2001:
195:
3318:
1559:
2323:
103:
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3067:
2025:
1577:
2037:
2431:
2013:
1511:
2493:
3043:
1187:
2088:
2287:
653:. The Astrarium had seven faces and 107 moving gears; it showed the positions of the sun, the moon and the five planets then known, as well as religious feast days. The astrarium stood about 1 metre high, and consisted of a seven-sided brass or iron framework resting on 7 decorative paw-shaped feet. The lower section provided a 24-hour dial and a large calendar drum, showing the fixed feasts of the church, the movable feasts, and the position in the zodiac of the moon's ascending node. The upper section contained 7 dials, each about 30 cm in diameter, showing the positional data for the
2061:
3276:
3055:
2335:
3262:
3304:
1010:
33:
4764:
1159:
661:, so called because it reproduces the diurnal motion of the stars and the annual motion of the sun against the background of stars. Each of the 'planetary' dials used complex clockwork to produce reasonably accurate models of the planets' motion. These agreed reasonably well both with Ptolemaic theory and with observations. For example, Dondi's dial for Mercury uses a number of intermediate wheels, including: a wheel with 146 teeth, and a wheel with 63 internal (facing inwards) teeth that meshed with a 20 tooth pinion.
1595:
1526:
1231:
3031:
992:
1544:
3290:
1173:
2468:
2835:
1202:
818:
2821:
2531:
2049:
793:
1273:
2299:
395:
2847:
2636:
2347:
371:
1044:
1216:
3019:
2584:
675:
2596:
3248:
3007:
2311:
835:
5324:
5178:
5075:
5300:
383:
5312:
2752:) was made around 1425, probably by the clockmaker Nicolaus Lilienveld in Rostock. After it had been in storage since 1837, it was restored and put back in place in 1923. Only the upper, astronomical part is original, while some of the other remaining medieval parts can be seen at the Cathedral museum. When it plays, one can hear
1091:
astronomical clock. Dated 1422 by legend, but first mentioned in history in 1517, the clock was remodelled approximately once every century; in 1898 the astrolabe was replaced with a heliocentric model of the solar system. Badly damaged by the retreating German army in 1945, the clock was remodelled
537:
Some astronomical clocks keep track of the position of the lunar nodes with a long pointer that crosses the dial, with its length extended out to both sides of the dial to pointing at two opposite points on the solar or lunar dial. This so-called "dragon" hand makes one complete rotation around the
338:
Both these clocks, and others like them, were probably less accurate than their designers would have wished. The gear ratios may have been exquisitely calculated, but their manufacture was somewhat beyond the mechanical abilities of the time, and they never worked reliably. Furthermore, in contrast
495:
Unequal hours were the result of dividing up the period of daylight into 12 equal hours and nighttime into another 12. There is more daylight in the summer, and less night time, so each of the 12 daylight hours is longer than a night hour. Similarly in winter, daylight hours are shorter, and night
529:
The Moon's orbit is not in the same plane as the Earth's orbit around the Sun but crosses it in two places. The Moon crosses the ecliptic plane twice a month, once when it goes up above the plane, and again 15 or so days later when it goes back down below the ecliptic. These two locations are the
496:
hours are longer. These unequal hours are shown by the curved lines radiating from the center. The longer daylight hours in summer can usually be seen at the outer edge of the dial, and the time in unequal hours is read by noting the intersection of the sun hand with the appropriate curved line.
346:
Astronomical clocks were built as demonstration or exhibition pieces, to impress as much as to educate or inform. The challenge of building these masterpieces meant that clockmakers would continue to produce them, to demonstrate their technical skill and their patrons' wealth. The philosophical
417:
and altitude. For azimuth (bearing from the north), the top of the dial indicates South, and the two VI points of the dial East and West. For altitude, the top is the zenith and the two VI and VI points define the horizon. (This is for the astronomical clocks designed for use in the northern
486:
A dial or ring indicating the numbers 1 to 29 or 30 indicates the moon's age: a new moon is 0, waxes become full around day 15, and then wanes up to 29 or 30. The phase is sometimes shown by a rotating globe or black hemisphere, or a window that reveals part of a wavy black shape beneath.
466:
To find the date, find the place where the hour hand or Sun disk intersects the ecliptic dial: this indicates the current star sign, the sun's current location on the ecliptic. The intersection point slowly moves around the ecliptic dial during the year, as the Sun moves out of one
509:
was used to determine the event's significance. On some clocks you can see the common aspects – triangle, square, and hexagon – drawn inside the central disc, with each line marked by the symbol for that aspect, and you may also see the signs for conjunction and opposition. On an
409:
around the outside edge, numbered from I to XII then from I to XII again. The current time is indicated by a golden ball or a picture of the sun at the end of a pointer. Local noon is usually at the top of the dial, and midnight at the bottom. Minute hands are rarely used.
958:
was constructed by self-taught Lucien
Charloteaux between 1896 and 1912. A domestic clock housed in a wooden case, it gives indications including the solar, mean and sidereal time around the world, the positions of the constellations and planets, and the appearance of
849:
504:
Astrologers placed importance on how the Sun, Moon, and planets were arranged and aligned in the sky. If certain planets appeared at the points of a triangle, hexagon, or square, or if they were opposite or next to each other, the appropriate
3317:
1331:, has 52 dials that display the times of sunrise, sunset, moonrise, moonset, the phases of the moon, the solstices, the position of the planets, the current time in 18 cities around the world, and the tidal hours. Its 68 automata enact the
322:
between 1348 and 1364 are masterpieces of their type. They no longer exist, but detailed descriptions of their design and construction survive, and modern reproductions have been made. Wallingford's clock may have shown the sun, moon (age,
447:
The ecliptic plane is projected onto the face of the clock, and, because of the Earth's tilted angle of rotation relative to its orbital plane, it is displaced from the center and appears to be distorted. The projection point for the
1782:
A group of 16th-century clocks on the facade of town halls in southern
Germany, which have a 12-hour dial, a moon phase indication, and a calendar dial indicating the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, with a dragon hand:
725:, the clock was sold in 2002 and its current location is not known. The Rasmus Sørnes Astronomical Clock No. 3, the precursor to the Chicago Clock, his tools, patents, drawings, telescope, and other items, are exhibited at the
514:, the corners of the different aspects could be lined up on any of the planets. On a clock, though, the disc containing the aspect lines can't be rotated at will, so they usually show only the aspects of the Sun or Moon.
2000:
1959:. The Town Hall has an astronomical clock installed in 1913. Its indications are similar to the clock of Ulm (except that the outer hour ring is 24-hour), with an offset astrolabe ring repeated as a golden zodiac ring.
167:
model. The center of the dial is often marked with a disc or sphere representing the Earth, located at the center of the Solar System. The Sun is often represented by a golden sphere (as it initially appeared in the
293:) which were intended for two main purposes: for signalling and notification (e.g. the timing of services and public events), and for modelling the solar system. The latter is an inevitable development because the
288:
The early development of mechanical clocks in Europe is not fully understood, but there is general agreement that by 1300–1330 there existed mechanical clocks (powered by weights rather than by water and using an
477:
If the zodiac signs run around inside the hour hands, either this ring rotates to align itself with the hour hand, or there's another hand, revolving once per year, which points to the Sun's current zodiac sign.
305:
Most of the first clocks were not so many chronometers as exhibitions of the pattern of the cosmos … Clearly, the origins of the mechanical clock lie in a complex realm of monumental planetaria, equatoria, and
2623:
displaying the astrological signs, positions of the Sun and Moon, and the lunar phases. Its statues and automata depict
Slovakian historical and religious figures. The clock is controlled by computer using
579:
the Sun pointer coincides with either the dragon's snout or tail. When the dragon hand and the full Moon coincide, the Moon is on the same plane as the Earth and Sun, and so there is a good chance that a
1128:
was inaugurated in 2017. It has a concentric dial showing the 24-hour time, the date and zodiac, and the moon phase, and a star map dial with a dragon hand, and indicates the time of sunrise and sunset.
690:(1893–1967), is characterized by its superior complexity compactly housed in a casing with the modest measurements of 0.70 x 0.60 x 2.10 m. Features include locations of the sun and moon in the zodiac,
428:
In the photograph of the Prague clock shown at the top of the article, the time indicated by the Sun hand is about 9am (IX in Roman numerals), or about the 13th hour (Italian time in Arabic numerals).
3748:
534:. Solar and lunar eclipses will occur only when the Moon is positioned near one of these nodes because at other times the Moon is either too high or too low for an eclipse to be seen on the Earth.
214:
is the oldest known analog computer and a precursor to astronomical clocks. A complex arrangement of multiple gears and gear trains could perform functions such as determining the position of the
474:
In the diagram showing the clock face on the right, the Sun's disk has recently moved into Aries (the stylized ram's horns), having left Pisces. The date is therefore late March or early April.
