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their colleagues, and also publicised the supposedly courageous attitude of prisoner Béla Kun, a man previously little known outside his circle of followers. This greatly increased the popularity of Kun and sympathy toward the
Communists among the general public. Concerned by this unintended shift in public opinion, the government gave orders that while in prison Kun be allowed to carry out any political activity he wished, which meant he was able to continue directing the Hungarian Communist Party from his cell. There were days in which Kun received up to four hundred visitors, mainly far-left Social Democrats who now considered Kun, whose stature was already increased by the prestige of participating in the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, a martyr.
785:. It was assumed that the military lines would be the new frontiers that would be established by the peace conference between Hungary and the Allies. Károlyi resigned, perhaps in order not to link his name to the acceptance of that imposition, and soon after a proclamation was made public in his name stating that he had voluntarily given up his powers to a "new government of the proletariat", i.e., the Socialists. Later in his life Károlyi denied that he had made such a statement, though he did not disavow it at the time or in the following years during which he remained quietly in Hungary. The Vix Note created a massive upsurge of nationalist outrage, and the Hungarians resolved to fight the Allies rather than accept the new demarcation lines.
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Hungarian
Communist Party was thrown into crisis as Kun sought to prevent the adoption of the Popular Front policy, which occasioned a vigorous round of party in-fighting. Beyond policy, there was also a clash of personalities as Kun's abrasive and autocratic leadership style had left him with many enemies. These individuals saw the dispute over whether the Hungarian Communist Party was to adopt the Popular Front strategy as a chance to bring down Kun, whom many Hungarian émigrés deeply hated. His embattled position led Kun to denounce one of his leading enemies in the Comintern,
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asked to enlist. Equally ineffective were the social measures, beginning with the reduction of the rental fees and wage increases immediately negated by inflation. The failures of the
Communists in economic issues meant that in three weeks they were excluded from economic affairs by the ex-Socialists. The Communists, however, retained control of the political police. They unleashed terror gangs of thugs called the Lenin Boys who went hunting for "bourgeois" and "counter-revolutionaries", and committed armed robberies, kidnappings, shootings, and hangings.
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the thought of cowardice... Petőfi's vision was correct. There is no room for prudence in revolutions whose fate and eventual success is always decided by boldness and raw courage... this is why Petőfi condemned his compatriots for the sin of opportunism and hesitation when faced with the great problems of their age... Petőfi's works must be regarded as the law of the
Hungarian soul... and of the... love of the country".
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fictitious "reactionary conspiracy" which they claimed the Károlyi government was either unaware of, or unwilling to crush. On 20 February 1919 the
Communists invaded and pillaged the headquarters of the Socialist daily newspaper. The attack left a few dead and many injured, primarily policemen who had tried to stop the Communist aggression. Kun and 67 other Communist leaders were arrested.
855:, but we want to live, and this is why we did not accept that our freed proletarian brothers living in the neutralised zone be rejected under the yoke of capitalism. To do so would deprive the Hungarian proletariat of the physical means necessary to live. It is a matter, therefore, which concerns the struggle between the international revolution and the international counter-revolution.
831:, but in practice power rested with Kun, although officially he was only People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and from April 1919 also People's Commissar for Defence. As he told Lenin, "My personal influence in the Revolutionary Governing Council is such that the dictatorship of the proletariat is firmly established, since the masses are backing me."
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disillusioned by the unfulfilled promises of land redistribution and by the decision of the regime to pay for agricultural products in a new paper currency they did not trust. Most fatally, the "industrial proletariat" in whose name the dictatorship had been established refused to fight for a cause they no longer considered their own.
1210:, moreover, claimed that Kun acted through "demagogy, violence and, if need be, bribery", and recounted an incident in the summer of 1920 when it was discovered that Kun bribed his supporters by sending them gold deliveries (he had supposedly stolen the gold from requisitioning that was carried out in the Russian Revolution).
1101:, a package signed "from comrades in Vienna" was delivered to the asylum. The package contained chocolate, oranges, and other desserts, which the internees proceeded to share with each other. Within a few hours, they began to exhibit symptoms of poisoning. A later investigation revealed that the sweets had been laced with
722:, under an unstable coalition government of Socialists and other radicals. Led by Béla Kun, the inner circle of the freshly established party returned to Budapest from Moscow on 16 November 1918. On 24 November they created the Party of Communists from Hungary (Hungarian: Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja).
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society: unemployed, pensioners, veterans, employees; relentlessly denouncing the
Government and the parties that supported it; as well as infiltrating the trade unions, discrediting their executives, and undermining the Socialist Party by dividing the more moderate leaders from the more extreme ones.
