678:). The billing of QoS is in the home network. A MS roaming from one access point to another often interrupts the flow of data between the MS and an application connected to the network. The MS, for instance, periodically monitors the presence of alternative APs (ones that will provide a better connection). At some point, based on proprietary mechanisms, the MS decides to re-associate with an AP having a stronger wireless signal. The MS, however, may lose a connection with an AP before associating with another access point. To provide reliable connections with applications, the MS must generally include software that provides session persistence.
54:
581:, two devices compete based on the group owner intent value. The device with higher intent value becomes a group owner and the second device becomes a client. Group owner intent value can depend on whether the wireless device performs a cross-connection between an infrastructure WLAN service and a P2P group, available power in the wireless device, whether the wireless device is already a group owner in another group or a received signal strength of the first wireless device.
585:
318:
217:
638:(WDS) enables the wireless interconnection of access points in an IEEE 802.11 network. It allows a wireless network to be expanded using multiple access points without the need for a wired backbone to link them, as is traditionally required. The notable advantage of a WDS over some other solutions is that it preserves the MAC addresses of client packets across links between access points.
659:
197:
641:
An access point can be either a main, relay, or remote base station. A main base station is typically connected to the wired
Ethernet. A relay base station relays data between remote base stations, wireless clients or other relay stations to either a main or another relay base station. A remote base
531:
WAPs are usually fixed and provide service to their client nodes within range. Some networks will have multiple WAPs using the same SSID and security arrangement. In that case, connecting to any WAP on that network joins the client to the network, and the client software will try to choose the WAP
649:
All base stations in a WDS must be configured to use the same radio channel and share WEP keys or WPA keys if they are used. They can be configured to different service set identifiers. WDS also requires that every base station be configured to forward to others in the system as mentioned above.
645:
Because data is forwarded wirelessly, consuming wireless bandwidth, throughput in this method is halved for wireless clients not connected to a main base station. Connections between base stations are done at layer-2 and do not involve or require layer-3 IP addresses. WDS capability may also be
325:
Wireless LAN hardware initially cost so much that it was only used as an alternative to cabled LAN in places where cabling was difficult or impossible. Early development included industry-specific solutions and proprietary protocols, but at the end of the 1990s these were replaced by
688:(WISP) and takes their services. The user can use a foreign network independently from their home network, provided that the foreign network allows visiting users on their network. There must be special authentication and billing systems for mobile services in a foreign network.
568:
In a Wi-Fi P2P group, the group owner operates as an access point and all other devices are clients. There are two main methods to establish a group owner in the Wi-Fi Direct group. In one approach, the user sets up a P2P group owner manually. This method is also known as
464:
A distribution system (DS) connects access points in an extended service set. The concept of a DS can be used to increase network coverage through roaming between cells. DS can be wired or wireless. Current wireless distribution systems are mostly based on
564:
network is a different type of wireless network where stations communicate peer-to-peer. In a peer-to-peer network wireless devices within range of each other can discover and communicate directly without involving central access points.
541:
528:. In infrastructure mode, wireless clients, such as laptops and smartphones, connect to the WAP to join the network. The WAP usually has a wired network connection and may have permanent wireless connections to other WAPs.
412:(WAPs) and clients. WAPs are base stations for the wireless network. They transmit and receive radio frequencies for wireless-enabled devices to communicate with. Wireless clients can be mobile devices such as laptops,
673:
The mobile station (MS) moves from one access point (AP) to another AP within a home network if the signal strength is too weak. An authentication server performs the re-authentication of MS via 802.1x (e.g. with
244:(LAN) within a limited area such as a home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office building. This gives users the ability to move around within the area and remain connected to the network. Through a
460:
An extended service set (ESS) is a set of connected BSSs. Access points in an ESS are connected by a distribution system. Each ESS has an ID called the SSID which is a 32-byte (maximum) character string.
345:
influences accomplished
February 2000. Neither European standard achieved the commercial success of 802.11, although much of the work on HiperLAN/2 has survived in the physical specification (
607:
603:
446:
The basic service set (BSS) is a set of all stations that can communicate with each other at PHY layer. Every BSS has an identification (ID) called the BSSID, which is the
727:
338:
457:
that contains no access points, which means they cannot connect to any other basic service set. In an IBSS the STAs are configured in ad hoc (peer-to-peer) mode.
504:
Since wireless communication uses a more open medium for communication in comparison to wired LANs, the 802.11 designers also included encryption mechanisms:
1093:
1063:
675:
360:
was added to 802.11. It operates in both the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands at a maximum data transfer rate of 600 Mbit/s. Most newer routers are
291:
provided by routers at restaurants, coffee shops, hotels, libraries, and airports allow consumers to access the internet with portable wireless devices.
626:
bridge allows the connection of devices on a wired
Ethernet network to a wireless network. The bridge acts as the connection point to the wireless LAN.
