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studies have yielded a wide range of results: between 0.1% and 1.4% of males, and between 0.3% and 9.4% of females. Studies on time trends in the prevalence of bulimia nervosa have also yielded inconsistent results. According to Gelder, Mayou and Geddes (2005) bulimia nervosa is prevalent between 1 and 2 percent of women aged 15–40 years. Bulimia nervosa occurs more frequently in developed countries and in cities, with one study finding that bulimia is five times more prevalent in cities than in rural areas. There is a perception that bulimia is most prevalent amongst girls from middle-class families; however, in a 2009 study girls from families in the lowest income bracket studied were 153 percent more likely to be bulimic than girls from the highest income bracket. According to a study conducted in 2022 by Silen et al., which conglomerated statistics using various methods such as SCID, MRFS, EDE, SSAGA, and EDDI, the US, Finland, Australia, and the
Netherlands had an estimated 2.1%, 2.4%, 1.0%, and 0.8% prevalence of bulimia nervosa among females under 30 years of age. This demonstrates the prevalence of bulimia nervosa in developed, Western, first-world countries, indicating an urgency in treating adolescent women. Additionally, these statistics may be misrepresentative of the true population affected with bulimia nervosa due to potential underreporting bias.
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fashion magazines tend to have more bulimic symptoms than those women who do not. This further demonstrates the impact of media on the likelihood of developing the disorder. Individuals first accept and "buy into" the ideals, and then attempt to transform themselves in order to reflect the societal ideals of attractiveness. J. Kevin
Thompson and Eric Stice claim that family, peers, and most evidently media reinforce the thin ideal, which may lead to an individual accepting and "buying into" the thin ideal. In turn, Thompson and Stice assert that if the thin ideal is accepted, one could begin to feel uncomfortable with their body shape or size since it may not necessarily reflect the thin ideal set out by society. Thus, people feeling uncomfortable with their bodies may result in body dissatisfaction and may develop a certain drive for thinness. Consequently, body dissatisfaction coupled with a drive for thinness is thought to promote dieting and negative effects, which could eventually lead to bulimic symptoms such as purging or bingeing. Binges lead to self-disgust which causes purging to prevent weight gain.
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programs) dedicated to teaching young women how to be more critical when it comes to media, to reduce thin-ideal internalization. The results showed that by creating more awareness of the media's control of the societal ideal of attractiveness, the thin ideal internalization significantly dropped. In other words, less thin ideal images portrayed by the media resulted in less thin-ideal internalization. Therefore, Thompson and Stice concluded that media greatly affected the thin ideal internalization. Papies showed that it is not the thin ideal itself, but rather the self-association with other persons of a certain weight that decide how someone with bulimia nervosa feels. People that associate themselves with thin models get in a positive attitude when they see thin models and people that associate with overweight get in a negative attitude when they see thin models. Moreover, it can be taught to associate with thinner people.
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might be more helpful to younger adolescents who need more support and guidance from their families. Adolescents are at the stage where their brains are still quite malleable and developing gradually. Therefore, young adolescents with BN are less likely to realize the detrimental consequences of becoming bulimic and have less motivation to change, which is why FBT would be useful to have families intervene and support the teens. Working with BN patients and their families in FBT can empower the families by having them involved in their adolescent's food choices and behaviors, taking more control of the situation in the beginning and gradually letting the adolescent become more autonomous when they have learned healthier eating habits.
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Another study in the
Journal of Affective Disorders found that of the population of patients that were diagnosed with an eating disorder according to the DSM-V guidelines about 27% also suffered from bipolar disorder. Within this article, the majority of the patients were diagnosed with bulimia nervosa, the second most common condition reported was binge-eating disorder. Some individuals with anorexia nervosa exhibit episodes of bulimic tendencies through purging (either through self-induced vomiting or laxatives) as a way to quickly remove food in their system. There may be an increased risk for
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consumption) compensated for by excessive or inappropriate measures taken to avoid gaining weight. The diagnosis also requires the episodes of compensatory behaviors and binge eating to happen a minimum of once a week for a consistent time period of 3 months. The diagnosis is made only when the behavior is not a part of the symptom complex of anorexia nervosa and when the behavior reflects an overemphasis on physical mass or appearance. Purging often is a common characteristic of a more severe case of bulimia nervosa.
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description of bulimia nervosa. In 1939, Rahman and
Richardson reported that out of their six anorexic patients, one had periods of overeating, and another practiced self-induced vomiting. Wulff, in 1932, treated "Patient D", who would have periods of intense cravings for food and overeat for weeks, which often resulted in frequent vomiting. Patient D, who grew up with a tyrannical father, was repulsed by her weight and would fast for a few days, rapidly losing weight.
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symptom free. He states in order for the therapy to work, all parties must work together to discuss, record and develop coping strategies. Barker (2003) claims by making people aware of their actions they will think of alternatives. People undergoing CBT who exhibit early behavioral changes are most likely to achieve the best treatment outcomes in the long run. Researchers have also reported some positive outcomes for interpersonal psychotherapy and
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1344:. It is unclear whether this purging was preceded by binging. In ancient Egypt, physicians recommended purging once a month for three days to preserve health. This practice stemmed from the belief that human diseases were caused by the food itself. In ancient Rome, elite society members would vomit to "make room" in their stomachs for more food at all-day banquets. Emperors
371:
864:.'s model and more generally the cognitive explanation of bulimia nervosa is more descriptive than explanatory, as it does not necessarily explain how bulimia arises. Furthermore, it is difficult to ascertain cause and effect, because it may be that distorted eating leads to distorted cognition rather than vice versa.
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After its appearance in the DSM-III, there was a sudden rise in the documented incidents of bulimia nervosa. In the early 1980s, incidents of the disorder rose to about 40 in every 100,000 people. This decreased to about 27 in every 100,000 people at the end of the 1980s/early 1990s. However, bulimia
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The use of CBT has been shown to be quite effective for treating bulimia nervosa (BN) in adults, but little research has been done on effective treatments of BN for adolescents. Although CBT is seen as more cost-efficient and helps individuals with BN in self-guided care, Family Based
Treatment (FBT)
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By using CBT people record how much food they eat and periods of vomiting with the purpose of identifying and avoiding emotional fluctuations that bring on episodes of bulimia on a regular basis. Barker (2003) states that research has found 40–60% of people using cognitive behaviour therapy to become
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argue that extreme concern with weight and shape coupled with low self-esteem will result in strict, rigid, and inflexible dietary rules. Accordingly, this would lead to unrealistically restricted eating, which may consequently induce an eventual "slip" where the individual commits a minor infraction
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Bulimia typically involves rapid and out-of-control eating, which may stop when the person is interrupted by another person or the stomach hurts from over-extension, followed by self-induced vomiting or other forms of purging. This cycle may be repeated several times a week or, in more serious cases,
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of 0.5 percent and 0.9 percent for adults and adolescents, respectively, is estimated among the United States population. Bulimia nervosa may affect up to 1% of young women and, after 10 years of diagnosis, half will recover fully, a third will recover partially, and 10–20% will still have symptoms.
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A study dedicated to investigating the thin ideal internalization as a factor of bulimia nervosa is
Thompson's and Stice's research. Their study aimed to investigate how and to what degree media affects the thin ideal internalization. Thompson and Stice used randomized experiments (more specifically
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in 1958, was teased by friends for being fat and excessively took thyroid pills to lose weight, later using laxatives and vomiting. She reportedly consumed dozens of oranges and several pounds of tomatoes each day, yet would skip meals. After being admitted to a psychiatric facility for depression,
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from 1917 to 1929 were compiled. Fifty-five to sixty-five percent of these patients were reported to be voluntarily vomiting to relieve weight anxiety. Records show that purging for weight control continued throughout the mid-1900s. Several case studies from this era reveal patients with the modern
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When exploring the etiology of bulimia through a socio-cultural perspective, the "thin ideal internalization" is significantly responsible. The thin-ideal internalization is the extent to which individuals adapt to the societal ideals of attractiveness. Studies have shown that young women that read
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s cognitive-behavioral model of bulimia nervosa in that the drive for thinness was the major cause of purging as a way of controlling weight. In turn, Byrne and Mclean argued that this makes the individual vulnerable to binging, indicating that it is not a binge-purge cycle but rather a purge-binge
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Media portrayals of an 'ideal' body shape are widely considered to be a contributing factor to bulimia. In a 1991 study by
Weltzin, Hsu, Pollicle, and Kaye, it was stated that 19% of bulimics undereat, 37% of bulimics eat an average or normal amount of food, and 44% of bulimics overeat. A survey of
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People with bulimia are at a higher risk to have an affective disorder, such as depression or general anxiety disorder. One study found 70% had depression at some time in their lives (as opposed to 26% for adult females in the general population), rising to 88% for all affective disorders combined.
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referenced practices of "bulimia", yet scholars believe that this simply referred to overeating without the purging or the psychological implications bulimia nervosa. In fact, a search for evidence of bulimia nervosa from the 17th to late 19th century revealed that only a quarter of the overeating
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was revised, which resulted in the loosening of criteria regarding the diagnoses of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. The diagnostic criteria utilized by the DSM-5 includes repetitive episodes of binge eating (a discrete episode of overeating during which the individual feels out of control of
859:
s cognitive-behavioral model of bulimia nervosa is not necessarily applicable to every individual and is certainly reductionist. Every one differs from another, and taking such a complex behavior like bulimia and applying the same one theory to everyone would certainly be invalid. In addition, the
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Being female and having bulimia nervosa takes a toll on mental health. Women frequently reported an onset of anxiety at the same time of the onset of bulimia nervosa. The approximate female-to-male ratio of diagnosis is 10:1. In addition to cognitive, genetic, and environmental factors, childhood
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and eating disorders—particularly bulimia nervosa and bipolar II disorder—are related." The research shows that most clinical studies indicate that patients with bipolar disorder have higher rates of eating disorders, and vice versa. There is overlap in phenomenology, course, comorbidity, family
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or fasting, as well as excessive concern with body shape and weight. This activity aims to expel the body of calories eaten from the binging phase of the process. Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time. Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food
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first published a description of bulimia nervosa, in which he studied patients with a "morbid fear of becoming fat" who overate and purged afterward. He specified treatment options and indicated the seriousness of the disease, which can be accompanied by depression and suicide. In 1980, bulimia
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Globally, bulimia was estimated to affect 3.6 million people in 2015. About 1% of young women have bulimia at a given point in time and about 2% to 3% of women have the condition at some point in their lives. The condition is less common in the developing world. Bulimia is about nine times more
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The first use of hypnotherapy in
Bulimic patients was in 1981. When it comes to hypnotherapy, Bulimic patients are easier to hypnotize than Anorexia Nervosa patients. In Bulimic patients, hypnotherapy focuses on learning self-control when it comes to binging and vomiting, strengthening stimulus
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There is little data on the percentage of people with bulimia in general populations. Most studies conducted thus far have been on convenience samples from hospital patients, high school or university students; research on bulimia nervosa among ethnic minorities has also been limited. Existing
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may also be effective against bulimia. Topiramate may also be useful but has greater side effects. Compared to placebo, the use of a single antidepressant has been shown to be effective. Combining medication with counseling can improve outcomes in some circumstances. Some positive outcomes of
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An explanation for the increased instances of bulimic symptoms may be due to the 20th century's new ideals of thinness. The shame of being fat emerged in the 1940s when teasing remarks about weight became more common. The 1950s, however, truly introduced the trend of aspiration for thinness.
