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or similar structure, to protect the delicate instruments from the elements. Telescope domes have a slit or other opening in the roof that can be opened during observing, and closed when the telescope is not in use. In most cases, the entire upper portion of the telescope dome can be rotated to allow
1427:
A marine observatory is a scientific institution whose main task is to make observations in the fields of meteorology, geomagnetism and tides that are important for the navy and civil shipping. An astronomical observatory is usually also attached. Some of these observatories also deal with nautical
1208:
radiation so observations in these portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are best carried out from a location above the atmosphere of our planet. Another advantage of space-based telescopes is that, because of their location above the Earth's atmosphere, their images are free from the effects of
1517:
for field strength and direction at standard intervals. Geomagnetic observatories are most useful when located away from human activities to avoid disturbances of anthropogenic origin, and the observation data is collected at a fixed location continuously for decades. Magnetic observations are
1253:
Airborne observatories have the advantage of height over ground installations, putting them above most of the Earth's atmosphere. They also have an advantage over space telescopes: The instruments can be deployed, repaired and updated much more quickly and inexpensively. The
1221:. However, all these advantages do come with a price. Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also extremely difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space Telescope was able to be serviced by the
348:
to observe the
Universe in the radio portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such an instrument, or collection of instruments, with supporting facilities such as control centres, visitor housing, data reduction centers, and/or maintenance facilities are called
1888:
Saunders, Will; Lawrence, Jon S.; Storey, John W. V.; Ashley, Michael C. B.; Kato, Seiji; Minnis, Patrick; Winker, David M.; Liu, Guiping & Kulesa, Craig (2009). "Where Is the Best Site on Earth? Domes A, B, C, and F, and Ridges A and B".
443:
in
Bolivia, at 5,230 m (17,160 ft), was the world's highest permanent astronomical observatory from the time of its construction during the 1940s until 2009. It has now been surpassed by the new
2274:
1484:
1752:
2249:
2598:
Gressot Julien and
Jeanneret Romain, « Determining the right time, or the establishment of a culture of astronomical precision at Neuchâtel Observatory in the mid-19th century »,
1713:
it is assigned to whereby the observatory is tasked with spreading activity forecasts, analyzing potential volcanic activity threats and cooperating with communities in preparation for
1590:
250:. The ideal locations for modern observatories are sites that have dark skies, a large percentage of clear nights per year, dry air, and are at high elevations. At high elevations, the
2678:
2533:
2317:
1519:
1456:
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287:
1979:"The 1m telescope at the Atacama Observatory has Started Scientific Operation, detecting the Hydrogen Emission Line from the Galactic Center in the Infrared Light"
1069:
2278:
2149:
198:
1350:
2103:
638:
2253:
1619:
1541:, self-recording magnetograph, magnetic declinometer, azimuth compass. Once a week at the absolute reference point calibration measurements are performed.
950:
1470:
1443:
908:
426:
1184:
around the Earth. Space telescopes can be used to observe astronomical objects at wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum that cannot penetrate the
2047:
1305:
817:
2196:
2101:
A long time exposed picture taken by night shows
Slovakia's High Tatras mountains seen from the Solar observatory station on the Lomnicky Stit peak
1009:
445:
307:
2343:
2163:
1118:
2661:
1604:
1389:
321: — a place in the central part of Eastern Antarctica. This location provides the least atmospheric disturbances and best visibility.
2321:
1599:
1529:(torsion, declination-inclination fluxgate, proton precession, Overhauser-effect), variometer (3-component vector, total-field scalar),
88:
has been used in French since at least 1976 to denote any institution that compiles and presents data on a particular subject (such as
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299:
105:
2778:
2621:
2487:
2204:
1861:
1502:
1416:
792:
414:
1978:
992:
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For optical telescopes, most ground-based observatories are located far from major centers of population, to avoid the effects of
93:
2179:
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1577:
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1097:
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1016:
406:
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155:
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Specific research study performed in 2009 shows that the best possible location for ground-based observatory on Earth is
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31:
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as well as research in order to understand the potential impacts of active volcanism. Among the best known are the
263:
2292:
2031:
89:
1709:
VDAP (Volcano
Disaster Assistance Program), to be deployed on demand. Each volcano observatory has a geographic
124:, ground-based, and underground-based. Historically, ground-based observatories were as simple as containing an
2100:
231:
209:
2614:
Observatories and
Telescopes of Modern Times - Ground-Based Optical and Radio Astronomy Facilities since 1945.
