597:
956:
113:
2259:
1165:. The defence was organized by Ivan Shishman who was currently in the town. Although the Ottomans had nearly 30,000 men they could not take it and Ali Pasha had to seek reinforcements from Murad himself. According to Seadeddin the Sultan marched to Nikopol with an enormous army firmly decided to seize the town at all costs. When Ivan Shishman faced the new enemy he sought a truce. Murad agreed and the Bulgarians saved Nikopol but were forced to cede another key Danubian fortress,
2035:
133:
159:
2489:
878:, gathered a numerous Christian army aiming to stop the Muslim invaders. Uglesha, whose lands bordered Ottoman territory to the east, realized the threat and unsuccessfully appealed to Serbian and Bulgarian states for help. Ruling over mixed Serbian-Greek-Bulgarian population, the two brothers set off to the east with 20 to 70,000 strong ethnically diverse army. Considerably less numerous troops led by
2245:
2426:
47:
2030:
2501:
2025:
648:
655:
During the
Byzantine civil wars Ivan Alexander regained control over several towns in Thrace and the Rhodopes but his frequent interference in the internal affairs of Byzantium hampered any closer relations between the two counties despite the peace established in 1332. In 1352 Turkish forces invaded
619:
regions, whose army grew to 2,000 men, took an important role in the
Byzantine civil war. While at first he supported John Kantakouzenos, from the spring of 1344 Momchil reneged, provoked by the aggression of the Ottoman allies. In June, he defeated the Ottoman fleet near Portogalos Bay. According to
707:
The defeat raised serious alert not only in
Tarnovo, but also in Constantinople, forcing John Kantakouzenos to abdicate and removing one of the main facilitators of the Ottoman invasion. Faced with threat, Bulgaria and Byzantium made an attempt for rapprochement. In 1355 a daughter of the Bulgarian
1003:
While Ivan
Shishman was desperately trying to resist against the strong Ottoman pressure, his brother Ivan Sratsimir not only withheld help but tried to make use of the difficulties which his brother faced to expand his domains over certain areas of the Tarnovo Tsardom. As Shishman's attention was
731:
lost much of its hegemony in the
Western Balkans and the large and ethnically diverse empire split into several successor states. The Bulgarian and Byzantine Empires of the period were once again the only remaining major political powers on the peninsula with the potential to stop the Ottoman
1076:
After the
Ottomans secured the possession of the area around Sofia, they continued their march to the northwest. The main objective of Murad was to break the ties between Bulgaria and Serbia because despite the fact that Ivan Shishman was his vassal, Murad did not trust him and knew that the
1040:
where he reported his failure to the Sultan. While he was absent the Turks managed to infiltrate Sofia and one Muslim
Bulgarian captured ban Yanuke while hunting and sent him to Lala Şahin who was in Plovdiv at that time. From there the Bulgarian commander was sent back to Sofia and when the
1172:
As a result of the campaign the Turks took most of eastern
Bulgaria including several key towns. Now the authority of Ivan Shishman was reduced to the lands to the west of the capital Tarnovo and several castles along the Danube. To the east the Bulgarians kept Varna and the capital of the
1156:
the citizens allowed the Turks to install a small garrison but then they killed the
Turkish soldiers and prepared for siege. Ali Pasha immediately burned the surrounding fields and soon the starving town had to surrender. After this success they advanced to the west towards
1023:
After the temporary quiet which followed after 1373, in 1380 the
Ottomans again started hostilities. With a large army Sultan Murad moved towards the southwestern regions of the Tarnovo Tsardom with the main objective to seize its center Sofia. After a bloody clash in the
450:. This weakened the military and economic power of the central rulers. The process deteriorated central authority to an even larger extent in the 14th century, when numerous nobles came to be only nominally subordinated to the government. In Bulgaria the powerful
963:
During the same period (1371–1373) the invaders took control of the Rhodopes, a mountain studded with strong and well-guarded fortresses, approaching from the north. The Rakovitsa fortress (now in ruins) was besieged by Daud Pasha and fiercely defended by its
535:
Circa mid 14th century the Balkans were politically disunited into a number of small states frequently in competition with each other and there was no single strong entity with a powerful enough army to withstand the Muslim invaders. In addition to the mainly
855:
1169:. However, when Ali Pasha reached Silistra, the Bulgarians refused to surrender the town. Murad besieged Nikopol for a second time and this time Ivan Shishman agreed to the Ottoman conditions and a Turkish garrison was installed in Silistra.
