45:
361:
782:
555:
439:
961:(LVRS) may be an option. LVRS involves the removal of tissue from the lobe most damaged by emphysema, which allows the other lobes to expand and give improved function. The procedure appears to be particularly effective if the emphysema primarily involves the upper lobes; however, the procedure increases the risk of adverse events and early death in people who have diffuse emphysema.
1077:
773:, or compression of airways by nearby tissues, no cause is identified in half of cases. CT scan of the lungs is useful in assessing the anatomy of the lung lobes and status of the neighbouring lobes on whether they are hypoplastic or not. Contrast-enhanced CT is useful in assessing vascular abnormalities and mediastinal masses.
1157:(1837) to describe lungs that did not collapse when he opened the chest during an autopsy. He noted that they did not collapse as usual because they were full of air and the airways were filled with mucus. Early descriptions of probable emphysema include: in 1679 by T. Bonet of a condition of "voluminous lungs" and in 1769 by
296:. In 2016 in the United States there were 6,977 deaths from emphysema – 2.2 per 100,000 people. Globally it accounts for 5% of all deaths. A 2018 review of work on the effects of tobacco and cannabis smoking found that a possibly cumulative toxic effect could be a risk factor for developing emphysema, and
637:
with emphysema being a source of disease. HIV is cited as a risk factor for the development of emphysema and COPD regardless of smoking status. Around 20 percent of those with HIV have increased emphysematous changes. This has suggested that an underlying mechanism related to HIV is a contributory
728:
is another type of fibrosis that occurs in emphysematous lungs and can be identified by pathologists. Unlike CPFE, this type of fibrosis is usually clinically occult (i.e., does not cause symptoms or imaging abnormalities). Occasionally, however, some patients with SRIF present with symptoms and
379:
Early symptoms of emphysema vary. They can include a cough (with or without sputum), wheezing, a fast breathing rate, breathlessness on exertion, and a feeling of tightness in the chest. There may be frequent cold or flu infections. Other symptoms may include anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep
1004:
Both of these techniques are associated with adverse effects, including persistent air leaks and cardiovascular complications. Bronchoscopic thermal vapor ablation has an improved profile. Heated water vapor is used to target affected lobe regions, which leads to permanent fibrosis and volume
454:(centrilobular) in the lung, the area around the terminal bronchiole and the first respiratory bronchiole, and can be seen on imaging as an area around the tip of the visible pulmonary artery. Centrilobular emphysema is the most common type usually associated with smoking, and with
331:. Only the first two types of emphysema – centrilobular and panlobular – are associated with significant airflow obstruction, with that of centrilobular emphysema around 20 times more common than panlobular. Centrilobular emphysema is the only type associated with
3710:
1020:. A bilateral transplant is the preferred choice as complications can arise in a remaining single native lung; complications can include hyperinflation, pneumonia, and the development of lung cancer. Careful selection as recommended by the
380:
problems and weight loss. These symptoms could also relate to other lung conditions or other health problems; therefore, emphysema is often underdiagnosed. The shortness of breath emphysema causes can increase over time and develop into
1562:
Underner M, Urban T, Perriot J, et al. (December 2018). "REVUE GÉNÉRALE – Pneumothorax spontané et emphysème pulmonaire chez les consommateurs de cannabis" [Spontaneous pneumothorax and lung emphysema in cannabis users].
425:
Only the first two types of emphysema – centrilobular and panlobular – are associated with significant airflow obstruction, with that of centrilobular emphysema around 20 times more common than panlobular. The subtypes can be seen on
573:. Bullae can become extensive and combine to form giant bullae. These can be large enough to take up a third of a hemithorax, compress the lung parenchyma, and cause displacement. The emphysema is now termed
821:
and particles has been shown to be a cause of emphysema deaths; the figures in the study included some miners who also smoked. Uranium mining and milling was found to create environmental pollution.
753:
of one or more lobes of the lung due to the partial obstruction of the bronchus. This causes symptoms of pressure on the nearby organs. It is associated with several cardiac abnormalities such as
892:
638:
factor in the development of emphysema. HIV associated emphysema occurs over a much shorter time than that associated with smoking; an earlier presentation is also seen in emphysema caused by
495:
458:. The disease progresses from the centrilobular portion, leaving the lung parenchyma in the surrounding (perilobular) region preserved. Usually the upper lobes of the lungs are affected.
1005:
reduction. The procedure is able to target individual lobe segments, can be carried out regardless of collateral ventilation, and can be repeated with the natural advance of emphysema.
945:
may be offered to those with advanced emphysema. When other treatments fail, and the emphysema is in the upper lobes, a surgical option may be possible. A number of minimally invasive
1409:
1024:(NETT) for transplant surgeries is needed as in some cases there will be an increased risk of mortality. Several factors, including age and exercise tolerance using the
3620:
725:
3756:
1161:
of lungs which were "turgid particularly from air". In 1721 the first drawings of emphysema were made by Ruysh. These were followed the illustrations of
2760:
Marchetti N, Criner GJ (August 2015). "Surgical
Approaches to Treating Emphysema: Lung Volume Reduction Surgery, Bullectomy, and Lung Transplantation".
376:
but some people are affected who have never smoked. The presence of emphysema is a clear risk factor for lung cancer, made stronger in those who smoke.
3494:
3446:
912:
is overinflation of part of a lung in response to either removal by surgery of another part of the lung or decreased size of another part of the lung.
706:
430:
but are not well-defined clinically. There are also a number of associated conditions including bullous emphysema, focal emphysema, and
Ritalin lung.
679:
422:. The fourth subtype is known as paracicatricial emphysema or irregular emphysema, involves the acinus irregularly and is associated with fibrosis.
975:
Minimally invasive bronchoscopic procedures may be carried out to reduce lung volume. These include the use of valves, coils, or thermal ablation.
