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468:. The eastern cattle egret breeds in South Asia, Eastern Asia, and Australasia, and the western species occupies the rest of the genus range, including Western Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Americas. According to the IOC birdlist, they are both monotypic species. While some authorities recognise a third
740:
for the first time. This trend has continued and cattle egrets have become more numerous in southern
Britain with influxes in some numbers during the nonbreeding seasons of 2007/08 and 2016/17. They bred in Britain again in 2017, following an influx in the previous winter, and may become established
1209:
A cattle egret will weakly defend the area around a grazing animal against others of the same species, but if the area is swamped by egrets, it will give up and continue foraging elsewhere. Where numerous large animals are present, cattle egrets selectively forage around species that move at around
1201:
and other large grazing and browsing animals, and catches small creatures disturbed by the mammals. Studies have shown that cattle egret foraging success is much higher when foraging near a large animal than when feeding singly. When foraging with cattle, it has been shown to be 3.6 times more
974:
behaviours, such as shaking a twig and sky-pointing (raising his bill vertically upwards), and the pair forms over 3–4 days. A new mate is chosen in each season and when renesting following nest failure. The nest is a small, untidy platform of sticks in a tree or shrub constructed by both parents.
1292:
The IUCN Red List treats them as a single species. They have a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 355,000,000 km (100,000,000 sq mi). Their global population is estimated to be 3.8–6.7 million individuals. For these reasons, the genus is evaluated as
866:
and New
Zealand in the winter and return in the spring. Migration in western Africa is in response to rainfall, and in South America, migrating birds travel south of their breeding range in the nonbreeding season. Populations in southern India appear to show local migrations in response to the
1355:. A study in Australia found that cattle egrets reduced the number of flies that bothered cattle by pecking them directly off the skin. It was the benefit to stock that prompted ranchers and the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry to release the western cattle egret in Hawaii.
1358:
Not all interactions between humans and cattle egrets are beneficial. The cattle egret can be a safety hazard to aircraft due to its habit of feeding in large groups in the grassy verges of airports, and it has been implicated in the spread of animal infections such as
3933:
337:
is a platform of sticks in trees or shrubs. Cattle egrets exploit drier and open habitats more than other heron species. Their feeding habitats include seasonally inundated grasslands, pastures, farmlands, wetlands, and rice paddies. They often
906:
597:
become bright red for a brief period prior to pairing. The sexes are similar, but the male is marginally larger and has slightly longer breeding plumes than the female; juvenile birds lack coloured plumes and have a black bill.
767:
relationship with large grazing and browsing animals, it was easily able to switch to domesticated cattle and horses. As the keeping of livestock spread throughout the world, the cattle egret was able to occupy otherwise empty
830:
Although the cattle egret sometimes feeds in shallow water, unlike most herons, it is typically found in fields and dry grassy habitats, reflecting its greater dietary reliance on terrestrial insects rather than aquatic prey.
931:, which are often found around bodies of water. The colonies are usually found in woodlands near lakes or rivers, in swamps, or on small inland or coastal islands, and are sometimes shared with other wetland birds, such as
1039:, third and fourth chicks inevitably starve. In the dryer habitats with fewer amphibians, the diet may lack sufficient vertebrate content and may cause bone abnormalities in growing chicks due to calcium deficiency. In
890:
Young birds are known to disperse up to 5,000 km (3,000 mi) from their breeding area. Flocks may fly vast distances and have been seen over seas and oceans including in the middle of the
Atlantic.
719:
in 1963, although it was probably established before then. In Europe, the species had historically declined in Spain and
Portugal, but in the latter part of the 20th century, it expanded back through the
585:, and a hunched posture. The nonbreeding adult has mainly white plumage, a yellow bill, and greyish-yellow legs. During the breeding season, adults of the western cattle egret develop orange-buff
1028:, although these eggs seldom hatch. Also, evidence of low levels of intraspecific brood parasitism has been found, with females laying eggs in the nests of other cattle egrets. As much as 30%
1313:. These mostly relate to its habit of following cattle and other large animals, and it is known variously as cow crane, cow bird or cow heron, or even elephant bird or rhinoceros egret. Its
601:
The eastern differs from the western in breeding plumage, when the buff colour on its head extends to the cheeks and throat, and the plumes are more golden in colour. This species' bill and
365:, but birds or mammals may raid its nests, and chicks may be lost to starvation, calcium deficiency, or disturbance from other large birds. This genus maintains a special relationship with
3348:
2874:
2058:
Rojas, L.M.; McNeil, R.; Cabana, T.; Lachapelle, P. (1999). "Behavioral, Morphological and
Physiological Correlates of Diurnal and Nocturnal Vision in Selected Wading Bird Species".
1983:
2198:
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1919:
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In
Australia, the colonisation began in the 1940s, with the eastern cattle egret establishing itself in the north and east of the continent. It began to regularly visit
1457:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
3522:
652:
The western cattle egret has undergone one of the most rapid and wide-reaching natural expansions of any bird species. It was originally native to parts of southern
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3961:
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Some populations of cattle egrets are migratory, others are dispersive, and distinguishing between the two can be difficult. In many areas, populations can be both
5105:
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was recorded for the first time in 2008, only a year after an influx seen in the previous year. In 2008, cattle egrets were also reported as having moved into
5197:
3412:
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size can be one to five eggs, although three or four is most common. The pale bluish-white eggs are oval-shaped and measure 45 mm × 53 mm (
776:
and dispersive, and this has helped the genus' range expansion. The cattle egret has been seen as a vagrant in various sub-Antarctic islands, including
3169:
2101:
Katzir, G.; Strod, T.; Schectman, E.; Hareli, S.; Arad, Z. (1999). "Cattle egrets are less able to cope with light refraction than are other herons".
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1097:
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and migratory. In the
Northern Hemisphere, migration is from cooler climes to warmer areas, but cattle egrets nesting in Australia migrate to cooler
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1117:
905:
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or nocturnal activity. Adapted to foraging on land, they have lost the ability possessed by their wetland relatives to accurately correct for light
2429:
1206:, but it is forced to move more. In urban situations, cattle egrets have also been observed foraging in peculiar situations such as railway lines.
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consider the presence of large numbers of cattle egrets as an indicator of impending drought and use it to decide on moving their cattle herds.
3774:
287:
3651:
1595:
1541:
464:
3622:
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Hudson, Jack W.; Dawson, William R.; Hill, Richard W. (1974). "Growth and development of temperature regulation in nestling cattle egrets".
907:
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2453:
2383:
3954:
3927:
2218:
1533:
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is
November to early January, with one brood laid per season. The North American breeding season lasts from April to October. In the
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from cattle and consumes them. This benefits both organisms, but it has been implicated in the spread of tick-borne animal diseases.