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treatments can include: abstinence from binge eating, a decrease in obsessive behaviors to lose weight and in shape preoccupation, less severe psychiatric symptoms, a desire to counter the effects of binge eating, as well as an improvement in social functioning and reduced relapse rates.
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classes may have a modest benefit. While outcomes with bulimia are typically better than in those with anorexia, the risk of death among those affected is higher than that of the general population. At 10 years after receiving treatment about 50% of people are fully recovered.
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The onset of bulimia nervosa is often during adolescence, between 13 and 20 years of age, and many cases have previously experienced obesity, with many relapsing in adulthood into episodic bingeing and purging even after initially successful treatment and remission. A lifetime
814:, found the self-reported incidence of purging rose from 0% in 1995 (a few weeks after the introduction of television in the province) to 11.3% in 1998. In addition, the suicide rate among people with bulimia nervosa is 7.5 times higher than in the general population.
2602:
McElroy, Susan L.; Crow, Scott; Blom, Thomas J.; Biernacka, Joanna M.; Winham, Stacey J.; Geske, Jennifer; Cuellar-Barboza, Alfredo B.; Bobo, William V.; Prieto, Miguel L.; Veldic, Marin; Mori, Nicole; Seymour, Lisa R.; Bond, David J.; Frye, Mark A. (February 2016).
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states. Regarding interoceptive sensation, hyposensitive individuals may not detect normal feelings of fullness at the appropriate time while eating, and are prone to eating more calories in a short period of time as a result of this decreased sensitivity.
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At the turn of the century, bulimia (overeating) was described as a clinical symptom, but rarely in the context of weight control. Purging, however, was seen in anorexic patients and attributed to gastric pain rather than another method of weight control.
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Tortorella A, Brambilla F, Fabrazzo M, Volpe U, Monteleone AM, Mastromo D, Monteleone P (September 2014). "Central and peripheral peptides regulating eating behaviour and energy homeostasis in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: a literature review".
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Ellen ate ravenously yet lost weight, presumably due to self-induced vomiting. However, while these patients may have met modern criteria for bulimia nervosa, they cannot technically be diagnosed with the disorder, as it had not yet appeared in the
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A considerable amount of literature has identified a correlation between sexual abuse and the development of bulimia nervosa. The reported incident rate of unwanted sexual contact is higher among those with bulimia nervosa than anorexia nervosa.
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Although diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa did not appear until 1979, evidence suggests that binging and purging were popular in certain ancient cultures. The first documented account of behavior resembling bulimia nervosa was recorded in
910:, because bulimics tend to be of average or slightly above average weight. Many bulimics may also engage in significantly disordered eating and exercise patterns without meeting the full diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa. Recently, the
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have a dysregulation of appetite, along with carbohydrates and fats. This dysregulation of appetite is also seen in women with bulimia nervosa. In addition, gene knockout studies in mice have shown that mice that have the gene encoding
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In 1991, Kendler et al. documented the cumulative risk for bulimia nervosa for those born before 1950, from 1950 to 1959, and after 1959. The risk for those born after 1959 is much higher than those in either of the other cohorts.
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and compulsivity issues in eating compared to their peers. This means that the high expectations and unrealistic goals that these individuals set for themselves are internally motivated rather than by social views or expectations.
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Bulimia has been compared to drug addiction, though the empirical support for this characterization is limited. However, people with bulimia nervosa may share dopamine D2 receptor-related vulnerabilities with those with
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955:(CBT), which involves teaching a person to challenge automatic thoughts and engage in behavioral experiments (for example, in session eating of "forbidden foods") has a small amount of evidence supporting its use.
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s cognitive-behavioral model is often considered the golden standard. Fairburn et al.'s model discusses the process in which an individual falls into the binge-purge cycle and thus develops bulimia. Fairburn
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Bulimia is more common among those who have a close relative with the condition. The percentage risk that is estimated to be due to genetics is between 30% and 80%. Other risk factors for the disease include
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history, and pharmacologic treatment response of these disorders. This is especially true of "eating dysregulation, mood dysregulation, impulsivity and compulsivity, craving for activity and/or exercise."
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Wagner, Angela; Greer, Phil; Bailer, Ursula F.; Frank, Guido K.; Henry, Shannan E.; Putnam, Karen; Meltzer, Carolyn C.; Ziolko, Scott K.; Hoge, Jessica; McConaha, Claire; Kaye, Walter H. (2006-02-01).
1947:
Wagner, Angela; Greer, Phil; Bailer, Ursula F.; Frank, Guido K.; Henry, Shannan E.; Putnam, Karen; Meltzer, Carolyn C.; Ziolko, Scott K.; Hoge, Jessica; McConaha, Claire; Kaye, Walter H. (2006-02-01).
686:. This can be caused by a childhood in which inner feelings and thoughts were minimized by parents, leading to "a high focus on receiving validation from others to maintain a positive sense of self".
2090:
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Castro-Fornieles J, Bigorra A, Martinez-Mallen E, Gonzalez L, Moreno E, Font E, Toro J (2011). "Motivation to change in adolescents with bulimia nervosa mediates clinical change after treatment".
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Abnormal blood levels of peptides important for the regulation of appetite and energy balance are observed in individuals with bulimia nervosa, but it remains unknown if this is a state or trait.
1862:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
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thinking leads the individual to binge. The binge subsequently should trigger a perceived loss of control, promoting the individual to purge in hope of counteracting the binge. However, Fairburn
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Sivanathan D, Bizumic B, Rieger E, Huxley E (December 2019). "Vulnerable narcissism as a mediator of the relationship between perceived parental invalidation and eating disorder pathology".
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Agras WS, Crow SJ, Halmi KA, Mitchell JE, Wilson GT, Kraemer HC (August 2000). "Outcome predictors for the cognitive behavior treatment of bulimia nervosa: data from a multisite study".
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As with many psychiatric illnesses, delusions can occur, in conjunction with other signs and symptoms, leaving the person with a false belief that is not ordinarily accepted by others.
1095:; however, a more recent study showed that African-American teenage girls were 50 percent more likely than white girls to exhibit bulimic behavior, including both binging and purging.
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Dieting, a common behaviour in bulimics, is associated with lower plasma tryptophan levels. Decreased tryptophan levels in the brain, and thus the synthesis of serotonin, such as via
671:. Bulimia also has negative effects on a person's teeth due to the acid passed through the mouth from frequent vomiting causing acid erosion, mainly on the posterior dental surface.
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deficits, in which one experiences impairment in recognizing and discriminating between internal sensations, feelings, and emotions. People with bulimia may also react negatively to
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Garfinkel PE, Lin E, Goering P, Spegg C, Goldbloom DS, Kennedy S, et al. (July 1995). "Bulimia nervosa in a
Canadian community sample: prevalence and comparison of subgroups".
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gastrointestinal problems and early pubertal maturation also increase the likelihood of developing bulimia nervosa. Another concern with eating disorders is developing a coexisting
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Diagnosis is based on a person's medical history; however, this is difficult, as people are usually secretive about their binge eating and purging habits. Further, the diagnosis of
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from an evolutionary perspective. If eating disorders, Bulimia nervosa in particular, have evolutionary functions or if they are new modern "lifestyle" problems is still debated.
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Nieto-MartĂnez R, González-Rivas JP, Medina-Inojosa JR, Florez H (November 2017). "Are Eating
Disorders Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
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912:
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cognitive-behavioral model of bulimia nervosa is very culturally bound in that it may not be necessarily applicable to cultures outside of Western society. To evaluate, Fairburn
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Lahortiga-Ramos F, De Irala-EstĂ©vez J, Cano-Prous A, Gual-GarcĂa P, MartĂnez-González MA, Cervera-Enguix S (March 2005). "Incidence of eating disorders in Navarra (Spain)".
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Papies EK, Nicolaije KA (January 2012). "Inspiration or deflation? Feeling similar or dissimilar to slim and plus-size models affects self-evaluation of restrained eaters".
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Scientific research has shown that people suffering from bulimia have decreased volumes of brain matter, and that the abnormalities are reversible after long-term recovery.
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Weltzin TE, Fernstrom MH, Fernstrom JD, Neuberger SK, Kaye WH (November 1995). "Acute tryptophan depletion and increased food intake and irritability in bulimia nervosa".
1371:(1347–1380) is known to have supplemented her strict abstinence from food by purging as reparation for her sins. Catherine died from starvation at age thirty-three.
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Maples J, Collins B, Miller JD, Fischer S, Seibert A (January 2011). "Differences between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism and bulimic symptoms in young women".
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Flett GL, Newby J, Hewitt PL, Persaud C (September 2011). "Perfectionistic Automatic Thoughts, Trait Perfectionism, and Bulimic Automatic Thoughts in Young Women".
5429:"Prevalence and correlates of bulimia nervosa and bulimic behaviors in a racially diverse sample of undergraduate students in two universities in southeast Texas"
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McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Keck PE, Akiskal HS (June 2005). "Comorbidity of bipolar and eating disorders: distinct or related disorders with shared dysregulations?".
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While the psychological disorder "bulimia nervosa" is relatively new, the word "bulimia", signifying overeating, has been present for centuries. The Babylon
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Suzuki K, Takeda A, Matsushita S (July 1995). "Coprevalence of bulimia with alcohol abuse and smoking among Japanese male and female high school students".
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6924:
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Heatherton TF, Nichols P, Mahamedi F, Keel P (November 1995). "Body weight, dieting, and eating disorder symptoms among college students, 1982 to 1992".
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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
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Castro-Fornieles J, Gual P, Lahortiga F, Gila A, CasulĂ V, Fuhrmann C, et al. (September 2007). "Self-oriented perfectionism in eating disorders".
