31:
318:
539:
funding for
African programs were cut and the number of malaria-infected subjects skyrocketed. In order to see results from the use of indoor residual spraying programs 80% of homes in the affected area need to be sprayed and the application of insecticide needs to be constant in order to suppress certain species which are immune to the insecticide. Large-scale application results in a dependence on continual spraying. If the aggressive style of application is not maintained then the risk of an increase of genetically-resistant mosquitos increases. This would ultimately result in an unrealistic mediation process.
339:. ITNs are estimated to be twice as effective as untreated nets, and offer greater than 70% protection compared with no net. These nets are dip-treated using a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide such as deltamethrin or permethrin which will double the protection over a non-treated net by killing and repelling mosquitoes. For maximum effectiveness, ITNs should be re-impregnated with insecticide every six months. This process poses a significant logistical problem in rural areas. Newer, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have now replaced ITNs in most countries and dual agent nets, typically using
501:
vectors' prime habitat and less likely to be protected from the vectors. This increase in probability of being infected increases the demand for self-protection which therefore allows for higher pricing and uneven distribution of self-protection means. A decrease in per capita income exaggerates a high demand for resources such as water and food resulting in civil unrest among communities. Protecting resources as well as attempting to obtain resources are both a cause for conflict.
384:
exacerbated after bed nets have lost their insecticidal properties under certain circumstances. Although ITN users are still protected by the physical barrier of the netting, non-users could experience an increased bite rate as mosquitoes are deflected away from the non-lethal bed net users. The modeling suggests that this could increase transmission when the human population density is high or at lower human densities when mosquitoes are more adept at locating their blood meals.
63:
2668:
404:
net (arguing that people will value a good more if they pay for it). Additionally, proponents of cost-sharing argue that such a policy ensures that nets are efficiently allocated to the people who most need them (or are most vulnerable to infection). Through a "selection effect", they argue, the people who most need the bed nets will choose to purchase them, while those less in need will opt out.
39:
2183:
47:
416:
barrier. Dupas and Cohen's findings support the argument that free distribution of ITNs can be more effective than cost-sharing in increasing coverage and saving lives. In a cost-effectiveness analysis, Dupas and Cohen note that "cost-sharing is at best marginally more cost-effective than free distribution, but free distribution leads to many more lives saved."
182:) was a mosquito-curtain. It was made to keep away mosquitos and other flying insects. It took its name from κώνωψ, which means mosquito in Greek, and is the origin of the English word canopy. These curtains were especially used in Egypt because of the mosquitoes which infest the Nile. The Scholiast on Juvenal mention that at Rome they were called
483:
density of the female anopheles gambiae decreased from 90.6% to 60.7%. The conclusion of this study showed that as the number of houses which used insecticide treated bed nets increased the population density of female anopheles gambiae decreased. This result did however vary from region to region based on the local environment.
436:, takes 8 days to mature. Therefore, malaria transmission to humans does not take place until approximately the 10th day, although it requires blood meals at intervals of 2 to 5 days. By killing mosquitoes before maturation of the malaria parasite, ITNs can reduce the number of encounters of infected mosquitoes with humans.
287:, or installed in windows and doors. When hung over beds, rectangular nets provide more room for sleeping without the danger of netting contacting skin, at which point mosquitoes may bite through untreated netting. Some newer mosquito nets are designed to be both easy to deploy and foldable after use.
