673:
697:
715:
42:
56:
850:
685:
124:
467:
248:
82:
459:
731:
743:
young chicks have no feathers and appear very plump. The mother is fed by her mate through a slit in the seal. The clutch consists of one or two eggs, which she incubates for 38β40 days. The female voids feces through the nest slit, as do the chicks from the age of two weeks. Once the female emerges from the nest, the chicks seal it again.
478:
The great hornbill is a large bird, 95β130 cm (37β51 in) long, with a 152 cm (60 in) wingspan and a weight of 2 to 4 kg (4.4 to 8.8 lb). The average weight of 7 males is 3 kg (6.6 lb) whereas that of 3 females is 2.59 kg (5.7 lb). It is the heaviest,
801:
Very few hornbills are held in captivity, and few of them breed well. Females at the nests are extremely easy to capture, and birds caught in the wild are mostly female. Breeding them in captivity has been notoriously difficult, with fewer than a dozen successful attempts. Their extreme selectivity
764:
The great hornbill is threatened mainly by habitat loss due to deforestation. It is hunted for its meat, fat and body parts like casque and tail feathers, which are used as adornments. Tribal peoples hunt the great Indian hornbill for its various parts. The beaks and head are used in charms and the
746:
The young birds have no trace of a casque. After the second year the front extremity separates from the culmen, and in the third year it becomes a transverse crescent with the two edges growing outwards and upwards, while the anterior widens to the width of the rear end. Full development takes five
873:
Every visitor to the
Society's room in Apollo Street will remember the Great Indian Hornbill, better known as the "office canary" which lived in a cage behind Millard's chair in Phipson & Co.'s office for 26 years and died in 1920. It is said its death was caused by swallowing a piece of wire,
755:
Roost sites are used regularly and birds arrive punctually at sunset from long distances, following the same routes each day. Several tall trees in the vicinity may be used, the birds choosing the highest branches with little foliage. They jockey for position until late at dusk. When sleeping they
742:
The female hornbill builds a nest in the hollow of a large tree trunk, sealing the opening with a plaster made up mainly of feces. She remains imprisoned there, relying on the male to bring her food, until the chicks are half developed. During this period the female undergoes a complete moult. The
738:
During the breeding season (January to April) great hornbills become very vocal. They make loud duets, beginning with a loud "kok" given about once a second by the male, to which the female joins in. The pair then calls in unison, turning into a rapid mixture of roars and barks. They prefer mature
739:
forests for nesting. Large, tall and old trees, particularly emergents that rise above the canopy, seem to be preferred for nesting. They form monogamous pair bonds and live in small groups of 2-40 individuals. Group courtship displays involving up to 20 birds have been observed.
521:
The wing beats are heavy, and the sound produced by birds in flight can be heard from a distance. This sound has been likened to the puffing of a steam locomotive starting up. The flight involves stiff flaps followed by glides with the fingers splayed and upcurled.
696:
585:
Great hornbills are usually seen in small parties, with larger groups sometimes aggregating at fruit trees. A congregation of 150 to 200 birds has been recorded in southeastern Bhutan. In the wild, the great hornbill's diet consists mainly of fruit.
772:
consider the flesh unfit for eating, believing that it produces sores on their feet, as in the bird. When dancing with the feathers of the hornbill, they avoid eating vegetables, as doing so is also believed to produce the same sores on the feet.
672:
571:
of males was found to be about 3.7 km (2.3 mi) during the breeding season and about 14.7 km (9.1 mi) during the non-breeding season. Molecular approaches to the study of its population diversity have been attempted.
561:. Its distribution is fragmented in the Western Ghats and in the foothills of the Himalayas. Deforestation has reduced its range in many parts of India such as in the Kolli hills where it was recorded in the 1860s.
629:
They forage along branches, moving along by hopping, looking for insects, nestling birds and small lizards, tearing up bark and examining them. Prey are caught, tossed in the air and swallowed. A rare squirrel, the
498:
on top of its massive bill. The casque appears U-shaped when viewed from the front, and the top is concave, with two ridges along the sides that form points in the front, whence the Latin species epithet
2427:
Kannan, R. and James, D. A. (2007). "Phenological studies of hornbill fruit trees in tropical rainforests: methodologies, problems, and pitfalls". pp. 155β166 in Kemp, A.C. and M.I. Kemp (eds.).