425:(also called Bohemian, or Old Czech, hours). In this system, 1 o'clock occurs at sunset, and counting continues through the night and into the next afternoon, reaching 24 an hour before sunset.
128:
The term is loosely used to refer to any clock that shows, in addition to the time of day, astronomical information. This could include the location of the Sun and Moon in the sky, the age and
1073:
at the Old Town Hall is one of the most famous astronomical clocks. The central section was completed in 1410, the calendar dial was added in 1490. The clock was renovated after damage during
1134:. At the Třebíč Astronomical Observatory, a modern astronomical clock which shows the time in world cities, the time of sunrise and sunset, the date and zodiac, and the orbits of the planets.
1036:
constructed in 1444 has housed a clock since its creation, though due to earthquake damage, both the tower and the clock were replaced in 1929. A rotating moon ball shows the lunar phase.
350:
The growing interest in astronomy during the 18th century revived interest in astronomical clocks, less for the philosophical message, more for the accurate astronomical information that
2377:
1438:
has a movement built in 1389, with a dial added in 1529. It indicates the moon phase on a rotating sphere above the dial, and the day of the week in an aperture at the base of the dial.
1576:
721:
Sørnes also made the necessary tools and based his work on his own astronomical observations. Having been exhibited at the Time Museum in
Rockford, Illinois (since closed), and at the
1558:
2233:. Multi-dial clock equipped with complex automata. Constructed between 1930 and 1933 by the Ungerer Company of Strasbourg. It is one of the largest astronomical clocks in the world.
297:
was used both by astronomers and astrologers, and it was natural to apply a clockwork drive to the rotating plate to produce a working model of the solar system. American historian
117:
194:
4238:
2939:
in the gable of the
Fronwagturm, installed in 1564, has five hands, including indications of the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, and a dragon hand indicating the
1096:
style in 1955, under the
Communist government. The religious and royal figures were replaced with athletes, workers, farmers, scientists, and other members of the proletariat.
2695:
in 1657. This relic shows that
Huygens' technology was spread to East Asia in just 12 years. Also, It demonstrates the astronomy and mechanical engineering technology of the
4390:
621:, which freezes at a much lower temperature than water, allowing operation of the clock during colder weather. A full-sized working replica of Su Song's clock exists in the
633:
city. This full-scale, fully functional replica, approximately 12 meters (39 feet) in height, was constructed from Su Song's original descriptions and mechanical drawings.
4839:
3083:
1740:
1060:
234:. Research in 2011 and 2012 led an expert group of researchers to posit that European astronomical clocks are descended from the technology of the Antikythera mechanism.
745:, candidates had to design and build a 'masterpiece' clock, an astronomical table-top clock of formidable complexity. Examples can be found in museums, such as London's
2707:'s technology development policy, and this clock is an important historical document that shows the fusion of East Asian astronomy and European mechanical technology.
2430:
521:
clock in northern Italy, the triangle, square, and star in the centre of the dial show these aspects (the third, fourth, and sixth phases) of (presumably) the moon.
2989:. This astrolabe astronomical clock was installed in 1529. The building which housed it was demolished in 1870. The clock is now an exhibit at the Museum Lindengut.
2036:
335:. De Dondi's clock was a seven-faced construction with 107 moving parts, showing the positions of the sun, moon, and five planets, as well as religious feast days.
2012:
1510:
1151:, a museum and amusement complex dedicated to beer, has an astronomical clock on which the zodiac indication illustrates the annual processes of beer production.
5112:
4720:
1866:
has a 24-hour astrolabe format, although the zodiac is repeated as a rotating ring of gold sculptures, and the outer ring of the dial is a 12-hour chapter ring.
613:, designed and constructed in China in 1092. This great astronomical hydromechanical clock tower was about ten metres high (about 30 feet) and featured a clock
2492:
1414:. The Church of Saint-Léger houses the Clock of Creation, installed in 2008. It shows the time, the day of the week, the month and zodiac, and the moon phase.
642:
2024:
1207:
1115:
752:
Currently Edmund
Scientific among other retailers offers a mechanical Tellurium clock, perhaps the first mechanical astronomical clock to be mass-marketed.
2882:
A set of 16th-century clocks which show the zodiac and the days of the week in concentric rings within a 12-hour clock face, with a moon phase ball above:
2866:
4419:
3240:, shows the positions of the sun and stars from the perspective of a pilot flying over York. It was damaged by fire in 1984, and is not currently working.
3042:
5394:
2322:
1594:
2467:
2060:
1525:
3275:
926:
in 1930. On twelve dials surrounding a central clockface, it gives indications including the time around the world, the date, the moon phase, and the
702:, GMT, local time with daylight saving time and leap year, solar and lunar cycle corrections, eclipses, local sunset and sunrise, moon phase, tides,
4753:
3261:
4693:
2420:
4937:
3177:
1634:
1477:
from 1838 to 1843, it shows many astronomical and calendrical functions (including what is thought to be the first complete mechanization of the
1289:
722:
1934:
102:
5272:
4648:
3624:
3066:
2104:
2087:
4282:
3804:
3303:
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2130:. 24-hour dial with zodiac indication on the Palazzo del Municipio, first installed in 1430, reconstructed by Bartolomeo Ferracina in 1747.
895:. The astronomical clock in the gable of 17–19 Maria-Theresien-Strasse is a 20th-century copy of the astronomical clock of the Ulm Rathaus.
741:
There are many examples of astronomical table clocks, due to their popularity as showpieces. To become a master clockmaker in 17th-century
686:
Arguably the most complicated of its kind ever constructed, the last of a total of four astronomical clocks designed and made by
Norwegian
5222:
1673:
1186:
3562:
1716:. Clock with daily time, zodiac, moon phases, and month. With a dedicated electronic database this clock is particularly well documented.
440:, arranged either as a concentric circle inside the 24-hour dial, or drawn onto a displaced smaller circle, which is a projection of the
347:
message of an ordered, heavenly-ordained universe, which accorded with the Gothic-era view of the world, helps explain their popularity.
5277:
4952:
4927:
3267:
3137:
3100:
1993:
has a modern calendar dial that shows the month, the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, the moon phase, and has a dragon hand.
1499:
astronomical clock sitting on a formal low marble base. It took 12 years for a clockmaker and an engineer to build and was presented to
817:
792:
4447:
4200:
2401:
626:
3289:
1158:
718:
of the Earth's axis). All wheels are in brass and gold-plated. Dials are silver-plated. The clock has an electromechanical pendulum.
568:
even if the decorative dragon is omitted (not to be confused with the similar-seeming names of the two sections of the constellation
5354:
4942:
4713:
4587:
3505:
3481:
3281:
3117:
3054:
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991:
3030:
1201:
584:
will be visible on one side of the Earth. When the new Moon is aligned with the dragon hand there is a moderate possibility that a
4387:
1543:
5384:
5344:
4932:
3295:
3163:
1272:
1009:
782:
created a wristwatch astrolabe, the "Astrolabium" in addition to the "Planetarium 2000", the "Eclipse 2001" and the "Real Moon."
339:
to the intricate advanced wheelwork, the timekeeping mechanism in nearly all these clocks until the 16th century was the simple
5021:
4957:
4860:
4855:
3309:
3233:
2334:
2249:. The clock tower on Piazza Tre Martiri has a calendar dial installed in 1750 showing the date, zodiac, and moon phase and age.
2154:
2144:
1889:, the moon phase, positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, and the rotation of the earth according to the geocentric model.
1172:
650:
518:
111:
2551:
1669:
2384:
2367:
2119:
1929:
1744:
1450:
953:
189:
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4798:
4783:
2206:
1621:
1421:
1342:
5079:
4307:
1795:
1304:
1230:
5389:
5192:
4880:
4829:
4808:
4124:
2834:
2412:
2240:
1709:
1687:
1582:
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3958:
3774:
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1375:
5349:
5267:
5098:
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4813:
4706:
2999:
was installed in 1574. Its calendar dial shows the zodiac, the lunar phase, the day of the week and the leap year cycle.
2820:
2555:
2408:
2276:
2114:
1953:
both have clocks which indicate the moon phase on a rotating ball, and the zodiac on a fixed ring within a 12-hour dial.
1747:
is an astrolabe clock installed by
Nikolaus Lilienfeld in 1394. It has not been in working order since the 16th century.
1645:
1488:
1391:
5105:
3392:
Freeth, Tony; Higgon, David; Dacanalis, Aris; MacDonald, Lindsay; Georgakopoulou, Myrto; Wojcik, Adam (12 March 2021).
5399:
5369:
5364:
5359:
4778:
1790:
1600:
1384:
is an astrolabe clock, installed in 1528. It was overhauled, its mechanism replaced by an electric mechanism, in 2009.
1320:
5056:
4973:
1328:
1254:
1723:
1299:
463:), and will therefore gradually get out of phase with the hour hand, drifting slowly further apart during the year.
