31:
282:
53:
419:
517:. Hogg described an "Essex Bullace", which appears in all respects identical to the Shepherd's Bullace, and a "Royal Bullace", said to bear very large, yellow-green fruit. A "New Large Bullace", probably synonymous with the Royal Bullace, was occasionally mentioned, described as very similar to the Shepherd's Bullace but with larger leaves, many of which were glandless, a much more vigorous habit, and lighter cropping.
394:
is, however, a wide variation between trees in different districts due to hybridization and local selection. Bullaces generally ripen in
October–November, rather later than other types of plum, and fruit heavily. They may sometimes be found growing wild in woods or hedgerows, particularly near old farmhouses; others may be found in old gardens or orchards, or can still be purchased from some nurseries.
385:, the bullace gradually fell out of favour as newer, larger or sweeter types of damson or plum displaced it, and it hung on at the fringes of cultivation. Its hardiness meant that, like the damson, it was occasionally planted as a windbreak or hedging tree, and until the 20th century was regarded as valuable for providing fruit very late in the year.
826:
393:
Four main varieties of bullace are recognised in
England: the White, Black, Shepherd's and Langley. The bullace may be found as a small tree, growing to around 8 metres in height, or as a bush, distinguishable from the sloe by its broader leaves and small number or complete absence of spines. There
268:
Unlike nearly all damsons, bullaces may be either "white" (i.e. yellow or green) or "black" (i.e. blue or purple) in colour, and ripen up to six weeks later in the year. Though smaller than most damsons, bullaces are much larger than the closely related
493:. It was a cross between an Orleans plum and the Farleigh damson, and is therefore not considered a true bullace in some sources. This is the largest variety, and when ripe - which occurs in November - is much the sweetest.
374:
is still, however, occasionally regarded as a separate (entirely native) species. It is possible that the bullace is genuinely native to Great
Britain: the horticulturalist Harold Taylor, in his book
469:
This variety has relatively large round fruit, ripening by
October to a grass green or yellowish green colour, with small red spots on the sunward side. It was formerly common in
652:
402:
The Black
Bullace is the common "wild" bullace of woods in England, recognisable by its small, round black or dark purple fruit. It is sometimes classified as
366:
was solely descended from the latter. Another theory suggests that the bullace developed (or was selected) over time from the sloe, without the involvement of
410:. It can be quite astringent until very ripe, or subject to a slight frost; a larger variety known as the "New Black Bullace" was later developed from it.
378:, described it as "the only truly English plum", observing that all other hybrid varieties of plum and damson had at least some non-native origins.
859:
951:
502:
173:
999:
664:
Woldring, H. "On the origin of plums: a study of sloe, damson, cherry plums, domestic plums and their intermediate forms", in
852:
461:
described the flesh as "firm, juicy, sweet and subacid". It is also occasionally referred to as the "Golden
Bullace".
30:
485:
The
Langley Bullace, or "Veitch's Black Bullace", is by far the newest variety, being first raised in 1902 by the
525:
Bullaces are often stated to only be suitable for cooking. As well as being used for stewing and making various
52:
994:
458:
501:
Other names have appeared, but are likely to represent either the above broad types or variations of them;
845:
205:
442:
by the name "cricksies" or "crickses", formed on an earlier plural "creeks", and probably originating in
827:
British Cyclopædia of the Arts, Sciences, History, Geography, Literature, Natural
History, and Biography
443:
962:
933:
925:
281:
261:. Although the term has regionally been applied to several different kinds of "wild plum" found in the
506:
265:, it is usually taken to refer to varieties with a spherical shape, as opposed to the oval damsons.
537:
supper in the south of
England. However, some bullaces are palatable raw when sufficiently ripe.
490:
47:
732:
422:
Fruit of the White or Golden
Bullace, showing the slight blush often found on the sunward side
358:
505:
and Mawe, writing in 1779, described three types of bullace, the "white", "black" and "red".
945:
534:
434:, has small, yellowish fruit, with greenish flesh. A very old variety, it was once known in
257:
160:
526:
90:
904:
435:
418:
352:
340:
301:
262:
77:
988:
973:
533:, and a bullace pie was stated to be one of the usual centrepieces of a 19th-century
510:
226:
486:
382:
312:
230:
39:
622:
A glossary of words used in the wapentakes of Manley and Corringham, Lincolnshire
530:
290:
909:
899:
556:
328:
320:
914:
316:
136:
103:
593:
The fruit manual: a guide to the fruits and fruit trees of Great Britain
311:. Wild plums were formerly given the related name "bullies" in parts of
454:
126:
894:
884:
870:
546:
324:
248:
146:
116:
350:, the bullace may have had its origin in hybrids between the sloe (
919:
474:
439:
417:
280:
64:
837:
551:
470:
305:
270:
244:
841:
294:
668:, 39,40 (1997-1998): Institute of Archaeology, Groningen, 535
381:
Although once cultivated, and familiar to gardeners of the
273:. Their flavour is usually rather acidic until fully ripe.
