Building material - Knowledge (XXG)

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hydration characteristics, strength, interfacial bond and morphology. Various methods are used by researchers such as the measurement of hydration characteristics of a cement-aggregate mix; the comparison of the mechanical properties of cement-aggregate mixes and the visual assessment of microstructural properties of the wood-cement mixes. It has been found that the hydration test by measuring the change in hydration temperature with time is the most convenient method. Recently, Karade et al. have reviewed these methods of compatibility assessment and suggested a method based on the ‘maturity concept’ i.e. taking in consideration both time and temperature of cement hydration reaction. Recent work on aging of lignocellulosic materials in the cement paste showed hydrolysis of hemicelluloses and lignin that affects the interface between particles or fibers and concrete and causes degradation.

454:(especially plant-based materials) are used in a variety of building applications, including load-bearing, filling, insulating, and plastering materials. These materials vary in structure depending on the formulation used. Plant fibres can be combined with binders and then used in construction to provide thermal, hydric or structural functions. The behaviour of concrete based on plant fibre is mainly governed by the amount of the fibre constituting the material. Several studies have shown that increasing the amount of these plant particles increases porosity, moisture buffering capacity, and maximum absorbed water content on the one side, while decreasing density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength on the other. 351:

lower lifetime cost. For example, an asphalt shingle roof costs less than a metal roof to install, but the metal roof will last longer so the lifetime cost is less per year. Some materials may require more care than others, maintaining costs specific to some materials may also influence the final decision. Risks when considering lifetime cost of a material is if the building is damaged such as by fire or wind, or if the material is not as durable as advertised. The cost of materials should be taken into consideration to bear the risk to buy combustive materials to enlarge the lifetime. It is said that, "if it must be done, it must be done well".

968: 1310: 976: 1424: 1200: 1101: 182: 1888: 167: 3933: 652:; it is very good at keeping temperatures at a constant level. Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and warm in cold weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a period of time like stone. Earthen walls change temperature slowly, so artificially raising or lowering the temperature can use more resources than in say a wood built house, but the heat/coolness stays longer. 874: 545: 148: 3925: 866: 266: 51: 1874: 1562:, the term "building products" often refers to ready-made particles or sections made from various materials, that are fitted in architectural hardware and decorative hardware parts of a building. The list of building products excludes the building materials used to construct the building architecture and supporting fixtures, like windows, doors, cabinets, 1395:). These include corrosion resistance, durability, low thermal movement, light weight, radio frequency shielding, lightning protection, sustainability, recyclability, and a wide range of finishes. Copper is incorporated into roofing, flashing, gutters, downspouts, domes, spires, vaults, wall cladding, building expansion joints, and indoor design elements. 1163:. In order to minimise any air bubbles, that would weaken the structure, a vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when the liquid concrete mix is poured around the ironwork. Concrete has been the predominant building material in the modern age due to its longevity, formability, and ease of transport. Recent advancements, such as 846: 1010:, and other architectural elements. Fired brick walls are usually substantially thinner than cob/adobe while keeping the same vertical strength. They require more energy to create but are easier to transport and store, and are lighter than stone blocks. Romans extensively used fired brick of a shape and type now called 1301:, using a mixture of gypsum plaster and 300mm plus fibreglass rovings, were investigated. With an abundance of gypsum (naturally occurring and by-product chemical FGD and phospho gypsums) available worldwide, Gypsum concrete-based building products, which are fully recyclable, offer significant environmental benefits. 907:

plants, used for construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such as boards, planks and similar materials. It is a generic building material and is used in building just about any type of structure in most climates. Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while

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Pollution costs can be macro and micro. The macro, environmental pollution of extraction industries building materials rely on such as mining, petroleum, and logging produce environmental damage at their source and in transportation of the raw materials, manufacturing, transportation of the products,

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from which the family or community will grow and harvest trees to build with or sell. These lots are tended to like a garden. This was much more prevalent in pre-industrial times, when laws existed as to the amount of wood one could cut at any one time to ensure there would be a supply of timber for