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1570:
1048:
623:
535:
227:
194:
111:
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the instrument to observe different sections of the night sky. Radio telescopes usually do not have domes.
2773:
1710:
1642:
1214:
1169:
1164:
1062:
922:
520:
255:
125:
602:
369:, and other EMI emitting devices, but unlike optical observatories, radio observatories can be placed in
2128:
2084:"Slovakia's High Tatras mountains are seen from the solar observatory station on the Lomnicky Stit peak"
1403:
1382:
1271:
1104:
894:
799:
436:
291:
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1343:
1185:
556:
251:
2675:
world's largest database of astronomical observatories since 2000 – about 2000 entries
2565:(Duke University Press; 2010) 384 pages; Topics include astronomy as military science in Sweden, the
1951:
1908:
1702:
1614:
1428:
weather forecasts and storm warnings, astronomical time services, nautical calendars and seismology.
1364:
1234:
781:
619:
499:
176:
121:
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2347:
1727:
1690:
1684:
1631:
1239:
1083:
1055:
1037:
964:
957:
915:
845:
546:
390:
303:
259:
172:
2020:
222:
Ground-based observatories, located on the surface of Earth, are used to make observations in the
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2635:
2627:
2405:
2389:
2035:
1924:
1898:
1357:
1210:
1139:
1125:
1044:
978:
971:
943:
880:
838:
751:
435:, above 4,000–5,000 m (13,000–16,000 ft). The largest and most notable of these is the
431:
Since the mid-20th century, a number of astronomical observatories have been constructed at very
398:
42:
474:
2617:
2517:
2483:
2477:
2397:
2200:
2159:
1857:
1283:
999:
929:
859:
785:
542:
235:
117:
2679:
List of amateur and professional observatories in North
America with custom weather forecasts
2499:
1513:
A magnetic observatory is a facility which precisely measures the total intensity of Earth's
448:, an optical-infrared telescope on a remote 5,640 m (18,500 ft) mountaintop in the
2709:
2381:
2231:
1959:
1942:
Zanini, A.; Storini, M.; Saavedra, O. (2009). "Cosmic rays at High
Mountain Observatories".
1916:
1873:
1772:
1732:
1673:
1371:
1189:
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and are thus impossible to observe using ground-based telescopes. The Earth's atmosphere is
1111:
644:
374:
2563:
The
Heavens on Earth: Observatories and Astronomy in Nineteenth-Century Science and Culture
2180:
Facts about
Hipparchus: astronomical observatory, as discussed in astronomical observatory:
613:
149:
2684:
Map showing many of the Astronomical Observatories around the world (with drilldown links)
2570:
2141:
2107:
1747:
1742:
1333:
1159:
770:
402:
345:
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330:
247:
223:
17:
2048:"One of the Oldest Observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory"
1986:
1955:
1912:
514:
2586:
2576:
2222:
1737:
1514:
873:
492:
449:
386:
353:. Radio observatories are similarly located far from major population centers to avoid
271:
187:
2767:
2683:
2558:
2442:
1837:
1818:
1222:
887:
737:
719:
439:, located near the summit of a 4,205 m (13,796 ft) volcano in Hawaiʻi. The
432:
373:
for further EMI shielding. Some of the world's major radio observatories include the
2409:
1928:
1518:
aggregated, processed, quality checked and made public through data centers such as
2721:
2346:. Heritage Preservation Services, National Park Service. 2001-11-05. Archived from
2123:
Micheau, Francoise. "The Scientific Institutions in the Medieval Near East": 992–3.
1534:
1526:
1375:
1247:
691:
657:
651:
481:
382:
283:
74:
2662:
Dearborn Observatory Records, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois
1176:
Space-based observatories are telescopes or other instruments that are located in
852:
37:
1851:
2218:
The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory
2083:
1267:
1193:
1177:
831:
574:
394:
78:
66:
62:
1209:
atmospheric turbulence that plague ground-based observations. As a result, the
166:
2667:
1963:
1787:
1609:
1538:
1530:
1201:
743:
713:
697:
679:
440:
378:
133:
70:
46:
2456:
1288:
Example underground, underwater or under ice neutrino observatories include:
2607:
2155:
824:
803:
685:
673:
667:
58:
2401:
460:
262:". Sites that meet the above criteria for modern observatories include the
81:
are examples of disciplines for which observatories have been constructed.