794:. In his unsuccessful initial attempts to retake Vidin, Ivan Alexander even resorted to using Ottoman mercenaries. Eventually, in the summer of 1369, the Bulgarian Emperor restored his authority over the Vidin Province with the help of the
584:
were trying to find external allies and used foreign mercenaries. The Bulgarian Emperor supported the first opponent whose stronghold was Constantinople. John Kantakouzenos on the other hand regularly hired Ottoman Turk mercenaries from
627:
Probably the first local ruler to become aware of the impending Ottoman threat, Momchil unsuccessfully pleaded with the emperors of Bulgaria and Byzantium for help. Even though his troops continued the resistance in the Eastern
975:, one of the strategic fortresses of the Rhodopes, resisted Ottoman attacks for nine months before surrendering in return for their lives and property after Daud Pasha cut off the water supplies. In the same way Stanimaka (
1144:
and other towns. Due to the surprise campaign at first the towns and the castles were unable to organize proper defence but after the initial shock the Bulgarians took precautions. When the army of Ali Pasha besieged
740:
fell under attack. From the end of the 1350s Ottoman military units even reached the surroundings of the capital as, according to sources, the Emperor took precautions to strengthen the city walls. Ottoman chronicler
942:
Between 1371 and 1373 the Ottomans emerged as a considerable power on the Balkans. They ruled over the entire Thrace and had seized the lands of Uglesha in Eastern Macedonia and managed to subordinate Vukashin's son
246:
1858:
982:
The Ottomans faced a stubborn resistance in the Rhodopes interior: central areas were invaded by the armies of Dzhedit Pasha and Ibrahim Pasha. The former advanced through the road between Stanimaka and
1008:
which was disputed between the two brothers. However, by 1373 the city was again in the Tarnovo Tsardom and it is possible that there was an armed conflict between the two Bulgarian states.
720:. Unfortunately, the new relations between the houses of Tarnovo and Constantinople did not live up to the expectations of mounting a more significant response to the invading Ottomans.
636:
marched from Asia Minor and devastated Bulgarian territories driving away people and livestock. Soon after, on 7 July 1345, Ottoman forces under Umur Beg defeated Momchil's army in the
935:. In 1373 Ivan Shishman was forced to negotiate a humiliating peace treaty: he became an Ottoman vassal strengthening the union with a marriage between Murad and Shishman's sister
644:. Sources attest that the independent ruler perished in the battle without leaving a successor, and with little political will or leadership left to counter the Ottoman invasion.
406:, in the second half of the 14th century. The wars resulted in the collapse and subordination of the Bulgarian Empire, and effectively came to an end with the Ottoman conquest of
757:
were devastated, and others such as Venets and Sotirgrad were completely destroyed. Destruction was accompanied by slaughter and deportation of the local populace to Asia Minor.
239:
2536:
995:) among others. Especially ferocious were the engagements at Momina Voda, where prominent Ottoman general Sarǎ Baba was killed, and Karakulas where Enihan Baba perished.
557:
809:
After Ivan Alexander's death on 17 February 1371, the lands populated by Bulgarians were divided into several independent states. Much of the former territory of the
232:
772:. Bulgaria successfully defended them in 1364, but the continuing conflict deepened the distrust and animosity between the two states despite the impending danger.
1306:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1994,
1244:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, John Van Antwerp Fine, University of Michigan Press, 1994,
1124:
However, while the Christian states did not make any attempt to exploit the victory, the Turks' reaction was swift. In 1388 a 30,000 strong army commanded by
2258:
2359:
520:– nominally his subject – ruled Dobruja. Lack of stability was eminent in the southern Balkans as well: in 1341–1347 the Byzantine Empire was shaken by a
1752:
1743:
596:
568:) was considered heretic by both Orthodox and Catholics. Religious dissimilarity was thus also a source for constant political tensions in the region.
2394:
2364:
1093:
The advance of the Ottomans in the central parts of the Balkan peninsula caused serious anxiety not only for Ivan Shishman but also in Serbia and
699:, although both sides suffered heavy casualties. Despite the victory and the death of young Michael Asen, the Turks were unable to reach Sofia.
672:, setting firm foot in Europe. Until 1354 Ottoman forces again ravaged the lands around Yambol and Plovdiv as well as the lower valleys of the
593:. The Byzantines often lost control over the Ottomans then as the latter regularly plundered villages in the Southern Balkans after the 1320s.
2109:
2085:
968:
Kurt; after futile attempts to capture it with force, the Turks agreed to negotiations and the Bulgarians surrendered keeping their property.