3470:
470:, affects all of the alveoli in a lobule, and can involve the whole lung or mainly the lower lobes. This type of emphysema is associated with
3635:
3590:
2015:
Sharma N, Justaniah AM (August 2009). "Vanishing lung syndrome (giant bullous emphysema):CT findings in 7 patients and a literature review".
1302:
655:
381:
288:(COPD), a progressive lung disease characterized by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. Without COPD, the finding of emphysema on
285:
281:
745:. It is diagnosed around the time of birth or in the first 6 months of life, occurring more often in boys than girls. CLE affects the upper
3150:
694:
leading to alveolar destruction. However, other intravenous drugs also contain talc, and no emphysematous change is associated with those.
1309:
Emphysema is defined as permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole accompanied by destruction of alveolar walls.
979:
are one-way valves that may be used in those with severe hyperinflation resulting from advanced emphysema; a suitable target lobe and no
1964:
970:
814:
813:
A number of occupations are associated with the development of emphysema due to the inhalation of varied gases and particles. In the US
695:
3761:
987:
of the lobe that ensures a reduction in residual volume that improves lung function, the capacity for exercise, and quality of life.
3609:
2739:
2482:
1358:
307:– centrilobular or centriacinar, panlobular or panacinar, and paraseptal or distal acinar emphysema – and are not associated with
1068:
is the presence of air in the stomach wall, usually caused by a bacterial infection. This is rare but has a high mortality rate.
915:
642:. Both of these conditions predominantly show damage in the lower lungs, which suggests a similarity between the two mechanisms.
709:(CPFE) is a rare syndrome that shows upper-lobe emphysema, together with lower-lobe interstitial fibrosis. This is diagnosed by
222:
is any air-filled enlargement in the body's tissues. Most commonly emphysema refers to the permanent enlargement of air spaces (
1240:
1238:
1236:
3538:
686:. The mechanism underlying this link is not clearly understood. Ritalin tablets are not intended to be injected. They contain
418:(scarring). Although fibrosis is not a normal feature of these subtypes, repair strategies in end-stage emphysema may lead to
3766:
994:, instead of valves is recommended where there is collateral ventilation that would prevent the use of valves. Nitinol is a
651:
639:
471:
274:
833:
829:
790:
1324:
846:
particles, and the formation of large silica nodules is associated with paracicatricial emphysema, with or without bullae.
958:
801:
may also be included as focal emphysema. These can be differentiated from the other type of enclosed air space known as a
1715:
352:
for treating exacerbations is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis, and their repeated use is recommended against.
3659:
1740:
836:, and this extends into progressive centrilobular emphysema. Less commonly a variant of panlobular emphysema develops.
538:
that form in paraseptal emphysema typically occur in just one layer beneath the pleura. This distinguishes it from the
1017:
789:
Focal emphysema is a localized region of emphysema in the lung that is larger than alveoli, and often associated with
414:– centrilobular or centriacinar, panlobular or panacinar, and paraseptal or distal acinar and are not associated with
1767:
3641:
3684:
1080:
1033:
737:
Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE), also known as congenital lobar overinflation and infantile lobar emphysema, is a
157:
2865:"Surgical and endoscopic interventions that reduce lung volume for emphysema: a systemic review and meta-analysis"
2808:
Duffy S, Marchetti N, Criner GJ (September 2020). "Surgical
Therapies for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease".
1100:
957:
Where there is severe emphysema with significant hyperinflation that has proved unresponsive to other therapies,
762:
503:
805:
by their size and wall thickness. A bleb or bulla has a wall thickness of less than 1 mm, and are smaller.
3729:
3307:
995:
754:
297:
186:
161:
145:
3621:"Pathologic Features of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnostic Criteria and Differential Diagnosis"
3051:"Endobronchial Coils for Endoscopic Lung Volume Reduction: Best Practice Recommendations from an Expert Panel"
2576:
2182:
486:
Likely complications of centrilobular and panlobular emphysema, some of which are life-threatening, include:
885:
507:
369:
346:
311:(scarring). The fourth type is known as paracicatricial emphysema or irregular emphysema that involves the
238:
53:
2313:"Smoking-Related Interstitial Fibrosis (SRIF) in Patients Presenting With Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease"
44:
1049:
980:
798:
714:
582:
566:
535:
392:
136:
2602:
2499:
1028:
need to be taken into account. A transplant is considered only when there are no serious comorbidites. A
2975:"1 Recommendations | Endobronchial valve insertion to reduce lung volume in emphysema | Guidance | NICE"
2084:
Kumar A, Mahajan A, Salazar EA, Pruitt K, Guzman CA, Clauss MA, Almodovar S, Dhillon NK (30 June 2021).
1424:
395:(BAL) in the lungs. The number can be four to six times greater in those who smoke than in non-smokers.
194:
2681:"Contribution of the environment and comorbidities to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes"
832:
is an independent risk factor for the development of emphysema. Focal emphysema is associated with the
2233:
Wand O, Kramer MR (January 2018). "The
Syndrome of Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema – CPFE".
2864:
2059:
1036:
may be useful to evaluate cases for surgical interventions and to evaluate post-surgery responses. A
1013:
758:
614:
511:
2974:
2133:
Stephenson SE, Wilson CL, Crothers K, Attia EF, Wongtrakool C, Petrache I, Schnapp LM (April 2018).
546:
that typically occurs in layers. This type of emphysema is not associated with airflow obstruction.
