
528:waxing phase
511:
509:
472:
470:
409:
407:
399:
378:pitraya māna
350:
346:Solar System
335:
252:Architecture
102:
96:January 2022
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
3523:Anno Domini
3492:Regnal year
3487:Regnal name
3460:Terminology
3450:Year naming
3405:Symmetry454
3255:Pentecontad
3178:Culāsakaraj
3163:Cappadocian
2895:Yele Sambat
2781:Zoroastrian
2675:Bangladeshi
2613:limited use
2591:Solar Hijri
2586:Lunar Hijri
2549:In wide use
2403:Adhika-masa
1888:dakṣiṇāyana
1794:pitṛpakṣa (
1640:Adhika-masa
1443:Sāvana māna
1438:Sāvana māna
1274:Hemanta ṛtu
1250:Vasanta ṛtu
1150:0°) to the
1137:dakṣiṇāyana
1115:dakṣiṇāyana
978:सङ्क्रान्ति
783:kṛṣṇa pakṣa
631:. During a
571:kṛṣṇa pakṣa
547:śukla pakṣa
473:candra māna
410:candra māna
404:Candra māna
393:candra māna
390:sāvana māna
372:brāhma māna
242:Agriculture
207:Cartography
180:Mathematics
3735:Categories
3629:Vietnamese
3542:Anno Mundi
3532:Anno Lucis
3527:Common Era
3430:Electronic
3400:Positivist
3362:Discordian
3352:Dreamspell
3287:Sexagenary
3228:Macedonian
3198:Florentine
3148:Babylonian
3114:Historical
3044:Long Count
2998:Vietnamese
2954:Macedonian
2917:Nanakshahi
2847:Lithuanian
2717:Solar term
2291:Stellarium
2275:Stellarium
2075:8 December
1980:References
1901:saṅkramaṇa
1633:adhikamāsa
1552:is a star.
1540:nakṣatra (
1455:civil time
1268:Śarada ṛtu
1256:Grīṣma ṛtu
1133:uttarāyaṇa
1121:axial tilt
1085:uttarāyaṇa
947:) etc. A
878:opposition
807:saura māna
801:Saura māna
785:is called
749:cāndramāsa
733:elongation
676:adhikamāsa
672:candramāsa
653:candramāsa
649:lunar year
633:cāndramāsa
621:cāndramāsa
605:cāndramāsa
582:Candramāsa
560:कृष्ण पक्ष
550:) and the
536:शुक्ल पक्ष
418:चन्द्र मान
387:saura māna
384:guror māna
375:divya māna
274:Navigation
222:Metallurgy
172:By subject
149:Inventions
66:newspapers
3690:Star Trek
3654:Discworld
3649:Discworld
3642:Fictional
3518:Anka year
3497:Year zero
3477:Leap year
3435:Perpetual
3158:Byzantine
2877:Mongolian
2857:Malayalam
2601:Unix time
2576:Gregorian
2571:Ethiopian
2535:Lunisolar
2516:Calendars
2363:Shraavana
1788:pitṛpakṣa
1573::yogatārā
1569:योगतारा;
1513:Nakshatra
1493:solar day
1378:vighaṭikā
1262:Varṣā ṛtu
1200:pitṛpakṣa
1108:romanized
1103:दक्षिणायन
1078:romanized
1054:: viṣuvat
1050:विषुवत्;
1042:equinoxes
1026:solstices
949:sauramāsa
895:romanized
773:(first),
613:चन्द्रमास
565:romanized
541:romanized
459:romanized
446:full moon
435:romanized
264:Transport
247:Education
212:Geography
185:Astronomy
3720:Category
3685:Stardate
3661:Greyhawk
3592:Seleucid
3577:Japanese
3547:Assyrian
3482:New Year
3318:Holocene
3270:Rapa Nui
3243:Tzolkʼin
3208:Germanic
3188:Egyptian
2924:Romanian
2902:Nisg̱a'a
2862:Mandaean
2852:Maithili
2825:Javanese
2820:Japanese
2775:medieval
2729:Georgian
2640:Assyrian
2630:Armenian
2561:Buddhist
2398:Phalguna
2348:Vaisakha
1867:pañcāṅga
1853:nakṣatra
1818:See also
1801:पितृपक्ष
1797:Sanskrit
1760:Sanskrit
1742:Sanskrit
1739:adhika (
1653:Sanskrit
1600:nakṣatra
1596:nakṣatra
1591:located.