133:
or synthetic thread to allow the movement of air. A white net allows the user to see mosquitoes against the background. Netting with 285 holes per square inch is ideal because it is very breathable but will prevent even the smallest mosquito from entering. It is possible to increase the effectiveness
478:
More specifically, in areas of stable malaria "ITNs reduced the incidence of uncomplicated malarial episodes by 50% compared to no nets, and 39% compared to untreated nets" and in areas of unstable malaria "by 62% compared to no nets and 43% compared to untreated nets". As such the review calculated
403:
While some experts argue that international organizations should distribute ITNs and LLINs to people for free to maximize coverage (since such a policy would reduce price barriers), others insist that cost-sharing between the international organization and recipients would lead to greater use of the
538:
The use of indoor residual spraying of insecticides. This was a common practice in the late-20th
Century. However, due to an increased awareness of the environmental hazards associated with the insecticide DDT used for some of these programs, this practice became less common. For example - American
440:
When a large number of nets are distributed in one residential area, their chemical additives help reduce the number of mosquitoes in the environment. With fewer mosquitoes, the chances of malaria infection for recipients and non-recipients are significantly reduced. (In other words, the importance
451:
As a result, the mosquito netting and pesticide industries developed so-called long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets, which also use pyrethroid insecticides. There are three types of LLINs — polyester netting which has insecticide bound to the external surface of the netting fibre using a
415:
and
Jessica Cohen, found that cost-sharing does not necessarily increase the usage intensity of ITNs nor does it induce uptake by those most vulnerable to infection, as compared to a policy of free distribution. In some cases, cost-sharing can decrease demand for mosquito nets by erecting a price
500:
Malaria and other arboviruses are known to contribute to economic disparity within that country and vice versa. This opens the stage for corruption associated to the distribution of self-protection aides. The least wealthy members of society are both more likely to be in closer proximity to the
383:
ITNs protect people sleeping under them and simultaneously kill mosquitoes that contact the nets. Some protection is provided to others by this method, including people sleeping in the same room but not under the net. However, mathematical modeling has suggested that disease transmission may be
279:
Mosquito nets are often used where malaria or other insect-borne diseases are common, especially as a tent-like covering over a bed. For effectiveness, it is important that the netting not have holes or gaps large enough to allow insects to enter. It is also important to 'seal' the net properly
482:
Through the years 1999 and 2010 the abundance of female anopheles gambiae densities in houses throughout western Kenya were recorded. This data set was paired with the spatial data of bed net usage in order to determine correlation. Results showed that from 2008 to 2010 the relative population
419:
The researchers base their conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of free distribution on the proven spillover benefits of increased ITN usage. ITNs protect the individuals or households that use them, and they protect people in the surrounding community in one of two ways.
504:
Mosquito nets have been observed to be used in fisheries across the world, where their strength, light weight and free or cheap accessibility make them an attractive tool for fishing. People who use them for fishing catch vast numbers of juvenile fish.
367:
study, mosquito nets averted 68% of an estimated 663 million averted cases of malaria infection since 2000. It is also one of the most cost-effective methods of prevention. These nets can often be obtained for around $ 2.50–$ 3.50 (2–3 euros) from the
452:
resin; polyethylene which has insecticide incorporated into the fibre and polypropylene which has insecticide incorporated into the fibre. All types can be washed at least 20 times, but physical durability will vary. A survey carried out in
55:
189:
Mosquito netting has a long history. Though use of the term dates from the mid-18th century, Indian literature from the late medieval period has references to the usage of mosquito nets in ritual Hindu worship. Poetry composed by
270:
from entering but loosely enough to not interfere with ventilation. The frame is usually self-supporting or freestanding although it can be designed to be attached from the top to an alternative support such as tree limbs.
424:
First, ITNs kill adult mosquitoes infected with the malaria parasite directly which increases their mortality rate and can therefore decrease the frequency in which a person in the community is bitten by an infected
1974:
Minakawa, Noboru . "Impacts of insecticide treated bed nets on
Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in Mbita district and Suba district, Western Kenya." Annals of Surgical and Innovation and Research 7 (2014): 2-13.
456:
concluded that effective life of polyester nets was 2 to 3 years; with polyethylene LLINs there are data to support over 5 years of life with trials in showing nets which were still effective after 7 years.
257:
A mosquito bar is an alternate form of a mosquito net. It is constructed of a fine see-through mesh fabric mounted on and draped over a box-shaped frame. It is designed to fit over an area or item such as a
1627:
Killeen GF, Smith TA (2007) Exploring the contributions of bednets, cattle, insecticides and excito-repellency to malaria control: A deterministic model of mosquito host-seeking behaviour and mortality.
334:
Mosquito nets treated with insecticides—known as insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) or bednets—were developed and tested in the 1980s for malaria prevention by P. Carnevale and his team in Bobo-Dioulasso,
2655:
395:
in the legs), which binds to pyrethroids, sequestering them and so preventing them from functioning, thus making the mosquitoes with this mutation more likely to survive contact with bednets.