896:
857:
785:
183:
310:. The system became operational in 1971 and included seven computers deployed over four islands to communicate with the central computer on the
831:
405:
376:. The 5 GHz band also has more channels than the 2.4 GHz band, permitting a greater number of devices to share the space. Not all
805:
974:
685:
646:
referred to as repeater mode because it appears to bridge and accept wireless clients at the same time (unlike traditional bridging).
610:(CSMA/CD). The 802.11 specification includes provisions designed to minimize collisions because mobile units have to contend with the
493:
mode. In ad hoc mode, mobile units communicate directly peer-to-peer. In infrastructure mode, mobile units communicate through a
453:
There are two types of BSS: Independent BSS (also referred to as IBSS), and infrastructure BSS. An independent BSS (IBSS) is an
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135:
1103:
703:
233:
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989:
882:
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341:(ETSI) with a first version approved in 1996. This was followed by a HiperLAN/2 functional specification with
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1088:
984:
934:
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549:
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157:
853:
509:
237:
169:
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group formed in 1997 to promote a technology aimed at residential use, but it disbanded in
January 2003.
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919:
599:
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409:
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205:
147:
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78:
31:
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where two mobile units may both be in range of a common access point, but out of range of each other.
303:
93:
83:
516:, a quick, but no longer considered secure, method of joining a new device to an encrypted network.
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588:
401:
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498:
327:
241:
88:
809:
584:
365:
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and able to utilize both wireless bands. This allows data communications to avoid the crowded
357:
142:
73:
642:
station accepts connections from wireless clients and passes them to relay or main stations.
259:
standards are the most widely used computer networks in the world. These are commonly called
556:(P2P). There is no base and no one gives permission to talk. This is accomplished using the
512:(WPA, WPA2, WPA3), to secure wireless computer networks. Many access points will also offer
125:
42:
905:
299:
288:
268:
944:
373:
264:
120:
317:
27:
Computer network that links devices using wireless communication within a limited area
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425:
17:
1024:
698:
622:
A bridge can be used to connect networks, typically of different types. A wireless
561:
553:
216:
108:
337:
Beginning in 1991, a
European alternative known as HiperLAN/1 was pursued by the
595:
482:
447:
429:
256:
63:
196:
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591:: Devices A and C are both communicating with B, but are unaware of each other
421:
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276:
731:
1014:
969:
369:
1108:
959:
939:
623:
307:
249:
152:
532:
that gives the best service, such as the WAP with the strongest signal.
964:
540:
350:
330:, primarily the various versions of IEEE 802.11 (in products using the
306:, developed the world's first wireless computer communication network,
209:
658:
267:. They are used for home and small office networks that link together
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954:
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201:
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103:
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497:(WAP) that also serves as a bridge to other networks such as a
346:
404:
are referred to as stations. All stations are equipped with
400:
All components that can connect into a wireless medium in a
608:
carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection
606:(CSMA/CA). This is in contrast to Ethernet which uses
604:
carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance
353:, which is nearly identical to the PHY of HiperLAN/2.
432:
that are equipped with a wireless network interface.
824:"Wireless Distribution System Linked Router Network"
666:
There are two definitions for wireless LAN roaming:
248:, a WLAN can also provide a connection to the wider
1051:
1033:
1005:
912:
728:Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
339:European Telecommunications Standards Institute
408:. Wireless stations fall into two categories:
890:
684:The MS (client) moves into a WLAN of another
552:is a network where stations communicate only
177:
8:
30:"WLAN" redirects here. For other uses, see
897:
883:
875:
662:Roaming among Wireless Local Area Networks
184:
170:
38:
263:, which is a trademark belonging to the
715:
450:of the access point servicing the BSS.
41:
406:wireless network interface controllers
236:that links two or more devices using
7:
524:Most Wi-Fi networks are deployed in
508:(WEP), no longer considered secure,
287:, which links them to the internet.
752:Wayne Caswell (November 17, 2010).
544:Peer-to-Peer or ad hoc wireless LAN
473:, though other systems are in use.
834:from the original on June 30, 2017
806:"Is this the same as Ad Hoc mode?"
781:Wireless Mesh Routing Compared WDS
686:wireless Internet service provider
485:has two basic modes of operation:
424:, or non-portable devices such as
314:island without using phone lines.
25:
760:from the original on May 29, 2018
321:54 Mbit/s WLAN PCI Card (802.11g)
854:"How Wi-Fi Roaming Really Works"
579:negotiation-based group creation
577:). In the second method, called
52:
860:from the original on 2019-02-23
788:from the original on 2023-01-17
380:are available in all regions.