57:
is a location used for observing terrestrial, marine, or celestial events.
2573:, and physics and the astronomical community in late 19th-century America.
1263:
1218:
1205:
707:
661:
503:
2422:
2318:"On its 200th Anniversary Tartu Old Observatory Opens Doors as a Museum"
2668:
Coordinates and satellite images of astronomical observatories on Earth
2457:"A Brief History of the Hubble Space Telescope: Why a Space Telescope?"
1694:
1003:
763:
585:
318:
2393:
2296:
2293:"Observatorio AstronĂłmico Nacional (Universidad Nacional de Colombia)"
2632:
Giant Telescopes: Astronomical Ambition and the Promise of Technology
1293:
1197:
774:
731:
725:
703:
563:
524:
370:
279:
267:
2672:
2369:
116:
Astronomical observatories are mainly divided into four categories:
2716:
2385:
2235:
2193:
Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding
2008:
1920:
1217:
is often much smaller than a ground-based telescope with a similar
1903:
1462:
1871–1918 Austro-Hungarian Pola Naval Observatory, in what is now
1238:
1181:
1163:
410:
366:
358:
311:
275:
36:
2688:
1706:
1656:
1595:
Example seismic observation projects and observatories include:
1485:
European Multidisciplinary Seafloor and water column Observatory
1463:
239:
129:
1753:
Timeline of telescopes, observatories, and observing technology
1525:
The types of measuring equipment at an observatory may include
2344:"Astronomy and Astrophysics (United States Naval Observatory)"
2087:
1274:
for X-ray astronomy have been used in a variety of countries.
2515:
IAGA Guide for Magnetic Measurements and Observatory Practice
1225:
while many other space telescopes cannot be serviced at all.
750:
The oldest true observatories, in the sense of a specialized
2250:"Royal Institute and Observatory of the San Fernando Armada"
1985:. School of Science, the University of Tokyo. Archived from
362:
27:
Location used for observing terrestrial or celestial events
2592:
Sky and Ocean Joined: The U.S. Naval Observatory 1830–2000
2275:"Real Observatorio de Madrid - Breve semblanza histĂłrica"
2071:
215:
Haleakala Observatory at 3,036 m (9,961 ft), Maui, Hawaii
2423:
History of astronomy at University of Helsinki 1834–1984
1591:
International Federation of Digital Seismograph Networks
1891:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
136:(which has some alignments on astronomical phenomena).
2370:"John Quincy Adams's Rhetorical Crusade for Astronomy"
2072:
Official website of the Quito Astronomical Observatory
2021:
Tartu Observatory – Official website (English version)
1017:
Depot of Charts & Instruments/US Naval Observatory
2693:
1693:
is an institution that conducts the monitoring of a
643:The oldest proto-observatories, in the sense of an
1652:Example gravitational wave observatories include:
2643:A Visitor's Guide to the Kitt Peak Observatories
2118:
2116:
1260:Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
2534:"USGS operates five U.S. Volcano Observatories"
1977:Yoshii, Yuzuru; et al. (August 11, 2009).
1557:Toronto Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory
2320:. Visit Estonia. 26 April 2011. Archived from
1705:. Mobile volcano observatories exist with the
1338:Example meteorological observatories include:
1070:Georgetown University Astronomical Observatory
254:is thinner, thereby minimizing the effects of
2151:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
8:
2616:Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2017,
2504:U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1919 pp57-59
1853:Observatories and Telescopes of Modern Times
639:List of archaeoastronomical sites by country
1620:World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network
1471:Observatoire Oceanologique de Villefranche
1444:Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada
1351:HohenpeiĂźenberg Meteorological Observatory
909:Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada
427:List of highest astronomical observatories
2608:https://doi.org/10.1177/00218286211068572
1902:
1306:Baikal Deep Underwater Neutrino Telescope
818:Constantinople Observatory of Taqi ad-Din
158:, Chile, at 5,058 m (16,594 ft)
2513:Jankowski, J. and Sucksdorff, C. (1996)
2501:Principal Facts of the Earth's Magnetism
2437:Chaisson, Eric; McMillan, Steve (2002).
2197:Continuum International Publishing Group
1832:Chaisson, Eric; McMillan, Steve (2002).