129:
To be effective, the mesh of a mosquito net must be fine enough to exclude such insects without obscuring visibility or ventilation to unacceptable levels. The netting should be made of stiff
492:
found that a campaign to distribute mosquito bednets in the
Democratic Republic of Congo led to a 41% decline mortality for children under five who lived in areas with a high malaria risk.
428:
Second, certain malaria parasites require days to develop in the salivary glands of the vector mosquito. This process can be accelerated or decelerated via weather; more specifically heat.
2645:
1449:
448:
Standard ITNs must be replaced or re-treated with insecticide after six washes and, therefore, are not seen as a convenient, effective long-term solution to the malaria problem.
2168:
Chareonviriyaphap, Theeraphap . "Review of insecticide resistance and behavioral avoidance of vectors of human diseases in
Thailand." BioMed Central 6 (2013): Web. 21 Feb. 2014.
142:. Research has shown mosquito nets to be an extremely effective method of malaria prevention, averting approximately 663 million cases of malaria over the period 2000–2015.
2060:
31. ^Rivero-Rodriguez, L . "Exposure assessment for workers applying DDT to control malaria in
Veracruz, Mexico.." Environmental Health Perspectives 1 (1997): 98-101. Print.
1985:
Dolan, Carrie B.; BenYishay, Ariel; Grépin, Karen A.; Tanner, Jeffery C.; Kimmel, April D.; Wheeler, David C.; McCord, Gordon C. (2019-02-22). Carvalho, Luzia Helena (ed.).
280:
because mosquitoes are able to 'squeeze' through improperly secured nets. Because an insect can bite a person through the net, the net must not rest directly on the skin.
262:
to provide protection from insects. A mosquito bar could be used to protect oneself from mosquitoes and other insects while sleeping in jungle areas. The mesh is
513:
Mosquito nets do reduce air flow to an extent and sleeping under a net is hotter than sleeping without one, which can be uncomfortable in tropical areas without
302:
such as immature or small fish and fish species that are not suitable for consumption. In addition, insecticides with which the mesh has been treated, such as
950:"Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 9 Nov. 2012. Web. 23 Feb. 2014. <
250:. A mesh size of 1.2 millimetres (0.047 in) stops mosquitoes, and smaller, such as 0.6 millimetres (0.024 in), stops other biting insects such as
1315:
1987:"The impact of an insecticide treated bednet campaign on all-cause child mortality: A geospatial impact evaluation from the Democratic Republic of Congo"
298:. When used for fishing, mosquito nets have harmful ecological consequences because the fine mesh of a mosquito net retains almost all fish, including
1266:"BMC International Health and Human Rights - Full text - Africa's largest long-lasting insecticide-treated net producer: lessons from A to Z Textiles"
1817:"Wash durability and optimal drying regimen of four brands of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets after repeated washing under tropical conditions"
535:
to the skin; this also may be less effective (reducing rather than eliminating bites), more expensive, and may pose health risks with long-term use.
870:
2159:
Pluess, Bianca. "Indoor residual spraying for preventing malaria." The
Cochrane Library 1 (2010): n. pag. Wiley online library. Web. 21 Feb. 2014.
30:
1766:"The effect of repeated washing of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) on the feeding success and survival rates of Anopheles gambiae"
1232:
1149:"IRIN Africa - ZAMBIA: Mosquito-net fishing threatens Lake Tanganyika - Zambia - Economy - Environment - Food Security - Water & Sanitation"
1080:
935:
2550:
1740:
1482:
317:
925:
445:
effect of the nets in creating a mosquito-free environment when ITNs are highly concentrated in one residential cluster or community.)
2605:
1183:"Bacteraemia among severely malnourished children infected and uninfected with the human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Kampala, Uganda"
2246:
988:
845:
654:
Bhatt, S.; Weiss, D. J.; Cameron, E.; Bisanzio, D.; Mappin, B.; Dalrymple, U.; Battle, K. E.; Moyes, C. L.; Henry, A. (2015-10-08).
2700:
2635:
2630:
1642:
Not
Available, Not Available; Not Available, Not Available; Not Available, Not Available; Not Available, Not Available (2001). "
963:
2488:
376:(WHO), and others. ITNs have been shown to be the most cost-effective prevention method against malaria and are part of WHO's
2572:
1148:
810:
788:
2136:
2650:
2625:
2423:
777:
79:
799:
2535:
2289:
377:
1347:"Modeling the Effects of Integrating Larval Habitat Source Reduction and Insecticide Treated Nets for Malaria Control"
466:
822:
2600:
554:
2715:
2640:
1522:"Community-Wide Effects of Permethrin-Treated Bed Nets on Child Mortality and Malaria Morbidity in Western Kenya"
1319:
373:
2690:
2567:
2416:
1866:
Erlanger; et al. (2004). "Field issues related to effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets in
Tanzania".