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The initial energy costs include the amount of energy consumed to produce, deliver and install the material. The long term energy cost is the economic, ecological, and social costs of continuing to produce and deliver energy to the building for its use, maintenance, and eventual removal. The initial

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The initial economic cost of building materials is the purchase price. This is often what governs decision making about what materials to use. Sometimes people take into consideration the energy savings or durability of the materials and see the value of paying a higher initial cost in return for a

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is one of the oldest of building materials known. "Thatch" is another word for "grass"; grass is a good insulator and easily harvested. Many African tribes have lived in homes made completely of grasses and sand year-round. In Europe, thatch roofs on homes were once prevalent but the material fell

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Social costs are injury and health of the people producing and transporting the materials and potential health problems of the building occupants if there are problems with the building biology. Globalization has had significant impacts on people both in terms of jobs, skills, and self-sufficiency

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People building with mostly dirt and clay, such as cob, sod, and adobe, created homes that have been built for centuries in western and northern Europe, Asia, as well as the rest of the world, and continue to be built, though on a smaller scale. Some of these buildings have remained habitable for

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Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest-lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. There are many types of rock, with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Rock is a very dense material so it

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allows researchers to develop and test materials quickly, making adjustments and solving issues during the process. Rather than developing materials theoretically and then testing them, only to discover fundamental flaws, rapid prototypes allow for comparatively quick development and testing,

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Wood-cement compatibility is the ratio of a parameter related to the property of a wood-cement composite to that of a neat cement paste. The compatibility is often expressed as a percentage value. To determine wood-cement compatibility, methods based on different properties are used, such as,

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Plant-based materials are largely derived from renewable resources and mainly use co-products from agriculture or the wood industry. When used as insulation materials, most bio-based materials exhibit (unlike most other insulation materials) hygroscopic behaviour, combining high water vapour

224:. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as 593:

Wet-laid, or damp, walls are made by using the mud or clay mixture directly without forming blocks and drying them first. The amount of and type of each material in the mixture used leads to different styles of buildings. The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the

508:, are used to fill in and cover a woven brush structure. This gives the structure more thermal mass and strength. Wattle and daub is one of the oldest building techniques. Many older timber frame buildings incorporate wattle and daub as non load bearing walls between the timber frames. 1619:. The shares from the construction industry alone were 6% and 11% respectively. Energy consumption during building material production is a dominant contributor to the construction industry's overall share, predominantly due to the use of electricity during production. 1549:

are materials that are either composed of, or created by a living organism; or materials that behave in a manner that's reminiscent of such. Potential use cases include self-healing materials, and materials that replicate (reproduce) rather than be manufactured.

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out of favor as industrialization and improved transport increased the availability of other materials. Today, though, the practice is undergoing a revival. In the Netherlands, for instance, many new buildings have thatched roofs with special ridge tiles on top.

1414:. Titanium can be used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel. Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or hardness. 2268:

Zoya Kpamma, Z. Mohammed Kamil, K. Adinkrah-Appiah, "Making Wall Construction Process Lean:The Interlocking Blocksystem as a Toole" , International Conference on Infrastructural Development In Africa (ICIDA), KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana, March 2012.

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bending, and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically. There are many differing qualities to the different types of wood, even among same tree species. This means specific species are better suited for various uses than others. And

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of a structure is the energy consumed to extract, manufacture, deliver, install, the materials. The lifetime embodied energy continues to grow with the use, maintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal of the building materials themselves

1462:. Plastics vary immensely in heat tolerance, hardness, and resiliency. Combined with this adaptability, the general uniformity of composition and lightness of plastics ensures their use in almost all industrial applications today. 1241:

Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building. Glass panes provided humans with the ability to both let light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside.