1:
558:Independent Basic Service Set
220:An example of a Wi-Fi network
636:wireless distribution system
630:Wireless distribution system
442:Service set (802.11 network)
368:, which is also shared with
414:personal digital assistants
255:Wireless LANs based on the
1168:
439:
283:and gaming devices with a
29:
704:Indoor positioning system
234:wireless computer network
506:Wired Equivalent Privacy
136:Municipal wireless (MWN)
285:wireless network router
158:Interplanetary Internet
663:
602:(MAC) layers based on
592:
571:autonomous group owner
545:
510:Wi-Fi Protected Access
477:Types of wireless LANs
410:wireless access points
322:
238:wireless communication
221:
213:
724:"History of Wireless"
661:
600:medium access control
587:
543:
514:Wi-Fi Protected Setup
495:wireless access point
320:
302:, a professor at the
219:
206:wireless access point
199:
32:WLAN (disambiguation)
18:Building area network
598:defines the PHY and
304:University of Hawaii
1152:Local area networks
1147:American inventions
1142:Wireless networking
1052:Long range wireless
612:hidden node problem
589:Hidden node problem
526:infrastructure mode
328:technical standards
664:
593:
546:
499:local area network
323:
242:local area network
222:
214:
204:is connected to a
131:Metropolitan (MAN)
1129:
1128:
754:"HomeRF Archives"
682:External roaming:
671:Internal roaming:
501:or the Internet.
426:desktop computers
366:2.4 GHz band
202:notebook computer
194:
193:
16:(Redirected from
1159:
899:
892:
885:
876:
869:
868:
866:
865:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
820:
814:
813:
808:. Archived from
802:
796:
795:
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793:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
749:
743:
742:
740:
739:
730:. Archived from
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428:, printers, and
269:laptop computers
186:
179:
172:
69:Near-field (NFC)
56:
43:Computer network
39:
21:
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1132:
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1047:
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908:
906:Internet access
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695:
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538:
522:
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444:
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398:
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374:microwave ovens
300:Norman Abramson
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190:
99:Wireless (WLAN)
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
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12:
11:
5:
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845:
815:
812:on 2013-08-30.
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550:ad hoc network
537:
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520:Infrastructure
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487:infrastructure
478:
475:
471:Mesh protocols
455:ad hoc network
440:Main article:
437:
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397:
394:
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389:
334:brand name).
296:
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265:Wi-Fi Alliance
212:wireless card.
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104:Virtual (VLAN)
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79:Personal (PAN)
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26:
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745:
734:on 2007-02-10
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575:autonomous GO
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378:WLAN channels
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94:Storage (SAN)
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37:
33:
19:
1035:Wireless LAN
1034:
1025:Wireless USB
1007:Wireless PAN
862:. Retrieved
848:
838:December 31,
836:. Retrieved
827:
818:
810:the original
800:
790:, retrieved
780:
774:
762:. Retrieved
747:
736:. Retrieved
732:the original
718:
699:Wireless WAN
681:
670:
665:
648:
644:
640:
633:
621:
594:
578:
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562:Wi-Fi Direct
554:peer-to-peer
547:
536:Peer-to-peer
530:
525:
523:
503:
490:
486:
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463:
459:
452:
445:
430:workstations
399:
391:Architecture
382:
372:devices and
361:
355:
336:
324:
298:
254:
229:
226:wireless LAN
225:
223:
121:Campus (CAN)
98:
36:
828:DD-WRT Wiki
596:IEEE 802.11
483:IEEE 802.11
448:MAC address
436:Service set
422:smartphones
418:VoIP phones
349:) for IEEE
277:smartphones
257:IEEE 802.11
89:Local (LAN)
1136:Categories
1099:Muni Wi-Fi
990:Power-line
864:2008-10-09
792:2022-11-11
738:2007-02-17
710:References
560:(IBSS). A
420:and other
240:to form a
143:Wide (WAN)
109:Home (HAN)
1104:Satellite
1015:Bluetooth
995:Broadband
970:IEEE 1901
370:Bluetooth
362:dual-band
356:In 2009,
64:Nanoscale
1109:UMTS-TDD
960:HomePlug
940:Ethernet
858:Archived
832:Archived
786:archived
764:July 16,
758:Archived
693:See also
624:Ethernet
396:Stations
308:ALOHAnet
289:Hotspots
273:printers
250:Internet
208:using a
153:Internet
126:Backbone
116:Building
47:by scale
965:HomePNA
925:Dial-up
654:Roaming
402:network
358:802.11n
351:802.11a
295:History
281:Web TVs
246:gateway
232:) is a
210:PC Card
84:Near-me
1084:iBurst
955:Nessum
930:DOCSIS
618:Bridge
491:ad hoc
385:HomeRF
1119:WiBro
1114:WiMAX
1059:5G NR
1043:Wi-Fi
1020:Li-Fi
920:Cable
913:Wired
332:Wi-Fi
261:Wi-Fi
200:This
148:Cloud
45:types
1094:MMDS
1079:HSPA
1074:GPRS
1069:EVDO
1064:DECT
980:MoCA
975:ISDN
950:G.hn
945:FTTx
840:2006
766:2011
676:PEAP
489:and
481:The
312:Oahu
230:WLAN
74:Body
1089:LTE
985:PON
935:DSL
548:An
469:or
467:WDS
347:PHY
343:ATM
1138::
856:.
830:.
826:.
784:,
756:.
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634:A
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383:A
279:,
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867:.
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768:.
741:.
573:(
228:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
