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then fought the heavily armed military personnel with rocks, sticks and their bare fists, throwing back the tear gas grenades that were aimed at them. After a five-hour battle, the military finally won control of the bridge at dawn by driving armored cars through the angry crowd. The defense of the bridge and Diệu Đế had left an estimated 30 dead and 200 wounded. Ten truckloads of bridge defenders were taken to jail and an estimated 500 people were arrested in the city. The total number of dead and disappearances was never confirmed, but estimates range up to several hundred.
120:, which resulted in a decisive victory, with large numbers of prisoners and land captured. The conquest signalled the end of Champa as a military threat to Đại Việt, and over time, the remnants of Champa were whittled down by further acquisition of land. This set forth the gradual process of Vietnamese migration south into the new territory, and the modern city of Huế began its life as
299:(literally "fairy woman"), wearing a red shirt and blue trousers, sat at the site, rubbing her cheeks. She said that a lord would come to the hill and erect a temple to pray for the country' prosperity. According to the local legend, the lady vanished after making her prophecy. When Hoàng heard this, he ordered the construction of a temple at the site and it was called
858:
307:
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of the Nguyễn dynasty who ruled in the 1840s. Emperor Thiệu Trị, erected the Từ Nhân Pagoda in 1844, which is now known as the Phước Duyên Pagoda. The brick pagoda stands 21 m and is of octagonal shape and has seven stories, each of which is dedicated to a different Buddha. The pagoda has stood
243:
The most determined resistance to the Diem regime occurred outside the Diệu Đế Pagoda. As troops attempted to stretch a barbed wire barricade across the bridge leading to the pagoda, a large crowd of pro-Buddhist laypeople and anti-government protesters tore it down with their bare hands. The crowd
131:
The Nguyễn lords and the
Vietnamese that followed them south brought with them Buddhism into a hitherto Hindu area, and the rulers were known for their patronisation of the Buddhism, in particular with their funding of the construction and recognition of many historic temples in the city. They also
372:
achieved enlightenment, to be brought to Từ Đàm Pagoda. It was planted in the front yard of the temple, where it was grown up and become a permanent fixture. In 1951, the temple was the venue for a meeting of 51 notable
Buddhist monks from across Vietnam, to create a unified nationwide Buddhist
235:
Across Huế, the approach of government forces were met by the beating of
Buddhist drums and cymbals to alert the populace. The townsfolk left their homes in the middle of the night in an attempt to defend the city's pagodas. At Tu Dam Pagoda, monks attempted to burn the coffin of a monk who had
295:, the head of the Nguyễn Lords. According to the royal annals, Hoang was on a sightseeing trip and holiday to see the seas and mountains of the local area when he passed by the hill which is now the site of the Thiên Mụ Temple. He heard of a local legend, in which an old lady, known as
318:
funded the casting of a giant bell, which weighs 3285 kg, and was regarded as one of the most prized cultural relics of its time in
Vietnam. The bell is said to be audible 10 km away and has been the subject of many poems and songs, including one by Emperor
40:
that unified modern
Vietnam. Huế was long regarded as a centre of Buddhist scholarship and consciousness in Vietnam, and in 1963, the temples of the city were at the centre of international attention when they were at the heart of the beginning of the
452:, the pagoda was frequently renovated and expanded. In 1808, Empress Hiếu Khương, wife of Gia Long, patronized various construction projects, that included the construction of a triple gate, the casting of a large bell and a gong. In 1824, Emperor
192:
labour and in some rural areas, Catholic priests led private armies against
Buddhist villages. Discontent with Diem exploded into mass protest in Huế during the summer of 1963 when nine Buddhists died at the hand of Diem's army and police on
97:, which was a Hindu culture. However, the Vietnamese were unable to gain a conclusive result over the Cham, who often fought back and reclaimed territory. The border was often shifted back and forth, and in one instance, the Champa under
443:
and is approximately one kilometre west of the city centre. The temple is located on a small hill named Hàm Long and a spring from the top of the hill flows down into the grounds of the temple. Bao Quoc Temple was founded in 1670 by
183:
since his rise to power in 1955. Diem had shown strong favouritism towards his fellow
Catholics and discrimination against Buddhists in the army, public service and distribution of government aid. In the countryside, Catholics were
217:
to the government broadcasting station was ended when government forces opened fire. As a result, Buddhist protests were held across the country and steadily grew in size, asking for the signing of a
166:, and in 1963, the temples and Buddhist centres of Huế were the scene of activism among the local population during the summer, which was the subject of a nationwide political crisis known as the
439:
was one of the three national temples of the city during the time of the Nguyễn dynasty. It is located on Báo Quốc Street, in the ward of Phường Đúc in Huế . It lies on the southern side of the
259:
to quell the anti-government protests. Many monks were arrested, along with their supporters and student protesters. The equipment that the protesters used, such as radio, were confiscated.