251:, and like the damson is considered to be a strain of the
509:
also mentions a black, white and red bullace, as well a
477:
and may still be found in hedgerows in eastern England.
457:
in the 19th century, for use in preserving or cooking;
722:, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green, 1831, p.467
702:
Sell, P. "The cherries and plums of Cambridgeshire",
447:
247:. It bears edible fruit similar to those of the
315:. They were also known as the "bullum-tree" in
777:The British fruit-gardener, and art of pruning
853:
8:
529:, they were also traditionally used to make
426:The White Bullace, sometimes classified as
333:
860:
846:
838:
802:Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society
755:Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society
714:
712:
574:
572:
29:
20:
698:
696:
632:
630:
603:
601:
720:A guide to the orchard and fruit garden
568:
688:Fruit growing: modern cultural methods
453:. It was grown in large quantities in
362:), though there is also evidence that
289:The name probably originates from the
648:
646:
624:, English Dialect Society, 1889, p.79
7:
790:Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum
609:The new Oxford book of food plants
14:
816:, Dorling Kindersley, 2011, p.266
51:
814:RHS Complete Gardener's Manual
736:, 1851, p.451, and 1898, p.117
327:; and as the "wild damson" in
1:
775:Abercrombie, J. and Mawe, T.
607:Vaughan, J. and Geissler, C.
38:Black bullaces growing in a
1016:
880:
690:, Ward, Lock, 1939, p.186
640:, Hart-Davis, 1975, p.176
211:
204:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
831:Wm. S. Orr, 1838, p. 643
704:Nature in Cambridgeshire
655:, Natural History Museum
346:Like other varieties of
464:
448:
306:
295:
1000:Flora of Great Britain
638:The Englishman's flora
423:
334:
300:, meaning "sloe", via
286:
582:, Lockwood, 1949, p.6
421:
284:
580:The Plums of England
376:The Plums of England
277:Etymology and origin
922:(including Plumcot)
653:Rose-related fruits
356:) and cherry plum (
331:. The similar word
595:, JHO, 1884, p.689
491:Langley, Berkshire
465:Shepherd's Bullace
424:
287:
982:
981:
733:Notes and Queries
677:Taylor, 1949, p.2
611:, OUP, 2009, p.76
368:Prunus cerasifera
359:Prunus cerasifera
237:
236:
161:P. domestica
1007:
957:Prunus americana
946:Prunus domestica
873:
862:
855:
848:
839:
832:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
786:
780:
773:
767:
764:
758:
752:
746:
743:
737:
729:
723:
716:
707:
700:
691:
684:
678:
675:
669:
662:
656:
650:
641:
634:
625:
618:
612:
605:
596:
589:
583:
576:
451:
372:Prunus insititia
348:Prunus domestica
339:was used in the
337:
319:; "bullison" in
309:
298:
258:Prunus domestica
243:is a variety of
221:
215:Prunus domestica
56:
55:
33:
21:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1005:
1004:
985:
984:
983:
978:
876:
871:
866:
836:
835:
824:
820:
812:
808:
800:
796:
787:
783:
774:
770:
765:
761:
753:
749:
744:
740:
730:
726:
717:
710:
706:, 33 (1991), 31
701:
694:
686:Bagenal, N. B.
685:
681:
676:
672:
663:
659:
651:
644:
635:
628:
619:
615:
606:
599:
590:
586:
577:
570:
565:
543:
527:fruit preserves
523:
511:double flowered
499:
497:Other varieties
483:
481:Langley Bullace
467:
416:
400:
391:
285:Bullace blossom
279:
233:
223:
213:
200:
182:
164:
50:
17:
16:Variety of plum
12:
11:
5:
1013:
1011:
1003:
1002:
997:
995:Plum cultigens
987:
986:
980:
979:
977:
976:
971:
960:
953:Prunus persica
949:
942:
931:
923:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
881:
878:
877:
867:
865:
864:
857:
850:
842:
834:
833:
818:
806:
794:
788:London, J. C.