1498:
Chamutpong, S.; Saito, D.; Viseshakul, N.; Nishiumi, I.; Poonswad, P. & Ponglikitmongkol, M. (2009). "Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the great hornbill,
622:. They obtain water entirely from their diet of fruits. They are important dispersers of many forest tree species. They will also eat small mammals, birds, small reptiles and insects.
714:
2472:
491:. Females are smaller than males and have bluish-white instead of red eyes, although the orbital skin is pinkish. Like other hornbills, they have prominent "eyelashes".
2689:
338:
since 2018. It is known to have lived for nearly 50 years in captivity. Due to its large size and colour, and importance in many tribal cultures and rituals, the
2728:
1183:
793:
since 2018. Conservation programmes have attempted to provide tribes with feathers from captive hornbills and ceramic casques to substitute for natural ones.
874:
but in the past "William" had swallowed a lighted cigar without ill effects and I for my part think that the loss of his old friend was the principal cause.
446:. Variation across populations is mainly in size, Himalayan birds being larger than those from further south, and the species is now usually considered
2834:
1674:
2114:
1545:
Datta, A. & Rawat, G. S. (2003). "Foraging patterns of sympatric
Hornbills during the nonbreeding season in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India".
2663:
2702:
765:
flesh is believed to be medicinal. Young birds are considered a delicacy. Declines in population have been noted in many areas such as
Cambodia.
2431:. CD-ROM Proceedings of the 4th International Hornbill Conference, Mabula Game Lodge, Bela Bela, South Africa. Naturalists and Nomads, Pretoria.
2869:
2052:
2025:
1410:
1243:
1138:
1001:
684:
993:
989:
2864:
2085:
1611:
Sethi, P. & Howe, H. (2009). "Recruitment of
Hornbill dispersed trees in hunted and logged forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya".
809:
in captivity but their behaviour in captivity is described as highly strung. Captive specimens bask in the sun with outstretched wings.
503:(two-horned). The back of the casque is reddish in females, while the underside of the front and back of the casque is black in males.
970:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
2476:
805:
Captive great hornbills eat fruits and meat, a healthy diet consisting mostly of fruit and some source of protein. A few have been
2859:
2854:
768:
Tribesmen in parts of northeastern India use the feathers for head-dresses, and the skulls are often worn as decorations. The
363:
238:
1675:"Estimation of nutrients delivered to nest inmates by four sympatric species of hornbills in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand"
564:
It prefers dense old growth unlogged forests in hilly regions. It appears to be dependent on large stretches of rain forests.
2449:
Poonswad, P. (1995). "Nest site characteristics of four sympatric species of hornbills in Khao Yai
National Park, Thailand".
858:
2707:
41:
2588:
1368:"Hornbill abundance in unlogged forest, selectively logged forest and a forest plantation in Arunachal Pradesh, India"
2785:
2733:
1017:
830:
631:
596:
has been noted as another important food source. Great hornbills also forage on lipid-rich fruits of the families
510:. Male hornbills indulge in aerial casque butting, with birds striking each other in flight. The male spreads the
55:
2874:
1428:"Correlates of hornbill distribution and abundance in rainforest fragments in the southern Western Ghats, India"
123:
2811:
2420:
Kannan, Ragupathy (1994). "Conservation ecology of the Great
Hornbill in the Western Ghats, southern India".
2849:
1580:
Kannan, R. & Douglas A. J. (1999). "Fruiting phenology and the conservation of the Great Pied
Hornbill (
1345:"An account of the "Kolymullays", one of the mountain masses in the Salem district of the Madras Presidency"
849:
554:
393:
2554:
2214:
Golding, R.R.; Williams, M.G. (1986). "Breeding the great Indian hornbill at the
Cotswold Wild Life Park".