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control techniques, enhancing ones ego, improving weight control, and helping overweight patients see their body differently (have a different image).
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likely to occur in women than men. Among women, rates are highest in young adults. Bulimia was named and first described by the British psychiatrist
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Thompson JK, Stice E (2001). "Thin-Ideal Internalization: Mounting Evidence for a New Risk Factor for Body-Image Disturbance and Eating Pathology".
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There is evidence that sex hormones may influence appetite and eating in women and the onset of bulimia nervosa. Studies have shown that women with
6193:
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Tölgyes T, Nemessury J (August 2004). "Epidemiological studies on adverse dieting behaviours and eating disorders among young people in Hungary".
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Badoud D, Tsakiris M (June 2017). "From the body's viscera to the body's image: Is there a link between interoception and body image concerns?".
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McElroy SL, Guerdjikova AI, Mori N, O'Melia AM (October 2012). "Current pharmacotherapy options for bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder".
6519:
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Steiger H, Jabalpurwala S, Champagne J, Stotland S (September 1997). "A controlled study of trait narcissism in anorexia and bulimia nervosa".
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941:
218:
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Fairburn CG, Agras WS, Walsh BT, Wilson GT, Stice E (December 2004). "Prediction of outcome in bulimia nervosa by early change in treatment".
4210:, Liu X, Waternaux C (August 1999). "Psychological versus pharmacological treatments of bulimia nervosa: predictors and processes of change".
4155:
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736:, there is evidence of genetic predispositions contributing to the onset of this eating disorder. Abnormal levels of many hormones, notably
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5689:. D. Garner & P. Garfinkel (Eds.), Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders (2nd ed., pp. 11–24). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
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6128:
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2118:
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Götestam KG, Eriksen L, Hagen H (November 1995). "An epidemiological study of eating disorders in Norwegian psychiatric institutions".
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Franko DL, Becker AE, Thomas JJ, Herzog DB (March 2007). "Cross-ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms and related distress".
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cases they examined actually vomited after the binges. There was no evidence of deliberate vomiting or an attempt to control weight.
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3129:"Does a shared neurobiology for foods and drugs of abuse contribute to extremes of food ingestion in anorexia and bulimia nervosa?"
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4803:"Coming to Terms With Risk Factors for Eating Disorders: Application of Risk Terminology and Suggestions for a General Taxonomy"
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nervosa's prevalence was still much higher than anorexia nervosa's, which at the time occurred in about 14 people per 100,000.
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359:
312:
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There are two main types of treatment given to those with bulimia nervosa; psychopharmacological and psychosocial treatments.
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679:
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Kendler KS, MacLean C, Neale M, Kessler R, Heath A, Eaves L (December 1991). "The genetic epidemiology of bulimia nervosa".
2641:
Carlson, N.R., et al. (2007). Psychology: The Science of Behaviour – 4th Canadian ed. Toronto, ON: Pearson Education Canada.
969:, developed at the Maudsley Hospital in London for the treatment of anorexia, has been shown promising results in bulimia.
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The erosion on the lower teeth was caused by bulimia. For comparison, the upper teeth were restored with porcelain veneers.
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6223:
5263:
Machado PP, Machado BC, Gonçalves S, Hoek HW (April 2007). "The prevalence of eating disorders not otherwise specified".
3370:"Evolutionary Psychology of Eating Disorders: An Explorative Study in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa"
2000:"Impact of comorbid borderline personality disorder on inpatient treatment for bulimia nervosa: Analysis of routine data"
1998:
Hessler, Johannes Baltasar; Heuser, Jörg; Schlegl, Sandra; Bauman, Tabea; Greetfeld, Martin; Voderholzer, Ulrich (2019).
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Boswell JF, Anderson LM, Anderson DA (June 2015). "Integration of Interoceptive Exposure in Eating Disorder Treatment".
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Examining from a neural basis also connects elements of interoception and emotion; notable overlaps occur in the medial
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4889:"Prevalence and early risk factors for bulimia nervosa symptoms in inner-city youth: gender and ethnicity perspectives"
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408:
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Steinberg BE, Shaw RJ (1997). "Bulimia as a disturbance of narcissism: self-esteem and the capacity to self-soothe".
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Keel PK, Haedt A (January 2008). "Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for eating problems and eating disorders".
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894:
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Silén, Yasmina; Keski-Rahkonen, Anna (2022). "Worldwide prevalence of DSM-5 eating disorders among young people".
3536:"The Evolution of "Enhanced" Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Eating Disorders: Learning From Treatment Nonresponse"
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Hay P (July 2013). "A systematic review of evidence for psychological treatments in eating disorders: 2005-2012".
355:
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3479:"Eating behaviours and attitudes following prolonged exposure to television among ethnic Fijian adolescent girls"
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295:, breakdown of the teeth, decreased brain matter, and effects on metabolic rate and caloric intake which cause
222:
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Byrne SM, McLean NJ (January 2002). "The cognitive-behavioral model of bulimia nervosa: a direct evaluation".
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Altemus M, Hetherington M, Kennedy B, Licinio J, Gold PW (April 1996). "Thyroid function in bulimia nervosa".
291:, or excessive exercise. Most people with bulimia are at normal weight. The forcing of vomiting may result in
4989:"Eating disorder behaviors are increasing: findings from two sequential community surveys in South Australia"
7182:
6689:
6539:
6534:
6491:
6308:
4850:"Comorbidity of Bulimia Nervosa and Substance Abuse: Etiologies, Treatment Issues, and Treatment Approaches"
1460:
966:
807:
790:
133:
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6699:
6590:
6549:
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6432:
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4219:
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1367:(1660–1727) were both observed binge eating—giving in, as they believed, to the temptations of the devil.
1024:
773:
635:
179:
147:
5609:
5392:
Hay P (May 1998). "The epidemiology of eating disorder behaviors: an Australian community-based survey".
7255:
6988:
6868:
6775:
6754:
2975:"Association of BDNF with anorexia, bulimia and age of onset of weight loss in six European populations"
1465:
683:
351:
192:
188:
4717:<673::aid-eat2260070511>3.0.co;2-r "The use of hypnotherapy in the treatment of eating disorders"
3518:
764:
receptors. In humans, there is evidence that there is an association between polymorphisms in the ERβ (
3999:
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in groups involved in activities which idealize a slim physique, such as dance, gymnastics, modeling,
7080:
6993:
6749:
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818:
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Studies have shown a relationship between bulimia's effect on metabolic rate and caloric intake with
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Ribasés M, Gratacòs M, Fernández-Aranda F, Bellodi L, Boni C, Anderluh M, et al. (June 2004).
1337:
713:
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435:
296:
112:
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Jacobi, Corinna; Hayward, Chris; de Zwaan, Martina; Kraemer, Helena C.; Agras, W. Stewart (2004).
841:
assert the cycle repeats itself, and thus consider the binge-purge cycle to be self-perpetuating.
378:
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3925:"Detection, evaluation, and treatment of eating disorders the role of the primary care physician"
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Safer DL, Telch CF, Agras WS (April 2001). "Dialectical behavior therapy for bulimia nervosa".
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907:
768:β) and bulimia, suggesting there is a correlation between sex hormones and bulimia nervosa.
748:
733:
705:
651:
347:
316:
264:
4754:
Bulik, Cynthia M; Sullivan, Patrick F; Carter, Frances A; Joyce, Peter R (September 1996).
4625:"Antidepressants versus psychological treatments and their combination for bulimia nervosa"
3978:
American Psychiatric Association (2000). "Diagnostic criteria for 307.51 Bulimia Nervosa".
124:
Eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time followed by vomiting or the use of
7085:
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6901:
6848:
6843:
6826:
6706:
6501:
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2094:
1455:
1092:
1080:
937:
794:
584:
447:
300:
256:
7135:
5803:
Casper RC (1983). "On the emergence of bulimia nervosa as a syndrome a historical view".
5095:
4849:
4672:
Barabasz M (July 2007). "Efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of eating disorders".
622:
People with bulimia nervosa may also exercise to a point that excludes other activities.
5551:
5004:
4887:
Ruchkin, Vladislav; Isaksson, Johan; Schwab-Stone, Mary; Stickley, Andrew (2021-10-21).
4865:
3753:
3078:
Broft A, Shingleton R, Kaufman J, Liu F, Kumar D, Slifstein M, et al. (July 2012).
2308:
2179:
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These are some of the many signs that may indicate whether someone has bulimia nervosa:
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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4487:
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4116:
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3949:
3924:
3583:
Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ (April 1990). "Studies of the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa".
3560:
3535:
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3369:
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3202:
3177:
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3128:
3104:
3079:
2605:"Prevalence and correlates of DSM-5 eating disorders in patients with bipolar disorder"
2536:
2511:
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2026:
1999:
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1683:
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1607:
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655:
478:
416:
392:
4771:
2910:"Normal Brain Tissue Volumes after Long-Term Recovery in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"
2777:
2270:
2253:
1949:"Normal Brain Tissue Volumes after Long-Term Recovery in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa"
1877:
833:
of the strict and inflexible dietary rules. Moreover, the cognitive distortion due to
783:, increases bulimic urges in currently and formerly bulimic individuals within hours.
7279:
7104:
7055:
6373:
4802:
3940:
3127:
Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Bailer UF, Simmons AN, Wagner A, Bischoff-Grethe A (May 2013).
2878:
2572:
2559:
Walsh BT, Roose SP, Glassman AH, Gladis M, Sadik C (1985). "Bulimia and depression".
1933:
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513:
484:
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288:
6005:
5979:
5735:
5706:
Russell G (August 1979). "Bulimia nervosa: an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa".
5378:
5326:
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5195:
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3713:
3421:
Good reasons for bad feelings: insights from the frontier of evolutionary psychiatry
3056:
3043:
Hirschberg AL (March 2012). "Sex hormones, appetite and eating behaviour in women".
2894:
2836:
2793:
2588:
2480:
6958:
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4948:"Prevalence of eating disorders: a comparison of Western and non-Western countries"
4755:
4701:
4107:
3337:
Abed RT (December 1998). "The sexual competition hypothesis for eating disorders".
3144:
2925:
2680:
1964:
1843:
1510:
1084:
1007:
993:
which is FDA approved, for the treatment of bulimia, other antidepressants such as
760:
receptors have decreased fertility due to ovarian dysfunction and dysregulation of
589:
Frequent occurrences involving the consumption of abnormally large portions of food
559:
541:
503:
490:
471:
426:
260:
95:
4716:
4047:
Hoste RR, Labuschagne Z, Le Grange D (August 2012). "Adolescent bulimia nervosa".