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The domestic situation was rapidly worsening as a result of the regime's actions, with not only former army officers and
Catholic and Protestant clergy but urban workers, the Communist's primary base of support, becoming increasingly disaffected. On 24 June, an uprising against the regime in Budapest
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was to be the new line for
Communists all over the world, a policy change that Kun opposed. Instead of submitting to party discipline, Kun did his best to sabotage the adoption of the Popular Front policy, which led to his formal sanction for insubordination. In 1935–36, the leadership of the émigré
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in return for an immediate evacuation of Upper
Hungary by the Hungarian Army, which Kun accepted, though he stated in a speech that "The imperialist peace that we are forced to conclude will not last longer than that of Brest-Litovsk, because of the revolution that will inevitably burst out in other
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The
Romanian Army had launched an offensive on 17 April 1919 and by the end of the month they were only 60 kilometres (37 mi) from Budapest. On 26 April Kun was forced to admit publicly that he had made a mistake in rejecting the proposals of the Allies, and spoke of resignation. The leaders of
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the previous November, stating however that it would have no relevance to the final clauses of the peace treaty. This gesture was an undeniable success for the Socialist-Communist government which was thus offered some badly needed breathing space. However Kun rejected the proposal, declaring during
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However, despite the apparent failure of this adventure, there were two factors that worked to Kun's advantage. First, the press, even the non-socialist press, claimed that the imprisoned Communists had been mistreated by some members of the police force that supposedly wanted to avenge the death of
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The storming rage of Petőfi's soul... turned against the privileged classes, against the people's oppressor... and confronted them with revolutionary abandon. Petőfi felt that the country would not be saved through moderation, but through the use of the most extreme means available. He detested even
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and brutally beaten and arrested by the NKVD on 28 June 1937. Little was known about his subsequent fate beyond the fact that he never returned. Even an official Hungarian Communist biographer with official access to the Communist International's archives in Moscow was denied information during the
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Furthermore, the initial measures of the government in the military field included the elimination of "non-proletarians" from the new Hungarian Red Army, the abolition of conscription and the introduction of voluntary recruitment. The result was catastrophic: in three weeks only 5,000 "workers" had
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allies, accusing them of betraying the working class, of lack of class consciousness, of not wanting to continue the expropriation of large domains and the big capital. His aim was to copy the tactics Lenin had used so successfully, which included pandering to the demands of all the discontented in
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The Hungarian proletariat betrayed not their leaders but itself. If there had been in Hungary a proletariat with the consciousness of the dictatorship of the proletariat it would not collapse in this way I would have liked to see the proletariat fighting on the barricades declaring that it would
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Whatever happens, all our actions will be dictated by the interests of the world revolution. We do not think even for a moment to sacrifice the interests of the world revolution to those of one of its components. Even if we were obliged to sign a peace 'à la Brest-Litovsk', we would do it with the
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in Kolozsvár. In addition, Kun served on the Kolozsvár Social Insurance Board, from which he was later to be accused of embezzling. He had a fiery reputation and was involved in duels several times. In May 1913 he married Irén Gál, a music teacher of middle-class background from Nagyenyed (today
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in 1904, although the almanac of the university still referred to him in print by his former name as late as 1909. There is no archival evidence that he took any formal action to change the spelling of his name, although it is clear that from 1904 all those around him referred to him as Béla Kun
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line that revealed the Social-Democrats' role as "social fascism" because they sought the preservation of capitalism precisely when it was in crisis, an animosity in large part owing to Kun's strained relations with the Hungarian Social Democrats, whom he believed had betrayed him sixteen years
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Whereas the "dictatorship of the proletariat" could be proclaimed as a result of international political events which weighed heavily on the whole affair, the fall of "the Republic of Councils" did not occur because of the intervention of the reactionary circles of the Entente or of the "White"
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according to General Fertianu's promise. You see, Marshal, we have nothing to fear from the Hungarian army. I can assure you that the Hungarian Soviets will last no more than two or three weeks. And should our offensive not bring the Kun regime down, its untenable internal situation surely will.
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of the Revolutionary Governing Council that ruled the Soviet Republic, fourteen were former Communists, seventeen were former Social Democrats and two had no party affiliation. With the exception of Kun, every Commissar was a former Social Democrat and every Deputy Commissar a former Communist.
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to Hungary's aid. So desperate were they for support from Moscow that it was Kun, a captive, who dictated the terms to his captors. This was despite the Red Army's full involvement in the Russian Civil War and the unlikelihood that it could be of any direct military assistance. Kun proposed the
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Despite Kun's efforts, by February 1919 the Communists had fewer than 30,000 members, compared with the 700,000 of the Social Democrats. Kun knew that if the upcoming elections went ahead, they would be a disaster for the Communists. Therefore, the Communist press launched a campaign against a
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We are convinced that the Hungarian offensive will collapse of its own accord... When the Hungarian offensive is launched, we shall retreat to the line of demarcation and launch the counteroffensive from that line. Two Romanian brigades will march from Romania to the front in the coming days,
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Yesterday I heard Kun speak... it was an audacious, hateful, enthusiastic oratory. He knows his audience and rules over them... Factory workers long at odds with the Social Democratic Party leaders, young intellectuals, teachers, doctors, lawyers, clerks who came to his room... meet Kun and
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at the end of July they met virtually no opposition. However, by this point the regime was facing, in Kun's own words, a "crisis of power, economy and morale" and most fatally, of popular support. The former Social Democrats had withdrawn completely from government; the rural peasantry were
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in 1918, Kun fought for the Bolsheviks. During this time, he first started to make detailed plans for a Communist revolution in Hungary. In November 1918, with at least several hundred other Hungarian Communists and with a large sum of money provided by the Soviets, he returned to Hungary.
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Kun's final undercover assignment ended in 1928 when he was arrested in Vienna by the local police for travelling on a forged passport. Back in Moscow, he spent much of his time feuding with other Hungarian Communist émigrés, several of whom he denounced to the Soviet secret police, the
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In the end, Lenin blamed himself for appointing Kun and charged him with responsibility for the failure of the German revolution. He was considerably angered by Kun's actions and his failure to secure a general uprising in Germany. In a closed Congress of the Operative Committee — as
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and confined to a wing of the local mental asylum. During their stay at Steinhof, the People's Commissars survived two attempted murders. White Hungarians attempted to storm the building and execute the People's Commissars, but were deterred by the Austrian police. On April 4th,
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due to the castle's unsanitary health conditions. Despite these hardships, during his permanence in the castle Kun was able to give interviews to visiting American, British, and Italian journalists. In February 1920, Kun and the other People's Commissars were transferred to
690:, who wanted to continue and expand the war to transform it into an international revolutionary struggle to impose Communism on the rest of Europe. Lenin often called them "kunerists", and said of Kun, "We can see that this man comes from a country of poets and dreamers."
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European countries." One of these "inevitable" revolutions was to be the insurrection Hungarian Communist agents were planning in neighbouring Austria. However, Austrian police discovered the plot and arrested the organisers the day before the coup was to be carried out.
940:. Members of the government demanded Kun either stop the atrocities committed by his men, or face the hostility of organised workers and unions. In response Kun sent his friends as political commissars to the front where, however, the situation was not much better.
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On 27 March, leaders of the Communist Party of Germany decided to launch a "revolutionary offensive" in support of miners in central Germany. Kun along with Thallheimer were among the driving force behind the attempted revolutionary campaign known as "Märzaktion"
932:, which Kun rejected. It also had the effect of splitting the government and dividing the Communists themselves, some of whom doubted the usefulness of the atrocities committed. Kun proved unable to control his more extreme followers, particularly Ferenc Jancsik,
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The only hope for saving the Hungarian Soviet Republic had been "the military intervention of the Red Army or a revolution in one or more other European countries." Both these hopes had now failed. On 1 August, Kun gave his last speech in Hungary, stating:
1958:
Bertold Spuler, "Die Krim unter russischer Herrschaft," Blick in der Wissenschaft, Berlin, 1948, No. 8, p. 364; Dzafer Sejdamet, Krym (The Crimea), Warsaw, 1930, pp. 128-29; A. Falken-horst, "Massenmord auf der Krim," Donau-Zeitung, Belgrade, February 23,
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Despite the fact that the Socialists were by far more numerous, they passively accepted the leadership and the programme of the smaller but far more active and determined Communist Party, which claimed to represent the "dictatorship of the proletariat".