1813:Chaisson, Eric; McMillan, Steve (2002).
1544:Example magnetic observatories include:
344:have been built for use in the field of
92:) or for a particular geographic area (
2700:
2673:Milkyweb Astronomical Observatory Guide
2656:Western Visayas Local Urban Observatory
2148:Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, RĂ©gis (1996).
1875:World Atlas of Large Optical Telescopes
1764:
1010:Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte
446:University of Tokyo Atacama Observatory
308:Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
2641:Sage, Leslie, and Gail Aschenbrenner.
2479:Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics
2137:
2126:
1431:Example marine observatories include:
258:and resulting in better astronomical "
1119:Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
1038:Hopkins Observatory, Williams College
7:
2600:Journal for the History of Astronomy
2216:Kennedy, Edward S. (1962). "Review:
1390:Blue Hill Meteorological Observatory
601:The 1962-built Solar observatory on
441:Chacaltaya Astrophysical Observatory
128:(for measuring the distance between
1774:Searching the Heavens and the Earth
1600:International Seismological Summary
1372:New York Meteorological Observatory
480:"El Caracol" observatory temple at
466:Ancient Indian observatory at Delhi
2557:Aubin, David; Charlotte Bigg, and
1662:European Gravitational Observatory
421:Highest astronomical observatories
300:Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
199:world's largest optical telescopes
106:List of astronomical observatories
25:
1503:Integrated Ocean Observing System
1417:World Meteorological Organization
993:National Astronomical Observatory
793:Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory
633:Oldest astronomical observatories
415:Very-long-baseline interferometry
197:, Hawaii, home of several of the
2751:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2581:Great Observatories of the World
1648:Gravitational wave observatories
1605:Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory
1262:use airplanes to observe in the
1213:of space telescopes such as the
612:
594:
573:
555:
534:
513:
491:
473:
459:
208:
201:at 4,205 m (13,796 ft)
186:
165:
148:
94:European Audiovisual Observatory
49:at 3,571 m (11,716 ft)
2439:Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition
1872:Meszaros, Stephen Paul (1986)
1834:Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition
1815:Astronomy Today, Fourth Edition
1578:Boulder Geomagnetic Observatory
1451:United States Naval Observatory
1098:Lisbon Astronomical Observatory
1031:Helsinki University Observatory
179:at 2,635 m (8,645 ft)
1478:St. Andrews Biological Station
1091:Quito Astronomical Observatory
937:Brera Astronomical Observatory
902:Vilnius University Observatory
582:Quito Astronomical Observatory
296:Kitt Peak National Observatory
156:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1:
1777:Kluwer Academic Publishers p3
1498:Fixed-point ocean observatory
2658:(archived 19 September 2008)
1699:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1397:Mount Washington Observatory
1328:Meteorological observatories
1312:IceCube Neutrino Observatory
1300:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
1294:Gallium Neutrino Observatory
1147:Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
1133:Theodor Jacobsen Observatory
355:electromagnetic interference
32:Observatory (disambiguation)
2664:(archived 4 September 2015)
2182:". Encyclopædia Britannica.
1457:German Maritime Observatory
1437:Royal Greenwich Observatory
1318:Helium and Lead Observatory
1256:Kuiper Airborne Observatory
1204:and is partially opaque to
1077:Harvard College Observatory
1024:Yale University Observatory
986:Royal Observatory of Madrid
867:Royal Greenwich Observatory
811:Beijing Ancient Observatory
760:Al-Shammisiyyah Observatory
288:Major optical observatories
2805:
1944:Advances in Space Research
1850:Leverington, David (2017)
1682:
1671:
1640:
1629:
1588:
1331:
1281:
1232:
1157:
958:Observatory of the Vatican
636:
424:
413:. A related discipline is
328:
264:southwestern United States
140:Ground-based observatories
109:
103:
100:Astronomical observatories
29:
18:Astronomical observatories
2476:Gupta, Harsh (ed) (2021)
1964:10.1016/j.asr.2008.10.039
1154:Space-based observatories
771:Mahodayapuram Observatory
562:19th century Observatory
90:Public health observatory
45:on a mountain top in the
2779:Scientific organizations
2536:. U.S. Geological Survey
1637:Cosmic-ray observatories
1344:KremsmĂĽnster Observatory
278:, and high mountains in
232:electromagnetic spectrum
2634:(2004); focuses on the
1571:Eskdalemuir Observatory
1266:, which is absorbed by
1049:Western Reserve Academy
624:Los Angeles, California
195:Mauna Kea Observatories
112:Observational astronomy
2784:Scientific observation
2689:Mt. Wilson Observatory
2368:Portolano, M. (2000).