2496:
817:
When attempting to decipher the origin of bulimia nervosa in a cognitive context,
5933:
5362:
5141:
5013:
4309:
4144:
3835:
2707:
1827:
1359:(as a result of a life of asceticism) may also have displayed bulimic behaviors.
6943:
6674:
6405:
6155:
5963:
4207:
4184:
3551:
1400:
531:
518:
508:
499:
467:
422:
402:
398:
86:
5308:
Vilela JE, Lamounier JA, Dellaretti Filho MA, Barros Neto JR, Horta GM (2004).
4905:
4818:
4344:
4233:
2820:
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6953:
6858:
6559:
6284:
6279:
6075:
5993:
5988:
5982:
5944:
5896:
5719:
5179:
5064:
5047:
5046:
van Son GE, van Hoeken D, Bartelds AI, van Furth EF, Hoek HW (December 2006).
4685:
4640:
4591:
4439:
4060:
3438:
3243:
3226:
2664:
2620:
2065:
2016:
1925:
1623:
1405:
1341:
1340:
around 370 B.C, in which Greek soldiers purged themselves in the mountains of
994:
986:
886:
675:
601:
451:
405:
due to renal potassium loss in the presence of alkalosis and frequent vomiting
213:
108:
4914:
4873:
4826:
4779:
4740:
4273:
4256:
3386:
3227:"Symptomatic relapse in bulimia nervosa following acute tryptophan depletion"
1608:"Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates"
1352:
both were gluttonous and obese, and they often resorted to habitual purging.
7213:
7145:
6963:
6422:
6160:
6085:
5974:
5846:
5586:
3985:
3792:
3368:
Nettersheim J, Gerlach G, Herpertz S, Abed R, Figueredo AJ, BrĂĽne M (2018).
3279:
2323:
2195:
1349:
834:
737:
593:
430:
324:
284:
273:
229:
125:
5776:
5516:
5482:
10.1002/1098-108X(199511)18:3<263::AID-EAT2260180308>3.0.CO;2-O
5370:
5335:
5294:
5246:"Study Reveals Stunning Prevalence of Bulimia Among African-American Girls"
5230:
5187:
5149:
5073:
5032:
4973:
4932:
4834:
4693:
4658:
4609:
4564:
4529:
4447:
4389:
4352:
4317:
4282:
4241:
4192:
4125:
4068:
3958:
3909:
3843:
3684:
Waller G (July 1992). "Sexual abuse and the severity of bulimic symptoms".
3670:
3569:
3504:
3405:
3323:
3252:
3211:
3162:
3113:
3064:
3000:
2933:
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2715:
2672:
2628:
2545:
2488:
2230:
2203:
2164:
2073:
2035:
1972:
1895:
1835:
1793:
1744:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp.
1709:
1641:
1528:
693:
notes that a "substantial rate of patients with bulimia nervosa" also have
370:
5879:
5854:
5767:
5750:
5594:
5559:
5524:
5489:
5454:
5413:
4787:
4733:
10.1002/1098-108x(198809)7:5<673::aid-eat2260070511>3.0.co;2-r
3705:
3604:
3596:
3495:
3478:
3354:
3287:
3178:"Diet Versus Exercise in Weight Loss and Maintenance: Focus on Tryptophan"
2886:
2785:
2750:
2580:
2339:
2279:
2238:
740:, have been shown to be responsible for some disordered eating behaviors.
6948:
6618:
6585:
6511:
5727:
3697:
3456:(4th Canadian ed.). Toronto: Pearson Education Canada. p. 415.
2991:
2974:
2156:
1345:
1175:
1115:
844:
In contrast, Byrne and Mclean's findings differed slightly from Fairburn
761:
757:
597:
564:
494:
335:, cultural pressure to attain a certain body type, poor self-esteem, and
280:
269:
184:
161:
5817:
10.1002/1098-108X(198321)2:3<3::AID-EAT2260020302>3.0.CO;2-D
5406:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199805)23:4<371::AID-EAT4>3.0.CO;2-F
3800:
3193:
2743:
10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199709)22:2<173::aid-eat9>3.0.co;2-c
2453:
1430:
612:
535:
350:
takes precedence over that of bulimia. Other similar disorders include
340:
336:
320:
308:
151:
143:
17:
5276:
5222:
4380:
4367:
3901:
3662:
3095:
1785:
893:
Adolescents with bulimia nervosa are more likely to have self-imposed
6666:
6481:
5891:
5285:
4987:
Hay PJ, Mond J, Buttner P, Darby A (February 2008). Murthy RS (ed.).
4556:
3315:
1985:
biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/0006-3223(93)90168-D/fulltext
1375:
1133:
461:
319:, and problems with drugs or alcohol. There is also a higher risk of
3477:
Becker AE, Burwell RA, Gilman SE, Herzog DB, Hamburg P (June 2002).
2527:
674:
Research has shown that there is a relationship between bulimia and
343:, and having parental figures who fixate on weight are also risks.
1493:
Bulik CM, Marcus MD, Zerwas S, Levine MD, La Via M (October 2012).
450:, in which repetitive insertion of fingers or other objects causes
6444:
4475:
Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
4255:
Trunko ME, Rockwell RE, Curry E, Runfola C, Kaye WH (March 2007).
1034:
464:
on knuckles and back of hands due to repeated trauma from incisors
377:
369:
852:
cycle in that purging comes before bingeing. Similarly, Fairburn
98:) from the inside of the upper front teeth as a result of bulimia
5922:
4580:"Antidepressants versus placebo for people with bulimia nervosa"
811:
7234:
7102:
7037:
6889:
6616:
6461:
6371:
6191:
6052:
6009:
4674:
The International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis
3014:
Wonderlich S, Mitchell JE, de Zwaan M, Steiger H, eds. (2018).
2143:
Mehler PS (August 2003). "Clinical practice. Bulimia nervosa".
1355:
Historical records also suggest that some saints who developed
658:, which are linked to both interoception and emotional eating.
29:
2846:"Vulnerable narcissists more susceptible to eating disorders"
1307:
4715:
Vanderlinden, Johan; Vandereycken, Walter (September 1988).
2217:
Joseph AB, Herr B (May 1985). "Finger calluses in bulimia".
1914:
Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
1323:, "hunger". Literally, the scientific name of the disorder,
4504:"Family-based therapy for adolescents with bulimia nervosa"
4090:
Hay PP, Bacaltchuk J, Stefano S, Kashyap P (October 2009).
3624:. Belmont CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. pp. 236–8.
3080:"Striatal dopamine in bulimia nervosa: a PET imaging study"
2948:"Biological Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa"
1039:
Deaths due to eating disorders per million persons in 2012
573:
Regular trips to the bathroom, especially soon after eating
4756:"Lifetime anxiety disorders in women with bulimia nervosa"
4471:"Treating Bulimia in Adolescents: A Family-Based Approach"
4092:"Psychological treatments for bulimia nervosa and binging"
2414:
Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing: The Craft of Caring
1993:
1991:
700:
A study by the Psychopharmacology Research Program of the
2004:
Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation
691:
Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation
1399:
In 1930, admissions of anorexia nervosa patients to the
1006:
Some researchers have also claimed positive outcomes in
906:
Bulimia nervosa can be difficult to detect, compared to
339:. Living in a culture that commercializes or glamorizes
793:
as an emerging scientific discipline has been studying
744:(BDNF) is under investigation as a possible mechanism.
985:(SSRI) class may have a modest benefit. This includes
555:
A fixation on an extreme consciousness of one's weight
3981:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3861:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2047:
2045:
1741:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1415:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
913:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
5869:
5048:"Urbanisation and the incidence of eating disorders"
4946:
Makino M, Tsuboi K, Dennerstein L (September 2004).
3621:
Abnormal Psychology and Life: A Dimensional Approach
279:
Other efforts to lose weight may include the use of
7206:
7175:
7144:
7123:
7002:
6979:
6933:
6900:
6807:
6774:
6722:
6665:
6656:
6637:
6578:
6510:
6472:
6332:
6307:
6204:
6116:
6063:
5954:
5873:
5639:Giannini, A. J. (1993). "A history of bulimia". In
4418:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
3452:Carlson NR, Buskist W, Heth CD, Schmaltz R (2010).
238:
228:
212:
202:
178:
168:
157:
132:
118:
102:
76:
71:
5427:Pemberton AR, Vernon SW, Lee ES (September 1996).
4143:
1907:
1905:
443:, a rupture in the esophageal wall due to vomiting
3225:Smith KA, Fairburn CG, Cowen PJ (February 1999).
5681:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
1091:. Bulimia is thought to be more prevalent among
1087:, running, acting, swimming, diving, rowing and
5828:
5826:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5312:[Eating disorders in school children].
5310:"[Eating disorders in school children]"
3020:Annual Review of Eating Disorders – part 2
1606:Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW (August 2012).
1495:"The changing "weightscape" of bulimia nervosa"
5168:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
682:, eating disorders are more susceptible among
299:. Bulimia is frequently associated with other
6021:
5470:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
5394:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
5265:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
5211:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
4848:Carbaugh, Rebecca; Sias, Shari (2010-04-01).
4411:
4409:
4407:
4372:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
4212:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
4137:
4135:
3890:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
3651:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
3084:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
2384:. The National Eating Disorders Association.
2324:"Assessment and treatment of bulimia nervosa"
1774:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
552:A fixation on the number of calories consumed
481:(for example, in the neck, under the jawline)
8:
4368:"Family-based treatment of eating disorders"
3923:Walsh JM, Wheat ME, Freund K (August 2000).
3182:International Journal of Tryptophan Research
1855:
1853:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
702:University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
387:several times a day and may directly cause:
4629:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4096:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3781:Current Directions in Psychological Science
2407:
2405:
2403:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1327:, translates to "nervous ravenous hunger".
7231:
7120:
7099:
7034:
6925:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
6897:
6886:
6662:
6634:
6613:
6469:
6458:
6368:
6201:
6188:
6060:
6049:
6028:
6014:
6006:
5870:
5161:
5159:
4206:Wilson GT, Loeb KL, Walsh BT, Labouvie E,
2435:
2433:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1488:
1486:
85:
68:
5805:International Journal of Eating Disorders
5766:
5444:
5325:
5284:
5063:
5022:
5012:
4963:
4922:
4904:
4721:International Journal of Eating Disorders
4648:
4623:Bacaltchuk J, Hay P, Trefiglio R (2001).