1584:nakṣatra
1580:nakṣatra
1565:Sanskrit
1561:asterism
1557:nakṣatra
1543:Sanskrit
1507:nakṣatra
1485:Sanskrit
1451:सावन मान
1447:Sanskrit
1428:Sanskrit
1414:Sanskrit
1397:Sanskrit
1383:Sanskrit
1366:Sanskrit
1354:Sanskrit
1325:Sanskrit
1295:sidereal
1287:Sanskrit
1270:(autumn)
1258:(summer)
1252:(spring)
1230:Sanskrit
1192:pitṛyāṇa
1188:devayāna
1180:Sanskrit
1176:pitṛyāṇa
1160:Sanskrit
1156:devayāna
1099:Sanskrit
1073:उत्तरायण
1069:Sanskrit
1046:Sanskrit
1030:Sanskrit
974:Sanskrit
968:सङ्क्रमण
964:Sanskrit
953:Sanskrit
941:Sanskrit
933:Sanskrit
925:ecliptic
916:Sanskrit
886:Sanskrit
835:Sanskrit
831:tropical
823:Sanskrit
819:sidereal
811:Sanskrit
787:amāvāsya
771:prathama
763:Sanskrit
735:(on the
721:Sanskrit
665:vaiśākha
655:. These
609:Sanskrit
556:Sanskrit
532:Sanskrit
524:new moon
516:Sanskrit
454:पूर्णिमा
450:Sanskrit
441:amāvāsya
430:अमावास्य
426:Sanskrit
422:new moon
414:Sanskrit
353:Sanskrit
281:Military
217:Printing
190:Calendar
3617:Dvapara
3597:Spanish
3506:Systems
3356:New Age
3346:Martian
3302:Turkmen
3297:Swedish
3183:Coligny
3121:Arabian
3082:Revised
2988:Tripuri
2983:Tibetan
2939:Sesotho
2912:Punjabi
2872:Melanau
2842:Kurdish
2808:Tabular
2798:Islamic
2766:Iranian
2697:Chinese
2692:Burmese
2670:Bengali
2658:Pawukon
2611:In more
2566:Chinese
2523:Systems
2454:Vṛścika
2434:Karkaṭa
2429:Mithuna
2424:Vṛṣabha
2358:Ashadha
2353:Jyeshta
2343:Chaitra
1757:kṣaya (
1657:अधिकमास
1547:नक्षत्र
1387:विघटिका
1349:ghaṭikā
1246:winter)
1184:पितृयाण
1170:to the
1131:during
1127:to the
1110::
1093:to the
1080::
1063:to the
1038:: ayana
897::
815:सौर मान
795:pūrṇimā
775:dvitīya
769:, i.e.
667:, etc.