291:
about Huế, such is its iconic status and association with the city. It is regarded as the unofficial symbol of the former imperial capital. The temple was built in 1601 at the direction of
56:
802:
456:, the son of Gia Long, visited the temple and changed its name to its present title. He held the imperial celebration for his 40th birthday at the temple in 1830. Inside some
221:
to end religious inequality. The pagodas was a major organising point for the
Buddhist movement and was often the location of hunger strikes, barricades and protests.
357:
ordered that the temple be renamed so that it did not conflict with his name. The temple was one of the three national pagodas in Huế during the Nguyễn dynasty era.
51:'s religious discrimination. The temples were the base of Buddhist protests and government attacks, the result of which was a political crisis that precipitated a
229:
392:, some of which remains unrepaired. In 1966, a bronze statue of Gautama Buddha was cast to replace the one destroyed during the pagoda attacks of Diem's regime.
236:
self-immolated during previous protests. Government soldiers, firing M1 rifles, overran the pagoda and confiscated the coffin. They also demolished a statue of
240:
and looted and vandalized the pagoda. An explosion was set off by the troops, which leveled much of the pagoda. Many
Buddhists were shot or clubbed to death.
795:
353:, who was the 34th in the lineage of the Lâm Tế Zen lineage. In 1841, Vietnam had been unified in its modern state by the Nguyễn dynasty and Emperor
328:, and has become synonymous with the landscape of Huế and the Perfume River. Its impact is such that it has become the unofficial symbol of the city.
149:
604:
879:
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After the deposal of Diem, the temple later became the centre of anti-American and anti-war protests by
Buddhists and students against the
108:Đại Việt began to gain ascendancy with rise of the Lê dynasty in 1428, which saw a rise in the military strength of the country. Emperor
117:
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master Thích Giác Phong, a Buddhist monk from China. During the era of the Nguyễn dynasty, which was founded in 1802 by Emperor
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As the tension increased and opposition to Diem increased, the key turning point came shortly after midnight on August 21, when
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canal. The temple gates face southwest; directly on the other side of the canal is the Dong Ba gate of the eastern side of the
360:
In 1939, Suzanne Karpelès, Secretary General of the Buddhist Studies Association of Phnom Penh in Cambodia, arranged for a
132:
recruited and invited Buddhist monks from China to set up temples and religious congregations in the area to expound the
28:
southward expansion of Vietnam in the 16th century and Buddhism was introduced to the lands of the former territory of
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raided and vandalised Buddhist pagodas across the country, rounding up thousands of monks and leaving hundreds dead.
252:
210:
180:
157:
93:, Đại Việt made repeated raids south into modern day central Vietnam, which was then the location of the Kingdom of
48:
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422:, which was the imperial headquarters of the Nguyễn dynasty, erected by Gia Long at the start of the 19th century.
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was chosen to be the head of Buddhism in Vietnam. It was during this meeting that the internationally designed
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251:. During a period of chaos and protest in 1966, the temple was stormed by police and the army under General
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were noted for their patronization of Buddhist temples in the city, something that continued during the
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85:, the predecessor of modern Vietnam, had been mainly restricted to northern Vietnam, particularly the
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213:, Diem's brother. The Buddhists defied the ban and a protest that began with a march starting from
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37:
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320:
128:, the leader of the Nguyễn Lords took up a post as Governor of Thuận Hóa, and built up the city.