2051:
Teklehaimanot, Awash. "Malaria and Poverty." Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 1136 (2008): 32-37. Print.
610:
380:(MDGs). Generally LLINs are purchased by donor groups and delivered through in-country distribution networks.
2705:
2695:
2620:
2497:
2358:
2306:
98:, and thus against the diseases they may carry. Examples of such preventable insect-borne diseases include
83:
2198:
1578:"Effect of community-wide use of insecticide-treated nets for 3–4 years on malarial morbidity in Tanzania"
1464:
218:, also slept under a mosquito net. Mosquito nets were used during the malaria-plagued construction of the
175:
877:
2577:
2545:
2353:
2319:
2301:
2239:
1964:
471:
1099:"Malaria Journal - Full text - Unforeseen misuses of bed nets in fishing villages along Lake Victoria"
2473:
2083:
1998:
1358:
667:
392:
2214:
1469:
2530:
2433:
2406:
2340:
2333:
1167:
2219:
2710:
2610:
2595:
2540:
1891:
1671:
1607:
1552:
433:
871:"World Health Organization: Annex VII : Procedure for Treating Mosquito Nets and curtains"
475:
malaria) that ITNs can reduce deaths in children by one fifth and episodes of malaria by half.
2557:
2117:
2099:
2034:
2016:
1942:
1911:"Evaluation of Olyset insecticide-treated nets distributed seven years previously in Tanzania"
1883:
1848:
1797:
1722:
1663:
1599:
1544:
1427:
1386:
1297:
1240:
1214:
1130:
1058:
1040:
931:
760:
742:
701:
683:
388:
363:
has been shown to be an extremely effective method of malaria prevention. According to a 2015
160:. The vector for this disease, specifically avian malaria, was not identified until 1897 when
152:
1747:
1450:"Free Distribution or Cost-Sharing? Evidence from a Randomized Malaria Prevention Experiment"
78:
curtain that is circumferentially draped over a bed or a sleeping area, to offer the sleeper
2671:
2443:
2411:
2326:
2312:
2284:
2274:
2232:
2107:
2091:
2024:
2006:
1932:
1922:
1875:
1838:
1828:
1787:
1777:
1712:
1702:
1655:
1589:
1536:
1474:
1417:
1376:
1366:
1287:
1277:
1204:
1194:
1120:
1110:
1097:
Minakawa, Noboru; Dida, Gabriel O.; Sonye, Gorge O.; Futami, Kyoko; Kaneko, Satoshi (2008).
1048:
1030:
750:
732:
691:
675:
549:
532:
514:
150:
Mosquito netting is mainly used for the protection against the malaria transmitting vector,
139:
2209:
1500:"Free Distribution or Cost-Sharing: Evidence from a Malaria Prevention Experiment in Kenya"
62:
2615:
2478:
2450:
635:
564:
525:
412:
251:
203:
161:
123:
1264:
Masum, Hassan; Shah, Ronak; Schroeder, Karl; Daar, Abdallah S.; Singer, Peter A. (2010).
849:
2188:
2087:
2072:"The perverse fisheries consequences of mosquito net malaria prophylaxis in East Africa"
2002:
1362:
1019:"The perverse fisheries consequences of mosquito net malaria prophylaxis in East Africa"
996:
901:
671:
656:"The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015"
2112:
2029:
1986:
1843:
1816:
1792:
1765:
1381:
1346:
1292:
1265:
1209:
1182:
1125:
1098:
1053:
1018:
755:
720:
696:
655:
574:
559:
369:
311:
115:
1937:
1910:
1717:
1690:
1521:
2684:
2428:
2391:
2279:
1959:
Lengeler C. (2004) Insecticide-treated bed nets and curtains for preventing malaria.
1879:
1594:
1577:
967:
243:
215:
207:
195:
1895:
1675:
1611:
479:
that for every 1000 children protected by ITNs, 5.5 lives would be saved each year.