915:"Timber" is the term used for construction purposes except the term "lumber" is used in the United States. Raw wood (a log, trunk, bole) becomes timber when the wood has been "converted" (sawn, hewn, split) in the forms of 1268:". These uses though require some sort of frame to hold sections of glass together, as glass by itself is too brittle and would require an overly large kiln to be used to span such large areas by itself. 1014:. Building with brick gained much popularity in the mid-18th century and 19th centuries. This was due to lower costs with increases in brick manufacturing and fire-safety in increasingly crowded cities. 552:

Clay based buildings usually come in two distinct types. One being when the walls are made directly with the mud mixture, and the other being walls built by stacking air-dried building blocks called

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Dixit, Manish K.; Culp, Charles H.; Fernandez-Solis, Jose L. (3 February 2015). "Embodied Energy of Construction Materials: Integrating Human and Capital Energy into an IO-Based Hybrid Model".

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Sandermann, Wilhelm; Kohler, Roland (January 1964). "Über eine kurze Eignungsprüfung von Hölzern für zementgebundene Werkstoffe - Studien über mineralgebundene Holzwerkstoffe, VI. Mitteilung".

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To facilitate and optimize the use of new materials and up-to-date technologies, ongoing research is being undertaken to improve efficiency, productivity and competitiveness in world markets.

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material. Fired bricks can be solid or have hollow cavities to aid in drying and make them lighter and easier to transport. The individual bricks are placed upon each other in courses using

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Structural mud bricks are almost always made using clay, often clay soil and a binder are the only ingredients used, but other ingredients can include sand, lime, concrete, stone and other

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and phenolics. These compounds are known to retard cement setting. Therefore, before using a wood in making cement bonded composites, its compatibility with cement is assessed.

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foam has been used in combination with structural materials, such as concrete. It is lightweight, easily shaped, and an excellent insulator. Foam is usually used as part of a

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Demirbaş, A; Aslan, A (August 1998). "Effects of ground hazelnut shell, wood, and tea waste on the mechanical properties of cement22Communicated by A.K. Chatterjee".

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bonded composites are made of hydrated cement paste that binds wood, particles, or fibers to make pre-cast building components. Various fiberous materials, including

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which was known to be in use before 1850 and was used as an underlayment in exterior walls, roofs, and floors and for protecting a jobsite during construction.

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have been used for many years, especially for ceilings, it was not until the early 1990s that serious studies of the strength and qualities of a walling system

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National Park, United Kingdom, for example, provided ample resources for early settlers. Circular huts were constructed from loose granite rocks throughout the

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such as ETFE have become an ideal building material due to its high abrasion resistance and chemical inertness. Notable buildings that feature it include: the

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In 2017, buildings and construction together consumed 36% of the final energy produced globally while being responsible for 39% of the global energy related

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Li, Juan; Kasal, Bohumil (July 2023). "Degradation Mechanism of the Wood-Cell Wall Surface in a Cement Environment Measured by Atomic Force Microscopy".

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and eventually hardens into a stone-like material. When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the term "concrete".

747:. Sand is also used as a part of the concrete mix. An important low-cost building material in countries with high sand content soils is the 3468: 1498:. Felt paper has been supplanted in some uses by synthetic underlayments, particularly in roofing by synthetic underlayments and siding by 366:

retailing, and installation. An example of the micro aspect of pollution is the off-gassing of the building materials in the building or

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supplemented or replaced fired bricks in the late 20th century often being used for the inner parts of masonry walls and by themselves.

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is usually used for finishings and furniture. Historically timber frame structures were built with oak in western Europe, recently

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buildings can be seen in most major cities, and some civilizations built predominantly with stone, such as the Egyptian and Aztec

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Hachmi, M.; Moslemi, A. A.; Campbell, A. G. (October 1990). "A new technique to classify the compatibility of wood with cement".

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Smith, Michael G. (2002). "Cob Building, Ancient and Modern". In Kennedy, Joseph F.; Wanek, Catherine; Smith, Michael G. (eds.).

