697:, which was a Southeast Slavic language. The adoption of Church Slavonic morphology and vocabulary was used to enrich other Slavic languages. It is especially pronounced in Russian, which today consists of mixed native and Church Slavonic (South Slavic) vocabulary, analogically to the Romance vocabulary of English, but in Russian the Church Slavonisms are not perceived as foreign due to their Slavic roots. An estimated 55% of
22:
1171:
The relative weight of inherited Proto-Slavonic material can be estimated from
Nikolova (1987) – a study of a 100,000-word corpus of conversational Bulgarian. Of the 806 items occurring there more than ten times, approximately 50 per cent may be direct reflexes of Proto Slavonic forms, nearly 30 per
345:
is the only language that has significantly influenced
Bulgarian since the 1950s. The share of English borrowings at present is much larger than the 2% in the 1960s and most likely lies between 10% and 15% of all borrowings. The impact of English is particularly strong in technology, sports, dress,
170:
Around three-quarters of the vocabulary in the standard academic dictionaries of
Bulgarian consist of native lexical items. Some 2,000 of these items are directly inherited from proto-Slavonic through Old and Middle Bulgarian. These include much of the most common and basic vocabulary of the
692:
Most Slavic languages demonstrate a higher degree of shared vocabulary with one another than
English does with the Germanic family due to the number of Romance loans in English on the one hand, and on the other hand due to the influences on Slavic languages of Russian or
307:“grammar”). Loanwords from Latin were adopted mainly in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries,, and the vast majority of them are international terms in the areas of politics, civil administration, medicine, law, etc. (for example,
246:
As of the beginning of the 1960s, loanwords amounted to some 25% of the vocabulary of the standard dictionary of
Bulgarian. The most frequent source of loanwords in recent centuries has been Russian. Two other important sources of borrowing were
330:“drawer”). The remainder consists of colloquial or slightly vulgar terms which occur particularly often in expressive speech and frequently have a humoristic or even pejorative nuance. They generally have neutral native synonyms (cf
338:
from common Slavic, both meaning “wits, intelligence”). There is a fluent transition between this group and a large amount of more or less obsolete words that only occur in archaic or dialectal speech.
709:, while 70% of Church Slavonic words are common to all Slavic languages. Some authors argue that the Southeast Slavic language Church Slavonic is the "passkey" to the Russian nation and language.
322:
rule (1422–1878) and are divided into two stylistic layers. The first one is neutral and is represented by a corpus of some 800 words, mostly items of clothing, foods and household items (
299:“patriarch”) as a product of the influence of the liturgical language of the Orthodox Church. During the period of Ottoman rule, Bulgarian adopted from Greek both common lexical material (
311:“administration”). Borrowings from French cover a similar time span and are concentrated in the areas of social and political life, military affairs, cooking, the arts, etc. (
187:“two”). The number of words derived from the direct reflexes of proto-Slavonic is more than 20 times greater, accounting for more than 40,000 entries (for example,
1257:
218:, only a handful of Bulgar words has survived in Modern Bulgarian. Words which are considered to be almost certainly of Bulgar origin are, for example:
429:) – Super; (from Latin, colloquial; note – "super" remains the same regardless of quantity or gender, although an even more colloquial adjective
271:) totalled around 14%, whereas loanwords from Russian accounted for 10% of the borrowings. Lesser but still significant influence was exerted by
39:
1290:
1224:
1194:
1164:
1137:
105:
86:
1316:
1250:
58:
43:
65:
291:
Loanwords from Greek were the first to enter the lexis of
Bulgarian, as early as the time of Old Bulgarian, (for example,
1411:
255:, each accounting for around a quarter of all borrowings, more specifically, Latin (around 26%) and Greek (around 23%).
1416:
1243:
72:
1311:
54:
1284:
702:
260:
155:
362:
Some very frequent expressions have been borrowed from other languages. Most of them are somewhat informal.
32:
1280:
706:
215:
131:
1357:
493:
1390:
1364:
318:
Loanwords from
Turkish (and through Turkish from Arabic and Persian) are a legacy of the period of
235:
120:
79:
1374:
1347:
1306:
1266:
1092:
180:
172:
126:
1184:
1337:
1321:
1220:
1190:
1160:
1154:
1133:
1214:
698:
342:
280:
272:
268:
147:
139:
1352:
1342:
694:
276:
264:
256:
199:
143:
202:
has otherwise left only slight traces in Modern
Bulgarian. Apart from a small corpus of
319:
252:
151:
1405:
203:
21:
234:“castle”. Some of these words even spread to other Slavic languages through
1172:
cent are later
Bulgarian formations and 17 per cent are foreign borrowings
135:
259:
vocabulary contribution to the
Bulgarian language totals around 15% and
1235:
159:
214:“Krum”) and military and administrative titles from the time of the
248:
1239:
1153:
Corbett, Professor Greville; Comrie, Professor Bernard (2003).