4229:
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2914:
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2857:
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2710:
2653:
2613:
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1902:
1846:
Krebs, E.A.; Hunte, W.; Green, D.J. (2004). "Plume variation, breeding performance and extra-pair copulations in the cattle egret".
1774:
1613:
1566:
1321:, means "father of ticks", a name derived from the huge number of parasites such as avian ticks found in its breeding colonies. The
41:
1998:
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2355:
5154:
2403:
1938:
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205:
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at 9–12 days and are fully feathered in 13–21 days. They begin to leave the nest and climb around at 2 weeks,
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298:, although some authorities regard them as a single species. Despite the similarities in plumage to the egrets of the genus
4860:
3534:
1527:
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2168:
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The species first arrived in North
America in 1941 (these early sightings were originally dismissed as escapees), bred in
4878:
3770:"Serological survey of infectious bursal disease virus antibodies in cattle egrets, pigeons and Nigerian laughing doves"
1210:
5–15 steps per minute, avoiding faster and slower moving herds; in Africa, cattle egrets selectively forage behind
1059:
nesting in the vicinity, which accidentally, but frequently, dislodged nests or caused nestlings to fall. In
Australia,
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mammals; wider human farming is believed to be a major cause of their suddenly expanded range. The cattle egret removes
3909:
5212:
4988:
4975:
3353:
2736:
2217:
Martínez-Vilalta, A.; Motis, A. (1992). "Family Ardeidae (Herons)". In del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.).
2794:
Hilaluddin; Kaul, Rahul; Hussain, Mohd Shah; Imam, Ekwal; Shah, Junid N.; Abbasi, Faiza; Shawland, Tahir A. (2005).
2670:
1249:, it has also been reported to eat exhausted migrating landbirds. Birds of the Seychelles race also indulge in some
684:. In the 1930s, the species is thought to have become established in that area. It is now widely distributed across
5110:
3499:
de Godoy, Fernando Igor; Macarrão, Arthur; Costa, Julio César (June 2020). "Hunting behaviour of Southern Caracara
1825:
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1677:
1430:
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179:
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Krebs, Elizabeth A.; Riven-Ramsey, Deborah; Hunte, W. (1994). "The Colonization of Barbados by Cattle Egrets (
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3939:
1601:
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668:. At the end of the 19th century, it began expanding its range into southern Africa, first breeding in the
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lasts around 23 days, with both sexes sharing incubation duties. The chicks are partly covered with
3890:
3831:"Survey for antibodies to Newcastle Disease virus in cattle egrets, pigeons and Nigerian laughing doves"
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1029:
4993:
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1415:
5146:
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Despite superficial similarities in appearance, the cattle egret is more closely related to the genus
5159:
5120:
5014:
3468:
Feare, C.J. (1975). "Scavenging and kleptoparasitism as feeding methods on Seychelles Cattle Egrets,
1790:
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789:
777:
760:
398:
355:
295:
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1561:. Turramurra, N.S.W.: Biocon Research Group in association with the New South Wales Bird Atlassers.
310:. Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe, it has undergone a rapid expansion in its
4793:
2637:
1587:
212:
55:
4554:
3747:"Distribution of Cattle Egret Roosts in Hawaii With Notes on the Problems Egrets Pose to Airports"
2796:"Status and distribution of breeding cattle egret and little egret in Amroha using density method"
1269:
have been observed chasing cattle egrets in flight, forcing them to the ground, and killing them.
1202:
successful in capturing prey than when foraging alone. Its performance is similar when it follows
3698:
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1297:. The expansion and establishment of the genus over large ranges has led it to be classed as an
4619:
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The dominant factor in nesting mortality is starvation. Sibling rivalry can be intense, and in
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adult showing the red flush on the legs and bill, present at the height of the breeding season
508:
3372:
Burger, J.; Gochfeld, M. (1993). "Making Foraging Decisions: Host Selection by Cattle Egrets
975:
Sticks are collected by the male and arranged by the female, and stick-stealing is rife. The
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4581:
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The eastern and western cattle egrets were split by McAllan and Bruce, but were regarded as
452:
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and was first discovered in the northern region of the country in 1964, feeding along with
567:–38 in) wingspan; it is 46–56 cm (18–22 in) long and weighs 270–512 g (
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1329:
1314:
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311:
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Phalen, David N.; Drew, Mark L.; Contreras, Cindy; Roset, Kimberly; Mora, Miguel (2005).
2727:
2023:
Martin, G.R.; Katzir, G. (1994). "Visual Fields and Eye Movements in Herons (Ardeidae)".
1392:
1328:
Cattle egrets are an occurring traditional motif in fishing boats among fishermen of the
1020:, and a few instances have been reported of cattle egret eggs being laid in the nests of
875:
after September. During winter, many birds have been seen flying at night with flocks of
613:
is smaller and shorter-winged than the other forms. It has white cheeks and throat, like
1474:
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as other possible nest raiders. The same study attributed some nestling mortality to
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for herdsman, referring, like the English name, to their association with cattle.
3873:
3051:"Naturally occurring secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism in cattle egrets (
1494:
883:) on the south-eastern coast of India and a winter influx has also been noted in
5097:
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4704:
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2430:"Hello exotic egrets, farewell mountain butterflies as fauna revolution hits UK"
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330:
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3922:
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1193:. In a rare instance, they have been observed foraging along the branches of a
286:) found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones. According to the
4832:
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during feeding, and physiological studies suggest that they may be capable of
469:
347:
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2313:
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in 1908. Cattle egrets were first sighted in the Americas on the boundary of
5027:
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820:
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in the 1960s. Since 1948, the cattle egret has been permanently resident in
621:. Individuals with abnormally grey, melanistic plumages have been recorded.
462:
by almost all other recent authors until the publication of the influential
362:
334:
102:
3667:
McKilligan, N.G. (1984). "The food and feeding ecology of the Cattle Egret
3080:
2982:
2122:
2114:
2079:
799:
In addition to the natural expansion of its range, cattle egrets have been
3726:
Breese, P.L. (1959). "Information on Cattle Egret, a Bird New to Hawaii".
2951:
2044:
1233:
The cattle egret sometimes shows versatility in its diet. On islands with
226:
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4714:
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Ageing and sexing (PDF) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
3893:
was created from a revision of this article dated 17 April 2009
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A. capite laevi, corpore albo, rostro flavescente apice pedibusque nigris
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Herons, Egrets and Bitterns: Their Biology and Conservation in Australia
17:
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Fagbohun, O.A.; Oluwayelu, D.O.; Owoade, A.A.; Olayemi, F.O. (2000).
3768:
Fagbohun, O.A.; Owoade, A.A.; Oluwayelu, D.O.; Olayemi, F.O. (2000).
2608:. Harlow, Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical. pp. 15–17.