421:
If XII is not at the top of the dial, or if the numbers are Arabic rather than Roman, then the time may be shown in
5046:
4875:
4834:
4788:
4743:
3667:
2226:
1767:
1705:
1531:
1474:
1445:
1356:
1178:
1084:
948:
4046:
5374:
4748:
1829:
1370:
1164:
1070:
37:
4763:
4333:
2846:
1111:
1077:, and in 1979. On the hour, Death strikes the time, and the twelve apostles appear at the doors above the clock.
32:
5379:
5198:
5160:
2530:
2499:
2457:
2158:
1733:, an astronomical clock of the 1580s, rebuilt in 1856 (and vandalized by the clockmaker), and restored in 1977.
981:
799:
786:
also sells several astronomical wristwatches, the "Astrolabium," "Planetarium", and the "Tellurium J. Kepler."
772:
449:
398:
3149:
1754:
2889:
2787:
2261:. Astronomical clock of 1596 in the Porta Oscura, with a dial for the hours and the zodiac, and a lunar dial.
2163:
1141:
4993:
4906:
4793:
4688:
3983:
2952:
2826:
2741:
2404:, installed in 1745, shows the hour, date, month, and lunar phase, and has bells struck by four jacquemarts.
2272:
2189:
1564:
1401:
1215:
602:
331:), stars and planets, and had, in addition, a wheel of fortune and an indicator of the state of the tide at
298:
2635:
2219:, installed in 1908 by Philipp Hörz of Ulm, with a calendar dial showing the month, zodiac, and moon phase.
804:
777:
5041:
4595:
1807:
1620:. The facade of the former National Bank Building on Europe Square has an astronomical clock based on the
657:, Venus, Mercury, the moon, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars. Directly above the 24-hour dial is the dial of the
311:
64:
4175:
2912:
2894:
1966:
1875:
1818:
1408:
was constructed in 1661, replacing a 14th-century original. It has an astrolabe dial and a calendar dial.
5135:
4947:
3555:
3521:
3354:
3323:
3253:
3191:
3127:
1946:
1839:
211:
177:
169:
2279:, was built and installed by Gian Paulo and Gian Carlo Rainieri, father and son, between 1496 and 1499.
2194:
1918:
1346:
3247:
2973:
2929:
2793:
2346:
2298:
970:
4978:
3533:
3405:
3159:
2573:
2460:, built 1774–1781, is an orrery and astronomical clock which shows the movements of the solar system.
2407:
Malta has several church clocks that show calendar indications on separate dials, including those of
1983:
1691:
1586:
1492:
1470:
1456:
1258:
1033:
538:
ecliptic dial every 19 years. It is sometimes decorated with the figure of a serpent or lizard (
4009:
3018:
2962:
2595:
1146:
5328:
5246:
5240:
5210:
5031:
4865:
4729:
4616:
4362:
3330:
3223:
3195:
2616:
2310:
2255:. 24-hour dial with zodiac indication in the town hall. The terracotta zodiac dial dates from 1977.
2175:
1892:
1856:
1786:
1772:
1659:
1088:
902:
726:
506:
406:
375:
318:
during the 1330s, and by medieval Italian physician and astronomer Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio in
173:
3093:, dating from the 14th and 15th centuries, all of which show the 24-hour time and the moon phase:
3006:
2450:. The 16th-century church clock at Arnemuiden indicates the lunar phase and the time of high tide.
2216:
1221:
1121:
5121:
4433:
4150:
3368:
2917:
2885:
2692:
2127:
1812:
1728:
1604:
1550:
1500:
1411:
1381:
1324:
695:
199:
176:. This view accorded both with the daily experience and with the philosophical world view of pre-
68:
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3812:
2268:
2048:
1043:
937:
834:
2782:
1823:
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3620:
3604:
3558:
3501:
3477:
3457:
3439:
3421:
2983:
in 1545 to replace an original of 1452, shows the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac.
2948:
2798:
2724:
2612:
2252:
2230:
2179:
1880:
1844:
1694:, adorned with hand-painted zodiac symbols, which traces the movement of the planets, plays a
1535:
1484:
1360:
1118:
is a modern astronomical clock (inaugurated in 2008), built-in a former electrical substation.
1093:
960:
760:
622:
618:
468:
270:
266:
4098:
3495:
848:
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5026:
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3429:
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3166:(1540) is on the interior façade of the Main Gatehouse. It is a fine early example of a pre-
3153:
3133:
2765:
2700:
2559:
2416:
1950:
1923:
1904:
1713:
1641:
1640:
A group of interior astronomical clocks of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries in churches of
927:
878:, both have large astronomical clocks as their main centerpieces inside the ships' atriums.
756:
687:
679:
340:
262:
2583:
1971:
1349:(1860) was also constructed by Auguste-Lucien Vérité. Its 70 dials provide 122 indications.
4619:, Sarpsborg, 2003 Norwegian edition, and 2008 English edition (available from the museum).
4394:
3723:
3218:. A modern clock dating from 1995, built from notes by Richard of Wallingford held in the
3209:
3205:
3145:
3123:
2758:
from the smallest organ in the church, while seven wooden figures, representing the three
2754:
1655:
1125:
1102:. The tower of the Old Town Hall has an art nouveau astronomical clock, installed in 1907.
867:
691:
394:
41:
2978:
2934:
1131:
975:
4473:
3537:
3409:
2619:
was built in the town square in 2009. The astronomical part of the clock consists of an
2199:, a modern replica of the original clock of 1571, which shows the orbits of the planets.
5228:
5204:
5016:
4579:
4072:
3586:
3545:
3434:
3393:
3113:
2810:
2745:
2720:
2696:
2680:
2520:
1988:
1979:
1750:
1568:
1405:
1332:
746:
576:
560:
550:
540:
444:, the path of the Sun and planets through the sky, and the plane of the Earth's orbit.
153:
4550:
1644:
towns in northern Germany, known as the Hanseatic clocks (the group also includes the
370:
5338:
4625:
Geared to the Stars: the evolution of planetariums, orreries, and astronomical clocks
4607:
4524:
3886:
3834:
2967:
2776:
2652:
1886:
1001:
915:
901:. The facade of Peuerbach Town Hall features an astrolabe clock, an enlarged copy of
823:
783:
699:
658:
654:
585:
581:
460:
332:
282:
231:
137:
87:
114:
showed the hour, the yearly calendar, and the movement of the planets, Sun and Moon.
5316:
5262:
5061:
5011:
4988:
4911:
4803:
3237:
3090:
2996:
2925:
2902:
2879:
is a famous 15-century astronomical clock housed in a medieval fortification tower.
1908:
1861:
1695:
1677:
1435:
1074:
1015:
997:
966:
923:
919:
390:
is projected on to the ecliptic dial – the symbols are often drawn inside the dial.
273:
also constructed a variety of highly accurate astronomical clocks for use in their
238:
172:, back in the 2nd century BC), shown rotating around the Earth once a day around a
160:
129:
72:
17:
4225:
2775:: Emil Ahrent, the local priest, constructed and donated an astronomical clock to
1624:, which shows the positions of the sun and moon in the zodiac, and the moon phase.
1192:
1105:
3937:
2955:
on the town hall dates from 1667–68. Its current mechanism was installed in 1902.
1108:. The astronomical clock in the tower of the New Town Hall was installed in 1910.
4499:
2704:
2688:
1835:
1651:
1417:
1338:
1099:
707:
674:
531:
382:
362:
Although each astronomical clock is different, they share some common features.
324:
274:
258:
246:
3417:
418:
hemisphere.) This interpretation is most accurate at the equinoxes, of course.
5216:
5177:
5036:
3805:"National Museum of Natural Science -> Exhibition -> Permanent Exhibits"
3782:
3701:
3167:
2986:
2940:
2813:
in the 1950s. Modelled on medieval clocks, it was made by a local electrician.
2569:
2473:
2447:
1956:
1914:
1907:), which consists of an astronomical clock, a world time clock, and a 74 bell
1683:
1462:
1441:
1424:, constructed 1850–1855, comprises an astronomical clock with 10 dials and an
1394:
displays an astronomical clock, a modern copy of the clock of the Ulm Rathaus.
1262:
1250:
931:
715:
614:
548:) with its snout and tail-tip touching the outer dial, traditionally labelled
453:
328:
290:
254:
164:
141:
3425:
942:
617:
and was indirectly powered by a rotating wheel either with falling water and
5167:
5145:
4901:
3616:
3373:
3349:
3344:
3326:
3236:, an astronomical clock installed in 1955 as a memorial to airmen killed in
3215:
3201:
3187:
3173:
2958:
2908:
2876:
2620:
1962:
1803:
1736:
1310:
1029:
898:
892:
730:
511:
413:
The Sun indicator or hand gives an approximate indication of both the Sun's
315:
294:
278:
107:
3443:
2547:
1665:
27:
Clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information
3860:
1760:, an astronomical clock of the 2023 built by Volker Schulz and Thomas Leu.