4599:
4519:
4486:
4429:
4379:
4272:
4223:
4115:
3948:
3559:
3494:
3395:
3385:
3242:
3201:
3152:
3103:
2990:
2535:
2442:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
2269:
2025:
2015:
1885:
1767:
1765:
1738:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
1699:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1631:
1518:
609:Unhealthy/dry skin, hair, nails, and lips
234:Half recover over 10 years with treatment
7188:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
6784:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
4521:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.2.237
4029:(6 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education. p. 345.
3022:. Radcliffe Publishing. pp. 14–15.
2512:"Interoceptive predictions in the brain"
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1315:, "ravenous hunger", a compound of βοῦς
1197:
1097:
806:15- to 18-year-old high school girls in
4469:Nadeau PO, Leichner P (February 2009).
1482:
983:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
523:Constant weight fluctuations are common
219:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
5610:"Online Etymology Dictionary: bulimia"
3760:from the original on February 11, 2011
2469:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
2388:from the original on December 10, 2014
2291:
2289:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
942:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
936:is the primary treatment for bulimia.
4502:Le Grange D, Lock J, Dymek M (2003).
4374:. 37 Suppl: S64–7, discussion S87–9.
4142:Gelder MG, Mayou R, Geddes J (2005).
2178:Mehler PS, Crews C, Weiner K (2004).
1158:2,509 female adolescents (ages 13–22)
570:An irregular menstrual cycle in women
7:
3929:Journal of General Internal Medicine
3454:Psychology: the science of behaviour
2850:ANU College of Health & Medicine
2510:Barrett LF, Simmons WK (July 2015).
1451:Anorectic Behavior Observation Scale
630:People with bulimia exhibit several
454:to the lining of the mouth or throat
6891:Physiological and physical behavior
5552:10.1046/j.1360-0443.1995.90797110.x
4866:10.17744/mehc.32.2.j72865m4159p1420
4854:Journal of Mental Health Counseling
3016:"Psychobiology of eating disorders"
2362:. February 23, 2001. Archived from
2322:Mcgilley BM, Pryor TL (June 1998).
2252:Wynn DR, Martin MJ (October 1984).
2145:The New England Journal of Medicine
1471:List of people with bulimia nervosa
395:after eating, secondary to vomiting
6837:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
6231:Emotional and behavioral disorders
5835:The American Journal of Psychiatry
5575:The American Journal of Psychiatry
5505:The American Journal of Psychiatry
5446:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a008950
5117:from the original on May 24, 2012.
4333:The American Journal of Psychiatry
4298:The American Journal of Psychiatry
4173:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3859:Manual of Psychiatric Therapeutics
3585:The American Journal of Psychiatry
3347:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1998.tb01007.x
3268:The American Journal of Psychiatry
2219:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1580:from the original on June 19, 2015
1499:The American Journal of Psychiatry
25:
7017:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
5755:The British Journal of Psychiatry
5111:"Black Girls At Risk for Bulimia"
5052:The British Journal of Psychiatry
4508:American Journal of Psychotherapy
3686:The British Journal of Psychiatry
3540:Cognitive and Behavioral Practice
3483:The British Journal of Psychiatry
1816:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
1682:Hay PJ, Claudino AM (July 2010).
742:Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
174:Based on person's medical history
6317:X-linked intellectual disability
5608:Douglas Harper (November 2001).
5433:American Journal of Epidemiology
4545:European Eating Disorders Review
3941:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.02439.x
3638:from the original on 2016-02-07.
3304:European Eating Disorders Review
2573:10.1097/00006842-198503000-00003
2180:"Bulimia: medical complications"
2088:The Center for Special Dentistry
1417:at the time of their treatment.
606:Compulsive or excessive exercise
34:
6146:Intermittent explosive disorder
6071:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
5643:(pp. 18–21). Springer New York.
5622:from the original on 2008-06-17
5327:10.1590/S0021-75572004000100010
4257:"Management of bulimia nervosa"
3057:10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.12.016
2481:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.017
695:borderline personality disorder
360:borderline personality disorder
313:borderline personality disorder
197:borderline personality disorder
6789:Dissociative identity disorder
6054:Adult personality and behavior
5751:"Bulimia nervosa: 25 years on"
5687:The history of bulimia nervosa
4108:10.1002/14651858.CD000562.pub3
4025:Nolan-Hoeksema, Susan (2014).
3534:Cooper Z, Fairburn CG (2013).
3517:Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan (2014).
3231:Archives of General Psychiatry
3145:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.002
2926:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.014
2609:Journal of Affective Disorders
1965:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.014
1511:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010147
1429:nervosa first appeared in the
680:Australian National University
678:. According to a study by the
293:thickened skin on the knuckles
268:consumed. This may be done by
1:
5130:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
4772:10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90019-x
2778:10.1016/s0306-4603(97)00009-9
2354:"Symptoms Of Bulimia Nervosa"
2271:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)62063-1
1878:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
487:, or delayed gastric emptying
7193:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
6730:Generalized anxiety disorder
6463:Neurological and symptomatic
6108:Sexual relationship disorder
5363:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.07.008
5142:10.1097/YCO.0000000000000818
5014:10.1371/journal.pone.0001541
4578:Bacaltchuk J, Hay P (2003).
4366:Lock J, le Grange D (2005).
4310:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2322
3836:10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.08.004
3731:. McGraw Hill. p. 338.
3176:Strasser B, Fuchs D (2016).
2879:10.1016/0306-4530(96)00002-9
2708:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2010.10.001
2516:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
2254:"A physical sign of bulimia"
1828:10.1517/14656566.2012.721781
1570:"Bulimia nervosa fact sheet"
1361:Saint Mary Magdalen de Pazzi
961:dialectical behavior therapy
953:Cognitive behavioral therapy
934:Cognitive behavioral therapy
374:How bulimia affects the body
207:Cognitive behavioral therapy
6969:REM sleep behavior disorder
6438:Seasonal affective disorder
6236:Separation anxiety disorder
5615:Online Etymology Dictionary
5109:Grohol J (March 19, 2009).
4893:Journal of Eating Disorders
4185:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.8.1302
4150:. Oxford University Press.
3552:10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.07.007
2305:American Dental Association
1226:19,067 psychiatric patients
7312:
7236:Symptoms and uncategorized
6337:developmental disabilities
6103:Sexual maturation disorder
5749:Palmer R (December 2004).
4906:10.1186/s40337-021-00479-5
4819:10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.19
4584:Cochrane Database Syst Rev
4345:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.632
4234:10.1037/0022-006X.67.4.451
4049:Current Psychiatry Reports
3423:. Penguin Books, Limited.
3341:. 71 ( Pt 4) (4): 525–47.
2821:10.1007/s40519-019-00647-2
2093:February 11, 2015, at the
1612:Current Psychiatry Reports
1308:
1260:2,597 high school students
1195:4,200 high school students
1141:1,807 students (ages 7–19)
1123:2,028 high school students
1079:There are higher rates of
781:acute tryptophan depletion
704:"leaves little doubt that
7241:
7230:
7198:Simple-type schizophrenia
7167:Schizophreniform disorder
7119:
7098:
7051:
7033:
6896:
6885:
6633:
6612:
6545:Mild cognitive impairment
6530:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
6468:
6457:
6428:Major depressive disorder
6381:
6367:
6333:Psychological development
6200:
6187:
6059:
6048:
5720:10.1017/S0033291700031974
5180:10.1007/s00127-004-0783-z
5065:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.021378
4686:10.1080/00207140701338688
4641:10.1002/14651858.CD003385
4592:10.1002/14651858.CD003391
4440:10.1080/15374410701817832
4061:10.1007/s11920-012-0280-0
3727:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2013).
3244:10.1001/archpsyc.56.2.171
2665:10.1007/s11892-017-0949-1
2621:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.010
2416:. Great Britain: Arnold.
2328:American Family Physician
2184:Journal of Women's Health
2117:: 1. 2005. Archived from
2066:10.1016/j.jad.2004.11.008
2017:10.1186/s40479-018-0098-4
1926:10.1007/s10942-011-0135-3
1624:10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y
1408:, a patient described by
1109:
753:polycystic ovary syndrome
650:, anterior and posterior
164:and environmental factors
93:
84:
43:This article needs to be
7246:Impulse-control disorder
7162:Schizoaffective disorder
7157:Brief reactive psychosis
6854:Mass psychogenic illness
6817:Body dysmorphic disorder
6596:Post-concussion syndrome
6206:Emotional and behavioral
4760:Comprehensive Psychiatry
4274:10.2217/17455057.3.2.255
3387:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02122
2979:Human Molecular Genetics
2867:Psychoneuroendocrinology
2653:Current Diabetes Reports
1574:Office on Women's Health
1369:Saint Catherine of Siena
946:tricyclic antidepressant
669:diabetes mellitus type 2
544:may occur after vomiting
223:tricyclic antidepressant
138:Breakdown of the teeth,
7183:Childhood schizophrenia
6535:Frontotemporal dementia
6492:High-functioning autism
6309:Intellectual disability
5847:10.1176/ajp.148.12.1627
5587:10.1176/ajp.152.11.1623
3793:10.1111/1467-8721.00144
3280:10.1176/ajp.152.11.1668
2258:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
2196:10.1089/jwh.2004.13.668
1461:Evolutionary psychiatry
1365:Saint Veronica Giuliani
1331:Before the 20th century
981:Antidepressants of the
967:Maudsley family therapy
791:evolutionary psychiatry
774:substance use disorders
558:Low self-esteem and/or
251:, also known simply as
148:substance use disorders
27:Type of eating disorder
6700:Specific social phobia
6591:Organic brain syndrome
6433:Melancholic depression
6194:Childhood and learning
5708:Psychological Medicine
5517:10.1176/ajp.152.7.1052
4807:Psychological Bulletin
3618:Trull T (2010-10-08).
2561:Psychosomatic Medicine
2301:Oral Health Topics A–Z
2231:10.1176/ajp.142.5.655a
1209:1,152 college students
1072:
1025:substance use disorder
684:vulnerable narcissists
413:abnormal heart rhythms
383:
375:
180:Differential diagnosis
7256:Psychomotor agitation
7046:and substance-related
6989:Postpartum depression
6869:Somatization disorder
6755:Acute stress reaction
6520:AIDS dementia complex
5768:10.1192/bjp.185.6.447
5252:on February 10, 2012.
5092:finddoctorsonline.com
3984:(4th, text revision (
3729:(Ab)normal Psychology
3597:10.1176/ajp.147.4.401
3496:10.1192/bjp.180.6.509
3133:Biological Psychiatry
2914:Biological Psychiatry
2366:on February 21, 2016.