1676:
Drury, William H.; Morgan, Allen H.; Stackpole, Richard (July 1953).
1198:
1194:
1186:
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3201:
3112:
3026:
2772:
2267:
2184:
1742:
1702:
1651:
447:, but was applied to the western cattle egret in error. The epithet
5032:
1332:
east coast who believed them as a symbol of good luck and fortune.
5141:
4248:
4204:
4004:
3278:
2223:. Vol. 1: Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx Edicions. pp. 401–402.
1934:
1725:
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903:
838:
729:
653:
643:
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432:
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276:
152:
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3608:
Ethno-ornithology: Birds, Indigenous Peoples, Culture and Society
3224:
3095:
3005:
2966:
2454:"Cattle Egrets: South to Tasmania and New Zealand for the winter"
955:
begins with the onset of monsoons in May. The breeding season in
534:
An older English name for the cattle egret is buff-backed heron.
443:
word which originally referred to another white wading bird, the
1348:
1238:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1104:
1072:
793:
708:
665:
582:
374:
132:
4926:
4246:
4029:
3943:
3308:
Dinsmore, James J. (1973). "Foraging Success of Cattle Egrets,
3096:"Breeding biology of five species of herons in coastal Florida"
2755:
Arendt, Wayne J. (1988). "Range Expansion of the Cattle Egret (
1726:"Phylogeny of herons estimated from DNA-DNA hybridization data"
1013:
at 30 days and become independent at around the 45th day.
1386:
1384:
1352:
1154:
919:
call at the breeding colony, but is otherwise largely silent.
581:–18 oz). It has a relatively short, thick neck, a sturdy
497:), than to the majority of species termed egrets in the genus
1141:
The cattle egret feeds on a wide range of prey, particularly
803:
into a few areas. The western cattle egret was introduced to
724:, and then began to colonise other parts of Europe, southern
415:, and the eastern cattle egret had been described in 1783 by
3871:
1309:
As a conspicuous genus, the cattle egret has attracted many
970:
The male displays in a tree in the colony, using a range of
699:
in 1953, and spread rapidly, breeding for the first time in
2879:. Vol. 1 (Ratites to Ducks). Oxford University Press.
2531:
Silva, M.P.; Coria, N.E.; Favero, M.; Casaux, R.J. (1995).
1230:
birds feed nearest to the host, and thus obtain more food.
1197:
tree for ripe figs. The cattle egret is usually found with
3349:"Foraging behaviour of cattle egret in an unusual habitat"
553:
The cattle egret is a stocky heron with an 88–96 cm (
2384:"Flying in ... to make new friends down on the farm"
3225:"Summer Foods of Cattle Egrets in North Central Florida"
3188:
Siegfried, W.R. (1971). "The Food of the Cattle Egret".
2728:"Further notes on the local movements of the Pond Heron
2876:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds
3171:
The Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago
2249:"Spread of the Cattle Egret in the Western Hemisphere"
1435:
Annales des Sciences Naturelles comprenant la zoologie
1301:, although little, if any, impact has been noted yet.
755:
The massive and rapid expansion of the cattle egret's
489:, which comprises the great or typical herons and the
350:
prey disturbed by these animals. Some populations are
4876:
3135:
Seedikkoya, K.; Azeez, P.A.; Shukkur, E.A.A. (2007).
2669:
Seedikkoya, K.; Azeez, P.A.; Shukkur, E.A.A. (2005).
1963:
Willoughby, P. J. (2001). "Melanistic Cattle Egret".
1459:(in Latin). Holmiae : Laurentii Salvii. p. 144.
4821:
4771:
4727:
4710:
4604:
4587:
4577:
4567:
4550:
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4324:
4284:
4268:
4158:
4148:
4125:
4115:
4067:
4051:
3254:
Chaturvedi, N. (1993). "Dietary of the cattle egret
2967:"Extra-marital and pair copulations in cattle egret"
329:, usually near bodies of water and often with other
4935:
4812:
4792:
4748:
4638:
4618:
4537:
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4203:
4179:
4139:
4099:
4090:
4066:
4042:
2497:. Haifa, Israel: Shalit Publishers Ltd. p. 17.
811:in 1955. Successful releases were also made in the
318:much of the rest of the world in the last century.
1416:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22697109A155477521.en
49:Breeding-plumaged adult in Wakodahatchee Wetlands
759:is due to its relationship with humans and their
3803:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from
3223:Fogarty, Michael J.; Hetrick, Willa Mae (1973).
2827:. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: self. p. 182.
2197:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2167:Telfair II, Raymond C. (2006). Poole, A. (ed.).
1476:An Etymological Dictionary of the Latin Language
792:. A small flock of eight birds was also seen in
703:in 1962. It is now commonly seen as far west as
1335:The cattle egret is a popular bird with cattle
772:. Many populations of cattle egrets are highly
752:. Prior to 1948, it was only a winter visitor.
624:The positioning of the egret's eyes allows for
3884:
3606:Tidemann, Sonia; Gosler, Andrew, eds. (2010).
3279:"Adaptiveness of Foraging in the Cattle Egret"
2848:Skerrett, A.; Bullock, I.; Disley, T. (2001).
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
304:, it is more closely related to the herons of
3955:
3260:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
827:in England, but they were never established.
823:failed. Numerous birds were also released by
617:, but the nuptial plumes are golden, as with
8:
3644:Spirit of Wood: The Art of Malay Woodcarving
3320:(1). The University of Notre Dame: 242–246.
2545:from the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica"
2291:"Colonization of Brazil by the cattle egret
2187:. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008.
1559:The birds of New South Wales, a working list
1529:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1079:infections may also be causes of mortality.
911:Multiple contact calls at a nighttime roost.
680:in 1877, having apparently flown across the
3745:Paton, P.; Fellows, D.; Tomich, P. (1986).
1582:
1580:
1578:
4923:
4543:
4312:
4256:
4243:
4096:
4039:
4026:
3962:
3948:
3940:
3801:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
3196:(2). British Ecological Society: 447–468.
2905:Kushlan, James A.; Hancock, James (2005).
2900:
2898:
2896:
2447:
2445:
2354:Nightingale, Barry; Dempsey, Eric (2008).
1812:
1810:
1808:
1016:The cattle egret engages in low levels of
225:
64:
40:
31:
3152:
3111:
3070:
3025:
2932:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
2701:Kushlan, James A.; Hafner, Heinz (2000).
2510:"The naturalness of biological invasions"
2312:
2242:
2240:
1741:
1414:
1284:waiting for scraps at the fish market of
1237:, it will prey on the eggs and chicks of
3901:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
3705:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
3671:when nesting in south-east Queensland".
3413:"Predation on birds by the Cattle Egret"
3094:Maxwell, G.R. II; Kale, H.W. II (1977).