1313:
of 24 hours 50 minutes, and shows the lunar phase on a rotating moon ball.
459:
The ecliptic dial makes one complete revolution in 23 hours 56 minutes (a
310:
The astronomical clocks developed by the English mathematician and cleric
4256:
3180:(1989) is on the Rattray Lecture Theatre opposite the Physics department.
2563:
2503:
2453:
2397:
2185:
2077:
1478:
1387:
1366:
1316:
1309:
has a 24-hour sun hand and a moon hand which completes a revolution in a
1236:
1137:
742:
630:
610:
441:
351:
145:
133:
4679:
3663:
4664:
2852:
2806:
2258:
2222:
2171:
2150:
2133:
1871:
1719:
1701:
1517:
1473:, following 14th-century and 16th-century predecessors. Constructed by
1363:
was installed in 1424. It shows the zodiac, and the moon phase and age.
1352:
1295:
1080:
703:
606:
569:
414:
250:
242:
227:
5090:
4698:
4406:
714:'s 248-year orbit and the 25 800-year periods of the polar ecliptics (
5155:
4034:
3363:
3183:
3096:
2770:
2264:
2246:
2212:
2202:
2110:
1942:
1763:
1617:
1496:
1425:
1066:
646:
437:
387:
223:
91:
84:
2792:: K.L. Lundén, the local priest, installed an astronomical clock in
1662:
in 1390. Only the dial survives, now positioned above the west door.
5311:
4641:
Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China
3749:"Mechanism for a bell tower clock with verge escapement and foliot"
3611:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 704–707,
148:), or a rotating star map. The term should not be confused with an
4600:
God's Clockmaker, Richard of Wallingford and the invention of time
3394:"A Model of the Cosmos in the ancient Greek Antikythera Mechanism"
2625:
2236:
1896:
1885:, a modern astronomical clock which shows the hour in regular and
1431:
711:
673:
393:
381:
369:
319:
193:
121:
101:
60:
2080:: A modern astronomical clock with automata, at the Clock Museum.
3524:(May 1991). "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East".
3229:
2872:
2759:
2737:
2516:
2363:
1397:
645:
was a complex astronomical clock built between 1348 and 1364 in
422:
219:
80:
5094:
4702:
4584:
Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering
4674:
3984:"L'Horloge de la Création dans l'église Saint-Léger à Munster"
3551:
2992:
2370:
shows the time, date, month, day of the week, and lunar phase.
1852:
215:
76:
4669:
4639:
Needham, Joseph; Ling, Wang; deSolla Price, Derek J. (1986).
1939:
both have 16th-century clocks which indicate the lunar phase.
343:
escapement, which had errors of at least half an hour a day.
2727:
has a 24-hour dial which shows the lunar phase and the date.
257:
mechanism and the earliest known endless power-transmitting
230:
and other astronomical phenomena and tracking the dates of
241:
Chinese horologist, mechanical engineer, and astronomer
3775:"Astronomical Clocks of the Middle Ages: A guided tour"
436:
The year is usually represented by the 12 signs of the
4409:(Prague Astronomical Clock – Foreign clocks, in Czech)
3584:
David A. King (1983). "The Astronomy of the Mamluks",
118:
Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci
5288:
3204:. The Nychthemeron Clock, installed in the garden of
4263:(in German). No. 21. 31 October 2014. p. 6
5255:
5185:
5128:
5002:
4966:
4920:
4894:
4848:
4822:
4771:
4736:
4357:
4355:
2655:: is an astronomical clock made by Song Yi-Yeong (
1899:, Professor Hans Scheurenbrand has constructed the
75:information, such as the relative positions of the
3664:"The Astronomical Clock of Richard of Wallingford"
3089:A group of four famous astronomical clocks in the
3084:Category:Astronomical clocks in the United Kingdom
2205:. Astronomical clock was installed in 1473 in the
2124:, installed in 1552, shows the moon phase and age.
1061:Category:Astronomical clocks in the Czech Republic
253:City. Su Song is noted for having incorporated an
4689:MoonlightClock.com – Handmade Astronomical Clocks
2905:. The clock of the Siegelturm, installed in 1546.
2687:number 230 in August 9, 1985. The clock used the
2615:: An astronomical clock in the stylized shape of
2572:. A 16th-century clock showing the moon phase at
525:"Dragon" hand: eclipse prediction and lunar nodes
605:has a scale model of the 'Cosmic Engine', which
4239:"Stock Photos, Royalty-Free Images and Vectors"
1676:in 1942. The present clock is a replacement by
1481:needed to compute Easter) and several automata.
303:
202:in front of an astronomical clock. Henri Suso,
1672:, constructed 1561–1566, was destroyed in the
5106:
4714:
4035:Repository for the Rostock Astronomical Clock
2174:. The 16th-century astronomical clock of the
1976:shows the moon phase and the day of the week.
110:made by the Italian astronomer and physician
8:
4682:, also showing European astronomical clocks
3687:
3685:
2674:
2668:
2662:
2656:
4397:, municipality official website (in Slovak)
2867:Category:Astronomical clocks in Switzerland
980:between 1937 and 1942 is now housed in the
5113:
5099:
5091:
4721:
4707:
4699:
3476:, Appendix B. Knowledge House Publishers.
2182:, is the largest medieval clock in Europe.
922:houses an astronomical clock installed by
159:Astronomical clocks usually represent the
152:, a high precision but otherwise ordinary
140:, and other astronomical data such as the
4643:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4176:"The Astronomical Clock in Piazza Grande"
3433:
2809:: An astronomical clock was installed in
2239:. 15th-century astronomical clock in the
2188:. An astronomical clock installed in the
1855:. The 16th-century astronomical clock of
1766:. The 15th-century astronomical clock in
643:Astrarium of Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio
637:Astrarium of Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio
588:might be visible somewhere on the Earth.
3781:. Computastat Group, Ltd. Archived from
3607:, in Lehr, Jay H.; Keeley, Jack (eds.),
2961:. This astronomical clock, installed by
2679:) (one of the scientific institution of
1087:at the Town Hall is a rare example of a
969:. The astronomical clock constructed by
31:
5295:
4590:. Vol. 4. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
3700:. Computastat Group Ltd. Archived from
3384:
3243:
3194:was installed in 1959, and depicts the
3178:Leicester University astronomical clock
3002:
2816:
2631:
2579:
2558:dating from 1464 to 1470, and built by
2526:
2519:. A 20th-century astronomical clock at
2463:
2426:
2373:
2282:
2083:
1996:
1635:Category:Astronomical clocks in Germany
1506:
1268:
1154:
1039:
987:
788:
649:, Italy, by the doctor and clock-maker
4665:The search for Rasmus Sørnes 4th clock
1658:, an astrolabe clock was installed by
1290:Category:Astronomical clocks in France
771:More recently, independent clockmaker
723:Chicago Museum of Science and Industry
5273:Historical models of the Solar System
4974:Copenhagen (Jens Olsen's World Clock)
3648:Medieval Technology and Social Change
3565:from the original on 25 December 2007
2105:Category:Astronomical clocks in Italy
124:, Italy; it is about three feet high.
7:
5074:
4334:"Porta Oscura e Torre dell'Orologio"
3959:"About Hop and Beer temple in Žatec"
2723:: The interior face of the clock of
1278:Jens Olsen's World Clock, Copenhagen
5278:Numerical model of the Solar System
4675:A modern, online astronomical clock
3603:Marks, William E. (15 April 2005),
3329:, with its blue circle showing the
3268:Exeter Cathedral astronomical clock
3138:Wimborne Minster astronomical clock
3101:Exeter Cathedral astronomical clock
1208:Kryštofovo Údolí astronomical clock
1116:Kryštofovo Údolí astronomical clock
4448:"Cuando León era dueño del tiempo"
4407:Pražský orloj – Orloje v zahraničí
4125:"Die astronomische Uhr am Rathaus"
3546:10.1038/scientificamerican0591-100
3156:, installed between 1494 and 1519.
2703:since the 15th century as part of
2566:. It was reconstructed after 1945.
2421:Church of St Bartholomew, Għargħur
2168:, built by Pietro Fanzago in 1583.
2115:Palazzo della Fraternita dei Laici
627:National Museum of Natural Science
25:
5395:Historical scientific instruments
5223:Pajamäki Solar System Scale Model
4588:Science and Civilization in China
4388:Slovenský orloj v Starej Bystrici
4308:"Palazzo comunale e Torre Civica"
4201:"Municipio e loggetta municipale"
3282:Ottery St Mary astronomical clock
3118:Ottery St Mary astronomical clock
2366:: The clock on the facade of the
2215:. Clock tower at the entrance to
1965:. A modern clock in the tower of
1777:was destroyed by bombing in 1945.