1953:Biological Psychiatry
1688:BMJ Clinical Evidence
1466:Binge eating disorder
1243:8,116 (random sample)
1107:Sample size and type
1038:
991:also known as prozac,
409:Electrolyte imbalance
381:
373:
356:Kleine–Levin syndrome
352:binge eating disorder
193:Kleine-Levin syndrome
189:binge eating disorder
128:, often normal weight
7251:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
7081:Substance dependence
6994:Postpartum psychosis
6540:Huntington's disease
6322:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
6171:Personality disorder
5685:Russell, G. (1997).
5641:The Eating disorders
3698:10.1192/bjp.161.1.90
2311:on February 3, 2009.
2157:10.1056/NEJMcp022813
1872:(10053): 1545–1602.
1277:799 college students
1002:Alternative medicine
819:Christopher Fairburn
689:The medical journal
333:psychological stress
7131:Delusional disorder
7076:Stimulant psychosis
7066:Physical dependence
6920:Rumination syndrome
6822:Conversion disorder
6799:Psychogenic amnesia
6649:with depressed mood
6647:Adjustment disorder
6550:Parkinson's disease
6525:Alzheimer's disease
6418:Atypical depression
6254:Social functioning
6129:Munchausen syndrome
6124:Factitious disorder
5351:European Psychiatry
5314:Jornal de Pediatria
5005:2008PLoSO...3.1541H
4027:Abnormal Psychology
3522:Abnormal Psychology
3194:10.4137/IJTR.S33385
1338:Xenophon's Anabasis
714:thyroid dysfunction
436:Mallory-Weiss tears
297:thyroid dysfunction
113:clinical psychology
7150:schizophrenia-like
6794:Dissociative fugue
6243:Movement disorders
5955:External resources
3857:Shader RI (2004).
2992:10.1093/hmg/ddh137
2454:10.1111/cpsp.12103
2297:"Eating Disorders"
1319:, "ox" and λιμός,
1073:
441:Boerhaave syndrome
384:
376:
366:Signs and symptoms
242:3.6 million (2015)
7273:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7226:
7225:
7222:
7221:
7094:
7093:
7029:
7028:
7025:
7024:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6770:
6769:
6608:
6607:
6604:
6603:
6565:Vascular dementia
6487:Asperger syndrome
6453:
6452:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6297:Tourette syndrome
6183:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6003:
6002:
5316:(in Portuguese).
5277:10.1002/eat.20358
5223:10.1002/eat.20341
4381:10.1002/eat.20122
4157:978-0-19-852863-0
4035:978-0-07-803538-8
3995:978-0-89042-025-6
3902:10.1002/eat.20393
3868:978-0-7817-4459-1
3756:. PubMed Health.
3663:10.1002/eat.10002
3631:978-1-111-34376-7
3519:"Bulimia Nervosa"
3463:978-0-205-70286-2
3430:978-0-14-198491-9
3419:Nesse RM (2020).
3096:10.1002/eat.20984
3029:978-1-84619-244-9
2809:Eat Weight Disord
2412:Barker P (2003).
2378:"Bulimia Nervosa"
2359:Illawarra Mercury
2124:on March 19, 2015
2108:"Bulimia Nervosa"
1786:10.1002/eat.22103
1755:978-0-89042-555-8
1684:"Bulimia nervosa"
1576:. July 16, 2012.
1410:Ludwig Binswanger
1287:
1286:
789:In recent years,
766:estrogen receptor
662:Related disorders
648:prefrontal cortex
581:anxiety disorders
259:characterized by
246:
245:
170:Diagnostic method
66:Medical condition
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
7303:
7286:Eating disorders
7232:
7121:
7100:
7035:
6910:Anorexia nervosa
6898:
6887:
6864:Psychogenic pain
6832:Globus pharyngis
6680:Childhood phobia
6663:
6635:
6614:
6470:
6459:
6369:
6268:Selective mutism
6219:Conduct disorder
6202:
6189:
6166:Trichotillomania
6141:Gender dysphoria
6136:Fear of intimacy
6093:Sexual anhedonia
6061:
6050:
6037:Mental disorders
6030:
6023:
6016:
6007:
5871:
5859:
5858:
5830:
5821:
5820:
5800:
5781:
5780:
5770:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5703:
5690:
5683:
5644:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5627:
5605:
5599:
5598:
5570:
5564:
5563:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5500:
5494:
5493:
5465:
5459:
5458:
5448:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5329:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5248:. Archived from
5241:
5235:
5234:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5125:
5119:
5118:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5094:. Archived from
5084:
5078:
5077:
5067:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5026:
5016:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4926:
4908:
4884:
4878:
4877:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4669:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4603:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4557:10.1002/erv.1045
4540:
4534:
4533:
4523:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4433:
4413:
4402:
4401:
4383:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4276:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4227:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4149:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4119:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4044:
4038:
4023:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3998:. Archived from
3975:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3952:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3885:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3531:
3525:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3389:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3339:Br J Med Psychol
3334:
3328:
3327:
3316:10.1002/erv.2303
3298:
3292:
3291:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2950:. Archived from
2944:
2938:
2937:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2843:Lay summary in:
2840:
2815:(6): 1071–1077.
2804:
2798:
2797:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2731:Int J Eat Disord
2726:
2720:
2719:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2539:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2409:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2307:. Archived from
2293:
2284:
2283:
2273:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2115:Let's Talk Facts
2112:
2104:
2098:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2049:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2019:
1995:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1889:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1811:
1798:
1797:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1735:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1679:
1646:
1645:
1635:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1566:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1490:
1363:(1566–1607) and
1311:
1310:
1098:
1081:eating disorders
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
908:anorexia nervosa
858:
850:
826:
795:mental disorders
749:hyperandrogenism
734:anorexia nervosa
538:levels may occur
419:, and even death
348:anorexia nervosa
317:bipolar disorder
301:mental disorders
94:Loss of enamel (
89:
69:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7276:
7275:
7274:
7265:
7237:
7218:
7202:
7171:
7149:
7140:
7115:
7090:
7047:
7044:substance abuse
7021:
6998:
6975:
6929:
6915:Bulimia nervosa
6892:
6873:
6849:Hypochondriasis
6844:False pregnancy
6827:Ganser syndrome
6809:Somatic symptom
6803:
6766:
6718:
6707:Specific phobia
6652:
6629:
6600:
6574:
6506:
6502:Savant syndrome
6474:Autism spectrum
6464:
6449:
6377:
6355:
6334:
6328:
6303:
6196:
6175:
6151:Dermatillomania
6112:
6098:Sexual anorexia
6055:
6044:
6034:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5994:Bulimia nervosa
5950:
5949:
5882:
5868:
5863:
5862:
5841:(12): 1627–37.
5832:
5831:
5824:
5802:
5801:
5784:
5748:
5747:
5743:
5705:
5704:
5693:
5684:
5647:
5638:
5634:
5625:
5623:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5572:
5571:
5567:
5537:
5536:
5532:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5165:
5164:
5157:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5045:
5044:
5040:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4635:(4): CD003385.
4622:
4621:
4617:
4586:(4): CD003391.
4577:
4576:
4572:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4431:10.1.1.822.6191
4415:
4414:
4405:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4330:
4329:
4325:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4225:10.1.1.583.7568
4205:
4204:
4200:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4141:
4140:
4133:
4102:(4): CD000562.
4089:
4088:
4084:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4005:
4003:
3996:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3739:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3632:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3516:
3512:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3431:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3274:(11): 1668–71.
3265:
3264:
3260:
3224:
3223:
3219:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2985:(12): 1205–12.
2972:
2971:
2967:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2844:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2528:10.1038/nrn3950
2509:
2508:
2504:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2411:
2410:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2334:(11): 2743–50.
2321:
2320:
2316:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2225:(5): 655a–655.
2216:
2215:
2211:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2095:Wayback Machine
2085:
2081:
2060:(2–3): 107–27.
2054:J Affect Disord
2051:
2050:
2043:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1911:
1910:
1903:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1822:(14): 2015–26.
1813:
1812:
1801:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1737:
1736:
1717:
1681:
1680:
1649:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1583:
1581:
1568:
1567:
1536:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1456:Eating recovery
1447:
1385:
1333:
1325:bulimia nervosa
1297:
1292:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1033:
1020:
1004:
979:
938:Antidepressants
931:
923:
904:
882:
856:
848:
824:
803:
730:
725:
664:
656:insula cortices
654:, and anterior
628:
615:, or exhaustion
585:sleep disorders
479:salivary glands
474:of tooth enamel
368:
257:eating disorder
249:Bulimia nervosa
72:Bulimia nervosa
67:
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7309:
7307:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7278:
7277:
7271:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7235:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7210:
7208:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7179:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7153:
7151:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7133:
7127:
7125:
7117:
7116:
7103:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7071:Rebound effect
7068:
7063:
7058:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7038:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7019:
7014:
7012:Hypersexuality
7008:
7006:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6985:
6983:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6951:
6946:
6940:
6938:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6906:
6904:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6819:
6813:
6811:
6805:
6804:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6780:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6747:
6745:Panic disorder
6742:
6737:
6732:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6712:Claustrophobia
6704:
6703:
6702:
6697:
6695:Anthropophobia
6687:
6685:Social anxiety
6682:
6677:
6671:
6669:
6660:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6650:
6643:
6641:
6631:
6630:
6617:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6555:Pick's disease
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6455:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6372:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6330:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6325:
6324:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6299:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6216:
6210:
6208:
6198:
6197:
6192:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6132:
6131:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6073:
6067:
6065:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6046:
6045:
6041:Classification
6035:
6033:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6010:
6001:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5985:
5971:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5936:
5925:
5914:
5899:
5883:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5874:Classification
5867:
5866:External links
5864:
5861:
5860:
5822:
5782:
5741:
5691:
5645:
5632:
5600:
5581:(11): 1623–9.
5565:
5530:
5495:
5460:
5419:
5384:
5341:
5300:
5255:
5236:
5201:
5155:
5136:(6): 362–371.
5120:
5101:
5098:on 2012-07-09.
5079:
5038:
4979:
4938:
4879:
4860:(2): 125–138.
4840:
4793:
4766:(5): 368–374.
4746:
4727:(5): 673–679.
4707:
4664:
4615:
4570:
4535:
4494:
4461:
4403:
4358:
4323:
4304:(12): 2322–4.
4288:
4261:Women's Health
4247:
4198:
4163:
4156:
4131:
4082:
4039:
4018:
4012:
3994:
3970:
3964:
3915:
3880:
3874:
3867:
3849:
3814:
3771:
3744:
3738:978-0078035388
3737:
3719:
3676:
3641:
3630:
3610:
3575:
3546:(3): 394–402.