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Lee, A. W. C; Hong, Zhongli (1986). "Compressive strength of cylindrical samples as an indicator of wood-cement compatibility".

2006:Étude des mécanismes de transferts couplés de chaleur et d'humidité dans les matériaux poreux de construction en régime insaturé 115: 3622: 823:

is another stone type, commonly used as roofing material in the United Kingdom and other parts of the world where it is found.

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are lost when manufacturing facilities are closed and the cultural aspects of where new facilities are opened. Aspects of

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gives a lot of protection; its main drawback as a building material is its weight and the difficulty of working it. Its

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is both an advantage and disadvantage. Stone is hard to warm without consuming considerable energy but, once warm, its

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is both an old and newer take on creating walls, once made by compacting clay soils between planks by hand; nowadays

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The Private Journal of Captain G.F. Lyon, of H.M.S. Hecla: During the Recent Voyage of Discovery Under Captain Parry

3759: 3028: 2817: 1942: 1937: 1264:" can be used to cover the entire facade of a building, or it can be used to span over a wide roof structure in a " 1224: 101: 1458:. Their name is derived from the fact that in their semi-liquid state they are malleable, or have the property of 1309: 975: 295: 280: 61: 3809: 3697: 3660: 2751: 2488:

Karade, S. R.; Irle, M.; Maher, K. (30 October 2003). "Assessment of Wood-Cement Compatibility: A New Approach".

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The tent is the home of choice among nomadic groups all over the world. Two well-known types include the conical

383: 1423: 1125:. The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which consists of mineral aggregate (generally 481:

structures are built entirely from plant parts and were used in primitive cultures such as Native Americans and

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https://www.academia.edu/2647016/MAKING_WALL_CONSTRUCTION_PROCESS_LEAN_THE_INTERLOCKING_BLOCK_SYSTEM_AS_A_TOOL

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Building papers and membranes are used for many reasons in construction. One of the oldest building papers is

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have been built for as long as humans have put one stone on top of another. Eventually, different forms of

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and transported to multiple building locations. These blocks can also be monetized more easily and sold.

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In history, there are trends in building materials from being natural to becoming more human-made and

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Shaffer, Gary D. (Spring 1993). "An Archaeomagnetic Study of a Wattle and Daub Building Collapse".

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The use of glass in architectural buildings has become very popular in the modern culture. Glass "

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are made in a similar way to mud-bricks except without the fibrous binder such as straw and are

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was invented late in the 19th century and was used for similar purposes as rosin paper and for

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Clay blocks (sometimes called clay block brick) being laid with an adhesive rather than mortar

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how the materials and design help minimize the life-time energy consumption of the structure.

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Earliest Chinese building brick appeared in Xi'an (中國最早磚類建材在西安現身)]. takungpao.com (2010-1-28)

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membranes, and supported by a system of steel cables, rigid or internal, or by air pressure.

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shortening the time to market for a new materials to a matter of months, rather than years.

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components, etc. Building products, rather, support and make building materials work in a

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in Africa. These are built mostly with branches, twigs and leaves, and bark, similar to a

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has been used as a building material for thousands of years in its natural state. Today,

2654: 1573:"Building products" may also refer to items used to put such hardware together, such as 166: 3912: 3227: 3217: 2893: 1957: 1451: 1399: 826: 777: 767: 760: 588: 395: 209: 39: 2455: 1887: 1227:, wherein the foam is sandwiched between wood or cement or insulating concrete forms. 1183:. The tent has been revived as a major construction technique with the development of 695:

since the building blocks can be manufactured off site in a centralized location at a

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Domestic Architecture and the Use of Space: An Interdisciplinary Cross-Cultural Study

1624: 1510: 1506: 1491: 1332: 1104: 998:) after they have air-dried to permanently harden them. Kiln fired clay bricks are a 904: 781: 482: 471: 2041:"A review on recent research on bio-based building materials and their applications" 378:, the total set of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the life of the material. A 3907: 3892: 3738: 3597: 3242: 3109: 3010: 2729: 2367:

Weatherwax, R C; Tarkow, H (1964). "Effect of Wood on Setting of Portland Cement".