407:
However, a randomized controlled trial study of ITNs uptake among pregnant women in
2562:
1556:
1535:(4 Suppl). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 68 (Suppl. 4): 121–7.
360:
344:
340:
336:
259:
235:
206:. Use of mosquito nets has been dated to prehistoric times. It is said that
186:. They are still used in Greece and other countries surrounding the Mediterranean.
119:
107:
103:
2011:
1371:
789:
Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898), Conopeum
290:
Where mosquito nets are freely or cheaply distributed, local residents sometimes
2502:
2438:
951:
442:
295:
291:
135:
95:
2095:
1422:
1405:
1316:"World Health Organization: MDG 6: combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases"
1282:
1035:
355:
The distribution of mosquito nets or bednets treated with insecticides such as
283:
Mosquito netting can be hung over beds from the ceiling or a frame, built into
156:. The first record of malaria-like symptoms occurred as early as 2700 BCE from
38:
2507:
2483:
2373:
2368:
2296:
1540:
1478:
569:
432:, for example, the parasite that is responsible for the majority of deaths in
356:
303:
219:
111:
2103:
2071:
2020:
1244:
1044:
746:
687:
391:
include mutants with higher levels of sensory appendage protein 2 (a type of
2512:
2363:
2348:
1833:
1782:
1499:
1199:
1115:
239:
191:
46:
2121:
2038:
1946:
1927:
1887:
1852:
1801:
1726:
1707:
1667:
1603:
1548:
1431:
1390:
1301:
1218:
1134:
1062:
764:
705:
1659:
737:
441:
of the physical barrier effect of ITNs decreases relative to the positive
54:
1576:
Maxwell CA, Msuya E, Sudi M, Njunwa KJ, Carneiro IA, et al. (2002).
488:
453:
347:, are starting to be used in response to reports of mosquito resistance.
322:
91:
87:
679:
17:
2269:
2255:
299:
263:
211:
99:
778:
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, Kwnwpion
721:"History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors"
267:
231:
130:
1691:"Statics and dynamics of malaria infection in Anopheles mosquitoes"
927:
Camping & wilderness survival : the ultimate outdoors book
614:
2455:
408:
387:
In December 2019 it was reported that West African populations of
316:
247:
157:
61:
53:
45:
29:
307:
284:
134:
of a mosquito net greatly by pretreating it with an appropriate
75:
2228:
2396:
2656:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
1181:
Bachou H, Tylleskär T, Kaddu-Mulindwa DH, Tumwine JK (2006).
1081:"Meant to Keep Mosquitos Out, Nets Are Used to Haul Fish In"
811:
A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890), Conopeum
325:
mother with a long lasting insecticide-treated mosquito net.
800:
Charlton T. Lewis, An Elementary Latin Dictionary, Conopeum
27:
Fine net used to exclude mosquitos and other biting insects
2224:
2070:
Jones, Benjamin L.; Unsworth, Richard K. F. (2020-07-01).
1406:"Malaria-carrying mosquitoes get a leg up on insecticides"
1017:
Jones, Benjamin L.; Unsworth, Richard K. F. (2019-11-11).
2646:
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
1646:: in vitro growth inhibition by febrile temperatures".
930:(2nd ed.). Lebanon, NH: Paul Tawrell. p. 92.
34:
A mosquito net in a expensive beach lodge in Mozambique
1529:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2588:
2523:
2466:
2384:
2262:
1233:"New fronts are opening in the war against malaria"
1623:
1621:
1630:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
1448:Jessica Cohen; Pascaline Dupas (February 2010).
599:(draft ed.). Oxford University Press. 2009.
1074:
1072:
164:identified mosquitoes as a vector for malaria.
2215:Organization Malaria NIMBY Not In My Back Yard
989:"Types of Mosquito Nets. - Mosquito Net India"
840:
838:
2240:
952:https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/malaria_worldwide
8:
1961:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
2247:
2233:
2225:
1582:Tropical Medicine and International Health
919:
917:
823:"Annamacharya Poetry - Vinnapalu vinavale"
2111:
2028:
2010:
1936:
1926:
1842:
1832:
1791:
1781:
1716:
1706:
1593:
1468:
1421:
1380:
1370:
1291:
1281:
1270:BMC International Health and Human Rights
1208:
1198:
1124:
1114:
1052:
1034:
754:
736:
695:
294:use them inappropriately, for example as
2220:"Malaria and Poverty" article from Wiley
1520:Hawley, William A.; et al. (2003).