2818:
2816:
2675:habitat use and association with cattle"
2599:
2597:
2595:
1769:. Oxford University Press. p. 190.
1678:"Occurrence of an African Cattle Egret (
1671:
1669:
915:The cattle egret gives a quiet, throaty
290:bird list, it contains two species, the
4883:
2162:
2160:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1380:
1081:
321:They are white birds adorned with buff
5218:Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
3838:African Journal of Biomedical Research
3775:African Journal of Biomedical Research
3566:) as a Factor in Egyptian Agriculture"
2825:Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs
2212:
2210:
2208:
2190:
2179:. Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
1767:Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World
1473:Valpy, Francis Edward Jackson (1828).
1047:, and a study in Florida reported the
728:in 1958, northern France in 1981, and
401:had already been described in 1758 by
1597:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide
1557:McAllan, I.A.W.; Bruce, M.D. (1988).
1521:
1519:
1133:A nonbreeding adult eating a frog in
1003:not capable of fending for themselves
664:, and humid tropical and subtropical
325:in the breeding season. They nest in
7:
5173:2C4A73EB-2325-4A0E-BF5D-459522B587AD
5147:176A5D5B-B7F3-E31C-0190-47D7A5A1186F
5121:d7f60a3e-f290-42f4-9bf8-691df07d8f18
5046:75ddeee0-f7a3-4075-94af-1abe9d7031d4
3384:(3). Blackwell Publishing: 229–236.
3137:"Cattle egret as a biocontrol agent"
2873:Marchant, S.; Higgins, P.J. (1990).
2404:"Cattle Egrets breeding in Cheshire"
1897:. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 88–93.
1532:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
947:. The breeding season varies within
819:, but attempts to introduce them to
707:. It was first recorded breeding in
5198:IUCN Red List least concern species
3928:The Atlas of Southern African Birds
2965:Fujioka, M.; Yamagishi, S. (1981).
2759:) in the Greater Caribbean Basin".
1402:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1257:and forcing them to disgorge food.
3642:Noor, Farish; Khoo, Eddin (2003).
3556:McAtee, Waldo Lee (October 1925).
3486:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1975.tb04229.x
3006:"Promiscuity in the cattle egret (
2705:. Academic Press. pp. 64–65.
2575:) and other vagrant birds in Fiji"
2220:Handbook of the Birds of the World
25:
2767:(2). Waterbird Society: 252–262.
2514:Western North American Naturalist
2382:Barrett, Anne (15 January 2008).
2333:"First cattle egrets breed in UK"
2177:The Birds of North America Online
1984:"Another melanistic cattle egret"
1043:, nests were sometimes raided by
4910:
4898:
4886:
4859:
4228:
3883:
3734:. Hawaii Audubon Society: 33–34.
3531:Global Invasive Species Database
2569:Dutson, G.; Watling, D. (2007).
1096:
1084:
89:
2289:Del Lama, Silvia (April 2014).
1646:(1). Waterbird Society: 86–90.
1479:. London; A. J. Valpy. p.
1391:BirdLife International (2019).
648:Range expansion in the Americas
476:, which was first described by
369:, which extends to other large
361:The adult cattle egret has few
3621:Puteh, Kijang (January 1969).
2648:. Princeton University Press.
2606:Naturalised Birds of the World
2295:revealed by mitochondrial DNA"
605:are longer on average than in
389:Before the description of the
1:
3154:10.11609/jott.zpj.1731.2864-6
2533:"New Records of Cattle Egret
2060:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
2025:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
354:and others show postbreeding
3936:at VIREO (Drexel University)
3673:Australian Wildlife Research
3059:Journal of Wildlife Diseases
2944:10.1016/0300-9629(74)90900-1
2256:Journal of Field Ornithology
1765:McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006).
1339:for its perceived role as a
1121:Adult feeding a nestling in
1007:regulating their temperature
993: in × 2 in).
346:, catching insect and small
3354:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
3314:American Midland Naturalist
2909:. Oxford University Press.
2737:Newsletter for Birdwatchers
2541:and White-rumped Sandpiper
1499:Webster's Online Dictionary
660:, tropical and subtropical
27:Cosmopolitan genus of heron
5239:
3934:Cattle egret photo gallery
3190:Journal of Applied Ecology
3072:10.7589/0090-3558-41.2.401
1982:Herkenrath, Peter (2002).
1860:10.1163/156853904323066757
1826:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
963:, the breeding season of
927:The cattle egret nests in
763:. Originally adapted to a
593:, and the bill, legs, and
4855:
4546:
4255:
4242:
4225:
4038:
4025:
3987:
3646:. Periplus. p. 208.
3610:. Routledge. p. 288.
3411:Cunningham, R.L. (1965).
3004:McKilligan, N.G. (1990).
2467:(1): 1–23. Archived from
1888:McKilligan, Neil (2005).
1526:Jobling, James A (2010).
1431:Bonaparte, Charles Lucien
1409:: e.T22697109A155477521.
1365:infectious bursal disease
1005:; they become capable of
732:in 1985. Breeding in the
589:on the back, breast, and
233:
224:
192:
187:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
3982:and their extinct allies
3628:The Straits Times Annual
3558:"The Buff-backed Egret (
3503:on medium-sized birds".
3347:Devasahayam, A. (2009).
3256:Bubulcus ibis coromandus
3168:Hosein, Melinda (2012).
2335:. BBC News. 23 July 2008
2314:10.3897/neobiota.21.4966
1305:Relationship with humans
1253:, chasing the chicks of
1071:take eggs or young, and
1069:white-bellied sea eagles
640:Distribution and habitat
395:Charles Lucien Bonaparte
3623:"Spirits of the Bangau"
2850:Birds of the Seychelles
1602:Smithsonian Institution
871:. They move north from
835:Migration and movements
801:deliberately introduced
5208:Taxa described in 1855
3879:
3859:Listen to this article
2823:Beruldsen, G. (2003).
2726:Santharam, V. (1988).
2539:Cygnus melancoryhyphus
2493:Arnold, Paula (1962).
2115:10.1006/anbe.1998.1002
1791:"Western Cattle Egret"
1724:Sheldon, F.H. (1987).
1289:
1157:(adults and maggots),
1138:
1126:
1030:extra-pair copulations
951:. Nesting in northern
912:
855:
786:South Sandwich Islands
649:
550:
531:) have been recorded.
342:cattle or other large
3878:
3055:) from central Texas"
2852:. Helm Field Guides.
2508:Botkin, D.B. (2001).
1997:: 531. Archived from
1280:
1132:
1120:
1001:at hatching, but are
967:is April to October.
910:
843:A flock in a tree at
842:
647:
545:
5041:Fauna Europaea (new)
3910:More spoken articles
2983:10.1093/auk/98.1.134
2543:Calidris fuscicollis
2452:Maddock, M. (1990).