1105:, but the prompt administration of gastric lavages saved the Commissars from more serious consequences. In July 1920, Béla Kun was released in exchange for Austrian prisoners in Russia. He never returned to Hungary. Once in Russia, he rejoined the
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gave a lower figure for White officers around 13,000 which he claims were exaggerated. Yet, he condemned Kun for his treacherous actions towards allied anarchists and surrendering whites. According to social scientist, Nikolay Zayats, from the
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took Budapest three days later. Historian and former Italian diplomat to Hungary Alberto Indelicato attributed the downfall of the regime not to external military intervention by the allies, but to the regime's own internal flaws, stating
824:, the second Communist regime in Europe after Russia itself, was proclaimed; the Social Democrats and the Communists merged under the interim name Hungarian Socialist Party, and Béla Kun was released from prison and sworn into office.
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admitted to receiving gold from Kun. But Kun did not lose his membership in the Operative Committee, and the closing document accepted at the end of the sitting formally acknowledged the "battle spirit" of the German Communists.
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was suppressed after twenty hours of fighting in the streets. At the same time an anarchist conspiracy was uncovered and suppressed (its members shot) in Budapest and other cities. The government retaliated with secret police,
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were to be retained as the new collective farm managers. The Communists remained highly unpopular in the Hungarian countryside, where they had little to no actual authority, and from which the communist paramilitary group the
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At the front, the Hungarians had suffered repeated defeats at the hands of the Romanians. In the middle of July 1919, Hungary launched a major counter-offensive against the Romanian invasion. The Allied Commander in the
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The "dictatorship of the proletariat" was characterised from almost the beginning by harsh measures not only against the old ruling classes, but also against the peasants. The first action of the new government was the
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Hungarian counter-revolution (as a Communist legend maintains and is still affirmed by some partisan historians), but because of its inherent weaknesses, the consequence of its internal, social and economic policies.
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together with the majority of the former People's Commissars of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Conditions for the internees were difficult: the castle's rooms were not heated, and all the internees contracted
980:. Of those arrested, an estimated 370 to about 600 were killed; others place the number at 590. Subsequently, the White Terror that followed the fall of the Communist regime claimed 10 times as many victims.
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process, the Soviet Communist Party told its Hungarian counterpart that Kun had died in prison on 30 November 1939. In 1989, the Soviet government announced that Kun had actually been executed in the
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Throughout the 1920s Kun was a prominent Comintern operative, serving mostly in Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, but his notoriety ultimately stopped him from being useful for undercover work.
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Given the disparity in power between Hungary and the Allies, Hungarian chances for victory were slim at best. To buy time, Kun tried to negotiate with the Allies, meeting the South African General
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rather die than give up power. The proletariat which continued to shout in factories, 'Down with the dictatorship of the proletariat', will be even less satisfied with any future government."
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of the large majority of private property in Hungary. Despite their promises, Béla Kun's government chose not to redistribute land to the peasantry. Instead, all land was to be converted into
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were carried out under Kun's administration. Between 60,000 and 70,000 inhabitants of the Crimea were murdered in the process. The figures related to the massacre in Crimea remain contested.
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the trade unions still controlled by ex-Socialists recruited an army of 50,000 men who managed to halt the Romanian troops and to reoccupy the most important cities which had been lost in
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714:. Rampant inflation, housing shortages, mass unemployment, food shortages and coal shortages further weakened the economy and stimulated widespread protests. In October 1918, the
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2137:(The Execution List: Moscow, 1937-1941: ... Book of remembrances of the victims of political repression). Moscow: Memorial Society, Zven'ia Publishing House, 2000; pg. 229.
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in 1920. About 50,000 prisoners of war and anti-Bolshevik civilians who had surrendered after they had been promised amnesty, were subsequently executed, on Kun's and
1251:, which arrested and imprisoned them in the late 1920s and early 1930s. During the Comintern's "Third Period" from 1928 to 1935, Kun was a prominent supporter of the
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merger of the Social Democrat and Communist parties, the establishment of a Soviet Republic and several other radical measures, which the Social Democrats agreed to.
1847:. Atlantic studies on society in change. Boulder, Colo. : New York: Social Science Monographs ; distributed by Columbia University Press. pp. 209–11.
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was politically right in many ways. The thesis of Thallheimer and Béla Kun is politically totally false. Phrases and bare attending, playing the radical leftist.".
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emigre press. A Crimean Cheka report in 1921 showed that 441 people were shot with a modern estimation that 5,000-12,000 people in total were executed in Crimea.
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1897:. Atlantic studies on society in change. Boulder, Colo. : New York: Social Science Monographs ; distributed by Columbia University Press. p. 221.
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earlier. In 1934, Kun was charged with preparing the agenda for the 7th Congress of the Comintern, in which the Social Fascism line was to be abandoned and the
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In the hope of placating the new Hungarian regime, the victorious Entente expressed willingness to bring the military demarcation to the line specified by the
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Kun was not stripped of his Party offices, but the March Action was the end of the radical opposition and of the theory of "Permanent Offensive". Lenin wrote
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However he stated in a letter to Lenin a few days later, on 22 April, possibly to exculpate himself from the suspicion of harbouring nationalist sentiment:
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and the opening of certain archives in the aftermath did Kun's fate become public: after a brief incarceration and interrogation, he was hauled before a
1265:, to the NKVD as a "Trotskyite"; in turn, Manuilsky, who was sympathetic to the anti-Kun faction, had also denounced Kun to the NKVD as a "Trotskyite".
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The Bolsheviks promised to invade Romania and link up with Kun and were on the verge of doing so, but military reversals suffered by the Red Army in
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The Social Democrats approached Kun on the subject of a coalition government, hoping he would be able to use his Bolshevik connections to bring the
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and achieved great popularity despite being imprisoned. After his release in March 1919, Kun led a successful coup d'état, formed a Communist-
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Chase, William "Microhistory and Mass Repression: Politics, Personalities, and Revenge in the Fall of Béla Kun" page 454-483 from
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Chase, William "Microhistory and Mass Repression: Politics, Personalities, and Revenge in the Fall of Béla Kun" page 454-483 from
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Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic: the origins and role of the Communist Party of Hungary in the revolutions of 1918–1919
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Chase, William "Microhistory and Mass Repression: Politics, Personalities, and Revenge in the Fall of Béla Kun" pp. 454-483 from
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Chase, William "Microhistory and Mass Repression: Politics, Personalities, and Revenge in the Fall of Béla Kun" pp. 454-483 from
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on charges of having acted as the leader of a "counter-revolutionary terrorist organization." Kun was found guilty and
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at a summit in Budapest in April. Agreement proved impossible, and Hungary was soon at war later in April with the
686:, despite the harsh conditions they imposed, in order to "save the revolution", Kun and his group took the side of
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there, but inside the party he promoted ultra-radical left-wing political opposition to Lenin and the mainstream
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Mario D. Fenyo, trans. Boulder, CO: Social Science Monographs/Atlantic Research and Publications, 1993; pg. 1.