2042:
2015:
1699:
1344:
1098:
2575:
2489:
2151:
2133:
1819:
655:
514:
secretion, which is yellow, onto the primary feathers and bill to give them the bright yellow colour. The
2440:), captive elephants, and conservation of hornbills and other frugivores in an Indian wildlife sanctuary"
1212:
Kemp, A. C. (2001). "Family
Bucerotidae (hornbills)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
1055:
529:, with hollow air cavities extending to the tips of the wing bones. This anatomical feature was noted by
2593:
866:
218:
2527:
1400:
1332:. Vol. Volume IV: The Birds of the Low-Country Jungle and Scrub. London: Witherby. pp. 90β91.
923:
2435:
1324:
1260:
2637:
2567:
2536:
2340:
1725:
442:, the nominate form from the sub-Himalayan forests. The subspecies from Sumatra was sometimes called
339:
2138:
862:
623:
373:
355:
319:
71:
2844:
2464:
2358:
2176:
Bohmke, B.W. (1987). "Breeding the great Indian hornbill at the St. Louis Zoological Park, USA".
1932:
1889:
1800:
1562:
1527:
786:
704:
331:
255:
118:
86:
2694:
2069:
2754:
2720:
2611:
2048:
2021:
1628:
1519:
1406:
1239:
1134:
997:
838:
526:
802:
for mates and their long and strong pair bonds make them difficult to maintain for breeding.
506:
The casque is hollow and serves no known purpose, although it is thought to be the result of
2839:
2759:
2348:
2219:
2143:
2110:
1994:
1963:
1924:
1881:
1792:
1689:
1620:
1593:
1554:
1511:
1480:
1439:
1379:
1303:
1295:
1106:
1021:
973:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 104.
918:
782:
678:
Close-up of great hornbill male in Mangaon showing red iris and black on underside of casque
639:
507:
495:
466:
2780:
2580:
2741:
1951:
1216:. Vol. Volume 6. Mousebirds to hornbills. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 436β523.
592:
511:
480:
368:
2541:
900:
2344:
2283:
2223:
1967:
1597:
1484:
1299:
323:
175:
1384:
1367:
2828:
2715:
1624:
1566:
1515:
964:
909:
790:
663:
601:
435:
404:
386:
359:
335:
234:
91:
2362:
1893:
1804:
1726:"Taxonomy and evolution of liontail and pigtail macaques (Primates:Cercopithecidae)"
1531:
1279:
2616:
1308:
647:
530:
2798:
2603:
968:
533:, who dissected a specimen that died at the Zoological Society of London in 1833.
247:
1025:
462:
The iris, underside of the casque and orbital skin colours vary between the sexes
2772:
2676:
2521:
2377:
2329:
2302:
2261:
2238:
1842:
1753:
1647:
612:
327:
17:
2793:
1999:
1982:
1444:
1427:
1110:
1066:. Vol. 4 (Second ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 283β285.
568:
515:
474:
showing the eyelashes, worn bill edge and the concave casque with ridged sides
471:
458:
424:
2512:
1779:
James, D.A. & Kannan, R. (2009). "Nesting habitat of the Great Hornbill (
330:, but also preys on small mammals, reptiles and birds. It has been listed as
2650:
1459:
Poonswad, P. & Tsuji, A. (1994). "Ranges of males of the Great Hornbill
1238:. Vol. 4 (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 143β146.
945:
Hodgson, B. H. (1833). "Description of the Buceros Homrai of the Himalaya".
826:
769:
618:
597:
447:
420:
135:
1632:
1523:
730:
2086:"Artificial beaks save hornbills from extinction in Arunachal - Firstpost"
518:
of the beak is black and has a serrated edge which becomes worn with age.
494:
The most prominent feature of the hornbill is the bright yellow and black
2746:
2506:
1170:
A comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the hornbills (Aves: Bucerotidae)
708:) in her beak to feed the chick that is still inside the tree cavity nest
488:
315:
185:
155:
2806:
2668:
2562:
2195:
de Ruiter, M. (1998). "The great Indian hornbill: a breeding attempt".
1936:
558:
381:
195:
2147:
2549:
2353:
1907:
Poulsen, H. (1970). "Nesting behaviour of the Black-Casqued Hornbill
1885:
1796:
1694:
1168:
Gonzalez, J.-C.T.; Sheldon, B.C.; Collar, N.J.; Tobias, J.A. (2013).