1918:Biber, Jean-Pierre.
1588:Rasmussen, Pamela C.
1286:Victoria, Seychelles
895:Ecology and behavior
807:in 1959, and to the
790:South Orkney Islands
761:domesticated animals
399:western cattle egret
296:eastern cattle egret
292:western cattle egret
3141:Zoos' Print Journal
2761:Colonial Waterbirds
2537:, Blacknecked Swan
2247:Crosby, G. (1972).
1682:) in Massachusetts"
1640:Colonial Waterbirds
1065:wedge-tailed eagles
465:Birds of South Asia
56:Conservation status
5213:Cosmopolitan birds
3880:
3378:Ornis Scandinavica
3277:Grubb, T. (1976).
2703:Heron Conservation
2630:Mullarney, Killian
2604:Lever, C. (1987).
2552:Marine Ornithology
1290:
1282:B. i. seychellarum
1139:
1127:
1026:little blue herons
965:B. i. seychellarum
913:
877:Indian pond herons
856:
809:Chagos Archipelago
650:
611:B. i. seychellarum
551:
509:little blue herons
474:B. i. seychellarum
421:Cancroma coromanda
248: non-breeding
5183:
5182:
5129:Open Tree of Life
4929:Taxon identifiers
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4533:
4532:
4421:Threskiornithinae
4308:Threskiornithidae
4238:
4237:
4223:
4222:
4199:
4198:
3876:
3703:Hawaiian Birdlife
3685:10.1071/WR9840133
3653:978-1-4629-0677-2
3147:(10): 2864–2866.
2474:on 31 August 2021
2406:. Rare Bird Alert
2389:Irish Independent
2072:10.1159/000006596
2037:10.1159/000113571
1924:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1680:Ardeola ibis ibis
1592:Anderton, John C.
1543:978-1-4081-2501-4
1369:Newcastle disease
1267:crested caracaras
1107:(note black bill)
908:
722:Iberian Peninsula
314:and successfully
259:
258:
218:
209:
183:
79:
16:(Redirected from
5230:
5176:
5175:
5163:
5162:
5150:
5149:
5137:
5136:
5124:
5123:
5114:
5113:
5101:
5100:
5098:NHMSYS0000530215
5088:
5087:
5075:
5074:
5062:
5061:
5049:
5048:
5036:
5035:
5023:
5022:
5010:
5009:
4997:
4996:
4984:
4983:
4971:
4970:
4969:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4924:
4915:
4914:
4903:
4902:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4882:
4865:
4863:
4823:
4773:
4729:
4712:
4606:
4589:
4579:
4569:
4552:
4544:
4430:
4387:
4377:
4367:
4357:
4346:
4336:
4326:
4313:
4286:
4270:
4257:
4244:
4233:
4232:
4160:
4150:
4127:
4117:
4101:Balaenicipitidae
4097:
4069:
4053:
4040:
4027:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3941:
3900:
3898:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3846:
3845:
3835:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3809:
3798:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3631:. pp. 70–1.
3618:
3612:
3611:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3570:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3542:
3533:. Archived from
3519:
3513:
3512:
3501:Caracara plancus
3496:
3490:
3489:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3449:on 20 March 2014
3448:
3442:. Archived from
3417:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2927:
2921:
2920:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2809:(25): 1239–1243.
2800:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2679:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2638:Zetterström, Dan
2626:
2620:
2619:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2579:
2571:"Cattle egrets (
2566:
2560:
2559:
2549:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2458:
2449:
2440:
2439:
2428:(29 June 2019).
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2360:
2356:"Recent reports"
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2214:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2188:
2164:
2135:
2134:
2103:Animal Behaviour
2098:
2092:
2091:
2066:(5–6): 227–242.
2055:
2049:
2048:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2004:on 15 March 2016
2003:
1988:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1944:on 10 April 2008
1943:
1937:. Archived from
1928:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1896:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1814:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1686:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1584:
1573:
1572:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1388:
1299:invasive species
1251:kleptoparasitism
1235:seabird colonies
1100:
1091:Cattle egret egg
1088:
1075:infestation and
1032:has been noted.
1018:brood parasitism
992:
991:
987:
984:
909:
715:in 1958, and in
626:binocular vision
580:
579:
575:
572:
566:
565:
561:
558:
547:B. i. coromandus
513:Egretta caerulea
503:. Rare cases of
453:Coromandel Coast
254: year-round
253:
247:
241:
229:
217:(Boddaert, 1783)
216:
199:
178:
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
21:
5238:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5188:
5187:
5184:
5179:
5171:
5166:
5158:
5153:
5145:
5140:
5132:
5127:
5119:
5117:
5109:
5104:
5096:
5091:
5083:
5078:
5070:
5065:
5057:
5052:
5044:
5039:
5031:
5026:
5018:
5013:
5005:
5000:
4992:
4987:
4979:
4974:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4931:
4921:
4909:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4877:
4875:
4866:
4857:
4845:
4814:Tigriornithinae
4808:
4788:
4744:
4634:
4614:
4529:
4415:
4395:
4302:
4279:
4251:
4234:
4227:
4219:
4195:
4175:
4135:
4086:
4062:
4034:
4021:
3983:
3968:
3914:
3913:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3891:This audio file
3888:
3881:
3872:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3585:10.2307/4075029
3568:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3540:
3538:
3537:on 4 March 2016
3521:
3520:
3516:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3432:10.2307/4083130
3415:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3390:10.2307/3676738
3371:
3370:
3366:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3326:10.2307/2424157
3307:
3306:
3302:
3283:Wilson Bulletin
3276:
3275:
3271:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3202:10.2307/2402882
3187:
3186:
3182:
3177:. pp. 1–4.
3174:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3113:10.2307/4085265
3093:
3092:
3088:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3027:10.2307/4087617
3003:
3002:
2998:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2887:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2803:Current Science
2798:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2773:10.2307/1521007
2754:
2753:
2749:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2646:Birds of Europe
2642:Grant, Peter J.