3526:
3510:
3469:
3462:
3444:
3429:
3411:
3360:
3329:
3293:
3258:
3217:
3168:
3119:
3070:
3035:
3028:
3006:
2965:
2954:on May 2, 2016
2939:
2920:(3): 291–293.
2900:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2799:
2772:(5): 699–710.
2756:
2721:
2686:
2643:
2634:
2594:
2551:
2502:
2459:
2448:(2): 194–210.
2429:
2423:978-0340810262
2422:
2399:
2369:
2345:
2314:
2285:
2244:
2209:
2170:
2135:
2099:
2079:
2041:
1987:
1978:
1959:(3): 291–293.
1939:
1920:(3): 192–206.
1901:
1849:
1799:
1761:
1754:
1715:
1647:
1591:
1534:
1505:(10): 1031–6.
1481:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1426:Gerald Russell
1390:Gerald Russell
1384:
1381:
1332:
1329:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:0.3% combined
1196:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1089:figure skating
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1032:
1029:
1019:
1016:
1003:
1000:
978:
975:
930:
927:
922:
919:
903:
900:
881:
878:
802:
799:
729:
726:
724:
721:
663:
660:
627:
624:
617:
616:
610:
607:
604:
590:
587:
574:
571:
568:
562:
556:
553:
546:
545:
539:
524:
521:
516:
511:
506:
497:
488:
482:
475:
472:dental erosion
465:
458:Russell's sign
455:
444:
438:
433:
420:
417:cardiac arrest
406:
396:
393:gastric reflux
367:
364:
263:, followed by
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
226:
225:
216:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
182:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
159:
155:
154:
136:
130:
129:
122:
116:
115:
106:
100:
99:
91:
90:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
65:
62:
61:
55:September 2024
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7308:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7233:
7229:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7205:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7176:Schizophrenia
7174:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7106:
7105:Schizophrenia
7101:
7097:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7056:Drug overdose
7054:
7053:
7050:
7045:
7041:
7036:
7032:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7004:Sexual desire
7001:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6932:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6888:
6884:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6691:
6690:Social phobia
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6648:
6645:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6625:-related and
6624:
6620:
6615:
6611:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6577:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6456:
6446:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6366:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6331:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6190:
6186:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6047:
6042:
6038:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6019:
6017:
6012:
6011:
6008:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5965:
5961:
5960:
5957:
5953:
5946:
5942:
5941:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5881:
5876:
5872:
5865:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5783:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5745:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5714:(3): 429–48.
5713:
5709:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5636:
5633:
5621:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5604:
5601:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5569:
5566:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5534:
5531:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5511:(7): 1052–8.
5510:
5506:
5499:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5464:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5423:
5420:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5400:(4): 371–82.
5399:
5395:
5388:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5357:(2): 179–85.
5356:
5352:
5345:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5256:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5217:(2): 156–64.
5216:
5212:
5205:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5174:(8): 647–54.
5173:
5169:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5102:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5042:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4942:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4883:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4841:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4804:
4797:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4680:(3): 318–35.
4679:
4675:
4668:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4514:(2): 237–51.
4513:
4509:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4359:
4354:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4267:(2): 255–65.
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4179:(8): 1302–8.
4178:
4174:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4127:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4002:on 2023-10-15
4001:
3997:
3991:
3988:) ed.).
3987:
3983:
3982:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3935:(8): 577–90.
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3870:
3864:
3860:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3772:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3645:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3614:
3611:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3524:. 6e. pg 344.
3523:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3489:(6): 509–14.
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:Front Psychol
3371:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:(5): 307–20.
3309:
3305:
3297:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3221:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3139:(9): 836–42.
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3090:(5): 648–56.
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3051:(3): 248–56.
3050:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2966:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:(3): 249–61.
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:(2): 123–31.
2566:
2562:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2522:(7): 419–29.
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:(6): 668–75.
2189:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:(9): 875–81.
2150:
2146:
2139:
2136:
2128:September 13,
2120:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:(4): 406–14.
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:United States
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1203:United States
1202:
1201:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
988:
984:
976:
974:
970:
968:
964:
962:
956:
954:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
929:Psychotherapy
928:
926:
920:
918:
915:
914:
909:
901:
899:
896:
895:perfectionism
891:
888:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
863:
855:
847:
842:
840:
836:
831:
823:
820:
815:
813:
809:
800:
798:
796:
792:
787:
784:
782:
777:
775:
769:
767:
763:
759:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
727:
722:
720:
717:
715:
710:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
661:
659:
657:
653:
649:
644:
641:
637:
633:
632:interoceptive
626:Interoceptive
625:
623:
620:
614:
611:
608:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
588:
586:
582:
578:
575:
572:
569:
566:
563:
561:
557:
554:
551:
550:
549:
543:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
514:Peptic ulcers
512:
510:
507:
505:
501:
498:
496:
492:
489:
486:
485:Gastroparesis
483:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
463:
459:
456:
453:
449:
445:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
414:
410:
407:
404:
400:
397:
394:
390:
389:
388:
380:
372:
365:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:water fasting
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
198:
194:
190:
186:
183:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
134:Complications
131:
127:
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
105:
101:
97:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
70:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
7136:Folie Ă deux
7061:Intoxication
7042:substances,
7040:Psychoactive
6959:Night terror
6914:
6776:Dissociative
6740:Panic attack
6292:Tic disorder
5987:
5973:
5962:
5938:
5927:
5916:
5901:
5886:
5838:
5834:
5808:
5804:
5761:(6): 447–8.
5758:
5754:
5744:
5711:
5707:
5686:
5640:
5635:
5624:. Retrieved
5613:
5603:
5578:
5574:
5568:
5546:(7): 971–5.
5543:
5539:
5533:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5476:(3): 263–8.
5473:
5469:
5463:
5439:(5): 450–5.
5436:
5432:
5422:
5397:
5393:
5387:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5320:(1): 49–54.
5317:
5313:
5303:
5271:(3): 212–7.
5268:
5264:
5258:
5250:the original
5239:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5171:
5167:
5133:
5129:
5123:
5104:
5096:the original
5091:
5082:
5058:(6): 562–3.
5055:
5051:
5041:
4999:(2): e1541.
4996:
4992:
4982:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4896:
4892:
4882:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4813:(1): 19–65.
4810:
4806:
4796:
4763:
4759:
4749:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4583:
4573:
4551:(1): 46–54.
4548:
4544:
4538:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4481:(1): 67–68.
4478:
4474:
4464:
4424:(1): 39–61.
4421:
4417:
4371:
4361:
4339:(4): 632–4.
4336:
4332:
4326:
4301:
4297:
4291:
4264:
4260:
4250:
4218:(4): 451–9.
4215:
4211:
4201:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4145:
4099:
4095:
4085:
4055:(4): 391–7.
4052:
4048:
4042:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4004:. Retrieved
4000:the original
3980:
3973:
3967:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3896:(6): 562–8.
3893:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3858:
3852:
3830:(1): 76–85.
3827:
3823:
3817:
3787:(5): 181–3.
3784:
3780:
3774:
3762:. Retrieved
3747:
3728:
3722:
3689:
3685:
3679:
3657:(1): 17–31.
3654:
3650:
3644:
3620:
3613:
3591:(4): 401–8.
3588:
3584:
3578:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3453:
3447:
3420:
3414:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3338:
3332:
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3303:
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3271:
3267:
3261:
3237:(2): 171–6.
3234:
3230:
3220:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3019:
3009:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2952:the original
2942:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2849:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2769:
2766:Addict Behav
2765:
2759:
2737:(2): 173–8.
2734:
2730:
2724:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2637:
2612:
2608:
2597:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2445:
2441:
2413:
2390:. Retrieved
2381:
2372:
2364:the original
2357:
2348:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2309:the original
2300:
2261:
2257:
2247:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2119:the original
2114:
2102:
2082:
2057:
2053:
2007:
2003:
1981:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1917:
1913:
1869:
1865:
1819:
1815:
1780:(5): 462–9.
1777:
1773:
1740:
1691:
1687:
1615:
1611:
1582:. Retrieved
1573:
1502:
1498:
1439:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1383:20th century
1373:
1354:
1334:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1300:
1298:
1283:5.1% female
1266:1.9% female
1249:1.1% female
1232:7.3% female
1215:1.3% female
1184:3.6% female
1163:1.4% female
1147:1.3% female
1128:0.3% female
1085:cheerleading
1078:
1074:
1031:Epidemiology
1021:
1018:Risk factors
1011:
1008:hypnotherapy
1005:
990:
980:
971:
965:
957:
951:
932:
924:
911:
905:
892:
883:
874:
870:
866:
861:
853:
845:
843:
838:
829:
821:
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804:
788:
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778:
770:
746:
731:
718:
711:
699:
690:
688:
673:
665:
645:
629:
621:
618:
560:self-harming
547:
542:Hypoglycemia
504:palpitations
491:Constipation
470:, or severe
427:inflammation
411:can lead to
385:
345:
329:
278:
261:binge eating
252:
248:
247:
96:acid erosion
52:
44:
7109:schizotypal
6944:Hypersomnia
6934:Nonorganic
6675:Agoraphobia
6406:Cyclothymia
6401:Bipolar NOS
6376:(affective)
6248:Stereotypic
6156:Kleptomania
5964:MedlinePlus
5811:(3): 3–16.
5244:McBride H.
2702:(1): 83–5.
2659:(12): 138.
2615:: 216–221.
2475:: 237–246.
2392:December 5,
2264:(10): 722.
2086:Dorfman J,
1401:Mayo Clinic
1303:comes from
1110:% affected
835:dichotomous
592:The use of
532:cholesterol
528:blood sugar
519:Infertility
509:Hypotension
500:Tachycardia
468:Perimolysis
452:lacerations
423:Esophagitis
403:hypokalemia
399:Dehydration
77:Other names
7280:Categories
7261:Stereotypy
7124:Delusional
7113:delusional
7086:Withdrawal
6954:Parasomnia
6859:Nosophobia
6639:Adjustment
6627:somatoform
6560:Sundowning
6413:Depression
6396:Bipolar II
6285:Stuttering
6280:Cluttering
6076:Paraphilia
5989:Patient UK
5940:DiseasesDB
5626:2008-04-06
4899:(1): 136.