834:
606:
546:
343:
145:
2681:
2629:
2483:
1928:
720:
A female great hornbill (above) with a male (below) in Nelliyampathy
2655:
1267:. Vol. 3. Birds. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 142β146.
2767:
2624:
1558:
848:
806:
729:
587:
550:
542:
465:
457:
397:
377:
108:
102:
857:
A great hornbill named William was the model for the logo of the
2642:
1405:(Forth ed.). London: Gurney and Jackson. pp. 304β306.
479:
but not the longest, Asian hornbill. With the separation of the
165:
2487:
756:
draw their neck back and the bill is held upwards at an angle.
1086:. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. pp. 273β274.
1064:
The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds
1868:
James, D.A. & Kannan, R. (2007). "Wild Great Hornbills (
525:
Like other members of the hornbill family, they have highly
2113:; Mace, M.; Azua, J.; MacDonald, E.; Czekala, N.M. (2003).
1172:. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 67 (2): 468β483.
2402:
Kannan, R. (1993). "Saving the Great Indian Hornbill".
1026:"Mousebirds, Cuckoo Roller, trogons, hoopoes, hornbills"
829:, both meaning "King of the Jungle". It is the official
2406:
magazine. Bombay Natural History Society 1993(4):4β7.
2047:. Vol. 3. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 442.
2020:. Vol. 1. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 505.
1983:"The status and conservation of hornbills in Cambodia"
1673:
Poonswad, P.; Tsuji, A. & Jirawatkavi, N. (2004).
1265:
The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma
403:
meaning "horned like an ox" which in turn is from the
2417:. Ph.D. thesis, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
2411:
Ecology and Conservation of the Great Pied Hornbill (
626:
have been seen to forage alongside these hornbills.
2496:
2429:
The Active Management of Hornbills for Conservation
487:, the great hornbill reigns as the heaviest of all
924:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22682453A184603863.en
2115:"Reproductive assessment of the Great Hornbill (
1288:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
865:described William as follows in the obituary of
430:The species was formerly broken into subspecies
419:is Latin and means "two-horned". The species is
1843:"Mass courtship display by Great Pied Hornbill
1426:Shankar Raman, T. R. & Mudappa, D. (2003).
1349:The Madras Quarterly Journal of Medical Science
1084:Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2
702:A female great hornbill carries food (fruit of
541:The great hornbill is native to the forests of
1754:"Breeding biology of the Great Pied Hornbill (
2382:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2333:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2311:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2266:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
2262:"The great Indian hornbill in the wild state"
2243:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1851:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1820:"Notes on the nidification of some Hornbills"
1783:) in the Anaimalai Hills of southern India".
1762:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1747:
1745:
1743:
1656:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1184:"Aerial casque-butting in the Great Hornbill
1103:Bulletin of the United States National Museum
590:are particularly important as a food source.
8:
2465:"Great Hornbill videos, photos & sounds"
986:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1758:) in the Anaimalai Hills of southern India"
1584:) in the Western Ghats of Southern India".
1236:Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan
2484:
1323:Robinson, H.C. & Chasen, F.N. (1939).
1082:Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005).
470:Illustration by English zoological artist
246:
80:
54:
40:
31:
2352:
2239:"Notes on the habits of a young Hornbill"
2137:
1998:
1872:) do not use mud to seal nest cavities".
1693:
1443:
1383:
1307:
1280:"On the Anatomy of the concave Hornbill,
922:
2415:) in the Western Ghats of southern India
2378:"The great Indian hornbill in captivity"
861:and the name of the society's building.
2074:. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 92.
1158:. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press.
1049:
1047:
884:
668:
1952:"On the hornbills of India and Burmah"
1752:Kannan, R. & James, D. A. (1997).
1471:in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand".
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1124:
1122:
1120:
894:
892:
890:
888:
314:, is one of the larger members of the
1154:Holmes, D. A. & Nash, S. (1990).