2628:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2547:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2495:Birds of Israel
2492:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2293:(Bubulcus ibis)
2288:
2287:
2283:
2268:10.2307/4511880
2251:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2216:
2215:
2206:
2189:
2185:10.2173/bna.113
2169:"Cattle Egret (
2166:
2165:
2138:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1986:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1894:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1822:All About Birds
1816:
1815:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1743:10.2307/4087238
1723:
1722:
1718:
1703:10.2307/4081328
1684:
1675:
1674:
1667:
1652:10.2307/1521386
1633:
1632:
1623:
1616:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1367:, and possibly
1330:Malay Peninsula
1307:
1275:
1263:
1220:blue wildebeest
1115:
1108:
1101:
1092:
1089:
1061:Torresian crows
989:
985:
982:
980:
925:
904:
902:
897:
837:
642:
577:
573:
570:
568:
563:
559:
556:
554:
540:
478:Finn Salomonsen
439:is a Latin and
417:Pieter Boddaert
408:Systema Naturae
387:
255:
251:
249:
245:
243:
239:
219:
210:
177:
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5236:
5234:
5226:
5225:
5223:Birds of Nepal
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5190:
5189:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5164:
5151:
5138:
5125:
5115:
5102:
5089:
5076:
5063:
5050:
5037:
5024:
5011:
4998:
4985:
4972:
4957:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4920:
4919:
4907:
4895:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4818:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4806:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4769:
4762:
4754:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4735:
4725:
4718:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4595:
4585:
4575:
4565:
4558:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4436:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4405:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4373:
4363:
4353:
4342:
4332:
4321:
4319:
4317:incertae sedis
4310:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4292:
4290:
4288:Xenerodiopidae
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4265:
4263:
4261:incertae sedis
4253:
4252:
4247:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4166:
4156:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4123:
4113:
4105:
4103:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4076:
4074:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4048:
4046:
4044:incertae sedis
4036:
4035:
4032:Pelecaniformes
4030:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4017:Pelecaniformes
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3931:
3920:
3903:
3889:
3882:
3870:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:External links
3851:
3848:
3847:
3821:
3810:on 23 May 2006
3785:
3760:
3757:(13): 143–147.
3737:
3718:
3711:
3690:
3679:(1): 133–144.
3659:
3652:
3634:
3613:
3598:
3579:(4): 603–604.
3548:
3514:
3491:
3460:
3426:(3): 502–503.
3403:
3364:
3339:
3300:
3289:(1): 145–148.
3269:
3246:
3235:(2): 268–280.
3215:
3180:
3160:
3127:
3106:(4): 689–700.
3086:
3065:(2): 401–415.
3041:
3020:(2): 334–341.
2996:
2977:(1): 134–144.
2957:
2938:(4): 717–720.
2922:
2915:
2892:
2885:
2865:
2858:
2840:
2833:
2812:
2786:
2747:
2730:Ardeola grayii
2718:
2711:
2693:
2671:"Cattle Egret
2661:
2654:
2634:Svensson, Lars
2621:
2614:
2591:
2561:
2523:
2500:
2485:
2441:
2417:
2395:
2374:
2346:
2324:
2281:
2262:(3): 205–212.
2236:
2229:
2204:
2136:
2109:(3): 687–694.
2093:
2050:
2015:
1974:
1955:
1910:
1903:
1873:
1854:(4): 479–499.
1838:
1818:"Cattle Egret"
1804:
1782:
1775:
1757:
1716:
1697:(3): 364–365.
1665:
1638:) 1956–1990".
1621:
1614:
1608:. p. 58.
1574:
1567:
1549:
1542:
1515:
1486:
1465:
1444:
1422:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1306:
1303:
1274:
1271:
1262:
1259:
1204:farm machinery
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1057:brown pelicans
1045:vervet monkeys
924:
921:
901:
898:
896:
893:
881:Ardeola grayii
836:
833:
734:United Kingdom
682:Atlantic Ocean
641:
638:
539:
536:
451:refers to the
386:
383:
257:
256:
250:
244:
242: breeding
238:
231:
230:
222:
221:
190:
189:
185:
184:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
143:Pelecaniformes
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5235:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5186:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4977:
4973:
4968:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4884:
4880:
4864:
4862:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4794:Cochleariinae
4791:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4576:
4574:
4573:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4475:Mesembrinibis
4472:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4391:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4274:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4057:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3892:
3852:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3822:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3782:(3): 191–192.
3781:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3729:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3712:0-8248-0213-6
3708:
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3638:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3549:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:Bubulcus ibis
3518:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3470:Bubulcus ibis
3464:
3461:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:Bubulcus ibis
3368:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3310:Bubulcus ibis
3304:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3258:(Boddaert)".
3257:
3250:
3247:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3181:
3173:
3172:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:Bubulcus ibis
3045:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:Bubulcus ibis
3000:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2916:0-19-854981-4
2912:
2908:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2886:0-19-553068-3
2882:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2859:0-7136-3973-3
2855:
2851:
2844:
2841:
2836:
2834:0-646-42798-9
2830:
2826:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:Bubulcus ibis
2751:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2712:0-12-430130-4
2708:
2704:
2697:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2674:
2673:Bubulcus ibis
2665:
2662:
2657:
2655:0-691-05054-6
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2617:
2615:0-582-46055-7
2611:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2574:
2573:Bubulcus ibis
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:Bubulcus ibis
2527:
2524:
2520:(3): 261–266.
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2501:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2426:Moss, Stephen
2421:
2418:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2378:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2364:British Birds
2357:
2350:
2347:
2334:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2230:84-87334-09-1
2226:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2171:Bubulcus ibis
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1991:British Birds
1985:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1965:British Birds
1959:
1956:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1922:Bubulcus ibis
1914:
1911:
1906:
1904:0-643-09133-5
1900:
1895:(PDF extract)
1893:
1892:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1776:0-19-518323-1
1772:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1736:(1): 97–108.
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:Bubulcus ibis
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:84-87334-67-9
1611:
1607:
1606:Lynx Edicions
1603:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:0-9587516-0-9
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1437:(in French).
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1395:Bubulcus ibis
1387:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1323:Maasai people
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:least concern
1287:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:plains zebras
1207:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:, as well as
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1145:, especially
1144:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
978:
973:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
922:
920:
918:
899:
894:
892:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
865:
861:
854:
850:
846:
841:
834:
832:
828:
826:
825:Whipsnade Zoo
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
782:Marion Island
779:
778:South Georgia
775:
771:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
742:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:Cape Province
667:
663:
659:
655:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
619:B. coromandus
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
596:
592:
588:
584:
548:
544:
537:
535:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
517:little egrets
514:
510:
506:
505:hybridization
502:
501:
496:
492:
488:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
461:
456:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:
404:
403:Carl Linnaeus
400:
397:in 1855, the
396:
392:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
332:
328:
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309:
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303:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:
264:
237:
232:
228:
223:
220:
215:
214:
213:B. coromandus
207:
203:
198:
197:
191:
186:
181:
176:
175:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
154:
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148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:Cattle egret
33:
30:
19:
5185:
4936:
4858:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4801:
4781:
4774:
4764:
4757:
4737:
4730:
4720:
4713:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4627:
4607:
4597:
4590:
4580:
4570:
4560:
4555:Ardeagrandis
4553:
4524:Threskiornis
4522:
4515:
4508:
4501:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4408:
4388:
4378:
4370:Rhynchaeites
4368:
4358:
4347:
4337:
4327:
4316:
4295:
4271:
4260:
4188:
4168:
4163:Miopelecanus
4161:
4151:
4128:
4118:
4108:
4079:
4054:
4043:
4011:Aequornithes
3926:
3923:Cattle Egret
3841:
3837:
3824:
3812:. Retrieved
3805:the original
3800:
3794:"Heartwater"
3788:
3779:
3773:
3763:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3702:
3699:Berger, A.J.