3678:
1061:
983:
are required for this procedure. The placement of one or more valves in the lobe induces a partial
976:
766:
749:
more than the lower lobes, and the left lung more often than the right lung. CLE is defined as the
487:
388:
82:
319:
they are not well-defined clinically. There are also a number of associated conditions, including
3288:
3178:
2895:
2833:
2785:
2040:
1902:
1588:
998:
919:
622:
419:
415:
308:
250:
77:
1882:
1111:ἐμφύσημα 'inflation, swelling' (referring to a lung inflated by air-filled spaces), itself from
1375:
3631:
3605:
3586:
3428:
3363:
3329:
3280:
3239:
3170:
3131:
3080:
3031:
2944:
2887:
2825:
2777:
2735:
2710:
2661:
2478:
2455:
2401:
2360:
2342:
2293:
2242:
2164:
2115:
2032:
1936:
1860:
1802:
1694:
1580:
1544:
1354:
1298:
1158:
1053:
931:
927:
559:
320:
171:
124:
65:
2729:
861:
that can affect the respiratory system. Long-term exposure to ozone can result in emphysema.
245:, that can vary in size and may be very large. The spaces are caused by the breakdown of the
3418:
3408:
3319:
3270:
3229:
3219:
3162:
3121:
3111:
3070:
3062:
3021:
3013:
2934:
2926:
2879:
2817:
2769:
2700:
2692:
2651:
2641:
2525:
2445:
2435:
2393:
2332:
2324:
2283:
2273:
2154:
2146:
2105:
2097:
2024:
1990:
1892:
1850:
1840:
1684:
1676:
1572:
1534:
1524:
1439:
1290:
451:
411:
304:
57:
1162:
1057:
895:
is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis, and their repeated use is not recommended.
888:
877:
667:
427:
373:
349:
332:
324:
316:
293:
270:
175:
109:
2550:
1142:
658:. This usually occurs a lot earlier (as does HIV associated emphysema) than other types.
410:
There are four main types of emphysema, three of which are related to the anatomy of the
2208:
3423:
3396:
3234:
3207:
3126:
3099:
3075:
3050:
3026:
3001:
2939:
2914:
2705:
2680:
2656:
2629:
2450:
2423:
2337:
2312:
2159:
2134:
2110:
2085:
1855:
1828:
1689:
1664:
1539:
1512:
1294:
1260:
675:
597:
Paracicatricial emphysema, also known as irregular emphysema, is seen next to areas of
360:
315:
irregularly and is associated with fibrosis. Though the different types can be seen on
211:
207:
190:
149:
3324:
2883:
1076:
918:(PIE) is a collection of air inside the lungs but outside the normal air space of the
3750:
3275:
3258:
2837:
1906:
1108:
1016:– the replacement of either a single lung or both (bilateral) – may be considered in
946:
261:
leading to a reduction in oxygen supply for the blood. Emphysema usually affects the
246:
113:
3292:
3182:
2964:, pp. 60–65, Chapter 3: Evidence supporting prevention and maintenance therapy.
2899:
2789:
1592:
1247:, pp. 40–46, Chapter 3: Evidence supporting prevention and maintenance therapy.
303:
There are four types of emphysema, three of which are related to the anatomy of the
3530:
2930:
881:
869:
618:
610:
586:
539:
499:
475:
399:
338:
328:
258:
153:
2044:
1425:"GOLD 2017 recommendations for COPD patients: toward a more personalized approach"
1040:
may be carried out when a giant bulla occupies more than a third of a hemithorax.
781:
554:
3734:
3580:
2028:
1680:
1576:
17:
3355:
3017:
1928:
1887:
1794:
1146:
984:
923:
904:
873:
438:
342:
70:
3166:
3151:"Bronchoscopic Thermal Vapour Ablation: Hot Stuff to Treat Emphysema Patients!"
2696:
2500:"Localised pulmonary emphysema | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
2278:
2261:
2150:
1048:
Trapped air can also develop in other tissues such as under the skin, known as
3723:
2821:
2397:
1607:
1460:
1444:
1037:
1025:
750:
746:
738:
455:
262:
254:
201:
129:
2646:
1742:
Global
Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD: 2021 Report
3719:
3413:
3116:
3100:"Lung volume reduction with endobronchial coils for patients with emphysema"
2577:"Pathology Basis of Occupational Lung Disease, Pneumoconiosis | NIOSH | CDC"
1529:
1480:
1065:
858:
839:
825:
818:
802:
691:
606:
602:
491:
277:
is a genetic risk factor that may lead to the condition presenting earlier.
3432:
3367:
3284:
3243:
3174:
3135:
3084:
3035:
2948:
2891:
2829:
2781:
2773:
2714:
2665:
2459:
2405:
2346:
2328:
2297:
2246:
2168:
2119:
2060:"Paracicatricial emphysema | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
2036:
1940:
1864:
1806:
1698:
1584:
1548:
3677:
3333:
2101:
1665:"Pulmonary emphysema subtypes on computed tomography: the MESA COPD study"
2440:
1465:
1191:
1096:
770:
634:
598:
543:
289:
117:
3224:
2311:
Vehar SJ, Yadav R, Mukhopadhyay S, Nathani A, Tolle LB (December 2022).
2288:
713:. This syndrome presents a marked susceptibility for the development of
3626:. In Fishman A, Elias J, Fishman J, Grippi M, Senior R, Pack A (eds.).
2603:"Pathology Basis of Occupational Lung Disease, Silicosis | NIOSH | CDC"
1897:
1845:
1029:
991:
710:
266:
223:
3702:
3066:
2086:"Impact of human immunodeficiency virus on pulmonary vascular disease"
3714:
1165:
in 1789 and descriptions of the destructive nature of the condition.
843:
742:
527:
141:
2630:"Transcriptional Effects of Ozone and Impact on Airway Inflammation"
1406:
Global
Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD
1401:
1083:, who recorded one of the earliest descriptions of emphysema in 1769
280:
When associated with significant airflow limitation, emphysema is a
1155:
A Treatise on the
Diseases of the Chest and of Mediate Auscultation
601:(scarring) as large spaces. The scarring is most often a result of
2526:"Pulmonary bullae | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org"
1075:
854:
780:
553:
437:
242:
3558:
3556:
690:
as a filler, and it has been suggested that talc exposure causes
687:
531:
312:
269:
population because it takes time to develop with the effects of
227:
3665:. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. 2021.