1443:
1441:
1340:
1338:
1336:
37:
585:
1502:. Innovations for Poverty Action (IPA)
591:
589:
7:
2551:National Malaria Eradication Program
1079:Gettlemanjan, Jeffrey (2015-01-24),
649:
647:
645:
2606:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
2210:World Health Organization factsheet
1741:"Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Nets"
964:"Travel Health Help: Mosquito Nets"
636:"How to choose a good mosquito net"
1815:K Atieli, Francis; al, et (2010).
1764:K Atieli, Francis; al, et (2010).
230:Mosquito netting can be made from
25:
1345:Yakob, Laith; Guiyun Yan (2009).
180:κωνώπιον or κωνόπιον or κωνωπεῖον
2667:
2666:
2636:African Leaders Malaria Alliance
2631:South African Malaria Initiative
2181:
2135:Parker-Pope, Tara (2010-07-12).
1880:10.1111/j.0269-283X.2004.00491.x
1746:. WHO. p. 5. Archived from
1595:10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00966.x
202:, which means "mosquito net" in
2489:Malaria antigen detection tests
2573:Malaria in Mandatory Palestine
1689:Smith DL, McKenzie FE (2004).
1457:Quarterly Journal of Economics
1404:Catteruccia, Flaminia (2019).
719:Cox, Francis EG (2010-02-01).
198:musician and poet, references
1:
2651:Medicines for Malaria Venture
2626:African Malaria Network Trust
58:Tent made of mosquito netting
42:Ceiling-hung mosquito netting
2536:Millennium Development Goals
2012:10.1371/journal.pone.0212890
1909:Tami A; et al. (2004).
1372:10.1371/journal.pone.0006921
846:"History of Malaria Control"
467:randomized controlled trials
378:Millennium Development Goals
66:Window with mosquito netting
2137:"House Fans and Mosquitoes"
902:"Mosquito Netting Criteria"
611:"All Mosquito Netting Info"
50:Frame-hung mosquito netting
2732:
2601:Against Malaria Foundation
2096:10.1007/s13280-019-01280-0
1423:10.1038/d41586-019-03728-5
1283:10.1186/1472-698X-10-S1-S6
1036:10.1007/s13280-019-01280-0
555:Against Malaria Foundation
411:, conducted by economists
179:
2664:
2641:Amazon Malaria Initiative
1541:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.68.121
1479:10.1162/qjec.2010.125.1.1
597:Oxford English Dictionary
374:World Health Organization
2568:Malaria in the Caribbean
2417:Sterile insect technique
520:Some alternatives are:
330:Insecticide-treated nets
306:, may be harmful to the
252:biting midges/no-see-ums
2701:Mechanical pest control
2621:Africa Fighting Malaria
2467:Diagnosis and treatment
1834:10.1186/1475-2875-9-248
1783:10.1186/1475-2875-9-304
1200:10.1186/1471-2334-6-160
1187:BMC Infectious Diseases
1116:10.1186/1475-2875-7-165
725:Parasites & Vectors
266:tightly enough to stop
2385:Control and prevention
1928:10.1186/1475-2875-3-19
1708:10.1186/1475-2875-3-13
1410:Nature: News and Views
924:Tawrell, Paul (2006).
531:The application of an
326:
67:
59:
51:
43:
35:
2578:Malaria Atlas Project
1660:10.1007/s004360100374
1648:Parasitology Research
1644:Plasmodium falciparum
1168:"Malaria: Fever Wars"
1166:Swales, Jay. (2006).
883:on September 16, 2012
738:10.1186/1756-3305-3-5
528:to increase air flow.
472:Plasmodium falciparum
430:Plasmodium falciparum
320:
194:, the earliest known
118:and various forms of
65:
57:
49:
41:
33:
2474:Diagnosis of malaria
2290:Pregnancy-associated
852:on November 11, 2009
393:chemosensory protein
2531:Diseases of poverty
2524:Society and malaria
2434:Sickle-cell anaemia
2407:Malaria prophylaxis
2088:2020Ambio..49.1257J
2003:2019PLoSO..1412890D
1753:on October 7, 2009.