354:-regulated clocks could display.
136:and the current zodiac sign, the
132:, the position of the Sun on the
5322:
5310:
5298:
5176:
5073:
4762:
4226:Brescia, Italy – The clock tower
3316:
3302:
3296:Hampton Court astronomical clock
3288:
3274:
3260:
3246:
3164:Hampton Court astronomical clock
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2995:: The astronomical clock of the
2845:
2833:
2819:
2683:) in 1669. It was designated as
2634:
2594:
2582:
2529:
2491:
2476:clock showing high and low water
2466:
2429:
2409:St John's Co-Cathedral, Valletta
2376:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2297:
2285:
2086:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1791:Clock of Esslingen Old Town Hall
1593:
1575:
1557:
1542:
1524:
1509:
1298:. The 15th-century clock in the
1271:
1265:and assembled from 1948 to 1955.
1229:
1214:
1200:
1185:
1171:
1157:
1042:
1008:
990:
847:
833:
816:
791:
405:Most astronomical clocks have a
4680:Les Cadrans Solaires (Sundials)
4010:"Astronomical Clock in Bantumi"
3670:from the original on 4 May 2008
3310:York Minster astronomical clock
3234:York Minster astronomical clock
2667:), a professor of Gwansanggam (
2006:St. Nicholas' Church, Stralsund
1124:. An astronomical clock in the
456:the South pole is more common.
301:of Princeton University wrote:
247:water-driven astronomical clock
4627:. University of Toronto Press.
4525:"Soleure – Solothurn (Suisse)"
4367:Maltese History & Heritage
2685:South Korean national treasure
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2436:Grandmaster's Palace, Valletta
2385:House of the Blackheads (Riga)
1930:Church of St Peter and St Paul
1459:is an astrolabe clock of 1558.
905:'s original astrolabe of 1457.
190:History of timekeeping devices
1:
5225:(Helsinki and Espoo, Finland)
5193:Akaa Solar System Scale Model
4694:Festraets' astronomical clock
4151:"Clockworks and Clock Museum"
3913:"Litomyšl astronomical clock"
3724:"Verge and Foliot Escapement"
3494:Kalmar, Ivan (17 June 2013).
3104:
2209:of the Palazzo della Ragione.
2137:
1583:Strasbourg astronomical clock
1469:is the third clock housed in
1467:Strasbourg astronomical clock
1446:Saint-Omer astronomical clock
949:Senzeilles astronomical clock
596:
198:The courtier and bibliophile
116:Modern reconstruction in the
5268:Kirkhill Astronomical Pillar
5022:Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio
4612:The Clockmaker Rasmus Sørnes
4420:"국보 혼천의 및 혼천시계 (渾天儀 및 渾天時計)"
3938:"Orloj Šumava Hojsova Stráž"
2928:: The astronomical clock by
2762:and their servants, pass by.
2750:Horologium mirabile Lundense
2155:Fanzago's astronomical clock
1668:. The astronomical clock of
1489:Passemant astronomical clock
651:Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio
519:Torre dell'Orologio, Brescia
112:Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio
3728:digital.library.cornell.edu
2136:. Astronomical clock dated
1712:dating from 1472, built by
1601:Beauvais astronomical clock
1422:Ploërmel astronomical clock
1371:Chartres astronomical clock
1343:Besançon astronomical clock
1327:, constructed 1865–1868 by
1321:Beauvais astronomical clock
827:Astrolabium Galileo Galilei
665:Interior clocks and watches
285:in the early 14th century.
5416:
4454:(in Spanish). 23 June 2019
3474:Miracle of Islamic Science
3418:10.1038/s41598-021-84310-w
3081:
2864:
2413:St Paul's Cathedral, Mdina
2227:Messina astronomical clock
2102:
2018:St. Mary's Church, Rostock
1706:Rostock astronomical clock
1688:Münster astronomical clock
1632:
1532:Bourges astronomical clock
1357:Bourges astronomical clock
1287:
1179:Olomouc astronomical clock
1085:Olomouc astronomical clock
1058:
265:to function. Contemporary
187:
5174:
5070:
4760:
4670:Prague Astronomical Clock
3463:. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
3048:Fronwagturm, Schaffhausen
2556:Gdańsk astronomical clock
2042:St. Mary's Church, Lübeck
1895:. At the headquarters of
1165:Prague astronomical clock
1071:Prague astronomical clock
800:Christiaan van der Klaauw
773:Christiaan van der Klaauw
544:
530:ascending and descending
237:In the 11th century, the
38:Prague astronomical clock
5355:Astronomical instruments
5199:Gravity Discovery Centre
5161:Eise Eisinga Planetarium
4814:Versailles (Passemant's)
4434:"340년 전 혼천시계 그대로 볼 수 있다"
4393:10 December 2013 at the
4099:"Festo Harmonices Mundi"
3773:Burnett-Stuart, George.
3692:Burnett-Stuart, George.
3646:White, Lynn Jr. (1966).
3559:"Mechanical Engineering"
3222:, Oxford. On display in
3036:Siegelturm, Diessenhofen
2699:. Korea has been making
2500:Eise Eisinga Planetarium
2458:Eise Eisinga Planetarium
2066:Deutsches Museum, Munich
1800:, constructed 1581–1586.
1755:St. Stephan, Tangermünde
1255:Jens Olsen's World Clock
450:stereographic projection
399:Stereographic projection
386:Diagram showing how the
261:for his clock-tower and
5385:Hellenistic engineering
5345:Ancient Greek astronomy
5047:Jean-Baptiste Schwilgué
4754:Žibřidice (Chaloupka's)
4602:. Hambledon and London.
4474:"Schaffhausen (Suisse)"
4257:"Ein Friedhofsrundgang"
4155:Székesfehérvár Turizmus
4077:koelner-planetarium.de/
4047:"Die Astronomische Uhr"
3617:10.1002/047147844x.wh21
2953:Sion astronomical clock
2827:Lund astronomical clock
2742:Lund astronomical clock
2368:House of the Blackheads
1565:Lyon astronomical clock
1475:Jean-Baptiste Schwilgué
1402:Lyon astronomical clock
1142:Temple to Hops and Beer
670:The Rasmus Sørnes Clock
603:Science Museum (London)
597:Su Song's Cosmic Engine
249:for his clock-tower of
156:used in observatories.
5042:Richard of Wallingford
4979:Dubrovnik (Bell Tower)
3887:"Senzeille (Belgique)"
3835:"Innsbruck (Autriche)"
3753:mostre.museogalileo.it
3694:"De Dondi's Astrarium"
2840:Nottebäck church clock
2691:technology created by
1903:(named after Kepler's
1832:, installed 1579–1580.
683:
636:
575:During the two yearly
564:
554:
452:is the North pole; on
402:
391:
379:
312:Richard of Wallingford
308:
207:
150:astronomical regulator
125:
90:, and sometimes major
44:
5136:Antikythera mechanism
5057:Auguste-Lucien Vérité
4555:patrimoine-horloge.fr
4551:"Winterthur (Suisse)"
4529:patrimoine-horloge.fr
4504:patrimoine-horloge.fr
4478:patrimoine-horloge.fr
4261:Meraner Stadtanzeiger
4051:Stadtgemeinde Stendal
3988:petit-patrimoine.com/
3891:patrimoine-horloge.fr
3839:patrimoine-horloge.fr
3355:Clock of the Long Now
3324:Bracken House, London
3254:Wells Cathedral clock
3150:Prior Castell's Clock
3128:Wells Cathedral clock
2383:Rebuilt clock on the
1905:book of the same name
1329:Auguste-Lucien Vérité
870:'s cruise ships, the
677:
397:
385:
378:might be interpreted.
373:
212:Antikythera mechanism
197:
170:Antikythera mechanism
105:
35:
5390:History of astrology
4623:King, Henry (1978).
4283:"Piazza Tre Martiri"
4205:comune.bassano.vi.it
3666:. personal website.
3472:Kasem Ajram (1992).
3461:: "Ancient Computer"
3160:Hampton Court Palace
2922:, installed in 1554.
2899:, installed in 1558.
2402:Grandmaster's Palace
2217:Merano town cemetery
2178:, the bell tower of
1849:, installed in 1510.
1745:St. Nicholas' Church
1680:, installed in 1967.
1587:Strasbourg Cathedral
1493:Palace of Versailles
1471:Strasbourg Cathedral
1457:Saint-Omer Cathedral
1390:. The facade of the
1259:Copenhagen City Hall
1034:Dubrovnik Bell Tower
401:from the North Pole.