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Whitmore, John K. (2003). "The two great campaigns of the Hong-duc era (1470–97) in Dai Viet".
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have long been an important part of the city's consciousness. The city was founded during the
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Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963
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Buddhism was introduced to the area during the 16th century, during the southward expansion (
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to be one of the national pagodas of Vietnam. The temple entrance is on the banks of the
201:. In May 1963, a law against the flying of religious flags was selectively invoked; the
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South Vietnam's Buddhist majority had long been discontented with the rule of President
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Thiên Mụ has been expanded many times over the years, and in 1710, the ruling lord
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was displayed to celebrate the anniversary of the consecration of Archbishop
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During the period of the Nguyễn dynasty in the 19th century, Emperor
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The city was long regarded as a centre of Buddhist scholarship in
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During 1968, the pagoda was heavily damaged during the
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offshoot to be taken from the original bodhi tree in
373:organisation for all of Vietnam. At this meeting
381:was first flown on the grounds of the pagoda.
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345:was built and opened under the direction of
205:was banned from display on Vesak while the
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255:, who had been sent in by Prime Minister
47:, a series of protests against President
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172:. At the time, the city was part of
310:Phước Duyên Pagoda, Thiên Mụ Temple
732:. Cornell Southeast Asia Program.
118:1471 Vietnamese invasion of Champa
14:
611:. August 30, 1963. Archived from
460:of Gautama Buddha are enshrined.
856:
32:, which was Hindu. The ruling
1:
324:there since, overlooking the
694:. Rowman & Littlefield.
885:Buddhist temples in Vietnam
713:. Oxford University Press.
101:managed to raid and attack
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577:Jacobs, pp. 247–250.
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124:in the 16th century, when
105:in the late 14th century.
89:. During the times of the
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591:Jacobs, pp. 152–153
568:Jones, pp. 142–143.
281:, with its seven storied
880:Buddhist temples in Huế
812:Buddhist temples in Huế
769:Southeast Asia Research
188:exempt from performing
709:Jones, Howard (2003).
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150:Huế Phật Đản shootings
711:Death of a Generation
690:Jacobs, Seth (2006).
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154:Huế chemical attacks
17:Buddhist temples in
158:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids
747:Ray, Nick (2005).
730:Nguyen Cochinchina
646:Ray, Nick (2005).
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197:, the birthday of
114:Vietnamese history
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864:
751:. Lonely Planet.
548:(in Vietnamese).
511:Whitmore, p. 120.
493:Whitmore, p. 130.
475:Whitmore, p. 119.
81:. Prior to this,
75:Vietnamese people
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263:Notable temples
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301:Thiên Mụ Tự
249:Vietnam War
874:Categories
843:Thuyền Tôn
684:References
619:2007-08-18
555:2008-02-06
502:Li, p. 11.
484:Li, p. 12.
362:bodhi tree
144:See also:
79:Lê dynasty
77:under the
63:Background
454:Minh Mạng
410:declared
408:Thiệu Trị
366:Bodh Gaya
355:Thiệu Trị
321:Thiệu Trị
122:Thuận Hóa
59:of Diem.
838:Thiên Mụ
823:Báo Quốc
450:Gia Long
297:Thiên Mụ
186:de facto
116:, led a
83:Đại Việt
70:Nam tiến
25:Nam tiến
833:Quốc Ân
828:Diệu Đế
749:Vietnam
648:Vietnam
416:Dong Ba
388:of the
349:master
164:Vietnam
57:deposal
848:Từ Đàm
755:
736:
717:
698:
658:
458:relics
288:ca dao
283:pagoda
190:corvée
156:, and
134:dharma
95:Champa
30:Champa
464:Notes
347:Thiền
195:Vesak
103:Hanoi
776:(1).
753:ISBN
734:ISBN
715:ISBN
696:ISBN
656:ISBN
609:Time
446:Zen
228:'s
19:Huế
876::
774:12
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