1363:2009PLoSO...4.6921Y
680:10.1038/nature15535
672:2015Natur.526..207B
496:Associated problems
469:of ITNs found (for
2611:Imagine No Malaria
2596:Malaria Consortium
2541:History of malaria
2424:Genetic resistance
2349:Anopheles mosquito
1488:on April 10, 2011.
1085:The New York Times
993:Mosquito Net India
434:Sub-Saharan Africa
341:alpha-cypermethrin
327:
210:, the last active
80:barrier protection
68:
60:
52:
44:
36:
2678:
2677:
2558:World Malaria Day
1588:(12): 1003–1008.
1416:(7790): 319–320.
970:on April 12, 2010
937:978-0-9740820-2-8
666:(7572): 207–211.
461:Scientific trials
389:Anopheles gambiae
292:opportunistically
153:Anopheles gambiae
16:(Redirected from
2723:
2716:Flies and humans
2670:
2669:
2444:G6PDH deficiency
2412:Mosquito control
2285:Blackwater fever
2249:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2185:
2184:
2169:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2115:
2082:(7): 1257–1267.
2067:
2061:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2032:
2014:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1940:
1930:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1639:
1633:
1625:
1616:
1615:
1597:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1481:. Archived from
1472:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1425:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1318:. Archived from
1312:
1306:
1305:
1295:
1285:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1212:
1202:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1067:
1066:
1056:
1038:
1029:(7): 1257–1267.
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
995:. Archived from
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
966:. Archived from
960:
954:
948:
942:
941:
921:
912:
911:
909:
908:
898:
892:
891:
889:
888:
882:
876:. Archived from
875:
867:
861:
860:
858:
857:
848:. Archived from
842:
833:
832:
830:
829:
819:
813:
808:
802:
797:
791:
786:
780:
775:
769:
768:
758:
740:
716:
710:
709:
699:
651:
640:
639:
632:
626:
625:
623:
622:
613:. Archived from
607:
601:
600:
593:
550:Nothing But Nets
533:insect repellent
515:air-conditioning
486:A 2019 study in
181:
140:insect repellent
122:, including the
84:bites and stings
21:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2691:Protective gear
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2660:
2616:Malaria No More
2584:
2519:
2479:Malaria culture
2462:
2451:Malaria vaccine
2380:
2258:
2253:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
1997:(2): e0212890.
1984:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1958:
1954:
1915:Malaria Journal
1908:
1907:
1903:
1868:Med Vet Entomol
1865:
1864:
1860:
1821:Malaria Journal
1814:
1813:
1809:
1770:Malaria Journal
1763:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1695:Malaria Journal
1688:
1687:
1683:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1619:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1485:
1470:10.1.1.211.2246
1452:
1447:
1446:
1439:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1322:on July 3, 2007
1314:
1313:
1309:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1247:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1103:Malaria Journal
1096:
1095:
1091:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1002:
1000:
987:
986:
982:
973:
971:
962:
961:
957:
949:
945:
938:
923:
922:
915:
906:
904:
900:
899:
895:
886:
884:
880:
873:
869:
868:
864:
855:
853:
844:
843:
836:
827:
825:
821:
820:
816:
809:
805:
798:
794:
787:
783:
776:
772:
718:
717:
713:
653:
652:
643:
634:
633:
629:
620:
618:
609:
608:
604:
595:
594:
587:
583:
565:Four-poster bed
546:
511:
498:
465:A review of 22
463:
413:Pascaline Dupas
401:
353:
332:
277:
228:
162:Sir Ronald Ross
148:
124:West Nile virus
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2729:
2727:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Nets (devices)
2703:
2698:
2696:Insect control
2693:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2187:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:External links
2173:
2171:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2127:
2062:
2053:
2044:
1977:
1967:
1952:
1901:
1874:(2): 153–160.
1858:
1807:
1756:
1732:
1681:
1654:(7): 553–555.