3582:
A Comprehensive
Etymological Dictionary of the English Language
3401:
International
Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
3308:"Orbital Emphysema: Case Reports and Review of the Literature"
3002:"Endobronchial Valves for the Treatment of Advanced Emphysema"
2913:
van
Agteren JE, Carson KV, Tiong LU, Smith BJ (October 2016).
2863:
van Geffen WH, Slebos DJ, Herth FJ, et al. (April 2019).
2551:"Worker Health Study Summaries – Uranium Miners | NIOSH | CDC"
2428:
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
1833:
International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
1230:, pp. 33–35, Chapter 2: Diagnosis and initial assessment.
1218:, pp. 20–23, Chapter 2: Diagnosis and initial assessment.
3049:
Slebos DJ, Ten Hacken NH, Hetzel M, Herth F, Shah PL (2018).
2424:"Congenital lobar emphysema: diagnosis and treatment options"
1461:"Emphysema on CT Without COPD Predicts Higher Mortality Risk"
930:
of the peribronchovascular sheaths, interlobular septa, and
769:. Although CLE may be caused by the abnormal development of
241:
disease, characterised by enlarged air-filled spaces in the
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
880:. There is an association between treating emphysema and
3688:. Vol. VIII (9th ed.). 1878. pp. 180–181.
2384:
Guidry C, McGahren ED (June 2012). "Pediatric Chest I".
1325:"ICD-11 – ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
949:
procedures are increasingly used to reduce lung volume.
876:
of emphysema. Both conditions are associated with a low
257:. This reduces the total alveolar surface available for
2135:"Impact of HIV infection on α1-antitrypsin in the lung"
3055:
Respiration; International Review of Thoracic Diseases
2183:"Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: MedlinePlus Genetics"
1410:
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
2915:"Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema"
387:
A sign of emphysema in smokers is a higher number of
3692:
1829:"Imaging of pulmonary emphysema: a pictorial review"
1103:
Committee meeting on Diagnostic Standards. The word
741:
associated with enlarged air spaces in the lungs of
3696:
2853:, p. 96, Chapter 4: Management of stable COPD.
1608:"Buzz Kill: Lung Damage Looks Worse in Pot Smokers"
200:
182:
167:
135:
123:
105:
97:
89:
76:
64:
37:
729:radiologic findings of interstitial lung disease.
2262:"Pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases"
656:genotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
3306:Zimmer-Galler IE, Bartley GB (1 February 1994).
617:. It can be difficult to differentiate from the
1481:"FastStats – Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease"
3155:Archivos de Bronconeumología (English Edition)
2379:
2377:
1991:"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)"
2755:
2753:
2751:
2417:
2415:
1876:
1874:
1423:Roversi S, Corbetta L, Clini E (5 May 2017).
1064:that affects just the eyelids. Emphysematous
990:The placement of endobronchial coils made of
682:, can lead to emphysematous changes known as
8:
785:A large bulla and a smaller bleb illustrated
726:Smoking-related interstitial fibrosis (SRIF)
633:Classic lung diseases are a complication of
526:, relates to emphysematous change next to a
442:Stained lung tissue from end-stage emphysema
174:, improving indoor and outdoor air quality,
27:Air-filled enlargement in the body's tissues
3562:
2961:
2919:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2850:
2731:Airway Stenting in Interventional Radiology
2477:(Seventh ed.). Elsevier. p. 147.
2473:Weinberger S, Cockrill B, Mandel J (2019).
1511:Martini K, Frauenfelder T (November 2020).
1244:
1227:
1215:
1112:
3693:
3628:Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders
1506:
1504:
1502:
1353:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 650.
650:Emphysema may develop in some people with
368:Emphysema is a respiratory disease of the
43:
34:
3422:
3412:
3323:
3274:
3233:
3223:
3125:
3115:
3074:
3025:
2938:
2704:
2655:
2645:
2449:
2439:
2336:
2287:
2277:
2158:
2109:
1896:
1854:
1844:
1688:
1538:
1528:
1443:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1120:'to blow in, to inflate', composed of ἐν
707:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
569:are significant, the emphysema is called
292:still confers a higher mortality risk in
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2090:Global Cardiology Science & Practice
1959:
1957:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1513:"Advances in imaging for lung emphysema"
680:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
359:
3354:Azer SA, Awosika AO, Akhondi H (2023).
3257:Mortensen J, Berg RM (1 January 2019).
1710:
1708:
1319:
1317:
1174:
3201:
3199:
2361:"UpToDate: Congenital lobar emphysema"
698:shows the emphysema to be panlobular.
3541:from the original on 24 November 2013
3517:
3098:Welling JB, Slebos DJ (August 2018).
2628:Mumby S, Chung KF, Adcock IM (2019).
1641:
1287:Nunn's Applied Respiratory Physiology
1095:were formally defined in 1959 at the
446:Centrilobular emphysema, also called
382:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
286:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7:
3208:"Lung transplantation for emphysema"
2685:The Medical Clinics of North America
1255:
1253:
1099:guest symposium, and in 1962 at the
581:due to the compressed parenchyma. A
1927:Pahal P, Avula A, Sharma S (2021).
1285:Lumb AB (2017). "Airways Disease".
971:Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction
3757:Chronic lower respiratory diseases
3447:"Greek Word Study Tool – ἐμφύσημα"
3000:Klooster K, Slebos DJ (May 2021).
2139:Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol
1793:Naeem A, Rai SN, Pierre L (2021).
1295:10.1016/b978-0-7020-6294-0.00027-7
1022:National Emphysema Treatment Trial
585:may sometimes rupture and cause a
522:Paraseptal emphysema, also called
466:Panlobular emphysema, also called
398:Emphysema is also associated with
25:
2679:Martinez CH, Han MK (July 2012).