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314:. Kun embraced communist ideas during his time in Russia, and in 1918 he co-founded a Hungarian arm of the
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484:. Despite his parents' secular outlook, he was educated at the Silvania Főgimnázium in Zilah (present-day
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His speeches had a considerable impact on his audiences. One who heard such a speech wrote in his diary:
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1509:. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. p. 688.
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Béla Kohn, later known as Béla Kun, was born on 20 February 1886 in the village of Lele, located near
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meant "the working class could be moved only when set in motion by a series of offensive acts."
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The Social Democrats continued to hold the majority of seats in government. Of the thirty-three
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the following November not only set him free, but provided him with unforeseen opportunities.
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at the end of this brief secret trial. The sentence was carried out later that day at the
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halted the invasion of Romania before it began. When the Romanian Army crossed the river
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Rasstrel'nye spiski: Moskva, 1937-1941: ... Kniga pamiati zhertv politicheskii repressii.
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European and Latin American Social Scientists as Refugees, Émigrés and Return-Migrants
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changed hands numerous times and was for a time a stronghold for the anti-Bolshevik
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Gellately, Robert (2007). Lenin, Stalin and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.
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1872:. Atlantic studies on society in change. New York: Columbia Univ. Pr. p. 212.
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1082:. He was captured and interned in Austria, where he spent his time interned at the
1055:
397:
181:
2867:
45:
2325:
1605:
Michael Polanyi and His Generation: Origins of the Social Construction of Science
2718:
2708:
2615:
2479:
1736:
1728:
1599:
1290:
1274:
608:
585:
573:
556:
500:
408:
381:
291:
773:
The second was that on 19 March 1919, French Lt-Col Fernand Vix presented the "
762:
to garner support from the Bolsheviks, which would ultimately not materialise.
3383:
3227:
2887:
2723:
1786:. Studia Historica. Vol. 131. Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Budapest, 1979
1278:
1151:
1134:
910:
726:
679:
412:
393:
323:
251:
247:
232:
948:. However, this victory was attributed to the People' Commissar for Defence,
333:
In November 1918, Kun returned to Hungary with Soviet support and set up the
3315:
3014:
2857:
1708:
1392:
1359:
1223:
1163:
1138:
873:
755:
750:
In addition, the Communists held frequent marches and rallies and organised
663:
655:
628:
589:
560:
552:
rather than Kohn, and he likewise used the Magyar variant in his signature.
279:
2009:
2240:
2203:
Revolution in perspective: essays on the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919
1126:
1102:
800:
778:
774:
593:
576:); they had two children, Ágnes, born in 1915, and Miklós, born in 1920.
489:
361:
1438:
1350:
868:, concluded against my will and against the will of the Left Communists.
2897:
2163:
transmission of Hungarian Telegraph Agency in English, 14 February 1989
1831:
1363:
1088:
985:
905:
788:
782:
504:
473:
401:
351:
295:
151:
1150:
the large, “fantastic” estimates derived from eyewitness accounts and
959:
proposed a memorandum that promised a cessation of hostilities by the
654:) with other former Hungarian POWs. He travelled widely, including to
2209:, Center for Slavic and East European Studies, Berkeley, California:
1971:
Complete Destruction of National Groups as Groups - The Crimean Turks
1110:
1075:
643:
481:
173:
710:
during the war, and which were due to be lost permanently under the
1109:. Kun was put in charge of the regional Revolutionary Committee in
396:
in Crimea (1920–1921), following which he participated in the 1921
1313:
1045:
1010:
811:
787:
754:. Desiring to achieve a revolution in Hungary, he communicated by
465:
443:
337:. Adopting Lenin's tactics, he agitated against the government of
310:
in 1916, after which he was sent to a prisoner-of-war camp in the
147:
137:
1922:
Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him.
1498:
827:
The nominal head of the Soviet Republic was a Socialist leader,
569:
2965:
2382:
1351:"Victims of Political Terror in the USSR - Kun Bela Morisovich"
2160:
1733:
Budapest 1900: A Historical Portrait of a City and Its Culture
1334:, one of Kun's few surviving colleagues from the 1919 coup.
816:
Béla Kun was the leader of the Hungarian Revolution of 1919.
795:
and Béla Kun, leaders of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, 1919
16:
Hungarian communist revolutionary and politician (1886–1938)
2176:
Hungary (The Virtual Jewish World) - Jewish Virtual Library
1649:
Boulder, Colo: Social Science Monographs; 1993, pp. 146–7.
372:
The new regime collapsed four months later in the face of
1820:, "Budapest and the Hungarian Revolutions of 1918-1919."
392:
from 1920. He organised and actively participated in the
369:
and received direct orders and advice from the Kremlin.
1316:
more than a year earlier than that, on 29 August 1938.
367:
maintained direct contact with Lenin via radiotelegraph
2194:: Social Science Monographs; New York: Distributed by
1360:
Commissioner on Human Rights in the Russian Federation
1170:. In March 1921, he was sent to Germany to advise the
864:
clear conscience which inspired you when you made the
2072:
2070:
2010:"On the scale of the Red Terror during the Civil War"
1981:
Pries, Ludger; Yankelevich, Pablo (28 October 2018).
419:
by Soviet leadership in 1956, following the death of
278:; 20 February 1886 – 29 August 1938) was a Hungarian
1969:
http://www.iccrimea.org/historical/crimeanturks.html
920:
This indiscriminate terror, in which Kun's friends,
365:
power was in the hands of foreign minister Kun, who
3331:
3190:
3154:
3123:
3077:
3056:
3023:
2896:
2823:
2787:
2649:
2583:
2440:
2417:
243:
231:
221:
211:
203:
187:
159:
120:
115:
99:
87:
59:
36:
1388:The Great Globe Itself: A Preface to World Affairs
1121:. It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by
2290:The Tragedy of Hungary, An Appeal for World Peace
2219:The Politics of Backwardness In Hungary 1825–1945
3476:Austro-Hungarian prisoners of war in World War I
2268:Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace
2159:"New information about death of Bela Kun," from
2108:, Volume 67, Issue # 3, July 2008 pages 464-465.
2095:, Volume 67, Issue # 3, July 2008 pages 463-464.