1128:
Corbett, Professor Greville; Comrie, Professor Bernard (2003).
701:, incl. vocabulary, syntactic features, etc. goes back to the
15:
383:(although this word is probably even more common than native
303:“a thousand”) and international vocabulary of Greek origin (
1186:
Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages. Halbband 2
389:, it is inappropriate in very official or solemn contexts)
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
461:(unlike the above, this word is stylistically neutral).
450:
436:
424:
398:
372:
1383:
1330:
1299:
1273:
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
444:
430:
418:
410:
392:
384:
366:
134:language, consists of native words, as well as
1251:
1208:
1206:
404:
8:
1189:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. 2014.
456:
378:
1216:Religion and Language in Post-Soviet Russia
415:, this word is more common than the native)
1258:
1244:
1236:
550:Foreign borrowings in Bulgarian (1955-59)
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1005:говоря, думам, приказвам, казвам, сборя
898:
711:
479:Bulgarian lexis according to word origin
1103:
688:Comparison with other Slavic languages
346:the arts, music and popular culture:
7:
455:) – Hello on the phone; from French
409:(the informal counterpart of native
44:adding citations to reliable sources
171:language, for example body parts (
14:
1291:History of the Bulgarian language
20:
31:needs additional citations for
1312:Romanization (Transliteration)
1:
179:“hand”) or cardinal numbers (
451:
437:
425:
399:
377:) – Thank you; from French
373:
1433:
1213:Bennett, Brian P. (2011).
1159:. Routledge. p. 239.
1132:. Routledge. p. 240.
971:вршим, радим/vršim, radim
674:
666:
661:
653:
648:
640:
635:
627:
622:
614:
609:
601:
596:
588:
583:
575:
570:
562:
558:
554:
549:
528:
520:
515:
507:
502:
491:
487:
483:
478:
445:
431:
419:
411:
393:
385:
367:
146:, and to a lesser extent
951:желим, хоћу/želim, hoću
703:Church Slavonic language
602:Turkish, Arabic, Persian
492:directly inherited from
441:) does decline as usual)
864:млеко, млијеко/mlijeko
1281:Old Bulgarian language
1156:The Slavonic Languages
1130:The Slavonic Languages
758:картоф/компир/барабой
457:
405:
403:) – Bye; from Italian
379:
287:Character of borrowing
216:First Bulgarian Empire
55:"Bulgarian vocabulary"
350:“corner” (football),
242:Patterns of borrowing
162:and other languages.
166:Native lexical items
40:improve this article
1412:Lexis (linguistics)
901:
824:кућа/kuća, дом/dom
804:пас/pas, куче/kuče
770:ziemniak, kartofel
714:
236:Old Church Slavonic
1417:Bulgarian language
1307:Bulgarian alphabet
1267:Bulgarian language
1093:Bulgarian language
1008:зборувам, говорам
899:
853:table (furniture)
712:
521:foreign borrowings
1399:
1398:
1322:Bulgarian Braille
1084:
1083:
945:искам, желая, ща
897:
896:
778:котка/маца/мачка
685:
684:
679:
678:
539:
538:
533:
532:
195:“double-place”).
116:
115:
108:
90:
1424:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1125:
1031:налазим/nalazim
1011:говорим/govorim
902:
884:столица/stolica
764:кромпир/krumpir
715:
547:
546:
541:
540:
508:later formations
476:
475:
470:
469:
460:
454:
448:
447:
440:
434:
433:
428:
422:
421:
414:
413:
408:
402:
396:
395:
388:
387:
382:
376:
370:
369:
334:from Turkish vs
279:(around 4%) and
111:
104:
100:
97:
91:
89:
48:
24:
16:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1379:
1326:
1295:
1285:Church Slavonic
1269:
1264:
1234:
1227:
1212:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1167:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1127:
1126:
1105:
1101:
1089:
911:Serbо-Croatian
724:Serbо-Croatian
695:Church Slavonic
690:
681:
680:
672:
659:
646:
633:
620:
607:
594:
581:
568:
535:
534:
526:
513:
500:
468:
360:
289:
261:Ottoman Turkish
244:
200:Bulgar language
168:
156:Ottoman Turkish
112:
101:
95:
92:
49:
47:
37:
25:
12:
11:
5:
1430:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
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1355:
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1345:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
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1293:
1288:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1202:
1195:
1176:
1165:
1145:
1138:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
968:правам, вршам
966:
962:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
942:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
895:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
875:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
855:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
835:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
815:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
775:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
735:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
689:
686:
683:
682:
677:
676:
673:
670:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
655:
651:
650:
647:
644:
642:
638:
637:
634:
631:
629:
625:
624:
621:
618:
616:
612:
611:
608:
605:
603:
599:
598:
595:
592:
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586:
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582:
579:
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572:
569:
566:
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560:
559:
557:
555:
552:
551:
545:
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537:
536:
531:
530:
527:
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518:
517:
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498:
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489:
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474:
473:
467:
464:
463:
462:
442:
416:
390:
359:
356:
288:
285:
243:
240:
206:(for example,
167:
164:
114:
113:
28:
26:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1429:
1418:
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1392:
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1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1228:
1226:9781136736131
1222:
1219:. Routledge.