1077:
1075:
1073:
1032:. International Ornithologists' Union
988:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
7:
2812:854B7107-BB88-4632-99A3-6753AD210EF8
2434:Kannan, R. and James, D. A. (2008).
2044:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
2017:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics
1234:Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. (1983).
1156:The birds of Sumatra and Kalimantan
910:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
734:Male feeding the female at the nest
2224:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1985.tb02548.x
1968:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1864.tb07860.x
1598:10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00127.x
1485:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1994.tb08133.x
1300:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1835.tb00609.x
1214:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
2475:. Saint Louis Zoo. Archived from
1385:10.1046/j.1365-3008.1998.d01-58.x
1131:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
853:William, a captive great hornbill
690:Great hornbill eating a baby bird
662:) have been taken as prey in the
396:as China. The genus name is from
2835:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1625:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01155.x
1516:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02447.x
1402:Popular handbook of Indian birds
1326:The Birds of the Malay Peninsula
1129:Dunning, J. B. Jr., ed. (2008).
1099:"The birds of northern Thailand"
1030:IOC World Bird List Version 12.1
781:The great hornbill is listed in
713:
695:
683:
671:
122:
1987:Bird Conservation International
1911:(Temm.) and the Great Hornbill
1432:Bird Conservation International
899:BirdLife International (2020).
1133:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
859:Bombay Natural History Society
1:
1874:Wilson Journal of Ornithology
1785:Wilson Journal of Ornithology
1182:Shankar Raman, T. R. (1998).
817:The great hornbill is called
415:meaning "horn". The specific
2870:Symbols of Arunachal Pradesh
2303:"The Great Indian Hornbill (
2284:"Symbols of States of India"
2119:) by fecal hormone analysis"
342:declared it as the official
65:Both in Raigad, Maharashtra
2865:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2467:. Internet Bird Collection.
1504:Molecular Ecology Resources
2891:
2444:J. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc.
2216:International Zoo Yearbook
984:Jobling, James A. (2010).
632:Travancore flying squirrel
358:by the Swedish naturalist
2000:10.1017/s0959270905000183
1445:10.1017/S0959270903003162
1111:10.5479/si.03629236.186.1
917:: e.T22682453A184603863.
407:boukerΕs which combines
392:. Linnaeus specified the
318:family. It occurs in the
261:
254:
245:
224:
217:
119:Scientific classification
117:
100:
78:
69:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
1467:, and Wreathed Hornbill
1259:Blanford, W. T. (1895).
833:of the Indian states of
785:. It has been listed as
537:Distribution and habitat
483:into a separate family,
372:. He placed it with the
304:concave-casqued hornbill
2860:Birds described in 1758
2855:Birds of Southeast Asia
1648:"Is the Large Hornbill
1309:2027/hvd.32044107323750
1097:Deignan, H. G. (1945).
1024:, eds. (January 2022).
636:Petinomys fuscocapillus
555:mainland Southeast Asia
354:The great hornbill was
2376:Phipson, H.M. (1897).
2328:Kinnear, N.B. (1952).
2260:Bingham, C.T. (1897).
2237:Ellison, B.C. (1923).
1950:Tickell, S.R. (1864).
1857:(Supplement): 209β210.
1818:Bingham, C.T. (1879).
1682:Ornithological Science
1054:Baker, E.C.S. (1927).
876:
854:
735:
656:Sri Lanka green pigeon
638:) has been eaten, and
475:
463:
326:. It is predominantly
2301:Spence, R.A. (1920).
2068:Hutton, J.H. (1921).
2041:Hastings, J. (1910).
2014:Hastings, J. (1908).
1841:Hutton, A.F. (1986).
1399:Whistler, H. (1949).
871:
867:Walter Samuel Millard
852:
733:
576:Behaviour and ecology
469:
461:
308:great Indian hornbill
302:), also known as the
2305:Dichocerros bicornis
2178:Avicultural Magazine
2157:on 27 September 2011
1646:Wood, W. S. (1927).
1613:Conservation Biology
1469:Rhyticeros undulatus
1465:Ptilolaemus tickelli
1261:"Family Bucerotidae"
624:Lion-tailed macaques
340:Government of Kerala
2409:Kannan, R. (1994).