1705:Eastern Europe 1740–1985: Feudalism to Communism
1677:Béla Kun et la République Hongroise des Conseils
1417:The Life of a Communist Revolutionary: Béla Kun.
682:. Whereas Lenin advocated making peace with the
2183:The Life of a Communist Revolutionary, Béla Kun
1895:The life of a communist revolutionary, Béla Kun
1870:The life of a communist revolutionary, Béla Kun
1845:The life of a communist revolutionary, Béla Kun
1647:The life of a Communist revolutionary, Béla Kun
499:(grammar school) in the city of Kolozsvár (now
3496:Hungarian people of the Hungarian–Romanian War
1795:The anatomy of fascism, Robert O. Paxton, 2004
1027:He fled to Austria a few hours after, and the
282:revolutionary and politician who governed the
3576:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
2977:
2394:
2249:Béla Kun and the Hungarian Revolution of 1919
2201:Andrew C. Janos and William Slottman (eds.),
729:campaign against the government of President
8:
1368:Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
1202:writes — Lenin called his actions idiotic ("
851:Comrades, we do not profess the doctrine of
646:, Kun co-founded the Hungarian Group of the
3491:World War I prisoners of war held by Russia
2993:Modern Ukraine after the Russian Revolution
2279:Hungary in Revolution, 1918–19: nine essays
2129:
2127:
2121:, Volume 67, Issue # 3, July 2008 page 471.
2082:, Volume 67, Issue # 3, July 2008 page 462.
666:. Kun and his friends, such as the Italian
298:), Kun worked as a journalist up until the
3415:Congress of the Enslaved Peoples of Russia
2984:
2970:
2962:
2401:
2387:
2379:
2338:
1689:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1634:Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic
355:leader of the republic was prime minister
44:
33:
1557:Indelicato, Alberto (19 September 2017).
1222:"The final analysis of things shows that
3601:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Hungary)
1364:Russian United Democratic Part "Yabloko"
1237:
904:and former estate owners, managers, and
725:He immediately began a highly energetic
592:, who introduced him to many members of
345:coalition government and proclaimed the
3596:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia)
3005:Universals (Central Council of Ukraine)
2410:Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Hungary
1660:The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary
1636:New York: F.A. Praeger, 1967 pp. 111–2.
1479:
1477:
1461:Béla Kun: The Man and the Revolutionary
1342:
1194:"), which ultimately ended in failure.
1148:National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
476:). His father, Samu Kohn, was a lapsed
3323:Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance
3182:Central Executive Committee of Ukraine
3085:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
2148:The Life of a Communist Revolutionary,
1682:
1485:The Life of a Communist Revolutionary,
1277:of the late 1930s, Kun was accused of
411:of the late 1930s, Kun was accused of
3471:Hungarian Communist Party politicians
2357:People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs
1823:The Slavonic and East European Review
1806:The life of a Communist revolutionary
1771:The life of a Communist revolutionary
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
61:People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs
7:
2320:ethnic cleansing among Crimean Turks
1758:La République hongroise des conseils
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
972:and semiregular detachments such as
526:and the concluding paragraphs were:
514:Kun won the prize for best essay on
3095:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1182:, and others which in the words of
1162:Kun became a leading figure in the
1107:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
588:, Kun became friends with the poet
563:journalist with sympathies for the
3586:20th-century Hungarian journalists
3506:People of the March Action of 1921
3461:People from the Kingdom of Hungary
3115:Galician Soviet Socialist Republic
3110:Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic
2326:Newspaper clippings about Béla Kun
2207:University of California, Berkeley
1080:Social Democratic Party of Austria
14:
3546:Jews executed by the Soviet Union
3420:All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets
3235:Ukrainian Social Democratic Party
3100:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
1467:edited by Ivan Volgyes, Lincoln:
1133:'s order, with Lenin's approval.
913:confiscated food for the cities.
635:in March 1917 and the subsequent
565:Hungarian Social Democratic Party
535:In 1904 he began to study law at
400:, a failed Communist uprising in
192:Hungarian Social Democratic Party
73:12 March – 1 August 1919
3541:Great Purge victims from Hungary
3131:West Ukrainian People's Republic
2255:, Volume XIX, Issue #5, London:
448:Béla Kun with his family in 1915
3501:People of the Russian Civil War
3411:All-Ukrainian National Congress
2133:L.I. Shvetsova, et al. (eds.),
1559:"Two Italians Against Béla Kun"
390:Crimean Revolutionary Committee
388:bureaucracy as the head of the
3581:Franz Joseph University alumni
3284:Polish Democratic Center Party
2211:University of California Press
652:Party of Communists in Hungary
611:, and was captured and made a
584:During his early education at
335:Party of Communists in Hungary
1:
3299:Socialist Revolutionary Party
1784:The Hungarian Soviet Republic
1158:The "March Action" in Germany
518:that allowed him to attend a
3516:Foreign ministers of Hungary
3466:Jewish Hungarian politicians
3456:People from Satu Mare County
3246:Soviet of Peasants Deputies
3197:Ukrainian Socialist Parties
2313:Wireless Message to Béla Kun
2283:University of Nebraska Press
2266:New York: published for the
1497:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1922).
1469:University of Nebraska Press
1074:Béla Kun went into exile in
955:In the second half of June,
658:and Moscow. He came to know
522:. His essay was on the poet
31:when mentioning individuals.
3257:Soviet of Soldiers Deputies
3069:Crimean Regional Government
3041:Ukrainian People's Republic
3031:Ukrainian People's Republic
2330:20th Century Press Archives
2270:, Stanford, California, by
1610:University of Chicago Press
1328:Hungarian People's Republic
1135:Mass arrests and executions
720:Hungarian People's Republic
702:Hungarian People's Republic
3617:
3521:Hungarian Comintern people
3486:Hungarian prisoners of war
3295:Russian Socialist Parties
3254:Soviet of Workers Deputies
3162:Central Council of Ukraine
2318:Crimean government on the
2223:Princeton University Press
1679:. Rome. 1969. p. 129.
1664:Princeton University Press
1299:Kommunarka shooting ground
1172:Communist Party of Germany
890:Hungarian–Czechoslovak War
627:, where he was exposed to
197:Communist Party of Hungary
170:Kommunarka shooting ground
18:
3556:Hungarian revolutionaries
3425:Labor Congress of Ukraine
3407:
3280:Polish Socialist Parties
3260:Jewish Socialist Parties
3249:Ukrainian Peasant Society
3090:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
3064:Crimean People's Republic
3024:Ukrainian national states
3000:
2367:
2365:21 March – 1 August 1919
2354:
2346:
2341:
2307:Marxists Internet Archive
2303:Béla Kun Internet Archive
2196:Columbia University Press
1893:Borsányi, György (1993).