1218:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:9783110215472
1192:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1166:9781136861444
1162:
1158:
1157:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1139:9781136861444
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1048:јадам, ручам
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
965:правя, върша
964:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
943:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
903:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
856:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
836:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
816:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
796:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
776:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
716:
710:
708:
707:Old Bulgarian
704:
700:
696:
687:
669:
665:
656:
652:
643:
639:
630:
626:
617:
613:
604:
600:
591:
587:
578:
574:
565:
561:
556:
553:
548:
543:
542:
523:
519:
510:
506:
497:
495:
490:
485:
482:
477:
472:
471:
465:
459:
453:
443:
439:
427:
417:
407:
401:
391:
381:
375:
365:
364:
363:
357:
355:
353:
349:
344:
340:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
309:администрация
306:
302:
298:
294:
286:
284:
283:(around 2%).
282:
278:
275:(around 4%),
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
241:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:
123:
122:
110:
107:
99:
96:December 2009
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57: –
56:
52:
51:Find sources:
45:
41:
35:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
1369:
1331:Major topics
1215:
1185:
1179:
1170:
1155:
1148:
1129:
1071:пијем/pijem
1051:једем/jedem
991:ходам/hodam
988:одам, врвам
985:ходя, вървя
954:хочу, желаю
858:мляко/млеко
833:house, home
807:собака, пёс
784:мачка/mačka
691:
494:Proto-Slavic
361:
351:
347:
341:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
315:“buffet”).
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
290:
263:(along with
245:
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
207:
204:proper names
197:
192:
188:
184:
176:
169:
132:South Slavic
125:
119:
117:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1358:conjugation
908:Macedonian
721:Macedonian
705:, known as
1406:Categories
1391:Literature
1384:Literature
1370:Vocabulary
1099:References
931:имам/imam
905:Bulgarian
821:куќа, дом
818:къща, дом
801:куче, пес
798:куче, пес
767:картофель
744:дрво/drvo
718:Bulgarian
466:Statistics
295:“icon” or
222:“kidney”,
191:“manual”;
136:borrowings
66:newspapers
1365:Phonology
1037:znajduję
844:сто/stol
412:Довиждане
386:Благодаря
305:граматика
226:“pearl”,
210:“Boris”;
193:двуместен
173:Bulgarian
127:Bulgarian
1375:Dialects
1348:pronouns
1300:Alphabet
1087:See also
1080:I drink
1025:намирам
920:English
914:Russian
890:krzesło
733:English
727:Russian
438:súperski
432:суперски
358:Examples
354:“punk”.
328:чекмедже
326:“sock”;
297:патриарх
230:“idol”,
198:The old
1338:Grammar
1317:Reforms
1274:History
1040:I find
1034:нахожу
1028:наоѓам
1020:I talk
1014:говорю
1000:I walk
997:chodzę
960:I want
940:I have
917:Polish
867:молоко
773:potato
761:компир
750:drzewo
747:дерево
730:Polish
699:Russian
671:
658:
654:English
645:
632:
628:Italian
619:
615:Russian
606:
593:
580:
567:
525:
512:
499:
343:English
320:Ottoman
281:English
273:Italian
269:Persian
148:English
140:Russian
80:scholar
1223:
1193:
1163:
1136:
1068:пијам
1060:I eat
1017:mówię
977:robię
974:делаю
948:сакам
900:Verbs
893:chair
870:mleko
861:млеко
787:кошка
781:мачка
738:дърво
713:Nouns
641:German
589:French
348:корнер
301:хиляда
277:German
265:Arabic
257:French
232:чертог
220:бъбрек
160:Arabic
144:French
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1353:verbs
1343:nouns
1077:piję
994:хожу
980:I do
957:chcę
934:имею
928:имам
925:имам
887:стул
881:стол
878:стол
873:milk
850:stół
847:стол
841:маса
838:маса
810:pies
753:tree
741:дрво
667:other
576:Greek
563:Latin
426:súper
420:Супер
380:merci
374:mersí
368:Мерси
324:чорап
313:бюфет
293:икона
253:Greek
249:Latin
228:кумир
224:бисер
208:Борис
189:ръчен
181:Bulg.
152:Greek
138:from
121:lexis
87:JSTOR
73:books
1221:ISBN
1191:ISBN
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458:allô
406:ciao
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352:пънк
332:акъл
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571:26%
529:17%
516:30%
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452:álo
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185:две
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