1271:
2124:
1052:
The new Ottoman success did not bring together Ivan Shishman and Ivan Sratsimir. Between 1384 and 1386 a war broke out between Bulgaria and
620:
sources, at night the Bulgarian ruler sent boats to burn the anchored Ottoman ships and soon after he defeated the army of Kantakouzenos at
521:
470:
2526:
955:
905:. A number of fortresses fell, through after prolonged and fierce sieges: the town of Diampol, for instance, fought against the forces of
991:. Fighting occurred at Zarenitsa, Zagrad, Gradishte, Chiltepe and Karakulas (along Vacha), Imaretdere and Momina Voda (heights close to
370:
2235:
1109:
organized an anti-Ottoman coalition and the Bulgarian Emperor joined them but was unable to send troops. In 1387 the united forces of
318:
915:, Shishkin, was killed in battle on the southern skirts of the Balkan Mountains further easing the Ottoman conquest of the Rhodopes,
2302:
418:
until 1411. As a result of the wars the Ottoman Empire greatly expanded its territory on the Balkan peninsula, stretching from the
1073:
was killed. Ivan Sratsimir took part in the action as an ally of the Vlachs which deepened the mistrust between the two brothers.
2531:
2034:
1736:
1311:
1294:
1249:
1232:
987:
along the valley of Chepelarska river, while Ibrahim pasha set off from Plovdiv via Parvenets and then through the valley of
442:
fell victims to a process of decentralization, as local feudal lords grew stronger and more independent from the emperors in
979:) was taken and soon after fell the northern Rhodopes fortress of Batkun whose commander Georgi died in the final assault.
2267:
2139:
787:
2070:
2060:
2444:
2149:
1994:
1596:
Kuzev, Al. Die Besiehungen der Königs von Vidin, Ivan Sracimir zu den osmanischen Herrschern. EB, 1971, No. 3, p.121-124
486:
466:
2065:
863:
2168:
1077:
Bulgarian ruler was waiting for an appropriate opportunity to renege. After bitter fighting, in 1386 the Turks seized
688:
668:, and capturing rich spoils. In the same year the Ottomans seized their first fortress on the Balkans, Tsimpe on the
353:
2225:
2011:
1999:
1721:
822:
791:
745:
suggests that Turkish advance between 1359 and 1364 involved destruction and depopulation of many areas: the towns
510:
506:
498:
163:
149:
2454:
2220:
1729:
1048:
The Ottomans installed a strong garrison and brought Muslim settlers from Asia Minor. On the following year fell
814:
780:
Apart from the economic devastation and military threat from the south, Bulgaria had other problems: in 1365 the
713:
153:
2075:
2016:
2215:
2134:
1984:
803:
600:
1707:
Lennciavius. Historiae musulmane turcorum de monumentis ipsorum sxcerptae. Libri XIII, Frankfurt, 1501, p. 274
1698:
Lennciavius. Historiae musulmane turcorum de monumentis ipsorum sxcerptae. Libri XIII, Frankfurt, 1501, p. 272
1125:
493:
effectively raising the country to the status of the most powerful state in the region. In 1346, Serbian king
2449:
2292:
2277:
2048:
2043:
1974:
1821:
1760:
1174:
833:
810:
537:
439:
399:
328:
117:
112:
890:
valley. The entire army was pushed back and Vukashin and Uglesha perished along with much of their forces.
2459:
2384:
2332:
2129:
1815:
1756:
1464:
Angelov, D. Certains aspects de la conquete des peuples balkaniques par des turks - BSI, 1956, 162, p. 237
760:
Not only was there a total lack of coordination between the two Empires, but they also quarreled over the
343:
338:
323:
2389:
2297:
2173:
1286:
1224:
1132:
and struck deep into Bulgaria's north. The Bulgarians were completely surprised and the invaders seized
529:
361:
1503:Ников, П. Турското завладяване на България и съдбата на последните Шишмановци-ИИД, 7-8, 1928, с.105-107
1149:, the defenders stiffly resisted and the Turks were forced to abandon the siege and march northwards.
2404:
2342:
2188:
1950:
1925:
1840:
1341:
1118:
1009:
826:
742:
514:
459:
415:
2327:
2287:
2203:
2114:
1979:
1955:
1945:
1940:
1033:
1017:
939:. To compensate, the Ottomans returned some of the conquered lands, including Ihtiman and Samokov.