3693:
3676:
3672:
3669:Ardeola ibis
3668:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3626:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3539:. Retrieved
3535:the original
3530:
3524:
3517:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3444:the original
3423:
3419:
3406:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3358:
3352:
3342:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3170:
3163:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3017:
3013:
3007:
2999:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2906:
2875:
2868:
2849:
2843:
2824:
2806:
2802:
2789:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2702:
2696:
2687:
2681:
2672:
2664:
2645:
2624:
2605:
2585:
2581:
2572:
2564:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2494:
2488:
2476:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2464:
2460:
2435:The Guardian
2433:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2398:
2387:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2327:
2319:ResearchGate
2317:– via
2304:
2298:
2292:
2284:
2259:
2255:
2219:
2193:cite journal
2176:
2170:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2031:(2): 74–85.
2028:
2024:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1999:the original
1994:
1990:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1939:the original
1930:
1921:
1913:
1890:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1821:
1795:. Retrieved
1785:
1766:
1760:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1694:
1688:
1679:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1596:
1558:
1552:
1528:
1506:. Retrieved
1498:
1489:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1453:Linnaeus, C.
1447:
1438:
1434:
1433:(1855). "".
1425:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1357:
1334:
1327:
1318:
1311:common names
1308:
1291:
1281:
1264:
1232:
1224:Cape buffalo
1208:
1147:grasshoppers
1140:
1103:Juvenile on
1037:South Africa
1034:
1022:snowy egrets
1015:
969:
964:
926:
916:
914:
889:
880:
857:
849:Minas Gerais
829:
798:
754:
743:
711:in 1957, in
694:
651:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
600:
552:
546:
533:
528:
525:snowy egrets
520:
512:
498:
494:
484:
482:
473:
472:subspecies,
463:
457:
448:
436:
428:
420:
412:
406:
390:
388:
360:
331:wading birds
320:
312:distribution
305:
299:
273:cosmopolitan
267:
266:
263:cattle egret
262:
260:
235:
211:
194:
193:
173:
172:
29:
5067:iNaturalist
4961:Wikispecies
4803:Cochlearius
4705:Pilherodius
4562:Calherodius
4517:Theristicus
4510:Thaumatibis
4401:Plataleinae
4297:Xenerodiops
4214:See below ↓
4153:Eopelecanus
4141:Pelecanidae
4110:Balaeniceps
4071:Torotigidae
3562:L., Arabic
3453:22 February
2744:(1–2): 8–9.
2588:(4): 54–55.
1831:28 February
1255:sooty terns
746:New Zealand
630:crepuscular
538:Description
521:E. garzetta
491:great egret
460:conspecific
445:sacred ibis
159:Subfamily:
5192:Categories
4833:Tigriornis
4826:Taphophoyx
4766:Ixobrychus
4750:Botaurinae
4739:Zonerodius
4698:Nyctanassa
4691:Nycticorax
4684:Gorsachius
4609:Proardeola
4468:Lophotibis
4461:Geronticus
4440:Bostrychia
4329:Gerandibis
4273:Ardeacites
4130:Paludiavis
3970:Genera of
3906:Audio help
3897:2009-04-17
3844:: 193–194.
3564:Abu Qerdan
3560:Ardea ibis
3541:6 February
3480:(3): 388.
2690:: 174–176.
1971:: 390–391.
1931:Appendix 3
1375:References
1361:heartwater
1343:of cattle
1341:biocontrol
1319:abu qerdan
1241:and other
1191:earthworms
1135:the Gambia
995:Incubation
972:ritualised
961:Seychelles
949:South Asia
945:cormorants
813:Seychelles
788:, and the
713:Costa Rica
705:California
636:by water.
634:refraction
470:Seychelles
455:of India.
413:Ardea ibis
348:vertebrate
4840:Tigrisoma
4732:Zeltornis
4670:Butorides
4620:Agamiinae
4599:Oroanassa
4592:Nyctisoma
4572:Eoceornis
4503:Pseudibis
4454:Eudocimus
4433:Apteribis
4390:Xenicibis
4380:Vadaravis
4170:Pelecanus
4120:Goliathia
4056:Cladornis
3991:Kingdom:
2478:2 January
2371:(2): 108.
2307:: 49–63.
1848:Behaviour
1793:. Avibase
1503:Webster's
1441:(1): 141.
1345:parasites
1265:Pairs of
1247:migration
1245:. During
1216:waterbuck
1053:black rat
1049:fish crow
957:Australia
917:rick-rack
885:Sri Lanka
860:sedentary
845:Jacutinga
821:Mauritius
817:Rodrigues
796:in 2008.
774:migratory
765:commensal
480:in 1934.
449:coromanda
363:predators
356:dispersal
352:migratory
340:accompany
316:colonised
275:genus of
234:Range of
180:Bonaparte
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
5203:Bubulcus
5020:45511346
4981:Bubulcus
4967:Bubulcus
4946:Wikidata
4937:Bubulcus
4783:Zebrilus
4776:Pikaihao
4759:Botaurus
4715:Proardea
4663:Bubulcus
4640:Ardeinae
4539:Ardeidae
4496:Plegadis
4489:Phimosus
4482:Nipponia
4447:Cercibis
4410:Platalea
4360:Protibis
4349:Mopsitta
4181:Scopidae
4092:Pelecani
3999:Chordata
3997:Phylum:
3993:Animalia
3980:pelicans
3908: ·
3814:13 April
3701:(1972).
3511:: 28–30.
3361:(5): 78.
3266:(1): 90.
3081:16107676
2683:Forktail
2644:(2001).
2582:Notornis
2558:: 65–66.
2461:Notornis
2410:4 August
2300:NeoBiota
2131:11941872
2123:10196060
2088:21430848
2080:10473901
2008:21 April
1948:16 March
1868:35761953
1594:(2005).
1508:15 March
1455:(1758).