5350:Astronomical clocks
5247:Sweden Solar System
5243:(Somerset, England)
5241:Somerset Space Walk
5211:Monument to the Sun
5207:(Hvidovre, Denmark)
5201:(Gingin, Australia)
5122:Solar System models
5032:Nikolaus Lilienfeld
4989:Lier (Zimmer tower)
4861:Clusone (Fanzago's)
4730:Astronomical clocks
4617:Borgarsyssel Museum
4073:"Astronomische Uhr"
3815:on 24 February 2018
3538:1991SciAm.264e.100H
3526:Scientific American
3410:2021NatSR..11.5821F
3369:Solar System models
3331:Signs of the Zodiac
3224:St Albans Cathedral
3196:Signs of the Zodiac
3170:astronomical clock.
2911:. The clock of the
2888:. The clock of the
2617:Our Lady of Sorrows
2400:. The clock of the
2241:Torre dell'Orologio
2207:Torre dell'Orologio
2145:Torre dell'Orologio
2113:. The clock of the
1967:Stuttgart Town Hall
1893:Esslingen am Neckar
1876:Cologne Planetarium
1819:Heilbronn Town Hall
1787:Esslingen am Neckar
1660:Nikolaus Lilienfeld
1516:Tour de l'Horloge,
903:Georg von Peuerbach
882:Examples by country
727:Borgarsyssel Museum
592:Historical examples
432:Calendar and zodiac
407:24-hour analog dial
376:24-hour analog dial
358:Generic description
204:Horloge de Sapience
174:24-hour analog dial
18:Astronomical clocks
5400:Italian inventions
5370:English inventions
5365:Chinese inventions
5360:Astronomy in China
5237:(Ithaca, New York)
5151:Astronomical clock
4886:Venice (St Mark's)
3609:Water Encyclopedia
3398:Scientific Reports
3357:, also called the
3327:astrological clock
3188:astrological clock
2693:Christiaan Huygens
2128:Bassano del Grappa
1982:. The clock tower
1840:Tübingen Town Hall
1741:astronomical clock
1648:, now in Poland).
1605:Beauvais Cathedral
1551:Chartres Cathedral
1382:Chartres Cathedral
1347:Besançon Cathedral
1325:Beauvais Cathedral
696:Gregorian calendar
684:
403:
392:
380:
267:Muslim astronomers
208:
200:Louis de Gruuthuse
126:
49:astronomical clock
45:
5286:
5285:
5235:Sagan Planet Walk
5231:(Lofoten, Norway)
5219:(Zagreb, Croatia)
5088:
5087:
5083:
4650:978-0-521-32276-8
3662:Whyte, Nicholas.
3626:978-0-471-47844-7
3593:(4), p. 531-555 .
3497:Early Orientalism
3359:10,000-year clock
2725:Astorga Cathedral
2601:Wrocław Town Hall
2574:Wrocław Town Hall
2552:St. Mary's Church
2231:Messina Cathedral
2180:Cremona Cathedral
2030:Münster Cathedral
1919:Görlitz Town Hall
1768:St. Mary's Church
1724:St. Mary's Church
1710:St. Mary's Church
1692:Münster Cathedral
1674:bombing of Lübeck
1670:St. Mary's Church
1536:Bourges Cathedral
1361:Bourges Cathedral
1300:Tour de l'Horloge
1094:socialist realism
930:, and includes a
841:Citizen Cosmosign
761:Myriad year clock
623:Republic of China
469:astrological sign
16:(Redirected from
5407:
5375:Greek inventions
5327:
5326:
5325:
5315:
5314:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5294:
5213:(Zadar, Croatia)
5180:
5141:Armillary sphere
5115:
5108:
5101:
5092:
5077:
5076:
5072:
4953:Wimborne Minster
4902:Bern (Zytglogge)
4766:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4700:
4685:
4654:
4628:
4615:
4603:
4591:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4444:
4438:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4398:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4369:. 31 August 2013
4359:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4330:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4243:shutterstock.com
4235:
4229:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4043:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3963:zamek-steknik.cz
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3861:"Astrolabiumuhr"
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3811:. Archived from
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3600:
3594:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3549:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3491:
3485:
3470:
3464:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3437:
3389:
3320:
3306:
3292:
3278:
3264:
3250:
3220:Bodleian Library
3154:Durham Cathedral
3134:Wimborne Minster
3109:
3106:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3033:
3021:
3009:
2982:
2974:Joachim Habrecht
2971:
2938:
2930:Joachim Habrecht
2921:
2898:
2849:
2837:
2823:
2802:
2794:Nottebäck Church
2791:
2774:
2701:armillary sphere
2678:
2677:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2638:
2598:
2586:
2533:
2495:
2470:
2433:
2417:Rotunda of Mosta
2380:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:St Mark's Square
2229:in the tower of
2198:
2167:
2159:Palazzo Comunale
2142:
2141: 1540–1550
2139:
2123:
2090:
2063:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
1992:
1975:
1951:Deutsches Museum
1938:
1927:
1901:Harmonices Mundi
1884:
1865:
1848:
1827:
1816:
1799:
1776:
1759:
1758: []
1732:
1698:tune every noon.
1642:Hanseatic League
1597:
1579:
1561:
1546:
1528:
1513:
1495:near Paris is a
1454:
1379:
1308:
1275:
1261:was designed by
1233:
1218:
1204:
1189:
1175:
1161:
1150:
1112:Kryštofovo Údolí
1046:
1012:
994:
982:Festraets Museum
979:
971:Kamiel Festraets
957:
946:
928:equation of time
855:Citizen Moonsign
851:
837:
820:
810:Planetarium 2000
808:
795:
781:
757:Tanaka Hisashige
565:"cauda draconam"
555:"caput draconam"
546:
341:verge and foliot
263:armillary sphere
21:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5380:Arab inventions
5335:
5334:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5289:
5287:
5282:
5251:
5195:(Akaa, Finland)
5181:
5172:
5124:
5119:
5089:
5084:
5066:
5004:
4998:
4967:Other countries
4962:
4916:
4890:
4844:
4818:
4767:
4758:
4732:
4727:
4683:
4661:
4651:
4638:
4635:
4633:Further reading
4622:
4606:
4594:
4580:Needham, Joseph
4578:
4575:
4570:
4560:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4534:
4532:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4500:"Sion (Suisse)"
4498:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4405:
4401:
4395:Wayback Machine
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4338:Turismo Trapani
4332:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4315:
4312:Soncino Turismo
4306:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4266:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4210:
4208:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4103:24hourtime.info
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3785:on 2 April 2008
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3730:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3691:
3690:
3683:
3673:
3671:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3650:. Oxford Press.
3645:
3644:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3583:
3579:
3568:
3566:
3556:Hill, Donald R.
3554:
3522:Hill, Donald R.