2386:Surgical Clinics of North America
1795:"Histology, Alveolar Macrophages"
1145:, the physician who invented the
478:, and is not related to smoking.
364:Diagram of alveoli with emphysema
3276:10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.10.010
2872:The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine
2475:Principles of pulmonary medicine
1517:Annals of Translational Medicine
1459:Diedtra Henderson (2014-12-16).
1400:Algusti AG, et al. (2017).
1289:. Elsevier. p. 389–405.e2.
916:Pulmonary interstitial emphysema
3585:. Elsevier Publishing Company.
1827:Takahashi M, Fukuoka J (2008).
1748:. 25 November 2020. p. 123
842:results from the inhalation of
542:of small cystic spaces seen in
2931:10.1002/14651858.CD001001.pub3
1056:is the trapping of air in the
652:alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
640:alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
472:alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
275:Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
1:
3630:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
3325:10.1016/S0025-6196(12)61036-2
3149:Valipour A (1 January 2017).
2884:10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30431-4
1606:Coffey D (15 November 2022).
1565:Revue de pneumologie clinique
959:lung volume reduction surgery
795:localized pulmonary emphysema
534:. The cystic spaces known as
3263:Seminars in Nuclear Medicine
2029:10.1097/RTI.0b013e31819b9f2a
1681:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.09.020
1577:10.1016/j.pneumo.2018.06.003
60:involvement on the left side
3619:Wright JL, Churg A (2008).
3259:"Lung Scintigraphy in COPD"
3018:10.1016/j.chest.2020.12.007
830:coalworker's pneumoconiosis
791:coalworker's pneumoconiosis
696:High resolution CT scanning
372:. It is commonly caused by
253:, which replace the spongy
3783:
3167:10.1016/j.arbr.2016.11.009
2762:Semin Respir Crit Care Med
2697:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.02.007
2279:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.10.036
2260:Seeger W (December 2013).
2151:10.1152/ajplung.00214.2017
1989:Mosenifar Z (April 2019).
1432:COPD Research and Practice
1081:Giovanni Battista Morgagni
1034:ventilation/perfusion scan
968:
902:
450:, affects the centre of a
273:, and other risk factors.
158:obliterative bronchiolitis
3762:Health effects of tobacco
3362:. StatPearls Publishing.
3110:(Suppl 23): S2797–S2805.
2822:10.1016/j.ccm.2020.06.011
2398:10.1016/j.suc.2012.03.013
1935:. StatPearls Publishing.
1801:. StatPearls Publishing.
1445:10.1186/s40749-017-0024-y
1402:"Definition and Overview"
1261:"Definition of Emphysema"
1113:
1101:American Thoracic Society
763:ventricular septal defect
345:of emphysema. The use of
51:
42:
3206:Inci I (November 2020).
2734:. Springer. p. 27.
2647:10.3389/fimmu.2019.01610
1716:"COPD and comorbidities"
1663:Smith B (January 2014).
793:. This is also known as
755:patent ductus arteriosus
298:spontaneous pneumothorax
191:long-term oxygen therapy
187:Pulmonary rehabilitation
162:diffuse panbronchiolitis
146:congestive heart failure
3685:Encyclopædia Britannica
3602:Robbins Basic Pathology
3563:Wright & Churg 2008
3495:"Greek Word Study Tool"
3471:"Greek Word Study Tool"
3414:10.2147/copd.2006.1.1.3
3312:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3117:10.21037/jtd.2017.12.95
1772:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1530:10.21037/atm.2020.04.44
850:Ozone-induced emphysema
670:, commonly marketed as
666:The intravenous use of
579:vanishing lung syndrome
577:, more commonly called
575:giant bullous emphysema
524:distal acinar emphysema
508:pulmonary heart disease
370:lower respiratory tract
239:lower respiratory tract
230:, and is also known as
54:centrilobular emphysema
2774:10.1055/s-0035-1556064
2728:Han X, Wang C (2018).
1883:"Panlobular emphysema"
1412:(GOLD). pp. 6–17.
1084:
1050:subcutaneous emphysema
981:collateral ventilation
910:Compensatory emphysema
786:
715:pulmonary hypertension
562:
504:interstitial emphysema
496:respiratory infections
448:centriacinar emphysema
443:
393:bronchoalveolar lavage
365:
137:Differential diagnosis
3767:Occupational diseases
3499:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3475:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3451:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3397:"The history of COPD"
2272:(25 Suppl): 109–116.
2102:10.21542/gcsp.2021.12
1881:Weerakkody Y (2013).
1768:"Pulmonary Emphysema"
1376:"Pulmonary emphysema"
1374:Murphy A, Danaher L.
1079:
969:Further information:
943:Lung volume reduction
938:Lung volume reduction
903:Further information:
784:
674:and widely used as a
557:
441:
363:
195:lung volume reduction
2441:10.2147/COPD.S170581
2422:Demir O (May 2019).
2329:10.1093/ajcp/aqac144
1060:; a type of this is
1014:Lung transplantation
977:Endobronchial valves
759:atrial septal defect
678:in the treatment of
615:pulmonary infarction
512:respiratory acidosis
474:(A1AD or AATD), and
389:alveolar macrophages
3565:, pp. 693–705.
3225:10.21037/atm-20-805
1969:Radiology assistant
1644:, pp. 498–501.
1062:palpebral emphysema
828:that can result in
767:tetralogy of Fallot
488:respiratory failure
468:panacinar emphysema
412:lobules of the lung
305:lobules of the lung
232:pulmonary emphysema
83:Shortness of breath
3660:"Gold report 2021"
2981:. 20 December 2017
2017:J Thoracic Imaging
1995:emedicine.medscape
1898:10.53347/rid-21965
1846:10.2147/COPD.S2639
1774:. 19 November 2019
1349:Saladin K (2011).