1868:Borsányi, György (1993).
1843:Borsányi, György (1993).
1760:, Budapest, 1962, p. 218.
1435:Silvania National College
1304:When Kun was politically
1285:Only some time after the
1078:, then controlled by the
892:), both aided by France.
822:Hungarian Soviet Republic
808:Hungarian Soviet Republic
718:saw the inauguration the
486:Silvania National College
347:Hungarian Soviet Republic
318:in Moscow. He befriended
286:in 1919. After attending
284:Hungarian Soviet Republic
257:
111:
66:
55:
43:
3531:Executed prime ministers
2217:Andrew C. Janos (1982).
2048:. Verso. pp. 73–75.
1987:. Springer. p. 60.
1826:46.106 (1968): 129-140.
1330:under the leadership of
1308:in 1956, as part of the
1287:fall of the Soviet Union
1066:. Kharkiv Ukraine 1920.
990:Louis Franchet d'Esperey
701:
650:(the predecessor to the
306:and was captured by the
27:. This article uses
19:The native form of this
3551:Executed mass murderers
3240:Ukrainian Radical Party
3146:Kuban People's Republic
3057:Crimean national states
3010:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2044:Lukács, György (1983).
1580:Fischer, Louis (1965).
1506:Encyclopædia Britannica
1323:the Soviets set up the
1204:les bêtises de Béla Kun
970:revolutionary tribunals
648:Russian Communist Party
537:Franz Joseph University
425:De-Stalinization period
386:Communist International
380:, where he worked as a
316:Russian Communist Party
288:Franz Joseph University
238:Franz Joseph University
3536:Soviet rehabilitations
3289:Polish Socialist Party
3105:Odessa Soviet Republic
1243:
1228:
1071:
1039:
1025:
1003:
882:Hungarian–Romanian War
870:
857:
820:On 21 March 1919, the
817:
796:
748:
580:Early political career
533:
449:
271:
3344:Volodymyr Vynnychenko
3213:Socialists-Sovereigns
3141:Kholodny Yar Republic
2277:Iván Völgyes, (ed.),
1465:Hungary in Revolution
1241:
1220:
1050:From left: Béla Kun,
1049:
1034:
1020:
998:
988:, the French Marshal
861:
853:territorial integrity
849:
847:a rally on 19 April:
844:armistice of Belgrade
815:
791:
743:
617:Imperial Russian Army
605:Austro-Hungarian Army
528:
447:
376:advance. Kun fled to
308:Imperial Russian Army
304:Austro-Hungarian Army
75:Serving with
3571:Hungarian socialists
3566:Hungarian communists
3177:Constituent Assembly
2205:: Published for the
674:, aggregated around
603:Kun fought with the
516:Hungarian literature
290:at Kolozsvár (today
3591:Executed communists
3349:Vsevolod Holubovych
3339:Mykhailo Hrushevsky
2898:Republic of Hungary
2251:pages 299–309 from
1703:Robin Okey (2003).
1371:(in Russian). 2007.
1113:, which during the
992:, wrote to Marshal
866:Brest-Litovsk peace
836:People's Commissars
619:. He was sent to a
543:his birth surname,
539:in Kolozsvár. Béla
322:and fought for the
302:. He served in the
3561:Hungarian Marxists
3374:Volodymyr Zatonsky
3359:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
2442:Kingdom of Hungary
2419:Revolution of 1848
2342:Political offices
2257:History Today Inc.
2119:The Russian Review
2106:The Russian Review
2093:The Russian Review
2079:The Russian Review
1463:pp. 170–207, from
1295:sentenced to death
1244:
1131:Rosalia Zemlyachka
1072:
1042:Activity in Crimea
957:Georges Clemenceau
878:Kingdom of Romania
818:
797:
670:and the Hungarian
642:In March 1918, in
633:Russian Revolution
462:Kingdom of Hungary
450:
142:Kingdom of Hungary
29:Western name order
3526:History of Crimea
3511:Jewish socialists
3433:
3432:
3364:Noman Çelebicihan
3191:Political parties
3124:Other territories
3049:
2959:
2958:
2825:Communist Hungary
2788:Transition period
2759:Keresztes-Fischer
2584:Transition period
2377:
2376:
2368:Succeeded by
2362:
2192:Boulder, Colorado
2180:György Borsányi,
2008:Zayats, Nikolay.
1994:978-3-319-99265-5
1904:978-0-88033-260-6
1879:978-0-88033-260-6
1854:978-0-88033-260-6
1804:Borsanyi, Gyorgy
1769:Borsanyi, Gyorgy
1645:Borsanyi, Gyorgy
1582:The Life of Lenin
1500:"Kun, Bela"
1441:on August 3, 2020
1415:György Borsányi,
1383:Arthur Asa Berger
1176:August Thalheimer
1115:Russian Civil War
1084:Karlstein castle,
1068:Russian Civil War
735:Social Democratic
712:Treaty of Trianon
695:Russian Civil War
668:Umberto Terracini
429:Nikita Khrushchev
343:Social Democratic
328:Russian Civil War
261:
260:
3608:
3399:Maria Nikiforova
3379:Georgiy Pyatakov
3369:Yukhym Medvediev
3206:independent left
3043:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2380:
2361:alongside others
2360:
2347:Preceded by
2339:
2315:, 23 March 1919.
2292:Cleveland, 1924.
2244:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2102:
2096:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:Record of a Life
2041:
2035:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1935:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1840:
1834:
1815:
1809:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1767:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1726:
1720:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1563:Hungarian Review
1554:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1472:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1437:. Archived from
1426:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1347:
1325:Marxist–Leninist
1310:de-Stalinization
1269:Death and legacy
1263:Dmitry Manuilsky
1242:Béla Kun in 1922
1168:Grigory Zinoviev
996:on 21 July 1919:
936:, Szamuely, and
902:collective farms
888:(as part of the
880:(as part of the
716:Aster Revolution
688:Nikolai Bukharin
676:Grigory Zinoviev
470:Satu Mare County
166:
155:
135:20 February 1886
134:
132:
116:Personal details
102:
90:
71:
50:Béla Kun in 1919
48:
34:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3605:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3403:
3327:
3186:
3150:
3119:
3073:
3052:
3036:Ukrainian State
3019:
2996:
2990:
2960:
2955:
2892:
2819:
2783:
2659:Simonyi-Semadam
2645:
2579:
2545:Khuen-Héderváry
2530:Khuen-Héderváry
2520:Khuen-Héderváry
2470:Szőgyény-Marich
2436:
2413:
2407:
2373:
2364:
2359:
2352:
2299:
2288:Louis Birinyi,
2233:
2216:
2172:
2170:Further reading
2167:
2158:
2154:
2146:See: Borsányi,
2145:
2141:
2132:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2099:
2090:
2086:
2075:
2068:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2032:Haymarket Books
2026:Hallas, Duncan
2025:
2021:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1936:
1932:
1918:Donald Rayfield
1916:
1912:
1905:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1727:
1723:
1702:
1698:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1666:, 1982, p. 197.