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are used for roofing, siding, flooring, ceilings, pipes, flue liners, and more.

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and synthetic fabrics. Modern buildings can be made of flexible material such as

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are ancient building materials with evidence dating back thousands of years BC.

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Basic material that is used to produce goods, energy, or intermediate materials

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Wood and natural fibers are composed of various soluble organic compounds like

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is a valued building material because of its advantageous properties (see:

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Ahn, W.Y.; Moslemi, A.A. "SEM examination of wood-Portland cement bonds".

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Tourism and Change in Polar Regions: Climate, Environments and Experiences

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may be commercial, academical or both, and can be conducted at any scale.

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is considered an art form as well as an industrial process or material.

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has become the most popular wood for most types of structural building.

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For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low

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economic, ecological, energy, and social costs of building materials.

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are a more modern type of brick used for building more frequently in

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Svoboda, Luboš(2018). Stavební hmoty (Building materials), 1000 p.

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Othmen, Inès; Poullain, Philippe; Leklou, Ali-Nordine (June 2014).

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Other uses of clay in building is combined with straws to create

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products that can be molded or extruded into objects, films, or

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from the time of the Romans until supplanted by Portland cement

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Many families or communities, in rural areas, have a personal

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A wood-framed house under construction in Texas, United States

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construction. The other main ingredients include more or less

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is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as

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The Art of Natural Building: Design, Construction, Resources

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are social costs of global building material manufacturing.

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block, which is weaker but cheaper than fired clay bricks.

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National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association

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Adobe and Rammed Earth Buildings: Design and Construction

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the future, but is still a viable form of agriculture.

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Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering

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means that can retain heat for useful periods of time.

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used for building. Metal figures quite prominently in

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have been used since the time of the Romans. Special

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minimally-processed logs stacked on top of each other

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is becoming very common in industrialized countries.

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Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors

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Two concepts in building which account for the 938:is used as a lower-value bulk material, whereas 27:Material which is used for construction purposes 3390:Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors 2738:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 2724:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas 2026:32èmes Rencontres Universitaires de Génie Civil 1435:floor in a Canadian highrise apartment building 1203:Foamed plastic sheet to be used as backing for 1117:building material made from the combination of 927:. The main problems with timber structures are 496:An extension on the brush building idea is the 204:. Many naturally occurring substances, such as 3429:Construction Management Association of America 2045:Materials for Renewable and Sustainable Energy 2039:Bourbia, S.; Kazeoui, H.; Belarbi, R. (2023). 1443:covers a range of synthetic or semi-synthetic 334:resistance. These trends tend to increase the 3463:National Association of Women in Construction 3094: 2759: 2576:"The Advantages of ETFE Fluoropolymer Tubing" 524:and snow is used to build a shelter called a 8: 3378:Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association 2237:. New Society Publishers. pp. 132–133. 1986:"building" def. 2 and 4, "material" def. 1. 516:Snow and occasionally ice, were used by the 374:are materials found to be harmful. Also the 2515:Li, Juan; Kasal, Bohumil (September 2022). 2101:. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. 294:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 30:For other kinds of building materials, see 3101: 3087: 3079: 3006: 2885: 2832: 2785: 2766: 2752: 2744: 3418:Civil Engineering Contractors Association 3384:Associated General Contractors of America 2550:Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 2532: 2203: 2201: 2056: 1274:were invented in the early 20th century. 1031:and typically are perforated with holes. 648:Soil, and especially clay, provides good 314:Learn how and when to remove this message 135:Learn how and when to remove this message 3835:List of tallest buildings and structures 3499:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors 2180:Hall, Michael; Saarinen, Jarkko (2010). 1629: 1313:Copper belfry of St. Laurentius church, 3475:National Kitchen & Bath Association 2076:. Oxford University Press. p. 16. 2072:Nabokov, Peter; Easton, Robert (1989). 1979: 788:were used to hold the stones together, 2643:Environmental Science & Technology 1623:of relevant building materials in the 602:are usually employed in building with 458:permeability and moisture regulation. 3487:National Tile Contractors Association 3457:National Association of Home Builders 3435:Construction Specifications Institute 489:'s lodge. These were variously named 7: 3469:National Fire Protection Association 2693:. People.fsv.cvut.cz. Archived from 1998: 1996: 1249:, in a very hot fire stove called a 912:are important for deciding quality. 292:adding citations to reliable sources 256:The total cost of building materials 73:adding citations to reliable sources 3511:Society of Construction Arbitrators 3372:American Society of Civil Engineers 681:, also known by their Spanish name 3366:American Institute of Constructors 2316:History of bricks wienerberger.com 1908:Biocidal natural building material 1860:EU Construction Product Regulation 240:work. They provide the make-up of 25: 3830:Lists of buildings and structures 1627:are provided in the table below. 1381:sometimes overcome their greater 660:Structural clay blocks and bricks 3932: 3931: 3923: 1886: 1872: 1468:Beijing National Aquatics Center 792:being the most commonplace now. 264: 49: 3924: 2852:Material by orientation or size 2161:. J. Murray. pp. 280–281. 1084:also sometimes are filled with 931:and moisture-related problems. 500:process in which clay soils or 60:needs additional citations for 3898:Sustainability in construction 3729:Modern methods of construction 2718:– Bilingual (Spanish/English) 2003:Bennai, Fares (28 June 2017). 1792:softwood plywood & veneer 1748:hardwood plywood & veneer 1293:. Although plaster and fibres 761:Rock (geology) § Building 598:being used. Larger amounts of 441:Naturally occurring substances 1: 3666:Building services engineering 2992:Certified reference materials 2802:Alternative natural materials 2578:. Fluorotherm. April 1, 2015. 2456:10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00064-7 2208:McHenry, Paul Graham (1984). 2157:Lyon, George Francis (1824). 