2191:Peter Barrett (2004),
2136:Cite journal requires
1771:UdĂas, AgustĂn (2003)
1711:area of responsibility
1668:Wildlife observatories
1643:Cosmic-ray observatory
1626:Geodetic observatories
1509:Magnetic observatories
1446:in San Fernando, Spain
1278:Neutrino observatories
1272:High-altitude balloons
1250:
1229:Airborne observatories
1215:Hubble Space Telescope
1173:
1170:Hubble Space Telescope
1063:Cincinnati Observatory
923:Macfarlane Observatory
545:starting point of the
256:atmospheric turbulence
50:
2158:. pp. 985–1007.
2009:Tartu Old Observatory
1856:Cambridge Univ Press
1679:Volcano observatories
1585:Seismic observatories
1550:Göttingen Observatory
1404:Mauna Loa Observatory
1383:Hong Kong Observatory
1242:
1167:
1105:McCormick Observatory
1000:Tartu Old Observatory
895:Stockholm Observatory
800:Ulugh Beg Observatory
714:Observatory at Rhodes
622:in September 2006 in
437:Mauna Kea Observatory
292:Mauna Kea Observatory
175:, Chile, home of the
40:
2789:Scientific buildings
2612:Leverington, David.
1703:Vesuvius Observatory
1615:GEOSCOPE Observatory
1423:Marine observatories
1365:Kandilli Observatory
1235:Airborne observatory
782:Maragheh Observatory
620:Griffith Observatory
500:Maragheh observatory
238:are housed within a
126:astronomical sextant
30:For other uses, see
2567:Pulkovo Observatory
2412:– via Zenodo.
2090:. 5 September 2014.
1956:2009AdSpR..44.1160Z
1913:2009PASP..121..976S
1821:. pp. 116–119.
1792:Picture of the Week
1728:Virtual observatory
1691:volcano observatory
1685:Volcano observatory
1632:Fundamental station
1270:in the atmosphere.
1084:Detroit Observatory
1056:Pulkovo Observatory
995:, Bogotá, Colombia.
981:, Northern Ireland.
965:Dunsink Observatory
916:Trieste Observatory
846:Panzano Observatory
547:Struve Geodetic Arc
351:radio observatories
340:Beginning in 1933,
336:Radio observatories
325:Solar observatories
304:Paranal Observatory
173:Paranal Observatory
2636:Gemini Observatory
2628:McCray, W. Patrick
2606:(1), 2022, 27–48,
2220:by Aydin Sayili".
2106:2017-10-16 at the
2036:Sydney Observatory
2011:, 18 February 2009
1537:, earth inductor,
1358:Colaba Observatory
1251:
1211:angular resolution
1186:Earth's atmosphere
1174:
1140:Yerkes Observatory
1126:Lowell Observatory
1045:Loomis Observatory
979:Armagh Observatory
972:Madras Observatory
881:Berlin Observatory
839:Leiden Observatory
752:research institute
566:, Australia (1872)
252:Earth's atmosphere
236:optical telescopes
51:
43:Sphinx Observatory
2569:in the Russia of
2165:978-0-415-12410-2
2110:4 September 2014.
2032:Official Web Site
1950:(10): 1160–1165.
1788:"ALMA's Solitude"
1715:volcanic eruption
1284:Neutrino detector
930:Turin Observatory
860:Paris Observatory
710:, North Macedonia
543:Tartu Observatory
405:, Australia, and
381:, United States,
16:(Redirected from
2796:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2719:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2511:
2505:
2497:
2491:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2324:on 29 April 2011
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2295:. Archived from
2289:
2283:
2282:
2277:. Archived from
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2252:. Archived from
2246:
2240:
2239:
2213:
2207:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2145:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2111:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2050:. Archived from
2044:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2007:Taavi Tuvikene,
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1906:
1897:(883): 976–992.