4146:Psychiatry
4006:2010-03-14
3824:Body Image
3439:1100591660
1477:References
1406:Ellen West
1342:Asia Minor
1069: 4–25
995:sertraline
987:fluoxetine
977:Medication
944:(SSRI) or
887:prevalence
728:Biological
676:narcissism
602:diet pills
577:Depression
567:tendencies
305:depression
285:stimulants
272:or taking
214:Medication
140:depression
109:Psychiatry
7296:Self-harm
7214:Catatonia
7146:Psychosis
6981:Postnatal
6964:Nightmare
6570:Wandering
6423:Dysthymia
6391:Bipolar I
6346:Pervasive
6161:Pyromania
6086:Voyeurism
6081:Fetishism
5980:emerg/810
5975:eMedicine
5540:Addiction
5286:1822/5722
5088:"Bulimia"
4958:(3): 49.
4952:MedGenMed
4915:2050-2974
4874:1040-2861
4827:1939-1455
4780:0010-440X
4741:0276-3478
4426:CiteSeerX
4220:CiteSeerX
4208:Petkova E
3986:DSM-IV-TR
3764:April 18,
3754:"Bulimia"
3752:Zieve D.
3045:Maturitas
2696:Eat Behav
2382:Proud2BME
1934:144731404
1424:In 1979,
1392:in 1979.
1350:Vitellius
1299:The term
1295:Etymology
1280:0.4% male
1263:0.7% male
1246:0.1% male
1229:0.7% male
1212:0.2% male
1189:Australia
1181:0.4% male
1178:residents
1144:0.8% male
1063: 3-3
1057: 2-2
1051: 1-1
1045: 0-0
921:Treatment
880:Diagnosis
738:serotonin
652:cingulate
640:affective
598:diuretics
594:laxatives
526:Elevated
431:esophagus
325:self-harm
281:diuretics
274:laxatives
239:Frequency
230:Prognosis
203:Treatment
126:laxatives
104:Specialty
7291:Vomiting
6949:Insomnia
6619:Neurotic
6586:Delirium
6512:Dementia
6351:Specific
5777:15572732
5736:23973384
5620:Archived
5379:20615315
5371:15797704
5336:14978549
5295:17173324
5231:17080449
5196:23275345
5188:15300375
5150:36125216
5115:Archived
5074:17139044
5033:18253489
4993:PLOS ONE
4974:15520673
4933:34674763
4835:14717649
4694:17558721
4659:11687197
4610:14583971
4565:20872926
4530:12817553
4456:16098576
4448:18444053
4398:25752094
4390:15852323
4353:11282700
4318:15569910
4283:19803857
4242:10450615
4193:10910795
4126:19821271
4077:36665983
4069:22614677
3959:10940151
3910:17510925
3844:21962524
3809:20401750
3801:20182734
3758:Archived
3714:39739310
3692:: 90–3.
3671:11835294
3636:Archived
3570:23814455
3505:12042229
3406:30429818
3380:: 2122.
3324:24942507
3253:10025442
3212:27199566
3188:: 9–16.
3163:23380716
3114:22331810
3065:22281161
3001:15115760
2934:16139807
2895:24919021
2837:73416090
2829:30725304
2794:25050604
2716:21184981
2673:29168047
2629:26682490
2589:12748691
2546:26016744
2489:28377099
2386:Archived
2204:15333281
2165:12944574
2091:Archived
2074:15935230
2036:30680217
1973:16139807
1896:27733282
1836:22946772
1794:23658093
1710:21418667
1694:: 1009.
1642:22644309
1584:June 27,
1578:Archived
1529:23032383
1445:See also
1357:anorexia
1346:Claudius
1313:boulīmia
1309:βουλιμία
1176:Budapest
1116:Portugal
1101:Country
902:Criteria
762:androgen
758:estrogen
732:As with
565:Suicidal
495:diarrhea
477:Swollen
462:calluses
391:Chronic
303:such as
270:vomiting
255:, is an
185:Anorexia
120:Symptoms
6658:Anxiety
6497:PDD-NOS
6386:Bipolar
6039: (
5983:med/255
5934:D052018
5855:1842216
5595:7485625
5560:7663319
5525:7793442
5490:8556022
5455:8781459
5414:9561427
5024:2212110
5001:Bibcode
4965:1435625
4924:8529812
4788:8879912
4702:9684032
4650:6999807
4601:6991155
4488:2651218
4117:7034415
3950:1495575
3706:1638336
3605:2180327
3561:3695554
3397:6220092
3355:9875960
3288:7485633
3203:4864009
3154:3755487
3105:3640453
2958:July 4,
2887:8817724
2786:9347071
2751:9261656
2681:3688434
2581:3863157
2537:4731102
2340:9636337
2280:6592415
2239:3857013
2027:6335811
1887:5055577
1844:1747393
1746:345–349
1701:3275326
1633:3409365
1520:4038540
1431:DSM-III
1301:bulimia
1290:History
1168:Hungary
940:of the
808:Nadroga
706:bipolar
636:somatic
613:Fatigue
536:amylase
429:of the
341:dieting
337:obesity
321:suicide
309:anxiety
265:purging
253:bulimia
162:Genetic
152:suicide
144:anxiety
80:Bulimia
45:updated
18:Bulimic
6902:Eating
6750:Stress
6667:Phobia
6623:stress
6482:Autism
6275:Speech
6064:Sexual
5969:000341
5923:607499
5912:307.51
5853:
5775:
5734:
5728:482466
5726:
5593:
5558:
5523:
5488:
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5293:
5229:
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4833:
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3807:
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3322:
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3151:
3112:
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3026:
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2835:
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2784:
2749:
2714:
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2671:
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2497:768206
2495:
2487:
2420:
2338:
2278:
2237:
2202:
2163:
2072:
2034:
2024:
1971:
1932:
1894:
1884:
1866:Lancet
1842:
1834:
1792:
1752:
1708:
1698:
1640:
1630:
1527:
1517:
1376:Talmud
1237:Canada
1220:Norway
1134:Brazil
1093:whites
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
862:et al.
854:et al.
846:et al.
839:et al.
830:et al.
822:et al.
801:Social
723:Causes
600:, and
583:, and
534:, and
448:trauma
358:, and
158:Causes
7207:Other
6936:sleep
6723:Other
6579:Other
6445:Mania
6117:Other
5897:F50.2
5732:S2CID
5375:S2CID
5192:S2CID
4698:S2CID
4452:S2CID
4394:S2CID
4073:S2CID
3805:S2CID
3797:JSTOR
3710:S2CID
2891:S2CID
2833:S2CID
2790:S2CID
2677:S2CID
2585:S2CID
2493:S2CID
2122:(PDF)
2111:(PDF)
2010:: 1.
1930:S2CID
1840:S2CID
1321:līmos
1305:Greek
1254:Japan
1152:Spain
1104:Year
857:'
849:'
825:'
446:Oral
425:, or
7111:and
6760:PTSD
6374:Mood
6214:ADHD
5945:1770
5929:MeSH
5918:OMIM
5907:9-CM
5851:PMID
5773:PMID
5724:PMID
5591:PMID
5556:PMID
5521:PMID
5486:PMID
5451:PMID
5410:PMID
5367:PMID
5332:PMID
5291:PMID
5227:PMID
5184:PMID
5146:PMID
5070:PMID
5029:PMID
4970:PMID
4929:PMID
4911:ISSN
4870:ISSN
4831:PMID
4823:ISSN
4784:PMID
4776:ISSN
4737:ISSN
4690:PMID
4655:PMID
4633:2001
4606:PMID
4561:PMID
4526:PMID
4444:PMID
4386:PMID
4349:PMID
4314:PMID
4279:PMID
4238:PMID
4189:PMID
4152:ISBN
4122:PMID
4100:2009
4065:PMID
4031:ISBN
3990:ISBN
3955:PMID
3906:PMID
3863:ISBN
3840:PMID
3766:2011
3733:ISBN
3702:PMID
3667:PMID
3626:ISBN
3601:PMID
3566:PMID
3501:PMID
3458:ISBN
3435:OCLC
3425:ISBN
3402:PMID
3351:PMID
3320:PMID
3284:PMID
3249:PMID
3208:PMID
3159:PMID
3110:PMID
3061:PMID
3024:ISBN
2997:PMID
2960:2016
2930:PMID
2883:PMID
2825:PMID
2782:PMID
2747:PMID
2712:PMID
2669:PMID
2625:PMID
2577:PMID
2542:PMID
2485:PMID
2418:ISBN
2394:2014
2336:PMID
2276:PMID
2235:PMID
2200:PMID
2161:PMID
2130:2013
2070:PMID
2032:PMID
1969:PMID
1892:PMID
1832:PMID
1790:PMID
1750:ISBN
1706:PMID
1692:2010
1638:PMID
1586:2015
1525:PMID
1348:and
1317:bous
1274:1992
1257:1995
1240:1995
1223:1995
1206:1996
1192:1998
1174:580
1171:2003
1155:2004
1138:2004
1120:2006
812:Fiji
751:and
638:and
401:and
323:and
7148:and
6735:OCD
6263:RAD
6258:DAD
6224:ODD
5903:ICD
5888:ICD
5843:doi
5839:148
5813:doi
5763:doi
5759:185
5716:doi
5583:doi
5579:152
5548:doi
5513:doi
5509:152
5478:doi
5441:doi
5437:144
5402:doi
5359:doi
5322:doi
5281:hdl
5273:doi
5219:doi
5176:doi
5138:doi
5060:doi
5056:189
5019:PMC
5009:doi
4960:PMC
4919:PMC
4901:doi
4862:doi
4815:doi
4811:130
4768:doi
4729:doi
4682:doi
4645:PMC
4637:doi
4596:PMC
4588:doi
4553:doi
4516:doi
4483:PMC
4436:doi
4376:doi
4341:doi
4337:158
4306:doi
4302:161
4269:doi
4230:doi
4181:doi
4177:157
4112:PMC
4104:doi
4057:doi
3945:PMC
3937:doi
3898:doi
3832:doi
3789:doi
3694:doi
3690:161
3659:doi
3593:doi
3589:147
3556:PMC
3548:doi
3491:doi
3487:180
3392:PMC
3382:doi
3343:doi
3312:doi
3276:doi
3272:152
3239:doi
3198:PMC
3190:doi
3149:PMC
3141:doi
3100:PMC
3092:doi
3053:doi
2987:doi
2922:doi
2875:doi
2817:doi
2774:doi
2739:doi
2704:doi
2661:doi
2617:doi
2613:191
2569:doi
2532:PMC
2524:doi
2477:doi
2450:doi
2266:doi
2227:doi
2223:142
2192:doi
2153:doi
2149:349
2062:doi
2022:PMC
2012:doi
1961:doi
1922:doi
1882:PMC
1874:doi
1870:388
1824:doi
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1628:PMC
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