1093:chronic bronchitis
1085:
999:shape-memory alloy
824:The inhalation of
787:
739:neonatal condition
623:pulmonary fibrosis
563:
456:chronic bronchitis
444:
420:pulmonary fibrosis
366:
356:Signs and symptoms
3744:
3743:
3679:"Emphysema"
3637:978-0-07-164109-8
3592:978-0-444-40930-0
3395:Petty TL (2006).
3067:10.1159/000490193
2266:J Am Coll Cardiol
1304:978-0-7020-6294-0
1159:Giovanni Morgagni
1054:Orbital emphysema
1018:end-stage disease
928:connective tissue
571:bullous emphysema
567:subpleural bullae
560:bullous emphysema
530:surface, or to a
391:sampled from the
321:bullous emphysema
217:
216:
172:Smoking cessation
125:Diagnostic method
93:Over 40 years old
32:Medical condition
18:Bullous emphysema
16:(Redirected from
3774:
3694:
3689:
3681:
3666:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3640:. Archived from
3625:
3615:
3600:Kumar V (2018).
3596:
3579:Klein E (1971).
3566:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3527:
3521:
3518:& Klein 1971
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3416:
3392:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3327:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3278:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3119:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3012:(5): 1833–1842.
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2962:Gold Report 2021
2959:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2925:(10): CD001001.
2910:
2904:
2903:
2869:
2860:
2854:
2851:Gold Report 2021
2848:
2842:
2841:
2805:
2794:
2793:
2757:
2746:
2745:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2659:
2649:
2625:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2443:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2317:Am J Clin Pathol
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2281:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2145:(4): L583–L592.
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1900:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1720:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1692:
1660:
1645:
1639:
1616:
1615:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1532:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1257:
1248:
1245:Gold Report 2021
1242:
1231:
1228:Gold Report 2021
1225:
1219:
1216:Gold Report 2021
1213:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1188:
1149:, used the term
1138:
1116:
1115:
1107:is derived from
1044:In other tissues
799:Blebs and bullae
733:Congenital lobar
452:pulmonary lobule
47:
35:
21:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3740:
3739:
3705:
3676:
3673:
3662:
3658:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3599:
3593:
3578:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3561:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3503:
3501:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3477:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3394:
3393:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3338:
3336:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3256:
3255:
3251:
3205:
3204:
3197:
3187:
3185:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3048:
3047:
3043:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2979:www.nice.org.uk
2973:
2972:
2968:
2960:
2956:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2867:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2807:
2806:
2797:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2742:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2610:
2609:. 5 August 2020
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2583:. 5 August 2020
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2213:radiopaedia.org
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2187:medlineplus.gov
2181:
2180:
2176:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1811:
1809:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1675:(1): 94.e7–23.
1662:
1661:
1648:
1640:
1619:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1380:radiopaedia.org
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1323:
1322:
1315:
1305:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1265:Merriam-Webster
1259:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1196:medlineplus.gov
1190:
1189:
1176:
1171:
1163:Matthew Baillie
1136:
1074:
1046:
1011:
1009:Other surgeries
973:
967:
955:
940:
932:visceral pleura
907:
901:
889:corticosteroids
878:body mass index
867:
852:
811:
779:
743:newborn infants
735:
723:
704:
668:methylphenidate
664:
648:
646:Alpha-1 related
631:
595:
593:Paracicatricial
552:
536:blebs or bullae
520:
484:
464:
436:
408:
374:tobacco smoking
358:
350:corticosteroids
325:focal emphysema
294:tobacco smokers
271:tobacco smoking
237:Emphysema is a
212:corticosteroids
208:bronchodilators
176:tobacco control
110:Tobacco smoking
85:, chronic cough
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3780:
3778:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3726:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:Classification
3691:
3690:
3672:
3671:External links
3669:
3668:
3667:
3656:
3636:
3616:
3610:
3597:
3591:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3552:
3535:Dictionary.com
3522:
3520:, p. 245.
3510:
3486:
3462:
3438:
3380:
3346:
3318:(2): 115–121.
3298:
3249:
3212:Ann Transl Med
3195:
3141:
3090:
3041:
2992:
2966:
2954:
2905:
2878:(4): 313–324.
2855:
2843:
2816:(3): 559–566.
2810:Clin Chest Med
2795:
2768:(4): 592–608.
2747:
2740:
2720:
2671:
2620:
2594:
2568:
2557:. 15 June 2020
2542:
2516:
2498:Weerakkody Y.
2490:
2483:
2465:
2411:
2392:(3): 615–643.
2373:
2352:
2323:(2): 146–157.
2303:
2252:
2225:
2209:"Ritalin lung"
2199:
2174:
2125:
2096:(2): e202112.
2076:
2058:Weerakkody Y.
2050:
2023:(3): 227–230.
2007:
1981:
1953:
1919:
1870:
1839:(2): 193–204.
1819:
1785:
1759:
1732:
1704:
1646:
1617:
1598:
1571:(6): 400–415.
1554:
1498:
1472:
1451:
1415:
1392:
1366:
1359:
1341:
1313:
1303:
1277:
1249:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1073:
1070:
1045:
1042:
1010:
1007:
966:
963:
954:
951:
939:
936:
900:
897:
866:
863:
851:
848:
826:coal mine dust
817:that releases
815:uranium mining
810:
807:
778:
775:
751:hyperinflation
734:
731:
722:
719:
703:
700:
692:granulomatosis
676:stimulant drug
663:
660:
647:
644:
630:
629:HIV associated
627:
594:
591:
551:
548:
519:
516:
483:
480:
463:
460:
435:
432:
407:
404:
357:
354:
290:a CT lung scan
215:
214:
204:
198:
197:
184:
180:
179:
169:
165:
164:
150:bronchiectasis
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
80:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
56:showing total
49:
48:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3779:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3699:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3647:on 2016-03-03
3643:
3639:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3611:9780323353175
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3564:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3500:
3496:
3490:
3487:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
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2737:
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2702:
2698:
2694:
2691:(4): 713–27.