3520:
3519:
3515:
3508:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3471:
3467:
3455:
3451:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3341:
3334:
3321:
3312:
3307:
3298:
3293:
3284:
3279:
3270:
3265:
3256:
3251:
3210:Gloucestershire
3206:Snowshill Manor
3107:
3086:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3061:
3058:
3049:
3046:
3037:
3034:
3025:
3022:
3013:
3012:Zytglogge, Bern
3010:
2976:
2965:
2932:
2915:
2892:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2841:
2838:
2829:
2824:
2796:
2785:
2768:
2755:In Dulci Jubilo
2734:
2717:
2711:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2590:
2587:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2513:
2506:
2496:
2487:
2477:
2471:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2394:
2387:
2381:
2360:
2353:
2350:
2341:
2338:
2329:
2326:
2317:
2314:
2305:
2302:
2293:
2290:
2269:St Mark's Clock
2192:
2161:
2140:
2117:
2107:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2031:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2007:
2004:
1986:
1984:Worms Town Hall
1969:
1932:
1921:
1878:
1859:
1842:
1838:. The clock of
1821:
1810:
1793:
1770:
1757:
1726:
1656:Doberan Minster
1646:clock at Gdańsk
1637:
1631:
1622:clock at Mantua
1614:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1448:
1373:
1302:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1205:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1176:
1167:
1162:
1144:
1126:Bohemian Forest
1063:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1004:
995:
973:
951:
940:
912:
889:
884:
868:Holland America
864:
857:
852:
843:
838:
829:
821:
812:
809:
802:
796:
775:
769:
739:
692:Julian calendar
672:
667:
639:
599:
594:
577:eclipse seasons
527:
502:
493:
484:
434:
368:
360:
192:
186:
144:for indicating
115:
100:
42:Old Town Square
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5413:
5411:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5337:
5336:
5332:
5331:
5319:
5307:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5232:
5229:Planet Lofoten
5226:
5220:
5214:
5208:
5205:Kystagerparken
5202:
5196:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5095:
5086:
5085:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5017:Kaspar Brunner
5014:
5008:
5006:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4970:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4943:Ottery St Mary
4940:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4921:United Kingdom
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4740:
4738:
4737:Czech Republic
4734:
4733:
4728:
4726:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4659:External links
4657:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4620:
4604:
4592:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4542:
4516:
4491:
4465:
4452:Diario de León
4439:
4425:
4411:
4399:
4380:
4363:"Clock Towers"
4351:
4325:
4299:
4287:Rimini Turismo
4274:
4248:
4230:
4218:
4192:
4167:
4142:
4116:
4105:. 27 June 2006
4090:
4064:
4038:
4027:
4016:. 3 April 2014
4001:
3975:
3950:
3929:
3904:
3878:
3852:
3826:
3796:
3765:
3740:
3715:
3704:on 30 May 2008
3681:
3654:
3638:
3625:
3605:"Water Clocks"
3595:
3577:
3513:
3506:
3486:
3465:
3449:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3322:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3285:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3227:
3213:
3199:
3181:
3171:
3157:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:(14th century)
3131:
3121:
3120:(15th century)
3114:Ottery St Mary
3111:
3079:
3078:United Kingdom
3076:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2963:Lorenz Liechti
2956:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2923:
2906:
2900:
2880:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:Rinkaby Church
2804:
2780:
2763:
2746:Lund Cathedral
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2697:Joseon Dynasty
2681:Joseon Dynasty
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:Stará Bystrica
2640:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2613:Stará Bystrica
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2567:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2536:Oslo City Hall
2535:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2521:Oslo City Hall
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2472:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2451:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2405:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2234:
2220:
2210:
2200:
2183:
2169:
2148:
2131:
2125:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1977:
1960:
1954:
1940:
1912:
1890:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1850:
1833:
1830:Isaac Habrecht
1801:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1761:
1748:
1734:
1717:
1699:
1681:
1663:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1569:Lyon Cathedral
1563:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1482:
1460:
1439:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1406:Lyon Cathedral
1395:
1392:Musée alsacien
1385:
1364:
1350:
1336:
1333:Last Judgement
1314:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1135:
1129:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1078:
1056:
1055:Czech Republic
1053:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1005:
996:
989:
986:
985:
964:
961:Halley's Comet
935:
911:
908:
907:
906:
896:
888:
885:
883:
880:
863:
862:Other examples
860:
859:
858:
853:
846:
844:
839:
832:
830:
822:
815:
813:
797:
790:
768:
765:
747:British Museum
738:
735:
671:
668:
666:
663:
638:
635:
619:liquid mercury
598:
595:
593:
590:
526:
523:
501:
498:
492:
489:
483:
480:
471:into another.
433:
430:
367:
364:
359:
356:
299:Lynn White Jr.
277:, such as the
188:Main article:
185:
182:
154:pendulum clock
99:
96:
88:constellations
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5412:
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5097:
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5052:Rasmus Sørnes
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:Hans Düringer
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5005:and designers
5001:
4995:
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4934:
4933:Hampton Court
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4912:Zug (Zytturm)
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
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4887:
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4882:
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4288:
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4234:
4231:
4228:at flickr.com
4227:
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4219:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4181:
4180:Around Arezzo
4177:
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4129:schramberg.de
4126:
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4014:Georgia About
4011:
4005:
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3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
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3951:
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3917:Czech Tourism
3914:
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3507:9781136578915
3503:
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3483:
3482:0-911119-43-4
3479:
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3192:Bracken House
3189:
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2800:
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2777:Fjelie Church
2772:
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2653:Honcheonsigye
2651:
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2646:
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2622:
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2606:
2597:
2592:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:Hans Düringer
2557:
2554:there is the
2553:
2549:
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2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
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2079:
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2071:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:Old Town Hall
1944:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:sidereal time
1882:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1857:Ulm Town Hall
1854:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1834:
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1714:Hans Düringer
1711:
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1700:
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1464:
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1423:
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1407:
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1399:
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1297:
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1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1222:Hojsova Stráž
1217:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:Hojsova Stráž
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:
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1062:
1054:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1006:
1003:
1002:Lier, Belgium
999:
993:
988:
983:
977:
972:
968:
965:
962:
955:
950:
944:
939:
936:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
913:
909:
904:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
886:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
861:
856:
850:
845:
842:
836:
831:
828:
825:
824:Ulysse Nardin
819:
814:
811:
806:
801:
794:
789:
787:
785:
784:Ulysse Nardin
779:
774:
766:
764:
762:
758:
753:
750:
748:
744:
736:
734:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
706:cycles and a
705:
701:
700:sidereal time
697:
693:
689:
688:Rasmus Sørnes
681:
680:Rasmus Sørnes
676:
669:
664:
662:
660:
659:Primum Mobile
656:
655:Primum Mobile
652:
648:
644:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
591:
589:
587:
586:solar eclipse
583:
582:lunar eclipse
578:
573:
571:
567:
566:
562:
557:
556:
552:
547:
542:
535:
533:
524:
522:
520:
515:
513:
508:
499:
497:
490:
488:
481:
479:
475:
472:
470:
464:
462:
457:
455:
451:
445:
443:
439:
431:
429:
426:
424:
423:Italian hours
419:
416:
411:
408:
400:
396:
389:
384:
377:
372:
365:
363:
357:
355:
353:
348:
344:
342:
336:
334:
333:London Bridge
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
286:
284:
283:Ibn al-Shatir
280:
276:
275:observatories
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
232:Olympic Games
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:
201:
196:
191:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
138:sidereal time
135:
131:
123:
119:
113:
109:
104:
97:
95:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
63:with special
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
5329:Solar System
5263:Solar System
5150:
5078:
5062:Louis Zimmer
5012:Paul Behrens
4640:
4624:
4611:
4599:
4583:
4559:. Retrieved
4554:
4545:
4533:. Retrieved
4528:
4519:
4507:. Retrieved
4503:
4494:
4482:. Retrieved
4477:
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4451:
4442:
4436:(in Korean).
4428:
4422:(in Korean).
4414:
4402:
4383:
4371:. Retrieved
4366:
4342:. Retrieved
4340:(in Italian)
4337:
4328:
4316:. Retrieved
4314:(in Italian)
4311:
4302:
4290:. Retrieved
4286:
4277:
4265:. Retrieved
4260:
4251:
4242:
4233:
4221:
4209:. Retrieved
4207:(in Italian)
4204:
4195:
4183:. Retrieved
4179:
4170:
4158:. Retrieved
4154:
4145:
4133:. Retrieved
4128:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4102:
4093:
4081:. Retrieved
4076:
4067:
4055:. Retrieved
4050:
4041:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
4013:
4004:
3992:. Retrieved
3987:
3978:
3966:. Retrieved
3962:
3953:
3941:. Retrieved
3932:
3920:. Retrieved
3916:
3907:
3895:. Retrieved
3890:
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3865:peuerbach.at
3864:
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3838:
3829:
3817:. Retrieved
3813:the original
3808:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3783:the original
3778:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3752:
3743:
3731:. Retrieved
3727:
3718:
3706:. Retrieved
3702:the original
3697:
3672:. Retrieved
3657:
3647:
3641:
3630:, retrieved
3608:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3567:. Retrieved
3532:(5): 64–69.
3529:
3525:
3516:
3496:
3489:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3456:PBS (2013).
3452:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3358:
3238:World War II
3091:West Country
3060:Zytturm, Zug
2926:Schaffhausen
2903:Diessenhofen
2855:church clock
2753:
2749:
2748:in Sweden, (
2710:
2483:
2479:
2190:Torre Civica
1909:glockenspiel
1900:
1696:glockenspiel
1678:Paul Behrens
1436:Gros Horloge
1335:on the hour.
1089:heliocentric
1075:World War II
1016:Sint-Truiden
998:Zimmer tower
967:Sint-Truiden
924:Louis Zimmer
920:Zimmer tower
876:MS Amsterdam
875:
872:MS Rotterdam
871:
865:
854:
840:
826:
798:
770:
754:
751:
740:
737:Table clocks
720:
685:
640:
609:, a Chinese
600:
574:
559:
549:
539:
536:
528:
516:
503:
494:
485:
476:
473:
465:
461:sidereal day
458:
446:
435:
427:
420:
412:
404:
361:
349:
345:
337:
309:
304:
287:
239:Song dynasty
236:
209:
203:
161:Solar System
158:
149:
142:Moon's nodes
130:Lunar phases
127:
73:astronomical
56:
52:
48:
46:
36:Face of the
29:
5003:Clockmakers
4895:Switzerland
4684:(in French)
4608:Sørnes, Tor
4596:North, John
4557:(in French)
4531:(in French)
4480:(in French)
4131:(in German)
4079:(in German)
4053:(in German)
3990:(in French)
3893:(in French)
3867:(in German)
3841:(in French)
3809:nmns.edu.tw
3652:, p.122-123
3404:(1): 5821.