1885:
1879:
1878:NASA TM 87775 p2
1870:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1733:Research station
1674:Bird observatory
1172:in Earth's orbit
1112:Lick Observatory
951:Lviv Observatory
944:Mohr Observatory
645:observation post
616:
598:
577:
559:
538:
517:
502:(under dome) at
495:
477:
463:
375:Very Large Array
342:radio telescopes
230:portions of the
212:
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2108:Wayback Machine
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1743:Science tourism
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1564:Kew Observatory
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1399:, New Hampshire
1392:, Massachusetts
1336:
1334:Weather station
1330:
1324:
1286:
1280:
1237:
1231:
1162:
1160:Space telescope
1156:
1012:, Naples, Italy
682:, Great Britain
647:for astronomy,
641:
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498:Remains of the
496:
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429:
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403:New South Wales
346:radio astronomy
338:
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331:Solar telescope
327:
248:light pollution
220:
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2651:
2650:External links
2648:
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2610:
2596:
2584:
2577:Brunier, Serge
2574:
2553:
2550:
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2525:
2506:
2492:
2469:
2448:
2429:
2415:
2386:10.1086/384852
2380:(3): 480–503.
2360:
2335:
2309:
2284:
2281:on 2013-07-26.
2266:
2241:
2236:10.1086/349558
2230:(2): 237–239.
2208:
2184:
2171:
2164:
2138:|journal=
2112:
2093:
2075:
2064:
2039:
2024:
2013:
2000:
1989:on 28 May 2010
1969:
1934:
1921:10.1086/605780
1880:
1865:
1843:
1840:. p. 119.
1824:
1805:
1779:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1738:Ground station
1735:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1683:Main article:
1680:
1677:
1672:Main article:
1669:
1666:
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1641:Main article:
1638:
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1630:Main article:
1627:
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1589:Main article:
1586:
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1553:
1515:magnetic field
1510:
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1354:
1347:
1332:Main article:
1329:
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1321:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1282:Main article:
1279:
1276:
1233:Main article:
1230:
1227:
1223:Space Shuttles
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
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1150:
1143:
1136:
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1115:
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874:Sukharev Tower
870:
863:
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849:
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835:
828:
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723:
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689:
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637:Main article:
634:
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465:
458:
457:
456:
455:
454:
450:Atacama Desert
433:high altitudes
425:Main article:
422:
419:
337:
334:
329:Main article:
326:
323:
302:in Spain, and
272:Canary Islands
214:
207:
206:
205:
192:
185:
184:
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171:
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162:
154:
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104:Main article:
101:
98:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2801:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:Observatories
2772:
2771:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2737:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:
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2623:
2622:9780521899932
2619:
2615:
2611:
2609:
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2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2559:H. Otto Sibum
2556:
2555:
2551:
2535:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:9783030586300
2485:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2443:Prentice Hall
2440:
2433:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2350:on 2011-06-29
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2299:on 2008-05-11
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2256:on 2012-03-08
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:0-567-08969-X
2202:
2198:
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2130:
2119:
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2109:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2068:
2065:
2054:on 2012-01-18
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1988:
1984:
1983:Press Release
1980:
1973:
1970:
1965:
1961:
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1862:9780521899932
1859:
1855:
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1847:
1844:
1839:
1838:Prentice Hall
1835:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1819:Prentice Hall
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1546:
1545:
1542:
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1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:magnetometers
1523:
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1410:
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1377:
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1050:
1046:
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1035:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:
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987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
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948:
945:
941:
938:
934:
931:
927:
924:
920:
917:
913:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
892:
889:
888:Jantar Mantar
885:
882:
878:
875:
871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
854:
850:
847:
843:
841:, Netherlands
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
815:
812:
808:
805:
801:
797:
794:
790:
787:
783:
779:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
756:
755:
753:
745:
742:
740:, South Korea
739:
738:Cheomseongdae
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
720:Goseck circle
718:
715:
712:
709:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
649:
648:
646:
640:
632:
625:
621:
615:
604:
603:LomnickĂ˝ peak
597:
587:
583:
576:
565:
558:
548:
544:
541:The Estonian
537:
526:
522:
521:Jantar Mantar
516:
505:
501:
494:
483:
476:
462:
453:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
428:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
335:
332:
324:
322:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:visible light
225:
211:
200:
196:
189:
178:
174:
168:
157:
151:
139:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
107:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2758:Solar System
2642:
2631:
2613:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:Dick, Steven
2580:
2562:
2538:. Retrieved
2528:
2514:
2509:
2500:
2495:
2478:
2472:
2461:. Retrieved
2451:
2438:
2432:
2426:(in Finnish)
2418:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2348:the original
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2322:the original
2312:
2301:. Retrieved
2297:the original
2287:
2279:the original
2269:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2244:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2192:
2187:
2174:
2150:
2129:cite journal
2096:
2078:
2067:
2056:. Retrieved
2052:the original
2042:
2027:
2016:
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1982:
1972:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1868:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1814:
1808:
1796:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1688:
1651:
1594:
1543:
1535:inclinometer
1524:
1512:
1430:
1426:
1376:Central Park
1337:
1323:
1287:
1252:
1248:Boeing 747SP
1175:
1026:Atheneum, US
946:, Indonesia.