909:
for months but was eventually forced to surrender because of food shortage. One of Ivan Shishman's
879:
709:
669:
333:
191:
1716:Ников, П. Турското завладяване на България и съдбата на последните Шишмановци-ИИД, 7-8, 1928, с.98
1446:Ников, П. Турското завладяване на България и съдбата на последните Шишмановци-ИИД, 7-8, 1928, с.48
1264:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
882:
attacked the united Balkan forces at night on 26 September as the latter camped by the village of
51:
Clockwise from right: Emperor Ivan Alexander, the remains of the Shumen fortress, Sultan Bayezid I
2414:
2230:
2183:
2144:
1960:
1930:
1863:
1803:
1650:
1106:
1070:
1013:
984:
837:
784:
781:
717:
616:
553:
545:
525:
490:
482:
2029:
862:
In 1371 two feudal lords in Macedonia organised a campaign against the Turks. Serbian brothers
2425:
2272:
2193:
2178:
2163:
1899:
1307:
1290:
1267:
1245:
1228:
1158:
849:
696:
637:
629:
549:
451:
381:
348:
289:
284:
279:
2439:
2347:
2322:
2198:
2119:
1834:
1141:
1129:
1012:
Dobrotitsa also did not give any support to the Emperor in Tarnovo. He was in conflict with
902:
867:
818:
435:
411:
376:
309:
300:
123:
2024:
2493:
2464:
2337:
2282:
2104:
1689:
Seadeddin, Chronica dell' origine e progresse della casa ottomana. Vienna, 1649, p. 137 sq
1680:
Seadeddin, Chronica dell' origine e progresse della casa ottomana. Vienna, 1649, p. 124 sq
1632:
Seadeddin, Chronica dell' origine e progresse della casa ottomana. Vienna, 1649, p. 122 sq
1605:Петров, П. Търговски връзки между България и Дубровник през XIV в. - ИБИД, 25, 1967, с.110
1146:
1102:
1094:
898:
167:
724:
494:
1028:
valley the Turks moved on to Sofia and besieged it. The city which was commanded by ban
790:, seizing the important Vidin fortress and capturing the eldest living son of the tsar,
2505:
1989:
1893:
1533:
Seadeddin, Chronica dell' origine e progresse della casa ottomana. Vienna, 1649, p. 101
1042:
728:
561:
502:
443:
403:
295:
158:
137:
132:
1473:
Seadeddin, Chronica dell' origine e progresse della casa ottomana. Vienna, 1649, p. 87
17:
2520:
2399:
581:
455:
30:
This article is about the medieval wars. For the wars of the early 20th century, see
485:
from the Byzantines. In 1330 Serbian forces defeated Bulgarian ones, led by Emperor
410:
in July 1393, although other Bulgarian states held out slightly longer, such as the
46:
27:
1345 – July 1393 conflict between the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire
2379:
1623:Цветкова, Б. Героичната съпротива на българите срещу османските нашественици, ц. 39
944:
932:
750:
737:
2244:
1521:Дуйчев, Ив. Българското средновековие. От Черномен до Косово поле, С., 1972, с.546
1289:, Cambridge Concise Histories, R. J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 2005,
1227:, Cambridge Concise Histories, R. J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 2005,
1798:
988:
936:
854:
621:
577:
31:
2469:
2317:
976:
829:
586:
517:
478:
474:
423:
224:
174:
2409:
1053:
916:
906:
883:
795:
761:
687:, but were soon engaged by the army of Ivan Alexander's eldest son and heir
647:
187:
1004:
pointed to the south, Ivan Sratsimir took control of the important city of
2434:
1178:
1166:
1153:
1133:
1110:
1025:
633:
565:
541:
540:
countries such as Bulgaria, Byzantium and Serbia, there were a number of
497:
received the title of Emperor with the blessing of the Bulgarian Emperor
1036:. The later could not continue the siege and was forced to pull back to
1875:
1793:
1066:
972:
924:
920:
911:
894:
887:
799:
769:
765:
746:
692:
677:
673:
665:
612:
608:
447:
407:
183:
178:
74:
465:
While the two Empires were facing enormous internal difficulties, the
1881:
1869:
1162:
1137:
1098:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1029:
992:
928:
875:
871:
840:
was divided into several feudal states controlled by Serbian nobles.
754:
733:
661:
641:
590:
419:
1192:История на българската държава през средните векове, Част I, II изд.
1082:
736:
as a number of important fortresses and towns, such as Plovdiv and
398:
were fought between the kingdoms remaining from the disintegrating
1905:
1887:
1853:
1114:
1078:
1037:
1005:
954:
853:
684:
657:
595:
1181:. Probably at that time Ivan Sratsimir became an Ottoman vassal.