1658:Janos, Andrew,
1657:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1556:
1555:
1514:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1475:
1458:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1433:(in Romanian).
1431:"Personalități"
1429:László László.
1428:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1291:judicial troika
1271:
1236:
1160:
1123:General Wrangel
1044:
1029:Romanian forces
930:Guido Romanelli
898:nationalization
810:
704:
621:prisoner of war
615:in 1916 by the
613:prisoner of war
582:
492:) and a famous
464:(today part of
442:
437:
300:First World War
227:Róza Goldberger
226:
216:
195:
188:Political party
168:
164:
145:
144:
136:
130:
128:
127:
126:
100:
88:
83:
72:
67:
51:
39:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3481:Old Bolsheviks
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3354:Symon Petliura
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Makhnovshchina
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2366:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2323:
2316:
2310:
2298:
2297:External links
2295:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2275:
2262:Rudolf Tőkés,
2260:
2247:Béla Menczer,
2245:
2231:
2214:
2199:
2186:translated by
2178:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2123:
2110:
2097:
2084:
2066:
2051:
2036:
2019:
2000:
1993:
1973:
1961:
1951:
1930:
1910:
1903:
1885:
1878:
1860:
1853:
1835:
1810:
1797:
1788:
1775:
1762:
1749:
1721:
1696:
1668:
1651:
1638:
1632:Tokes, Rudolf
1625:
1618:
1612:. p. 13.
1591:
1588:. p. 197.
1572:
1512:
1489:
1473:
1471:, 1971 p. 173.
1459:Tokes, Rudolf
1452:
1421:
1408:
1401:
1395:. p. 85.
1374:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1270:
1267:
1253:Social Fascism
1235:
1232:
1166:as an ally of
1159:
1156:
1141:and Bolshevik
1060:Mikhail Frunze
1043:
1040:
994:Ferdinand Foch
974:Tibor Szamuely
934:Ferenc Münnich
922:Tibor Szamuely
886:Czechoslovakia
809:
806:
760:Vladimir Lenin
731:Mihály Károlyi
703:
700:
684:Central Powers
660:Vladimir Lenin
637:Bolshevik coup
625:Ural Mountains
598:intelligentsia
581:
578:
458:Szilágy County
441:
438:
436:
433:
339:Mihály Károlyi
320:Vladimir Lenin
259:
258:
255:
254:
245:
241:
240:
235:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
205:
201:
200:
189:
185:
184:
167:(aged 52)
163:29 August 1938
161:
157:
156:
124:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
74:
64:
63:
57:
56:
53:
52:
49:
41:
40:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3613:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3394:Nestor Makhno
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:Major figures
3330:
3324:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Minor Council
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3078:Soviet states
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2994:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2372:
2371:Péter Ágoston
2363:
2358:
2351:
2350:Ferenc Harrer
2345:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:F. A. Praeger
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:History Today
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:9780691101231
2228:
2224:
2221:. Princeton:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:The Comintern
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:1-4000-4005-1
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1928:, 2004; p. 83
1927:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:Tibor Hajdu.
1779:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1745:9780802132505
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:9781134886876
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1686:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:, Princeton:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1619:9780226610658
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1586:HarperCollins
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1501:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1402:9781351481861
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1332:Mátyás Rákosi
1329:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:rehabilitated
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:Popular Front
1254:
1250:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:György Lukács
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:Easter Sunday
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Alfred Rosmer
1048:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
981:
979:
975:
971:
965:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
946:Upper Hungary
941:
939:
938:Mátyás Rákosi
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
914:
912:
907:
903:
899:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
867:
860:
856:
854:
848:
845:
840:
837:
832:
830:
829:Sándor Garbai
825:
823:
814:
807:
805:
802:
794:
793:Sándor Garbai
790:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
767:
763:
761:
757:
753:
747:
742:
739:
736:
732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
699:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:Mátyás Rákosi
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
599:
596:'s left-wing
595:
591:
587:
579:
577:
575:
571:
566:
562:
558:
553:
550:
546:
542:
538:
532:
527:
525:
524:Sándor Petőfi
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
446:
439:
434:
432:
430:
426:
422:
421:Joseph Stalin
418:
417:rehabilitated
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
378:Soviet Russia
375:
370:
368:
364:
363:
358:
357:Sándor Garbai
354:
353:
349:. Though the
348:
344:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
256:
253:
249:
246:
242:
239:
236:
234:
230:
224:
220:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
162:
158:
153:
149:
143:
139:
123:
119:
114:
110:
107:
106:Péter Ágoston
104:
98:
95:
94:Ferenc Harrer
92:
86:
82:
81:Péter Ágoston
78:
77:József Pogány
70:
65:
62:
58:
54:
47:
42:
35:
30:
26:
22:
21:personal name
3388:
2620:
2610:
2591:T. Batthyány
2570:T. Batthyány
2515:G. Széchényi
2505:M. Széchényi
2432:K. Batthyány
2355:
2289:
2278:
2263:
2252:
2248:
2218:
2202:
2181:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2054:
2045:
2039:
2027:
2022:
2013:
2003:
1983:
1976:
1964:
1954:
1933:
1926:Random House
1921:
1913:
1894:
1888:
1869:
1863:
1844:
1838:
1821:
1813:
1808:, pp. 435–6.