1903:Alternative natural materials 528:. Ice has also been used for 447:Alternative natural materials 3782:Construction equipment theft 3505:Scottish Building Federation 3401:Construction History Society 3033:Building insulation material 2910:Strongly correlated material 2622:World Green Building Council 2444:Cement and Concrete Research 2124:Journal of Field Archaeology 2074:Native American Architecture 1953:Phenomenology (architecture) 1513:membranes used for roofing, 1505:There are a wide variety of 963:Fired bricks and clay blocks 386:, recycling, or disposal of 3213:Chartered Building Surveyor 3177:Water supply and sanitation 2730:Informes de la Construcción 2614:"Global Status Report 2017" 2388:Wood Science and Technology 2354:10.1515/hfsg.1964.18.1-2.53 2329:. primedb.co. May 11, 2017. 1928:Hemp as a building material 1080:in the early 20th century. 1054:have been used as binders. 372:Red List building materials 220:and other structures, like 3972: 3760:List of building materials 3029:List of building materials 2818:Extraterrestrial materials 2716:Materiales de Construcción 2562:10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-14910 2534:10.1617/s11527-022-01988-8 2058:10.1007/s40243-023-00234-7 1943:Materiality (architecture) 1938:List of building materials 1398:Other metals used include 1225:structural insulated panel 1027:(clay blocks) are clay or 833:and the structures of the 758: 717: 663: 578: 493:, lean-tos, and so forth. 444: 394:of building materials are 358: 29: 3921: 3698:Environmental engineering 3661:Architectural engineering 3067: 2184:. Routledge. p. 30. 1988:Oxford English Dictionary 1838:Testing and certification 1639: 1634: 1547:living building materials 1541:Living building materials 1464:High performance plastics 1354:whose major component is 1165:insulating concrete forms 1144:After mixing, the cement 819:) and into modern times. 189:shows different types of 3703:Geotechnical engineering 3681:Construction engineering 3446:Home Builders Federation 3172:Timeline of architecture 3134:Underground construction 2980:Thermoelectric materials 2948:Special nuclear material 2914:Electroshapable material 2521:Materials and Structures 1913:Glass in green buildings 1849:UL (safety organization) 1770:mineral wool insulation 1594:research and development 1585:Research and development 925:light-frame construction 548:Sod buildings in Iceland 3888:Real estate development 3790:Construction management 3645:Vernacular architecture 3630:Indigenous architecture 3618:Industrial architecture 3493:Railway Tie Association 2415:Forest Products Journal 2369:Forest Products Journal 2290:. Australian Government 1918:Green building and wood 1335:structures such as the 1289:plaster and fibreglass 971:A pile of fired bricks. 689:Compressed earth blocks 400:sustainable development 3734:Monocrete construction 3693:Earthquake engineering 3686:Structural engineering 3640:Landscape architecture 3167:Structural engineering 2829:Materials by structure 2691:"Download = Souhlasím" 2212:. Wiley. p. 104. 1515:basement waterproofing 1436: 1393:Copper in architecture 1317: 1315:Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler 1212: 1107: 980: 972: 903:, and sometimes other 886: 870: 850: 693:industrialized society 674:compressed earth block 645:compressors are used. 549: 536:in northern climates. 475: 194: 193:and stone foundations. 178: 163: 3724:Earthbag construction 3635:Interior architecture 3129:Offshore construction 2906:Hyperelastic material 2902:Self-healing material 2898:Phase-change material 2881:Materials by property 2009:(Thesis) (in French). 1426: 1312: 1202: 1121:and a binder such as 1103: 1025:Structural clay tiles 978: 970: 899:Wood is a product of 876: 868: 848: 547: 469: 200:is material used for 184: 169: 150: 3772:Construction bidding 3452:Lighting Association 3424:The Concrete Society 3300:Construction foreman 3053:List of biomaterials 2964:Combustible material 2861:Orthotropic material 2097:Kent, Susan (1993). 1478:Papers and membranes 1215:Recently, synthetic 1185:tensile architecture 1072:Bricks were laid in 392:ecological economics 368:indoor air pollution 361:Ecological footprint 288:improve this section 69:improve this article 3903:Unfinished building 3676:Coastal engineering 3305:Construction worker 3248:Structural engineer 3139:Tunnel construction 3037:Structural material 2934:Mesoporous material 2926:Ultralight material 2921:Density or hardness 2782:Materials by origin 2655:2015EnST...49.1936D 2502:10.1515/HF.2003.101 2273:accessed 12/11/2013 1880:Architecture portal 1631: 1161:reinforced concrete 958:Man-made substances 879:Gliwice Radio Tower 799:-strewn uplands of 656:hundreds of years. 