469:
took the favorable opportunity to expand its domain. During the
1935:
1725:
1641:
Laonicus Chalcocondylas. Historiarum demonstrationes. 1., p. 94
430:
The situation in the Balkans on the eve of the Ottoman invasion
228:
1032:
repulsed all the attacks of the superior Ottoman forces under
656:
Bulgaria anew, raiding Thrace, particularly the vicinities of
513:
inherited Vidin from his father Ivan Alexander in 1356, while
454:
ruled over the Vidin Province in the west, while in the east
1455:
Demetrius Cydones. Ad Romaeos deliberativa. - PGr, 104, p.981
2424:
2257:
2243:
1829:
De facto independent Bulgarian states from the Second Empire
1352:
1350:
1653:
La prise de Serres par les Turcs - Byz, 35, 1965, p. 302 sq
901:
and forcing young Ivan Shishman to pull back north of the
1529:
1527:
1161:, one of the strongest Bulgarian fortresses along the
732:
expansion. Between 1354 and 1364 the Turks conquered
1512:Иречек, К. История на българите, С., 1929, с. 244-245
473:
in 1320s and 1330s, the Serbs conquered most of the
1419:Дуйчев, Ив. Из старата българска книжнина. 2, с.267
572:
Military actions during the reign of Ivan Alexander
1551:Делчев, В. Миналото на Чепеларе. 1. С., 1928, с.15
959:The Ottoman advance after the battle of Chernomen.
434:From the 13th century, the two main Balkan powers
1494:Иречек, К. История на българите, С., 1929, с. 248
1428:Nicephorus Gregoras. Byzantina historia. 3, p.557
1374:Nicephorus Gregoras. Byzantina historia. 2, p.729
1332:Nicephorus Gregoras. Byzantina historia. 2, p.707
1323:Nicephorus Gregoras. Byzantina historia. 2, p.702
683:In 1355 the Ottomans launched a campaign towards
589:who soon became a fixture on the battlefields in
564:(traditionally considered closely related to the
1266:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 422–3.
1016:and was involved in the internal affairs of the
39:
1841:Despotate of Dobruja (Principality of Karvuna)
716:, the infant son of the new Byzantine Emperor
501:, although after his death in 1355, the large
1737:
1490:
1488:
1482:Ioannes Cantacuzenus. Historiarum... 3, p.362
1410:Ioannes Cantacuzenus. Historiarum... 3, p.279
1401:Ioannes Cantacuzenus. Historiarum... 3, p.278
1392:Ioannes Cantacuzenus. Historiarum... 3, p.250
1365:Ioannes Cantacuzenus. Historiarum... 2, p.530
1356:Ioannes Cantacuzenus. Historiarum... 2, p.427
240:
8:
1020:trying to put on its throne his son-in-law.
947:and Ivan Shishman who became their vassals.
931:in the southwest and soon encroached on the
893:Immediately after the battle, the armies of
813:came under the rule of the tsar's third son
2360:Architecture of the Tarnovo Artistic School
1383:Lemerle, P. L'emirat d'Aydin..., p.210, 217
1744:
1730:
1722:
806:, but that proved to be his last success.
544:possessions to the west and south held by
247:
233:
225:
36:
2537:Ottoman period in the history of Bulgaria
1085:, killing and enslaving many Bulgarians.
1041:defenders saw their captured leader they
897:embarked on another campaign overrunning
611:, the independent Bulgarian ruler of the
1769:
1614:Мутавчиев, П. Добруджа в миналото, c. 44
844:Battle of Chernomen and its consequences
646:
2365:Painting of the Tarnovo Artistic School
1671:Иречек, К. История на българите, с. 262
1217:
576:During the civil war in Byzantium both
168:
1060:seized several settlements along the
927:. After a bloody siege they captured
821:were the dominance of the eldest son
7:
1437:Jиречек, К. Историја срба. 1, с.305
95:Ottomans annex the Bulgarian Empire
2236:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
1064:but were later defeated and their
319:Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin
25:
1201:, Военно издателство, София 1984.
509:. In Bulgaria of the same period
2499:
2487:
2262:Tetraevangelia of Ivan Alexander
2125:Croatian–Bulgarian battle of 854
2033:
2028:
2023:
776:The last years of Ivan Alexander
458:established a quasi-independent
157:
131:
111:
45:
2310:Prominent writers and scholars:
1194:, Наука и изкуство, София 1970.
632:, in May 1345 the Turks led by
1587:Захариев, Ст. Цит. съч., с. 74
1560:Захариев, Ст. Цит. съч., с. 66
1204:Йордан Андреев, Милчо Лалков,
371:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
1:
2140:Battle of the Gates of Trajan
1287:A Concise History Of Bulgaria
1225:A Concise History Of Bulgaria
1117:defeated the Ottomans in the
971:Similarly, the population of
788:invaded northwestern Bulgaria
695:. The Turks prevailed in the
1569:Шишков, Ст. Цит. съч., с. 64
1662:Istoria României. 2, p. 253
1578:Шишков, Ст. Цит. съч., с. 6
1542:Синодник царя Борила, с. 89
1344:. Historiarum... 2, p.16-19
1128:passed through the eastern
870:, respectively the king of
257:Bulgarian–Ottoman conflicts
2553:
2226:Uprising of Asen and Peter
1197:Атанас Пейчев и колектив,
847:
29:
2482:
2395:Holy Forty Martyrs Church
2221:Uprising of Georgi Voyteh
1767:
1262:Fine, John V. A. (1994).