781:
768:
766:Bagenal, p.188
759:
747:
738:
724:
708:
692:
679:
670:
666:Palaeohistoria
657:
642:
626:
613:
597:
584:
578:Taylor, H. V.
567:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
554:
549:
542:
539:
522:
519:
498:
495:
482:
479:
466:
463:
436:Cambridgeshire
415:
412:
399:
396:
390:
387:
353:Prunus spinosa
341:Welsh language
302:Middle English
278:
275:
263:United Kingdom
255:subspecies of
235:
234:
224:
209:
208:
206:Trinomial name
202:
201:
190:
188:
184:
183:
172:
170:
166:
165:
158:
156:
152:
151:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1012:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
990:
975:
972:
970:
969:
965:
961:
959:
958:
954:
950:
948:
947:
943:
941:
940:
936:
932:
930:
928:
924:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
879:
875:
874:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:
840:
830:
828:
822:
819:
815:
810:
807:
803:
798:
795:
792:, 1844, p. li
791:
785:
782:
778:
772:
769:
763:
760:
757:, 1920, p.623
756:
751:
748:
742:
739:
735:
734:
728:
725:
721:
715:
713:
709:
705:
699:
697:
693:
689:
683:
680:
674:
671:
667:
661:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
633:
631:
627:
623:
617:
614:
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
588:
585:
581:
575:
573:
569:
562:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
494:
492:
489:nurseries at
488:
480:
478:
476:
472:
462:
460:
456:
452:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
420:
414:White Bullace
413:
411:
409:
405:
398:Black Bullace
397:
395:
388:
386:
384:
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
360:
355:
354:
349:
344:
342:
338:
336:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
308:
303:
299:
297:
292:
283:
276:
274:
272:
266:
264:
260:
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
232:
228:
222:
220:
216:
210:
207:
203:
199:
198:
194:
189:
186:
185:
181:
180:
176:
171:
168:
167:
163:
162:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
78:Tracheophytes
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
967:
963:
956:
952:
944:
938:
934:
926:
889:
869:
825:
821:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
784:
779:, 1779, p.99
776:
771:
762:
754:
750:
741:
731:
727:
719:
718:Lindley, G.
703:
687:
682:
673:
665:
660:
637:
636:Grigson, G.
621:
620:Peacock, E.
616:
608:
592:
587:
579:
535:harvest home
524:
514:
500:
484:
468:
446:
444:Anglo-Norman
431:
427:
425:
407:
403:
401:
392:
383:Tudor period
380:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
351:
347:
345:
332:
323:; "scad" in
313:Lincolnshire
304:
293:
288:
267:
256:
252:
240:
238:
231:C.K.Schneid.
218:
214:
212:
196:
192:
191:
178:
174:
169:Subspecies:
159:
147:
110:
97:
84:
71:
40:Denbighshire
18:
804:, 1906, 623
745:Hogg, p.257
515:flore pleno
503:Abercrombie
91:Angiosperms
989:Categories
563:References
531:fruit wine
291:Old French
193:P. d.
968:yedoensis
939:dasycarpa
910:Nectaplum
905:Mirabelle
900:Greengage
591:Hogg, R.
557:Mirabelle
428:insititia
404:insititia
389:Varieties
364:domestica
329:Yorkshire
321:Wiltshire
253:insititia
187:Variety:
179:insititia
155:Species:
61:Kingdom:
42:hedgerow
974:Victoria
929:'Climax'
915:Peacotum
541:See also
513:variety
317:Cornwall
137:Rosaceae
133:Family:
104:Eudicots
24:Bullace
890:Bullace
868:Hybrid
455:Norfolk
432:syriaca
241:bullace
177:subsp.
143:Genus:
127:Rosales
123:Order:
65:Plantae
964:Prunus
935:Prunus
927:Prunus
895:Damson
885:Aprium
872:Prunus
547:Damson
507:Loudon
487:Veitch
325:Sussex
296:beloce
249:damson
148:Prunus
117:Rosids
920:Pluot
475:Essex
449:creke
440:Essex
430:var.
408:nigra
406:var.
335:bwlas
307:bolas
219:nigra
217:var.
197:nigra
195:var.
175:P. d.
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
72:Clade
552:Sloe
521:Uses
473:and
471:Kent
459:Hogg
438:and
271:sloe
245:plum
239:The
991::
966:×
955:×
937:×
711:^
695:^
645:^
629:^
600:^
571:^
370:.
343:.
229:)
227:L.
113::
100::
87::
74::
861:e
854:t
847:v
829:,
225:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