806:, Uzbekistan
749:
658:Zorats Karer
652:Wurdi Youang
642:
482:Chichen Itza
430:
383:Jodrell Bank
350:
339:
316:
284:Sierra Negra
245:
221:
115:
86:observatoire
85:
83:
75:oceanography
54:
52:
2746:Outer space
2734:Spaceflight
1993:21 December
1798:26 December
1520:INTERMAGNET
1268:water vapor
1246:on board a
1196:radiation,
1194:ultraviolet
1178:outer space
1015:1830/1842:
925:, Scotland.
904:, Lithuania
853:Round Tower
832:Stjerneborg
754:, include:
654:, Australia
605:in Slovakia
395:Puerto Rico
357:(EMI) from
298:in the US,
118:space-based
79:volcanology
67:meteorology
63:climatology
55:observatory
2768:Categories
2540:8 February
2522:0965068625
2463:2006-08-14
2354:2011-11-03
2328:26 January
2303:2019-08-24
2260:2013-09-13
2058:2015-01-05
1760:References
1610:EarthScope
1580:, Colorado
1539:theodolite
1531:dip circle
1459:in Hamburg
1378:, New York
1298:1999–2006
1292:1998–2003
1202:gamma rays
1180:, many in
1100:, Portugal
967:, Ireland.
953:, Ukraine.
786:Azerbaijan
746:, Cambodia
744:Angkor Wat
698:Abu Simbel
692:El Caracol
680:Stonehenge
452:of Chile.
407:Chajnantor
379:New Mexico
134:Stonehenge
110:See also:
71:geophysics
47:Swiss Alps
2710:Astronomy
2579:, et al.
2482:Springer
2195:, p. 18,
2156:Routledge
1904:0905.4156
1552:, Germany
1466:, Croatia
1439:at London
1367:, TĂĽrkiye
1353:, Germany
1346:, Austria
1093:, Ecuador
1033:, Finland
883:, Germany
869:, England
855:, Denmark
834:, Denmark
827:, Denmark
825:Uraniborg
804:Samarqand
722:, Germany
686:Chankillo
676:, Ireland
674:Newgrange
670:, Ireland
668:Loughcrew
664:, Armenia
584:near the
84:The term
59:Astronomy
2410:25585014
2402:11143785
2104:Archived
1929:11166739
1721:See also
1701:and the
1559:, Canada
1492:See also
1480:, Canada
1473:, France
1411:See also
1406:, Hawaii
1264:infrared
1258:and the
1219:aperture
1206:infrared
1058:, Russia
988:, Spain,
974:, India.
960:, Italy.
939:, Italy.
932:, Italy.
918:, Italy.
897:, Sweden
876:, Russia
862:, France
820:, Turkey
734:, Russia
716:, Greece
708:Kumanovo
694:, Mexico
662:Karahunj
504:Maragheh
484:, Mexico
417:(VLBI).
290:include
282:such as
122:airborne
2696:Portals
2561:, eds.
2034:of the
1952:Bibcode
1909:Bibcode
1695:volcano
1385:, China
1360:, India
1149:, India
1004:Estonia
911:, Spain
890:, India
848:, Italy
813:, China
795:, China
777:, India
764:Baghdad
728:, India
700:, Egypt
586:Equator
527:, India
391:Arecibo
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371:valleys
319:Ridge A
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2645:(2004)
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564:Sydney
525:Jaipur
506:, Iran
399:Parkes
280:Mexico
274:, the
268:Hawaii
260:seeing
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2406:S2CID
2390:JSTOR
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1925:S2CID
1899:arXiv
1794:. ESO
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411:Chile
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359:radio
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276:Andes
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1800:2012
1707:USGS
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1573:, UK
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