2345:1952Natur.169..690K
1724:Fooden, J. (1975).
1650:Dichoceros bicornis
652:Glaucidium radiatum
374:rhinoceros hornbill
320:Indian subcontinent
312:great pied hornbill
268:Dichoceros bicornis
72:Conservation status
2218:. 24/25: 248β252.
1981:Setha, T. (2004).
1917:Ornis Scandinavica
1909:Ceratogymna atrata
1366:Datta, A. (1998).
1020:; Donsker, David;
947:Asiatic Researches
855:
736:
705:Myristica beddomei
476:
464:
411:meaning "ox" with
356:formally described
280:Dichoceros cavatus
2822:
2821:
2755:Open Tree of Life
2490:Taxon identifiers
2339:(4304): 910β913.
2148:10.1002/zoo.10083
2090:www.firstpost.com
2054:978-0-567-06512-4
2027:978-0-567-06512-4
1730:Fieldiana Zoology
1463:, Brown Hornbill
1412:978-1-4067-4576-4
1343:King, W. (1865).
1278:Owen, R. (1836).
1245:978-0-19-562063-4
1140:978-1-4200-6444-5
1022:Rasmussen, Pamela
1003:978-1-4081-2501-4
839:Arunachal Pradesh
567:In Thailand, the
527:pneumatized bones
489:typical hornbills
290:
289:
284:Buceros cristatus
276:Homraius bicornis
112:
95:
16:(Redirected from
2882:
2875:Birds of Myanmar
2815:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2799:Buceros-bicornis
2789:
2788:
2776:
2775:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2749:
2737:
2736:
2724:
2723:
2711:
2710:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2646:
2645:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2619:
2607:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2584:
2583:
2571:
2570:
2568:A9D587B9931AD694
2558:
2557:
2555:buceros-bicornis
2545:
2544:
2542:Buceros_bicornis
2532:
2531:
2530:
2528:Buceros bicornis
2517:
2516:
2515:
2498:Buceros bicornis
2485:
2480:
2473:"Great Hornbill"
2468:
2413:Buceros bicornis
2390:
2389:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2354:10.1038/169690b0
2330:"Millard, W. S."
2325:
2319:
2318:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2288:affairscloud.com
2280:
2274:
2273:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2156:
2150:. Archived from
2141:
2123:
2117:Buceros bicornis
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1913:Buceros bicornis
1904:
1898:
1897:
1886:10.1676/06-064.1
1870:Buceros bicornis
1865:
1859:
1858:
1845:Buceros bicornis
1838:
1832:
1831:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1797:10.1676/08-022.1
1781:Buceros bicornis
1776:
1770:
1769:
1756:Buceros bicornis
1749:
1738:
1737:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1698:. Archived from
1697:
1695:10.2326/osj.3.99
1679:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1582:Buceros bicornis
1577:
1571:
1570:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1500:Buceros bicornis
1495:
1489:
1488:
1461:Buceros bicornis
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1186:Buceros bicornis
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1068:
1067:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1014:
1008:
1007:
981:
975:
974:
961:
955:
954:
942:
936:
935:
933:
931:
926:
903:Buceros bicornis
896:
783:CITES Appendix I
717:
699:
687:
675:
660:Treron pompadora
640:Indian scops owl
581:Food and feeding
508:sexual selection
481:ground hornbills
427:are recognised.
390:Buceros bicornis
299:Buceros bicornis
250:
230:
228:Buceros bicornis
210:B. bicornis
127:
126:
106:
89:
84:
83:
58:
44:
32:
21:
18:Buceros bicornis
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2805:
2797:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2745:
2742:Observation.org
2740:
2732:
2727:
2719:
2714:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2688:
2680:
2675:
2667:
2662:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2628:
2623:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2492:
2471:
2463:
2460:
2446:105(2):238-242.