2690:
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2682:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:Front Immunol
2631:
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2018:
2011:
2008:
1996:
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1796:
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1760:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1721:. p. 133
1717:
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1570:
1567:(in French).
1566:
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1499:
1487:. 23 May 2019
1486:
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1360:9780071222075
1356:
1352:
1351:Human anatomy
1345:
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1109:Ancient Greek
1106:
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996:biocompatible
993:
988:
986:
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978:
972:
965:Bronchoscopic
964:
962:
960:
952:
950:
948:
947:bronchoscopic
944:
937:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
911:
906:
898:
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894:
893:exacerbations
891:for treating
890:
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884:; the use of
883:
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871:
864:
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645:
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636:
628:
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612:
608:
607:granulomatous
604:
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592:
590:
588:
584:
583:bleb or bulla
580:
576:
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568:
561:
556:
549:
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541:
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497:
493:
489:
482:Complications
481:
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469:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
440:
434:Centrilobular
433:
431:
429:
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396:
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301:
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282:major subtype
278:
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126:
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119:
115:
114:air pollution
111:
108:
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100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
79:
75:
72:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3728:
3709:
3683:
3649:. Retrieved
3642:the original
3627:
3604:. Elsevier.
3601:
3581:
3573:Bibliography
3543:. Retrieved
3534:
3525:
3513:
3502:. Retrieved
3498:
3489:
3478:. Retrieved
3474:
3465:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:
3441:
3404:
3400:
3371:. Retrieved
3359:
3349:
3337:. Retrieved
3315:
3311:
3301:
3269:(1): 16–21.
3266:
3262:
3252:
3218:(21): 1473.
3215:
3211:
3186:. Retrieved
3158:
3154:
3144:
3107:
3104:J Thorac Dis
3103:
3093:
3058:
3054:
3044:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2978:
2969:
2957:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2875:
2871:
2858:
2846:
2813:
2809:
2765:
2761:
2730:
2723:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2637:
2633:
2623:
2611:. Retrieved
2606:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2580:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2554:
2545:
2533:. Retrieved
2529:
2524:Gaillard F.
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2503:
2493:
2474:
2468:
2431:
2427:
2389:
2385:
2364:. Retrieved
2355:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2289:11585/534482
2269:
2265:
2255:
2241:(1): 28–33.
2238:
2234:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2186:
2177:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:
2053:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:
1944:. Retrieved
1932:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1886:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1810:. Retrieved
1798:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1771:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1741:
1735:
1725:24 September
1723:. Retrieved
1672:
1668:
1611:
1601:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1523:(21): 1467.
1520:
1516:
1489:. Retrieved
1484:
1475:
1464:
1454:
1435:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:
1369:
1350:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1328:
1308:
1286:
1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1264:
1223:
1211:
1199:. Retrieved
1195:
1154:
1153:in his book
1150:
1143:René Laennec
1141:
1133:
1129:
1128:", and φυσᾶ
1125:
1121:
1117:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1047:
1021:
1012:
1003:
989:
974:
956:
942:
941:
914:
909:
908:
882:osteoporosis
870:Osteoporosis
868:
865:Osteoporosis
853:
838:
823:
812:
809:Occupational
794:
788:
736:
724:
705:
684:Ritalin lung
683:
671:
665:
662:Ritalin lung
649:
632:
619:honeycombing
611:tuberculosis
596:
587:pneumothorax
578:
574:
570:
564:
540:honeycombing
523:
521:
500:pneumothorax
485:
476:Ritalin lung
467:
465:
447:
445:
424:
409:
400:barrel chest
397:
386:
378:
367:
339:Osteoporosis
337:
329:Ritalin lung
302:
279:
259:gas exchange
236:
231:
219:
218:
154:tuberculosis
29:
3545:21 November
3531:"Emphysema"
3407:(1): 3–14.
3356:"Gastritis"
3061:(1): 1–11.
2607:www.cdc.gov
2581:www.cdc.gov
2555:www.cdc.gov
2530:Radiopaedia
2504:Radiopaedia
2434:: 921–928.
2064:Radiopaedia
1929:"Emphysema"
1888:Radiopaedia
1485:www.cdc.gov
1329:icd.who.int
1192:"Emphysema"
1147:stethoscope
1134:wind, blast
1132:, meaning "
1124:, meaning "
926:inside the
924:pneumatoses
922:, found as
905:Pneumatosis
899:Other terms
874:comorbidity
872:is a major
857:is another
834:coal macule
654:, the only
609:infection,
558:CT scan of
343:comorbidity
341:is often a
263:middle aged
255:lung tissue
90:Usual onset
71:Pulmonology
3751:Categories
3651:2021-08-14
3504:2021-08-25
3480:2021-08-25
3456:2021-08-25
3373:5 December
3360:StatPearls
3161:(1): 1–2.
2207:Sharma R.
1933:StatPearls
1812:22 October
1799:StatPearls
1642:Kumar 2018
1201:7 February
1169:References
1087:The terms
1038:bullectomy
1026:BODE index
747:lung lobes
518:Paraseptal
462:Panlobular
202:Medication
168:Prevention
130:Spirometry
2838:221145423
2192:26 August
1946:26 August
1907:239605521
1778:3 October
1752:3 October
1385:16 August
1151:emphysema
1105:emphysema
1089:emphysema
1066:gastritis
859:pollutant
840:Silicosis
819:radon gas
803:lung cyst
603:silicosis
565:When the
492:pneumonia
226:) in the
220:Emphysema
183:Treatment
101:Long term
66:Specialty
52:Advanced
38:Emphysema
3539:Archived
3433:18046898
3368:31334970
3339:10 April
3293:56486118
3285:30545511
3244:33313218
3183:78181696
3175:27916315
3136:30210833
3085:29991060
3036:33345947
2949:27739074
2900:73428098
2892:30744937
2830:32800206
2790:12014757
2782:26238644
2715:22793940
2666:31354743
2640:: 1610.