623:is the
567::
543::
477:synodic
465:pūrṇimā
461::
437::
344:of the
257:Bridges
227:Coinage
80:scholar
3582:Korean
3342:Darian
3292:Soviet
3265:Qumran
3250:Muisca
3168:Celtic
3153:Bulgar
3101:Saints
3077:Julian
3067:Coptic
3013:Yoruba
2944:Slavic
2934:Somali
2881:Nepal
2830:Korean
2792:Gaelic
2771:Jalali
2734:Hebrew
2712:Minguo
2687:Borana
2682:Berber
2645:Baháʼí
2469:Kumbha
2464:Makara
2388:Pausha
2378:Kartik
2373:Ashvin
2368:Bhadra
2239:
1559:is an
1401:विनाडी
1392:vināḍī
1164:देवयान
1040:) and
957:सौरमास
890:चित्रा
829:) and
661:caitra
629:pakṣas
506:Paksha
444:) and
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
3612:Treta
3607:Satya
3602:Yugas
3472:Epoch
3410:World
3275:Roman
3260:Pisan
3238:Haabʼ
3218:Hindu
3213:Greek
3193:Enoch
3131:Aztec
3126:Attic
3034:Runic
3027:Types
3008:Xhosa
3003:Wicca
2976:solar
2971:lunar
2961:Tamil
2929:Shona
2835:Juche
2803:Fasli
2788:Irish
2756:Hmong
2739:Hindu
2654:Bali
2649:Badí‘
2581:Hindu
2540:Solar
2530:Lunar
2459:Dhanu
2444:Kanyā
2439:Siṃha
2419:Mesha
2412:Solar
2393:Magha
2336:Lunar
2257:(PDF)
2209:(PDF)
1830:Notes
1780:Above
1420:) or
1418:प्राण
1409:prāṇa
1389:) or
1360:) or
1358:घटिका
1034:अयन;
901:citrā
882:Spica
791:tithi
781:of a
779:tithi
767:pakṣa
761:have
759:Tithi
753:tithi
745:pakṣa
741:tithi
729:tithi
717:tithi
690:Tithi
576:pakṣa
512:pakṣa
500:Pakṣa
87:JSTOR
73:books
3622:Kali
3440:Wall
3281:Rumi
3233:Maya
3223:Inca
3173:Cham
3018:Zulu
2993:Tulu
2966:Thai
2907:Odia
2815:Jain
2761:Igbo
2749:Saka
2663:Saka
2625:Akan
2474:Mīna
2449:Tulā
2285:IAST
2237:ISBN
2077:2022
1970:IAST
1764:क्षय
1746:अधिक
1571:IAST
1497:dina
1480:dina
1370:नाडी
1362:nāḍī
1341:dina
1320:dina
1052:IAST
1036:IAST
945:वृषभ
929:IAST
920:राशि
910:rāśi
904:)..
805:The
751:. A
725:तिथि
520:पक्ष
471:The
408:The
365:māna
360:IAST
336:The
59:news
3467:Era
3395:Pax
2596:ISO
1489:दिन
1432:असु
1423:asu
1329:दिन
1234:ऋतु
1225:ṛtu
1056:).
937:मेष
880:to
872:or
647:or
368:):
357:मान
42:by
3737::
2220:.
2067:.
2038:^
2015:^
1869:).
1799::
1769:.
1762::
1751:.
1744::
1655::
1578:A
1567::
1555:A
1545::
1538:A
1503:.
1487::
1477:A
1457:.
1449::
1430::
1416::
1406:A
1399::
1385::
1375:A
1368::
1356::
1346:A
1327::
1317:A
1289::
1232::
1222:A
1202:.
1182::
1162::
1139:.
1105:,
1101::
1075:,
1071::
1048::
1032::
981:).
976::
966::
955::
943::
935::
918::
907:A
892:,
888::
866:A
837::
825::
813::
723::
715:A
686:.
663:,
643:A
611::
603:A
562:,
558::
538:,
534::
518::
510:A
456:,
452::
432:,
428::
416::
355::
3693:)
3687:(
3681:)
3675:(
3669:)
3663:(
3657:)
3651:(
3525:/
2508:e
2501:t
2494:v
2320:e
2313:t
2306:v
2277:.
2245:.
2079:.
1804:)
1667:.
1660:)
1550:)
1483:(
1445:(
1426:(
1412:(
1395:(
1381:(
1364:(
1352:(
1323:(
1228:(
1178:(
1158:(
1146:(
1044:(
1028:(
951:(
913:(
884:(
833:(
821:(
809:(
719:(
711:.
617:)
607:(
514:(
448:(
424:(
412:(
362::
308:e
301:t
294:v
109:)
103:(
98:)
94:(
84:·
77:·
70:·
63:·
36:.
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