1634:
1617:
1568:
1512:
1491:
1437:
1396:
1332:
1307:
1256:
1224:
1173:
1158:
1140:
1089:
1068:
1009:
980:
955:
943:
936:
913:
893:
862:
834:
814:
803:
792:
781:
770:
711:
641:
627:
602:
584:
582:
579:
578:
577:
575:Screened porch
572:
567:
562:
560:Spread the Net
557:
552:
545:
542:
541:
540:
536:
529:
510:
507:
497:
494:
462:
459:
438:
437:
426:
400:
397:
370:United Nations
352:
349:
331:
328:
276:
273:
227:
224:
147:
144:
116:Chagas disease
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2728:
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2714:
2712:
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2702:
2699:
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2673:
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2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:Organisations
2587:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
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2543:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:Antimalarials
2496:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2429:Duffy antigen
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:Public health
2390:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
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2329:
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2317:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:Quartan fever
2278:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2174:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:The Economist
1234:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1155:. 2009-10-12.
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1090:
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1075:
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1064:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1010:
999:on 2018-08-17
998:
994:
990:
984:
981:
969:
965:
959:
956:
953:
947:
944:
939:
933:
929:
928:
920:
918:
914:
903:
897:
894:
879:
872:
866:
863:
851:
847:
841:
839:
835:
824:
818:
815:
812:
807:
804:
801:
796:
793:
790:
785:
782:
779:
774:
771:
766:
762:
757:
752:
748:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
715:
712:
707:
703:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
648:
646:
642:
637:
631:
628:
617:on 2010-03-04
616:
612:
606:
603:
598:
592:
590:
586:
580:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
543:
537:
534:
530:
527:
524:The use of a
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
508:
506:
502:
495:
493:
491:
490:
484:
480:
476:
474:
473:
468:
460:
458:
455:
449:
446:
444:
435:
431:
427:
423:
422:
421:
417:
414:
410:
405:
398:
396:
394:
390:
385:
381:
379:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
351:Effectiveness
350:
348:
346:
342:
338:
329:
324:
319:
315:
313:
312:aquatic fauna
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
281:
274:
272:
269:
265:
261:
255:
253:
249:
245:
244:polypropylene
241:
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
216:Ancient Egypt
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
187:
185:
177:
176:Ancient Greek
173:
169:
165:
163:
159:
155:
154:
145:
143:
141:
137:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:is a type of
73:
64:
56:
48:
40:
32:
19:
2563:Epidemiology
2402:Mosquito net
2401:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2199:Mosquito net
2197:
2196:
2195:profile for
2192:
2164:
2155:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:
2130:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2056:
2047:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1748:the original
1735:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1629:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1560:. Retrieved
1532:
1528:
1515:
1504:. Retrieved
1494:
1483:the original
1460:
1456:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1357:(9): e6921.
1354:
1350:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:the original
1310:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1248:. Retrieved
1236:
1227:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1106:
1102:
1092:
1084:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1001:. Retrieved
997:the original
992:
983:
972:. Retrieved
968:the original
958:
946:
926:
905:. Retrieved
896:
885:. Retrieved
878:the original
865:
854:. Retrieved
850:the original
826:. Retrieved
817:
806:
795:
784:
773:
728:
724:
714:
663:
659:
630:
619:. Retrieved
615:the original
605:
596:
519:
512:
509:Alternatives
503:
499:
487:
485:
481:
477:
470:
464:
450:
447:
439:
429:
418:
406:
402:
399:Distribution
386:
382:
364:
361:deltamethrin
354:
345:chlorfenapyr
337:Burkina Faso
333:
296:fishing nets
289:
282:
278:
260:sleeping bag
256:
236:polyethylene
229:
226:Construction
199:
188:
183:
171:
167:
166:
151:
149:
128:
120:encephalitis
108:yellow fever
104:dengue fever
96:pest insects
94:, and other
72:mosquito net
71:
69:
2546:Roman fever
2503:Artemisinin
2439:Thalassemia
443:externality
136:insecticide
2685:Categories
2508:Mefloquine
2484:Blood film
2374:Gametocyte
2369:Hypnozoite
2354:Life cycle
2320:falciparum
2307:life cycle
2297:Plasmodium
2146:2023-02-25
1562:2010-02-18
1506:2010-02-18
1326:2011-10-28
1250:2024-06-20
1109:(1): 165.
1003:2018-07-10
974:2009-10-27
907:2009-10-27
887:2009-10-27
856:2009-10-27
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581:References
570:Canopy bed
357:permethrin
310:and other
304:permethrin
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184:cubiculare
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