3130:(1386–1392)
3108: 1484
2977: [
2966: [
2941:lunar nodes
2933: [
2916: [
2893: [
2890:Spittelturm
2861:Switzerland
2797: [
2786: [
2769: [
2705:King Sejong
2689:alarm clock
2647:South Korea
2442:Netherlands
2193: [
2162: [
2118: [
1987: [
1970: [
1933: [
1922: [
1879: [
1860: [
1843: [
1822: [
1811: [
1794: [
1771: [
1751:Tangermünde
1727: [
1690:of 1540 in
1652:Bad Doberan
1449: [
1374: [
1303: [
1145: [
974: [
952: [
941: [
803: [
776: [
708:planetarium
625:(Taiwan)'s
532:lunar nodes
366:Time of day
306:astrolabes.
259:chain drive
206:, 1470-1480
71:to display
5339:Categories
5217:Nine Views
5037:Jens Olsen
4809:Strasbourg
4573:References
3758:8 November
3733:8 November
3632:8 November
3569:22 January
3168:Copernican
3082:See also:
2987:Winterthur
2886:Bremgarten
2865:See also:
2474:Arnemuiden
2448:Arnemuiden
2419:; and the
2273:clocktower
2103:See also:
1957:Schramberg
1633:See also:
1485:Versailles
1463:Strasbourg
1442:Saint-Omer
1288:See also:
1263:Jens Olsen
1251:Copenhagen
1059:See also:
938:Senzeilles
932:tide clock
755:In Japan,
733:, Norway.
716:precession
710:including
615:escapement
491:Hour lines
454:astrolabes
291:escapement
279:astrolabic
255:escapement
245:created a
226:, predict
178:Copernican
165:geocentric
163:using the
98:Definition
65:mechanisms
53:horologium
5305:Astronomy
5168:Tellurion
5146:Astrarium
4938:Leicester
4840:Stralsund
3819:9 October
3426:2045-2322
3374:Torquetum
3350:Astrarium
3345:Astrolabe
3216:St Albans
3202:Snowshill
3174:Leicester
3024:Solothurn
2959:Solothurn
2909:Mellingen
2877:Zytglogge
2783:Nottebäck
2621:astrolabe
2271:, in the
1963:Stuttgart
1874:. At the
1804:Heilbronn
1737:Stralsund
1549:Clock at
1311:lunar day
1193:Prostějov
1106:Prostějov
1049:Dubrovnik
1030:Dubrovnik
899:Peuerbach
893:Innsbruck
763:in 1851.
731:Sarpsborg
512:astrolabe
316:St Albans
295:astrolabe
281:clock by
271:engineers
108:astrarium
4799:Ploërmel
4784:Besançon
4779:Beauvais
4610:(2008).
4598:(2005).
4582:(1986).
4458:12 March
4391:Archived
4373:12 March
4160:11 March
4135:14 March
4109:14 March
4083:15 March
4057:14 March
4020:12 March
3994:10 March
3968:11 March
3943:24 March
3897:10 March
3871:15 March
3845:10 March
3789:24 April
3779:Almagest
3708:21 April
3698:Almagest
3674:24 April
3668:Archived
3563:Archived
3444:33712674
3339:See also
2913:Zeitturm
2803:in 1954.
2779:in 1946.
2628:signals.
2607:Slovakia
2504:Franeker
2454:Franeker
2398:Valletta
2186:Macerata
2176:Torrazzo
2093:Budapest
2078:Budapest
1949:and the
1928:and the
1836:Tübingen
1808:Kunstuhr
1503:in 1754.
1501:Louis XV
1479:computus
1418:Ploërmel
1388:Haguenau
1367:Chartres
1339:Besançon
1317:Beauvais
1100:Litomyšl
874:and the
743:Augsburg
631:Taichung
611:polymath
442:ecliptic
374:How the
352:pendulum
228:eclipses
180:Europe.
146:eclipses
134:ecliptic
85:zodiacal
5291:Portals
5256:Related
5129:Devices
5080:Commons
4876:Messina
4866:Cremona
4856:Brescia
4835:Rostock
4830:Münster
4823:Germany
4789:Bourges
4744:Olomouc
4561:9 March
4535:9 March
4509:9 March
4484:9 March
4344:8 March
4318:8 March
4292:8 March
4267:8 March
4211:8 March
4185:7 March
3922:8 March
3534:Bibcode
3435:7955085
3406:Bibcode
2997:Zytturm
2853:Rinkaby
2807:Rinkaby
2721:Astorga
2570:Wrocław
2352:Messina
2316:Brescia
2292:Cremona
2259:Trapani
2253:Soncino
2223:Messina
2172:Cremona
2157:at the
2151:Clusone
2143:in the
2134:Brescia
2072:Hungary
1915:Görlitz
1872:Cologne
1720:Stendal
1702:Rostock
1684:Münster
1629:Germany
1612:Georgia
1518:Auxerre
1491:in the
1412:Munster
1353:Bourges
1296:Auxerre
1245:Denmark
1081:Olomouc
1024:Croatia
910:Belgium
887:Austria
866:Two of
767:Watches
759:made a
704:sunspot
607:Su Song
570:Serpens
517:On the
500:Aspects
415:azimuth
251:Kaifeng
243:Su Song
224:planets
184:History
92:planets
5186:Models
5156:Orrery
4984:Gdańsk
4928:Exeter
4871:Mantua
4772:France
4749:Prague
4647:
3623:
3504:
3480:
3442:
3432:
3424:
3364:Orrery
3232:. The
3186:. The
3184:London
3176:. The
3162:. The
3146:Durham
3136:. The
3126:. The
3116:. The
3099:. The
3097:Exeter
2951:: The
2875:. The
2766:Fjelie
2732:Sweden
2673:;
2661:;
2589:Gdańsk
2548:Gdańsk
2542:Poland
2511:Norway
2456:. The
2415:; the
2358:Latvia
2340:Venice
2304:Mantua
2265:Venice
2247:Rimini
2225:. The
2213:Merano
2203:Mantua
2111:Arezzo
1945:. The
1943:Munich
1806:. The
1789:. The
1764:Wismar
1739:. The
1704:. The
1686:. The
1666:Lübeck
1618:Batumi
1497:rococo
1487:. The
1465:. The
1444:. The
1434:. The
1426:orrery
1420:. The
1400:. The
1369:. The
1355:. The
1341:. The
1319:. The
1284:France
1140:. The
1132:Třebíč
1114:. The
1083:. The
1069:. The
1067:Prague
1032:. The
947:. The
918:. The
682:Clock.
647:Padova
545:drakon
507:aspect
438:zodiac
388:zodiac
327:, and
5317:Stars
4948:Wells
4881:Padua
4849:Italy
4804:Rouen
3380:Notes
3124:Wells
2981:]
2970:]
2937:]
2920:]
2897:]
2801:]
2790:]
2773:]
2715:Spain
2626:DCF77
2564:Toruń
2550:. In
2392:Malta
2328:Padua
2237:Padua
2197:]
2166:]
2122:]
2099:Italy
1991:]
1980:Worms
1974:]
1937:]
1926:]
1897:Festo
1883:]
1864:]
1847:]
1826:]
1815:]
1798:]
1775:]
1753:. At
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1722:. At
1654:. At
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1432:Rouen
1378:]
1307:]
1239:clock
1237:Žatec
1224:clock
1195:clock
1149:]
1138:Žatec
1018:clock
978:]
956:]
945:]
807:]
780:]
712:Pluto
561:Latin
551:Latin
541:Greek
325:phase
320:Padua
122:Milan
69:dials
61:clock
59:is a
57:orloj
55:, or
40:, in
4994:Lund
4958:York
4907:Sion
4794:Lyon
4645:ISBN
4563:2020
4537:2020
4511:2020
4486:2020
4460:2020
4375:2020
4346:2020
4320:2020
4294:2020
4269:2020
4213:2020
4187:2020
4162:2020
4137:2020
4111:2020
4085:2020
4059:2020
4022:2020
3996:2020
3970:2020
3945:2020
3924:2020
3899:2020
3873:2020
3847:2020
3821:2015
3791:2008
3760:2022
3735:2022
3710:2008
3676:2008
3634:2022
3621:ISBN
3587:Isis
3571:2008
3502:ISBN
3478:ISBN
3459:NOVA
3440:PMID
3422:ISSN
3230:York
3072:Sion
2972:and
2949:Sion
2873:Bern
2760:magi
2738:Lund
2517:Oslo
2498:The
2484:laag
2482:and
2480:hoog
2364:Riga
1398:Lyon
916:Lier
678:The
641:The
601:The
558:and
482:Moon
329:node
269:and
222:and
220:moon
210:The
106:The
81:Moon
67:and
3613:doi
3552:cf.
3542:doi
3530:264
3430:PMC
3414:doi
3208:in
3190:of
3152:in
2993:Zug
2744:in
2676:觀象監
2670:관상감
2664:宋以潁
2658:송이영
2562:of
2502:in
2275:on
2054:Ulm
1853:Ulm
1828:of
1817:of
1743:in
1708:in
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