1805:
1800:
1791:
1783:
1778:
1770:
1765:
1757:
1752:
1732:
1724:
1704:
1699:
1676:
1671:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1604:
1594:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1504:
1492:
1484:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:the original
1424:
1416:
1411:
1387:
1377:
1354:
1345:
1321:World War II
1318:
1303:
1284:
1272:
1245:
1234:Later career
1229:
1221:
1217:
1212:László Rudas
1203:
1200:Victor Serge
1196:
1192:March Action
1188:
1184:Ruth Fischer
1180:Paul Frölich
1161:
1143:Victor Serge
1125:fell to the
1073:
1064:Sergey Gusev
1056:Leon Trotsky
1035:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1004:
999:
982:
966:
954:
942:
919:
915:
894:
871:
862:
858:
850:
841:
833:
826:
819:
798:
772:
768:
764:
749:
744:
740:
724:
705:
692:
641:
623:camp in the
602:
583:
554:
548:
544:
534:
529:
511:
509:
496:
451:
406:
398:March Action
371:
360:
350:
332:
275:
263:
262:
182:Soviet Union
178:Russian SFSR
165:(1938-08-29)
101:Succeeded by
68:
24:
3451:1938 deaths
3446:1886 births
3274:Poalei Zion
3172:Directorate
3155:Parliaments
3046:Directorate
2995:(1917–1920)
2259:, May 1969.
2188:Mario Fenyo
2150:pp. x, 436.
2063:G. Zinoviev
2030:pp. 62-64,
2014:scepsis.net
1818:István Deák
1739:. p. 2012.
1737:Grove Press
1729:John Lukacs
1600:Mary Jo Nye
1282:mid-1970s.
1275:Great Purge
1273:During the
950:Vilmos Böhm
926:Ottó Korvin
609:World War I
574:Alba County
561:muck-raking
559:, he was a
557:World War I
501:Cluj-Napoca
454:Szilágycseh
409:Great Purge
407:During the
382:functionary
292:Cluj-Napoca
89:Preceded by
3440:Categories
3384:Yuri Gaven
3316:Mensheviks
3311:Bolsheviks
3264:Fareynikte
3228:Borotbists
2946:Navracsics
2906:Jeszenszky
2714:G. Károlyi
2704:Scitovszky
2596:M. Károlyi
2412:since 1848
2241:j.ctt7rstz
2061:letter to
1924:New York:
1773:pp. 197–8.
1756:Béla Kun,
1711:. p. 162.
1584:. London:
1483:Borsányi,
1279:Trotskyism
1152:White army
1119:White Army
978:Red Terror
911:Lenin Boys
733:, and his
727:propaganda
680:Karl Radek
664:Bolsheviks
541:magyarized
440:Early life
413:Trotskyism
394:Red Terror
324:Bolsheviks
252:journalist
248:Politician
244:Profession
233:Alma mater
225:Samu Kohn
131:1886-02-20
3015:Act Zluky
2951:Szijjártó
2848:Boldóczki
2800:Gyöngyösi
2744:Is. Csáky
2689:M. Bánffy
2669:Im. Csáky
2535:Fejérváry
2500:D. Bánffy
2490:Fejérváry
2475:Fejérváry
2455:Wenckheim
2450:Festetics
2427:Esterházy
2281:Lincoln:
1941:. p. 72.
1709:Routledge
1685:cite book
1445:August 7,
1393:Routledge
1164:Comintern
1139:Anarchist
874:Jan Smuts
756:telegraph
656:Petrograd
629:Communism
590:Endre Ady
586:Kolozsvár
520:gymnasium
512:kollegium
497:kollegium
435:Biography
280:communist
276:Béla Kohn
268:Hungarian
222:Parent(s)
125:Béla Kohn
69:In office
3389:Béla Kun
3269:The Bund
3044:(led by
2941:Martonyi
2916:Martonyi
2883:Várkonyi
2805:Mihályfi
2754:Bárdossy
2694:Daruváry
2641:Somssich
2601:Berinkey
2560:I. Tisza
2525:I. Tisza
2485:Andrássy
2480:L. Tisza
2460:K. Tisza
1731:(1990).
1602:(2011).
1385:(2017).
1356:Memorial
1127:Red Army
1103:atropine
1094:Steinhof
906:bailiffs
801:Red Army
779:Debrecen
775:Vix Note
746:Marxism.
594:Budapest
494:Reformed
480:village
423:and the
374:Romanian
362:de facto
272:Kun Béla
264:Béla Kun
212:Children
207:Irén Gál
38:Béla Kun
25:Kun Béla
2926:Somogyi
2863:Horváth
2853:Horváth
2779:Hennyey
2774:Sztójay
2699:Bethlen
2651:Regency
2636:Lovászy
2631:Tánczos
2626:Ágoston
2565:Roszner
2332:of the
2328:in the
2285:, 1971.
2274:, 1967.
2213:, 1971.
2198:, 1993.
2059:Lenin's
1832:4205930
1089:scabies
1007:Ukraine
986:Balkans
961:Entente
752:strikes
693:In the
555:Before
510:At the
505:Romania
474:Romania
402:Germany
384:in the
352:de jure
326:in the
296:Romania
274:, born
215:Miklós
194:(MSZDP)
152:Romania
2936:Balázs
2921:Kovács
2911:Kovács
2843:Molnár
2833:Kállai
2810:Molnár
2795:Kemény
2769:Ghyczy
2764:Kállay
2749:Teleki
2739:Imrédy
2729:Gömbös
2684:Teleki
2674:Teleki
2664:Teleki
2616:Pogány
2606:Harrer
2555:Burián
2550:Lukács
2495:Jósika
2239:
2229:
2034:, 2008
1991:
1945:
1901:
1876:
1851:
1830:
1743:
1715:
1616:
1487:pg. 2.
1399:
1319:After
1111:Crimea
1076:Vienna
884:) and
708:Allies
644:Moscow
631:. The
482:notary
478:Jewish
427:under
359:, the
204:Spouse
174:Moscow
3201:USDLP
2931:Göncz
2873:Péter
2734:Kánya
2719:Walko
2709:Walko
2679:Gratz
2575:Zichy
2540:Zichy
2510:Széll
2465:Orczy
2237:JSTOR
1959:1943.
1939:Knopf
1828:JSTOR
1358:with
1338:Notes
1314:Gulag
1011:Tisza
758:with
545:Kohn,
490:Zalău
466:Hodod
312:Urals
217:Ágnes
199:(KMP)
148:Hodod
146:(now
3304:Left
3223:UPSR
3218:UPSF
2888:Horn
2878:Puja
2858:Nagy
2838:Kiss
2815:Rajk
2724:Puky
2227:ISBN
1989:ISBN
1943:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1874:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1713:ISBN
1691:link
1614:ISBN
1569:(5).
1567:VIII
1447:2020
1397:ISBN
1366:and
1249:OGPU
1224:Levi
1206:").
1062:and
924:and
783:Makó
781:and
570:Aiud
160:Died
138:Lele
121:Born
2868:Sík
2621:Kun
2611:Kun
2334:ZBW
2305:at
2161:BBC
678:or
607:in
549:Kun
547:to
507:).
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2126:^
2069:^
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1997:.
1949:.
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