1206:Българските ханове и царе
727:on 20 December 1355, the
264:
210:
197:
143:
103:
55:
44:
2216:Uprising of Peter Delyan
2071:Bulgarian–Hungarian wars
2061:Byzantine–Bulgarian wars
1045:to the Ottomans (1382).
951:The fall of the Rhodopes
601:Battle of Boulgarophygon
507:a few independent states
2293:Preslav Literary School
2278:Early Cyrillic alphabet
2157:Second Bulgarian Empire
2110:Siege of Constantinople
2066:Croatian–Bulgarian wars
1968:Second Bulgarian Empire
1822:Second Bulgarian Empire
1761:Second Bulgarian Empire
1208:, Велико Търново, 1996.
1175:Principality of Karvuna
811:Second Bulgarian Empire
400:Second Bulgarian Empire
2532:14th-century conflicts
2527:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars
2460:Archbishopric of Ohrid
2430:
2333:Constantine of Preslav
2263:
2248:
2130:Battle of Southern Buh
2098:First Bulgarian Empire
2086:Bulgarian–Serbian wars
2081:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars
1919:First Bulgarian Empire
1816:First Bulgarian Empire
1757:First Bulgarian Empire
960:
859:
652:
651:Emperor Ivan Alexander
604:
471:civil war in Byzantium
396:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars
354:Kresna–Razlog uprising
271:Bulgarian–Ottoman wars
144:Commanders and leaders
40:Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars
18:Bulgarian-Ottoman Wars
2428:
2298:Ohrid Literary School
2261:
2247:
2174:Battle of Klokotnitsa
2150:Battle of Dyrrhachium
1199:1300 години на стража
1105:and the Bosnian King
958:
857:
703:Unsuccessful alliance
650:
599:
530:John VI Kantakouzenos
211:Casualties and losses
2354:Art and architecture
2268:Bulgarian literature
2189:Battle of Rusokastro
2169:Battle of Adrianople
2076:Bulgarian–Latin wars
1342:Ioannes Cantacuzenus
1190:Васил Н. Златарски,
1089:The campaign of 1388
1043:surrendered the city
743:Hoca Sadeddin Efendi
495:Stefan Uroš IV Dušan
460:Despotate of Dobruja
416:Despotate of Dobruja
2494:Bulgaria portal
2328:Chernorizets Hrabar
2288:Old Church Slavonic
2204:Battle of Nicopolis
2194:Battle of Chernomen
2115:Battle of Marcellae
1859:Great Boyar Council
1018:Empire of Trebizond
723:After the death of
670:Gallipoli peninsula
505:disintegrated into
414:until 1396 and the
339:Karposh's rebellion
2506:History portal
2455:Bulgarian Orthodox
2431:
2343:Evtimiy of Tarnovo
2264:
2249:
2231:Uprising of Ivaylo
2184:Battle of Velbazhd
2145:Battle of Kleidion
2135:Battle of Achelous
1864:Council of Preslav
1804:Old Great Bulgaria
985:Bachkovo Monastery
961:
874:and the despot of
860:
819:northwestern areas
718:John V Palaiologos
653:
605:
554:Kingdom of Hungary
526:John V Palaiologos
2514:
2513:
2477:
2476:
2273:Glagolitic script
2179:Battle of Skafida
2164:Battle of Tryavna
2017:Bulgarian economy
2012:Bulgarian coinage
1273:978-0-472-08260-5
1119:Battle of Pločnik
850:Battle of Maritsa
640:near his capital
638:Battle of Peritor
558:Kingdom of Bosnia
452:House of Shishman
391:
390:
382:Second Balkan War
223:
222:
99:
98:
16:(Redirected from
2544:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2450:Eastern Orthodox
2445:Christianisation
2372:Famous examples:
2348:Gregory Tsamblak
2323:Clement of Ohrid
2199:Siege of Tarnovo
2120:Battle of Pliska
2037:
2032:
2027:
1995:Michael Shishman
1913:Important rulers
1843:(1337/1346–1413)
1837:(1371–1396/1422)
1835:Tsardom of Vidin
1824:(1185–1396/1422)
1770:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1705:
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1522:
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1495:
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1471:
1465:
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1399:
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1357:
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1321:
1315:
1304:
1298:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1259:
1253:
1242:
1236:
1222:
1130:Balkan Mountains
903:Balkan Mountains
880:Lala Şahin Pasha
697:following battle
522:bloody civil war
487:Michail Shishman
412:Tsardom of Vidin
377:First Balkan War
362:Unified Bulgaria
310:Ottoman Bulgaria
259:
258:
249:
242:
235:
226:
192:Lala Şahin Pasha
170:
161:
136:
135:
124:Tsardom of Vidin
118:Bulgarian Empire
116:
115:
57:
56:
49:
37:
21:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2500:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2440:Slavic Paganism
2423:
2375:
2356:
2338:John the Exarch
2313:
2283:Cyrillic script
2256:
2241:
2212:
2210:Major uprisings
2105:Battle of Ongal
2094:
2057:
2022:
2008:
1915:
1850:
1812:
1790:
1763:
1750:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1651:Ostrogorsky, G.