2399:
2394:
2393:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2139:10.1.1.501.9876
2121:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1929:10.2307/3676330
1906:
1905:
1901:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1282:Buceros cavatus
1277:
1276:
1272:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1128:
1127:
1118:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1035:
1033:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1004:
983:
982:
978:
963:
962:
958:
944:
943:
939:
929:
927:
898:
897:
886:
881:
847:
845:Use as a symbol
815:
799:
779:
762:
753:
728:
721:
718:
709:
700:
691:
688:
679:
676:
644:Otus bakkamoena
593:Vitex altissima
583:
578:
539:
456:
385:and coined the
369:Systema Naturae
362:in 1758 in the
352:
282:
278:
274:
272:Buceros cavatus
270:
266:
241:
232:
226:
213:
121:
113:
96:
85:
81:
74:
64:
35:Great hornbill
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2888:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:Birds of India
2847:
2842:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2803:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2738:
2725:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2518:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:on 3 May 2007.
2469:
2459:
2458:External links
2456:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2432:
2425:
2418:
2407:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2368:
2320:
2293:
2275:
2252:
2229:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2132:(2): 135β145.
2102:
2077:
2071:The Sema Nagas
2060:
2053:
2033:
2026:
2006:
1973:
1962:(2): 173β182.
1942:
1899:
1880:(1): 118β121.
1860:
1833:
1824:Stray Feathers
1810:
1791:(3): 485β492.
1771:
1739:
1716:
1705:on 25 May 2011
1665:
1638:
1619:(3): 710β718.
1603:
1592:(1): 167β177.
1572:
1553:(2): 208β218.
1537:
1510:(2): 591β593.
1490:
1451:
1438:(3): 199β212.
1418:
1411:
1391:
1378:(4): 285β294.
1358:
1335:
1315:
1294:(2): 117β122.
1270:
1251:
1244:
1219:
1204:
1174:
1161:
1146:
1139:
1116:
1105:(186): 1β616.
1089:
1069:
1043:
1009:
1002:
976:
965:Linnaeus, Carl
956:
937:
883:
882:
880:
877:
863:Norman Kinnear
846:
843:
814:
811:
798:
795:
778:
775:
761:
758:
752:
749:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
712:
710:
701:
694:
692:
689:
682:
680:
677:
670:
582:
579:
577:
574:
538:
535:
455:
452:
351:
348:
324:Southeast Asia
294:great hornbill
288:
287:
264:Buceros homrai
259:
258:
252:
251:
243:
242:
233:
222:
221:
215:
214:
207:
205:
201:
200:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
176:Bucerotiformes
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
115:
114:
101:
98:
97:
79:
76:
75:
70:
67:
66:
60:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2887:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2453:137: 183β191.
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:Other sources
2396:
2388:(2): 307β308.
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2272:(2): 308β310.
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2249:(1): 280β281.
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2169:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1993:(1): S5βS11.
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1837:
1834:
1830:(6): 459β463.
1829:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1768:(3): 451β465.
1767:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1688:(2): 99β112.
1687:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:carnivorous?"
1651:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:10.1646/02103
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1010:
1005:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
977:
972:
971:
966:
960:
957:
953:(2): 169β188.
952:
948:
941:
938:
925:
920:
916:
912:
911:
906:
904:
895:
893:
891:
889:
885:
878:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
851:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:in Nepal and
820:
812:
810:
808:
803:
796:
794:
792:
791:IUCN Red List
788:
784:
776:
774:
771:
766:
759:
757:
750:
748:
744:
740:
732:
725:
716:
711:
707:
706:
698:
693:
686:
681:
674:
669:
667:
665:
664:Western Ghats
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
627:
625:
621:
620:
615:
614:
609:
608:
603:
602:Myristicaceae
599:
595:
594:
589:
580:
575:
573:
570:
565:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
536:
534:
532:
528:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
473:
468:
460:
453:
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:Western Ghats
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Ancient Greek
402:
399:
395:
391:
388:
387:binomial name
384:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
364:tenth edition
361:
360:Carl Linnaeus
357:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:IUCN Red List
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:
295:
286:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
223:
220:
219:Binomial name
216:
212:
211:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
194:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
125:
120:
116:
110:
104:
99:
93:
88:
77:
73:
68:
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2497:
2477:the original
2450:
2443:
2437:
2436:"Fig trees (
2428:
2421:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2385:
2381:
2371:
2336:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2215:
2209:
2200:
2197:AFAWatchbird
2196:
2190:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2159:. Retrieved
2152:the original
2129:
2125:
2116:
2105:
2093:. Retrieved
2089:
2080:
2070:
2063:
2043:
2036:
2016:
2009:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1923:(1): 11β15.