2509:2 August
2460:31118601
2406:22595712
2347:36495281
2298:24355635
2247:29374870
2235:Harefuah
2169:29351445
2120:34285903
2037:19704328
1941:29489292
1865:18686729
1807:30020685
1699:24384106
1669:Am J Med
1612:Medscape
1593:59233744
1585:30420278
1549:33313212
1466:Medscape
1334:9 August
1270:10 April
1118:emphysao
985:collapse
953:Surgical
886:systemic
635:HIV/AIDS
599:fibrosis
544:fibrosis
416:fibrosis
347:systemic
309:fibrosis
206:Inhaled
178:measures
118:genetics
98:Duration
78:Symptoms
3735:D011656
3424:2706597
3334:8309261
3235:7723607
3127:6129816
3076:6530543
3027:8129734
2940:6461146
2706:4629222
2657:6635463
2613:31 July
2587:31 July
2561:29 July
2535:16 June
2451:6507121
2366:10 July
2338:9891418
2160:5966776
2111:8272407
2069:28 July
2000:25 July
1974:20 June
1965:"Chest"
1856:2629965
1690:3882898
1540:7723580
1114:ἐμφυσάω
1072:History
1030:CT scan
992:nitinol
920:alveoli
771:bronchi
711:CT scan
672:Ritalin
550:Bullous
532:fissure
528:pleural
428:imaging
333:smoking
317:imaging
251:alveoli
249:of the
224:alveoli
3634:
3608:
3589:
3431:
3421:
3366:
3332:
3291:
3283:
3242:
3232:
3188:3 July
3181:
3173:
3134:
3124:
3083:
3073:
3034:
3024:
2985:7 July
2947:
2937:
2898:
2890:
2836:
2828:
2788:
2780:
2738:
2713:
2703:
2664:
2654:
2481:
2458:
2448:
2404:
2345:
2335:
2296:
2245:
2218:9 July
2167:
2157:
2118:
2108:
2045:882767
2043:
2035:
1939:
1912:22 May
1905:
1863:
1853:
1805:
1697:
1687:
1591:
1583:
1547:
1537:
1491:30 May
1357:
1301:
844:silica
765:, and
510:, and
327:, and
313:acinus
142:Asthma
106:Causes
58:lobule
3724:P25.0
3663:(PDF)
3645:(PDF)
3624:(PDF)
3289:S2CID
3179:S2CID
3006:Chest
2896:S2CID
2868:(PDF)
2834:S2CID
2786:S2CID
2041:S2CID
1903:S2CID
1746:(PDF)
1719:(PDF)
1589:S2CID
1428:(PDF)
1130:physa
1058:orbit
1032:or a
855:Ozone
777:Focal
613:, or
406:Types
267:older
247:walls
243:lungs
228:lungs
3730:MeSH
3632:ISBN
3606:ISBN
3587:ISBN
3547:2013
3429:PMID
3375:2023
3364:PMID
3341:2023
3330:PMID
3281:PMID
3240:PMID
3190:2021
3171:PMID
3132:PMID
3081:PMID
3032:PMID
2987:2021
2945:PMID
2923:2016
2888:PMID
2826:PMID
2778:PMID
2736:ISBN
2711:PMID
2662:PMID
2615:2021
2589:2021
2563:2021
2537:2019
2511:2021
2479:ISBN
2456:PMID
2402:PMID
2368:2016
2343:PMID
2294:PMID
2243:PMID
2220:2019
2194:2021
2165:PMID
2116:PMID
2094:2021
2071:2021
2033:PMID
2002:2019
1976:2019
1948:2021
1937:PMID
1914:2019
1861:PMID
1814:2021
1803:PMID
1780:2021
1754:2021
1727:2019
1695:PMID
1581:PMID
1545:PMID
1493:2019
1387:2019
1355:ISBN
1336:2021
1299:ISBN
1272:2023
1203:2024
1097:CIBA
1091:and
721:SRIF
702:CPFE
688:talc
210:and
3720:J43
3711:ICD
3419:PMC
3409:doi
3320:doi
3271:doi
3230:PMC
3220:doi
3163:doi
3122:PMC
3112:doi
3071:PMC
3063:doi
3022:PMC
3014:doi
3010:159
2935:PMC
2927:doi
2880:doi
2818:doi
2770:doi
2701:PMC
2693:doi
2652:PMC
2642:doi
2446:PMC
2436:doi
2394:doi
2333:PMC
2325:doi
2321:159
2284:hdl
2274:doi
2239:157
2155:PMC
2147:doi
2143:314
2106:PMC
2098:doi
2025:doi
1893:doi
1851:PMC
1841:doi
1685:PMC
1677:doi
1673:127
1573:doi
1535:PMC
1525:doi
1440:doi
1291:doi
621:of
284:of
265:or
193:,
3753::
3733::
3722:,
3718::
3715:10
3682:.
3555:^
3537:.
3533:.
3497:.
3473:.
3449:.
3427:.
3417:.
3403:.
3399:.
3383:^
3358:.
3328:.
3316:69
3314:.
3310:.
3287:.
3279:.
3267:49
3265:.
3261:.
3238:.
3228:.
3214:.
3210:.
3198:^
3177:.
3169:.
3159:53
3157:.
3153:.
3130:.
3120:.
3108:10
3106:.
3102:.
3079:.
3069:.
3059:96
3057:.
3053:.
3030:.
3020:.
3008:.
3004:.
2977:.
2943:.
2933:.
2921:.
2917:.
2894:.
2886:.
2874:.
2870:.
2832:.
2824:.
2814:41
2812:.
2798:^
2784:.
2776:.
2766:36
2764:.
2750:^
2709:.
2699:.
2689:96
2687:.
2683:.
2660:.
2650:.
2638:10
2636:.
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