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1595:
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1409:
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1400:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1243:
1239:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1187:
1091:
1001:
953:
899:Northern Thrace
852:
846:
778:
705:
574:
432:
392:
387:
386:
375:
294:
260:
256:
255:
253:
190:
186:
177:
173:
162:
152:
130:
110:
91:
85:Ottoman victory
77:
65:(51 years)
64:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2496:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2465:Roman Catholic
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2385:Great Basilica
2382:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2306:
2305:
2303:Royal charters
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2252:
2250:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2228:
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2208:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
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2176:
2171:
2166:
2153:
2152:
2147:
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2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2049:Bulgarian navy
2046:
2044:Bulgarian army
2039:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:Ivan Alexander
1997:
1992:
1990:Konstantin Tih
1987:
1982:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1848:Administration
1846:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1643:
1634:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1523:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1430:
1421:
1412:
1403:
1394:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1346:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1314:, pp. 423-425.
1299:
1279:
1272:
1254:
1252:, pp. 423-425.
1237:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1090:
1087:
1000:
997:
952:
949:
858:Sultan Murad I
848:Main article:
845:
842:
836:, and most of
823:Ivan Sratsimir
792:Ivan Sratsimir
782:Hungarian King
777:
774:
729:Serbian Empire
704:
701:
573:
570:
562:Bosnian Church
511:Ivan Sratsimir
503:Serbian Empire
499:Ivan Alexander
444:Constantinople
431:
428:
404:Ottoman Empire
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
373:
367:
366:
364:(20th century)
357:
356:
351:
346:
344:April Uprising
341:
336:
331:
329:Tarnovo (1686)
326:
324:Tarnovo (1598)
321:
315:
314:
304:
303:
301:Tarnovo (1393)
298:
292:
287:
282:
276:
275:
266:
265:
262:
261:
254:
252:
251:
244:
237:
229:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
181:
164:Ivan Sratsimir
150:Ivan Alexander
146:
145:
141:
140:
138:Ottoman Empire
128:
127:
126:
106:
105:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
73:
71:
67:
66:
61:
53:
52:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2549:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2497:
2495:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2429:Saint Theodor
2427:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Boyana Church
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:Major battles
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1914:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:Fall of Sofia
998:
996:
994:
990:
986:
980:
978:
974:
969:
967:
957:
950:
948:
946:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
886:in the lower
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
856:
851:
843:
841:
839:
835:
831:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:Ivan Shishman
812:
807:
805:
802:
801:
797:
793:
789:
786:
783:
775:
773:
771:
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
739:
735:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
711:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
649:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
623:
618:
614:
610:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
583:
582:Kantakouzenos
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
383:
380:
378:
374:
372:
369:
368:
365:
363:
359:
358:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
313:
311:
308:Uprisings in
306:
305:
302:
299:
297:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
274:
272:
268:
267:
263:
250:
245:
243:
238:
236:
231:
230:
227:
218:
215:
214:
209:
205:
202:
201:
196:
193:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
171:
165:
160:
155:
154:Ivan Shishman
151:
148:
147:
142:
139:
134:
129:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
94:
89:
88:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
62:
59:
58:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2420:
2390:Round Church
2380:Madara Rider
2371:
2370:
2369:
2353:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2253:
2240:
2209:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2080:
2054:
2021:
2005:
1985:Ivan Asen II
1967:
1966:
1965:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1847:
1828:
1827:
1809:
1787:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
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1547:
1538:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
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1361:
1337:
1328:
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1302:
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1198:
1191:
1171:
1151:
1123:
1092:
1075:
1065:
1047:
1022:
1002:
981:
970:
965:
962:
941:
933:Sofia Valley
910:
892:
861:
808:
798:
779:
759:
751:Stara Zagora
738:Stara Zagora
725:Stefan Dušan
722:
706:
689:Michael Asen
682:
654:
626:
606:
575:
534:
464:
433:
395:
393:
360:
307:
270:
269:
109:
104:Belligerents
1975:Ivan Asen I
1908:(1393–1396)
1902:(1393–1396)
1896:(1185–1393)
1854:Aristocracy
1799:South Slavs
989:Vacha River
937:Kera Tamara
804:Vladislav I
622:Mosynopolis
578:Palaiologos
556:as well as
312:(1396–1878)
273:(1345–1396)
90:Territorial
63:1345 – 1396
32:Balkan Wars
2521:Categories
2470:Bogomilism
2318:Saint Naum
2254:Literature
1890:(992–1018)
1868:Capitals:
1818:(681–1018)
1312:0472082604
1295:0521616379
1250:0472082604
1233:0521616379
1185:References
1167:Dorostolon
1056:, and the
1034:Lala Şahin
977:Asenovgrad
830:Dobrotitsa
796:Wallachian
714:Andronikos
712:, married
587:Asia Minor
518:Dobrotitsa
481:populated
424:Aegean Sea
402:, and the
334:Chiprovtsi
175:Dobrotitsa
2410:Baba Vida
2405:Tsarevets
2055:Conflicts
1900:Nicopolis
1884:(972–992)
1878:(893–972)
1872:(681–893)
1776:Military
1213:Footnotes
1159:Nicopolis
1126:Ali Pasha
1054:Wallachia
917:Kostenets
907:Timurtash
884:Chernomen
838:Macedonia
770:Anchialos
766:Mesembria
764:ports of
762:Black Sea
708:Emperor,
691:close to
607:In 1344,
483:Macedonia
479:Aromanian
475:Bulgarian
436:Byzantium
349:Razlovtsi
290:Chernomen
188:Bayezid I
2435:Tengrism
2421:Religion
1951:Simeon I
1926:Asparukh
1779:Culture
1297:, p. 28.
1235:, p. 28.
1179:Kaliakra
1154:Tutrakan
1111:Bosnians
1107:Tvrtko I
1026:Zlatitsa
912:voivodes
864:Vukashin
680:rivers.
634:Umur Beg
630:Rhodopes
566:Bogomils
552:and the
542:Catholic
538:Orthodox
524:between
491:Velbazhd
440:Bulgaria
198:Strength
70:Location
2415:Cherven
2006:Economy
1980:Kaloyan
1956:Peter I
1946:Boris I
1941:Omurtag
1894:Tarnovo
1876:Preslav
1794:Bulgars
1755:on the
1101:Prince
1099:Serbian
1083:Naissus
1067:voivoda
973:Tsepina
966:voivoda
925:Samokov
921:Ihtiman
895:Murad I
888:Maritsa
868:Uglesha
834:Dobruja
800:voivode
785:Louis I
747:Plovdiv
710:Keratsa
693:Ihtiman
678:Tundzha
674:Maritsa
666:Plovdiv
613:Rhodope
609:Momchil
448:Tarnovo
422:to the
408:Tarnovo
285:Samokov
280:Ihtiman
206:Unknown
203:Unknown
184:Murad I
179:Momchil
166: (
92:changes
75:Balkans
1961:Samuel
1931:Tervel
1882:Skopje
1870:Pliska
1810:States
1788:Origin
1773:State
1753:Topics
1310:
1293:
1270:
1248:
1231:
1163:Danube
1142:Madara
1138:Shumen
1097:. The
1095:Bosnia
1062:Danube
1058:Vlachs
1050:Serres
1030:Yanuka
1014:Genova
1010:Despot
993:Ardino
929:Bitola
923:, and
872:Prilep
827:despot
817:; the
755:Sliven
753:, and
734:Thrace
664:, and
662:Yambol
642:Xanthi
617:Aegean
591:Thrace
560:whose
546:Venice
515:despot
420:Danube
156:
82:Result
1906:Vidin
1888:Ohrid
1147:Varna
1134:Ovech
1115:Serbs
1103:Lazar
1079:Pirot
1071:Dan I
1038:Odrin
1006:Sofia
945:Marko
832:held
685:Sofia
658:Aitos
603:,896.
550:Genoa
467:Serbs
456:Balik
296:Sofia
219:Heavy
216:Heavy
1936:Krum
1759:and
1308:ISBN
1291:ISBN
1268:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1113:and
1081:and
866:and
768:and
676:and
615:and
580:and
528:and
477:and
446:and
438:and
394:The
60:Date
1152:In
876:Ser
489:at
169:POW
2523::
1526:^
1487:^
1349:^
1177:,
1140:,
1136:,
1121:.
919:,
825:,
749:,
660:,
624:.
548:,
532:.
462:.
426:.
1745:e
1738:t
1731:v
1276:.
248:e
241:t
234:v
172:)
34:.
20:)
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