575:Wet-laid clay walls 452:Bio-based materials 380:life-cycle analysis 187:Beacon Hill, Boston 160:reinforced concrete 84:"Building material" 3956:Building materials 3795:Construction waste 3777:Construction delay 3208:Building officials 3203:Building estimator 3023:Building materials 2975:Thermal properties 2968:Energetic material 2930:Superhard material 2889:Designed materials 2865:Nanophase material 2841:Composite material 2836:Combined materials 2734:Scientific journal 2720:Scientific journal 2400:10.1007/BF00227055 2312:2013-04-02 at the 1894:Engineering portal 1844:ASTM International 1630: 1437: 1362:lasts a long time. 1318: 1213: 1108: 1088:or covered with a 981: 973: 923:construction, and 910:growing conditions 887: 871: 851: 817:Dartmoor longhouse 550: 534:tourist attraction 476: 388:construction waste 382:also includes the 195: 179: 164: 32:Household hardware 3943: 3942: 3786:Construction loan 3755:Building material 3671:Civil engineering 3295:Concrete finisher 3238:Quantity surveyor 3198:Building engineer 3124:Home construction 3076: 3075: 3070:Materials science 3063: 3062: 3044:Use in human body 2998: 2997: 2875: 2874: 2857:Layered materials 2824: 2823: 2794:Natural materials 2663:10.1021/es503896v 2244:978-0-86571-433-5 2219:978-0-471-87677-9 2191:978-1-136-97199-0 2108:978-0-521-44577-1 2083:978-0-19-506665-4 1963:Thermal emittance 1835: 1834: 1781:primary aluminum 1600:Rapid prototyping 1554:Building products 1255:bulletproof glass 1179:and the circular 1035:Cement composites 324: 323: 316: 198:Building material 170:Wooden church in 145: 144: 137: 119: 18:Building supplies 16:(Redirected from 3963: 3935: 3934: 3927: 3926: 3810:Design–bid–build 3578:Construction law 3103: 3096: 3089: 3080: 3007: 3003:Materials by use 2952:Fertile material 2942:Nuclear material 2886: 2833: 2798:Biotic materials 2786: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2745: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2675: 2674: 2649:(3): 1936–1945. 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2618:www.worldgbc.org 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2594:The Manufacturer 2586: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2450:(8): 1101–1104. 2439: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2421:(11–12): 87–90. 2410: 2404: 2403: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2295: 2280: 2274: 2266: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2205: 2196: 2195: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2036: 2030: 2029: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2000: 1991: 1984: 1948:Natural building 1896: 1891: 1890: 1882: 1877: 1876: 1632: 1285:is a mixture of 1257:or lightbulbs). 1207:at CIBC bank in 1153:tensile strength 934:In modern times 731:, and sometimes 376:carbon footprint 355:Ecological costs 319: 312: 308: 305: 299: 268: 260: 158:used to build a 140: 133: 129: 126: 120: 118: 77: 53: 45: 21: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3946: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3917: 3825:Interior design 3820:Heavy equipment 3743: 3707: 3649: 3592: 3561: 3515: 3354: 3263: 3257: 3233:Project manager 3223:Civil estimator 3181: 3145: 3112: 3107: 3077: 3072: 3059: 3057:Dental material 3039: 3017: 2994: 2982: 2970: 2954: 2936: 2916: 2871: 2847: 2845:Hybrid material 2820: 2808: 2806:Parent material 2777: 2772: 2712: 2700: 2698: 2689: 2683: 2681:Further reading 2678: 2640: 2639: 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716: 676: 664:Main articles: 662: 591: 579:Main articles: 577: 565:wattle and daub 542: 514: 498:wattle and daub 464: 449: 443: 426: 413:embodied energy 408: 363: 357: 348: 320: 309: 303: 300: 285: 269: 258: 141: 130: 124: 121: 78: 76: 66: 54: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3969: 3967: 3959: 3958: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3913:Urban planning 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3883: 3882: 3881: 3871: 3866: 3865: 3864: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3837: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3626: 3625: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3602: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3552:United Kingdom 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3262:Trades workers 3259: 3258: 3256: 3255: 3253:Superintendent 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3228:Clerk of works 3225: 3220: 3218:Civil engineer 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3027: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2962: 2960: 2959:Energy content 2956: 2955: 2946: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2894:Smart material 2892: 2890: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2792: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2727: 2711: 2710:External links 2708: 2707: 2706: 2687: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2633: 2605: 2581: 2567: 2540: 2507: 2496:(6): 672–680. 2480: 2461: 2434: 2405: 2394:(4): 345–354. 2378: 2359: 2348:(1–2): 53–59. 2332: 2318: 2300: 2284:"Thermal mass" 2275: 2261: 2250: 2243: 2225: 2218: 2197: 2190: 2172: 2149: 2136:10.2307/530354 2114: 2107: 2089: 2082: 2064: 2051:(2): 117–139. 2031: 2012: 1992: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1958:Prefabrication 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1883: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1851: 1846: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1727: 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