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1700:the original
1685:
1681:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1575:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1476:
1472:
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797:In captivity
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777:Conservation
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648:jungle owlet
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531:Richard Owen
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27:Bird species
2677:iNaturalist
2522:Wikispecies
2126:Zoo Biology
2111:Crofoot, M.
1018:Gill, Frank
613:Alseodaphne
512:preen gland
454:Description
434:, from the
328:frugivorous
186:Bucerotidae
2829:Categories
2794:Xeno-canto
2184:: 159β161.
1586:Biotropica
1547:Biotropica
1355:: 266β282.
1201:: 123β124.
1058:Dichoceros
930:18 January
879:References
831:state bird
813:In culture
787:Vulnerable
770:Sema Nagas
569:home range
516:commissure
485:Bucorvidae
472:T. W. Wood
425:subspecies
332:Vulnerable
105:Appendix I
87:Vulnerable
2845:Hornbills
2424:. 19: 13.
2317:(1): 174.
2134:CiteSeerX
1662:(2): 374.
1567:198159354
1479:: 79β86.
827:Mussoorie
619:Myristica
598:Lauraceae
448:monotypic
444:cristatus
421:monotypic
204:Species:
142:Kingdom:
136:Eukaryota
2768:Species+
2721:22682453
2695:10652570
2581:22682453
2576:BirdLife
2507:Wikidata
2422:OBC Bull
2404:Hornbill
2363:29652369
2203:: 34β35.
2161:10 April
1894:86507822
1805:85207549
1709:27 March
1633:19220369
1532:31651064
1524:21564700
1195:Forktail
967:(1758).
751:Roosting
726:Breeding
604:such as
501:bicornis
417:bicornis
394:location
350:Taxonomy
316:hornbill
256:Synonyms
235:Linnaeus
182:Family:
156:Chordata
152:Phylum:
146:Animalia
132:Domain:
92:IUCN 3.1
2840:Buceros
2807:ZooBank
2669:2476012
2643:1048403
2630:grehor1
2604:grehor1
2563:Avibase
2513:Q232768
2341:Bibcode
2095:3 April
1937:3676330
1284:, Lath"
1056:"Genus
1036:10 June
789:on the
760:Threats
747:years.
559:Sumatra
432:cavatus
401:becerus
382:Buceros
376:in the
366:of his
334:on the
197:Buceros
192:Genus:
172:Order:
162:Class:
107: (
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2760:785181
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2656:BCERBI
2550:ARKive
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819:homrai
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607:Persea
547:Bhutan
496:casque
440:homrai
438:, and
344:Kerala
63:Female
2747:70958
2690:IRMNG
2625:eBird
2617:5WSHC
2601:BOW:
2594:95493
2438:Ficus
2359:S2CID
2155:(PDF)
2122:(PDF)
1933:JSTOR
1890:S2CID
1801:S2CID
1736:: 84.
1703:(PDF)
1678:(PDF)
1563:S2CID
1528:S2CID
1330:(PDF)
1191:(PDF)
807:tamed
551:Nepal
543:India
423:: no
413:kerΕs
398:Latin
378:genus
109:CITES
103:CITES
49:Male
2786:2898
2773:5527
2729:NCBI
2716:IUCN
2703:ITIS
2682:5536
2664:GBIF
2651:EPPO
2589:BOLD
2451:Ibis
2163:2010
2097:2018
2049:ISBN
2022:ISBN
1956:Ibis
1915:L".
1711:2009
1629:PMID
1520:PMID
1473:Ibis
1407:ISBN
1372:Oryx
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1038:2022
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915:2020
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588:Figs
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409:bous
322:and
292:The
239:1758
166:Aves
2781:TSA
2638:EoL
2612:CoL
2537:ADW
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2144:doi
1995:doi
1964:doi
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