1347:such as
1337:ranchers
1243:seabirds
1228:Dominant
1181:, small
1179:crayfish
1151:crickets
1123:Apenheul
1041:Barbados
929:colonies
923:Breeding
869:monsoons
864:Tasmania
690:buffalos
678:Suriname
658:Portugal
529:E. thula
429:Bubulcus
423:. Their
391:Bubulcus
385:Taxonomy
327:colonies
294:and the
284:Ardeidae
268:Bubulcus
236:Bubulcus
202:Linnaeus
188:Species
174:Bubulcus
163:Ardeinae
153:Ardeidae
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
18:Bubulcus
5168:ZooBank
5059:2480829
4952:Q947895
4917:Biology
4905:Animals
4879:Portals
4722:Syrigma
4677:Egretta
4656:Ardeola
4081:Torotix
4015:Order:
4009:Clade:
4003:Class:
3895: (
3866:minutes
3751:Elepaio
3728:Elepaio
3593:4075029
3573:The Auk
3527:(bird)"
3505:Cotinga
3440:4083130
3420:The Auk
3398:3676738
3334:2424157
3295:4160720
3241:4084294
3229:The Auk
3210:2402882
3122:4085265
3100:The Auk
3036:4087617
3014:The Auk
2991:4085616
2971:The Auk
2952:4154173
2781:1521007
2339:24 July
2276:4511880
2045:7953610
1752:4087238
1730:The Auk
1711:4081328
1690:The Auk
1660:1521386
1261:Threats
1187:lizards
1167:spiders
1159:beetles
1143:insects
1113:Feeding
988:⁄
741:there.
738:Ireland
697:Florida
615:B. ibis
607:B. ibis
576:⁄
562:⁄
523:), and
500:Egretta
495:A. alba
425:generic
405:in his
371:grazing
344:mammals
301:Egretta
271:) is a
196:B. ibis
169:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
5160:159741
5134:729501
5118:NZOR:
5111:110667
5085:174802
5033:1BUBUG
4629:Agamia
4582:Matuku
4339:Milnea
4190:Scopus
3976:herons
3709:
3650:
3591:
3438:
3396:
3332:
3293:
3239:
3208:
3120:
3079:
3034:
2989:
2950:
2913:
2907:Herons
2883:
2856:
2831:
2779:
2709:
2652:
2612:
2274:
2227:
2129:
2121:
2086:
2078:
2043:
1901:
1866:
1773:
1750:
1709:
1658:
1612:
1565:
1540:
1495:"Ibis"
1317:name,
1315:Arabic
1273:Status
1199:cattle
1195:banyan
1183:snakes
1161:, and
1067:, and
1011:fledge
977:clutch
943:, and
941:ibises
937:egrets
933:herons
873:Kerala
853:Brazil
805:Hawaii
784:, the
770:niches
750:Israel
726:France
717:Mexico
701:Canada
686:Brazil
674:Guiana
662:Africa
595:irises
587:plumes
367:cattle
333:. The
323:plumes
281:family
252:
246:
240:
182:, 1855
5155:WoRMS
5142:Plazi
4893:Birds
4649:Ardea
4249:Ardei
4205:Ardei
3834:(PDF)
3808:(PDF)
3797:(PDF)
3589:JSTOR
3569:(PDF)
3447:(PDF)
3436:JSTOR
3416:(PDF)
3394:JSTOR
3330:JSTOR
3291:JSTOR
3237:JSTOR
3206:JSTOR
3175:(PDF)
3118:JSTOR
3032:JSTOR
2987:JSTOR
2799:(PDF)
2777:JSTOR
2678:(PDF)
2578:(PDF)
2548:(PDF)
2472:(PDF)
2457:(PDF)
2359:(PDF)
2272:JSTOR
2252:(PDF)
2127:S2CID
2084:S2CID
2002:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1942:(PDF)
1935:CITES
1927:(PDF)
1864:S2CID
1797:3 May
1748:JSTOR
1707:JSTOR
1685:(PDF)
1656:JSTOR
1353:flies
1349:ticks
1239:terns
1171:frogs
1163:moths
1155:flies
1077:viral
953:India
900:Voice
757:range
730:Italy
654:Spain
603:tarsi
591:crown
507:with
486:Ardea
441:Greek
433:Latin
427:name
379:flies
375:ticks
307:Ardea
277:heron
5106:NCBI
5080:ITIS
5072:5016
5054:GBIF
5028:EPPO
5007:3DQY
4994:4581
4989:BOLD
4005:Aves
3972:ibis
3816:2008
3707:ISBN
3648:ISBN
3543:2008
3474:Ibis
3455:2013
3077:PMID
2948:PMID
2911:ISBN
2881:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2707:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2610:ISBN
2480:2015
2412:2017
2341:2008
2225:ISBN
2199:link
2119:PMID
2076:PMID
2041:PMID
2010:2015
1950:2008
1899:ISBN
1833:2008
1799:2020
1771:ISBN
1610:ISBN
1604:and
1563:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1510:2008
1407:2019
1351:and
1222:and
1189:and
1175:fish
1105:Maui
1073:tick
1051:and
1024:and
999:down
815:and
794:Fiji
709:Cuba
676:and
666:Asia
656:and
583:bill
437:Ibis
377:and
335:nest
261:The
206:1758
133:Aves
5093:NBN
5015:EoL
5002:CoL
4976:AFD
3681:doi
3581:doi
3482:doi
3478:117
3472:".
3428:doi
3386:doi
3376:".
3322:doi
3312:".
3198:doi
3149:doi
3108:doi
3067:doi
3022:doi
3018:107
2979:doi
2940:doi
2769:doi
2369:101
2309:doi
2264:doi
2181:doi
2111:doi
2068:doi
2033:doi
1856:doi
1852:141
1738:doi
1734:104
1699:doi
1648:doi
1534:201
1411:doi
1125:zoo
515:),
431:is
419:as
411:as
393:by
288:IOC
5194::
5170::
5157::
5144::
5131::
5108::
5095::
5082::
5069::
5056::
5043::
5030::
5017::
5004::
4991::
4978::
4963::
4948::
3978:,
3974:,
3925:-
3864:21
3840:.
3836:.
3799:.
3778:.
3772:.
3755:46
3753:.
3749:.
3732:20
3730:.
3677:11
3675:.
3625:.
3587:.
3577:42
3575:.
3571:.
3529:.
3509:42
3507:.
3476:.
3434:.
3424:82
3422:.
3418:.
3392:.
3382:24
3380:.
3359:49
3357:.
3351:.
3328:.
3318:89
3316:.
3287:88
3285:.
3281:.
3264:90
3262:.
3233:90
3231:.
3227:.
3204:.
3192:.
3145:22
3143:.
3139:.
3116:.
3104:94
3102:.
3098:.
3075:.
3063:41
3061:.
3057:.
3030:.
3016:.
3012:.
3010:)"
2985:.
2975:98
2973:.
2969:.
2946:.
2936:49
2934:.
2895:^
2815:^
2807:88
2805:.
2801:.
2775:.
2765:11
2763:.
2742:28
2740:.
2734:.
2688:21
2686:.
2680:.
2640:;
2636:;
2632:;
2594:^
2586:54
2584:.
2580:.
2556:23
2554:.
2550:.
2518:61
2516:.
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