3159:) requires a majority of actively used "yes" votes, so that a state coalition with a divided opinion on a bill votes—by its abstention—effectively against the bill. The Bundesrat has increased its legislative responsibilities over time by successfully arguing for a broad, rather than a narrow, interpretation of what constitutes the range of legislation affecting Land interests. In 1949, only 10% of all federal laws, namely, those directly affecting the Länder, required Bundesrat approval. In 1993 close to 60% of federal legislation required the Bundesrat's assent. The Basic Law also provides the Bundesrat with an absolute veto of such legislation.
174:
3143:
3169:), which can be overridden by passing the law again, but this time with 50% plus one vote of all Bundestag members, not just by majority of votes cast, which is frequent in daily parliamentary business. Because most legislation is passed by a coalition that has such an absolute majority in the Bundestag, this kind of suspensive veto rarely stops legislation. As an added provision, however, a law vetoed with a majority of two thirds must be passed again with a majority of two thirds in the Bundestag, more generally a Bundesrat veto can be overridden by a Bundestag vote with a greater percentage than the veto. The
2933:. This is fixed by the Königsteiner Abkommen, starting with the federated state with the largest population going down. The President of the Bundesrat convenes and chairs plenary sessions of the body and is formally responsible for representing Germany in matters of the Bundesrat. The president is aided by two Vice Presidents who play an advisory role and deputise in the president's absence; the predecessor of the current President is first, his presumptive successor second Vice President. The three together make up the Bundesrat's executive committee.
3015:
3177:
absolute veto is particularly evident when the opposition party or parties in the
Bundestag have a majority in the Bundesrat, which was the case almost constantly between 1991 and 2005. Whenever this happens, the opposition can threaten the government's legislative program. Such a division of authority can complicate the process of governing when the major parties disagree, and, unlike the Bundestag, the Bundesrat cannot be dissolved. Such stalemates are not unlike those that may be experienced under
2044:(called Governing Mayor in Berlin, President of the Senate in Bremen and First Mayor in Hamburg) and other cabinet ministers (called senators in Berlin, Bremen, and Hamburg). State cabinets may appoint as many delegates as the state has votes, and usually do, but may also send a single delegate to exercise all of the state's votes. All other ministers/senators are usually appointed as deputy delegates. In any case, the state has to cast its votes
274:
1445:
62:
3195:
2954:
211:
3053:
2056:(CDU) cast a no vote and State Minister Alwin Ziel (SPD) cast a yes vote. As state elections are not coordinated across Germany and can occur at any time, the majority distributions in the Bundesrat can change after any such election. Even without a new state election, it is possible that the state parliament installs a new state government because a new state coalition has formed.
1431:
1772:
1568:. The Bundesrat consists of members appointed by state governments and the Bundestag consists of representatives directly elected by the German people. Laws that affect state powers and all constitutional changes need the consent of both houses. For its somewhat similar function, the Bundesrat is sometimes (controversially) described as an
1819:
When the South German states joined in 1870/71, the revised federal constitutions allocated new votes for them. Bavaria had six votes, Württemberg four, Baden three, and (the whole of) Hesse-Darmstadt three. The total number went up to 58 votes, and in 1911, with three new votes for Alsace-Lorraine,
1811:
For the
Federal Diet of 1815, the basic law (Bundesakte) established two different formations. In the Plenary, for the most important decisions, every state had at least one vote. The larger states Austria, Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Hannover and Württemberg had each four votes, and the lesser states
3030:
The voting
Bundesrat delegates themselves rarely attend committee sessions; instead, they delegate that responsibility to civil servants from their ministries, as allowed for in the Basic Law (art. 52,2). The delegates themselves tend to spend most of their time in their state capitals, rather than
3955:
The
Unification Treaty was signed by the federal government and the government of the German Democratic Republic on 31 August 1990. The Bundestag (lower house of the German parliament) and the Bundesrat (upper house of the German parliament) approved this Treaty, the Protocol, the Annexes I to III
3176:
If the absolute veto is used, the
Bundesrat, the Bundestag, or the government can convene a joint committee to negotiate a compromise. That compromise cannot be amended and both chambers (Bundesrat and Bundestag) are required to hold a final vote on the compromise as is. The political power of the
2903:
Due to the opposition's veto threat, the government seeks prior approval of the opposition with veto power. If an agreement fails, the government tends to shelve laws to avoid appearing incapable of acting. This legislative self-restraint of the federal government shows up in empirical analysis of
1815:
The North German
Confederation was a different entity from the German Confederation, but it can also be regarded as the brainchild of a long lasting reform debate within the German Confederation. The new Bundesrat even referred to the old diet in Article 6, when it redistributed the votes for each
3271:
Other observers emphasize that different majorities in the two legislative bodies ensure that all legislation, when approved, has the support of a broad political spectrum, a particularly valuable attribute in the aftermath of unification, when consensus on critical policy decisions is vital. The
1639:
of the German
Confederation (1815–1848, 1850/1851–1866). That Federal Convention consisted of the representatives of the member states. The first basic law (Bundesakte) of the German Confederation listed how many votes a member state had, for two different formations of the diet. The diet was the
1982:
The
Reichsrat, as a first, had no fixed numbers of votes for the member states. Instead, it introduced the principle that the number depended on the actual number of inhabitants. Originally, states had one vote for every 1 million inhabitants. In 1921, this was reduced to 700,000 inhabitants per
1606:
The political makeup of the
Bundesrat is affected by changes in power in the states of Germany, and thus by elections in each state. Each state delegation in the Bundesrat is essentially a representation of the state government and reflects the political makeup of the governing coalition in each
3926:
If the
Federal Government or the Bundestag (lower house of the German parliament) divides a subject-matter between a number of statutes in order to prevent the Bundesrat (upper house of the German parliament) from preventing provisions that in themselves are not subject to its consent, this is
3026:
Because the Bundesrat is so much smaller than the Bundestag, it does not require the extensive organizational structure of the Bundestag. The Bundesrat typically schedules plenary sessions once a month for the purpose of voting on legislation prepared in committee. In comparison, the Bundestag
3255:
Some observers claim that the opposing majorities lead to an increase in backroom politics, where small groups of high-tier leaders make all the important decisions and the Bundestag representatives have a choice only between agreeing with them or not getting anything done at all. The German
1677:
Whilst appointed by state governments just as today, the delegates of the original Bundesrat—as those of the Reichsrat—were usually high-ranking civil servants, not cabinet members. The original Bundesrat was very powerful; every bill needed its consent, equaling it to the popularly elected
2723:
In contrast to many other legislative bodies, the delegates to the Bundesrat from any one state are required to cast the votes of the state as a single bloc (since the votes are not those of the respective delegate). The delegates are not independent members of the Bundesrat but instructed
2921:
Originally from 1867 to 1918, the Bundesrat was chaired by the chancellor, although he was not a member and had no vote. This tradition was kept to a degree when since 1919 the Reichsrat still had to be chaired by a member of the imperial government (often the minister of the interior).
3150:
The legislative authority of the Bundesrat is subordinate to that of the Bundestag, but it nonetheless plays a vital legislative role. The federal government must present all its legislative initiatives first to the Bundesrat; only thereafter can a proposal be passed to the Bundestag.
3268:. This is hoped to increase the institution's popularity, reduce Land bureaucracy influence on legislation, make opposing majorities less likely, make the legislative process more transparent, and generally set a new standard of democratic, rather than bureaucratic leadership.
2013:). Bundesrat members are not elected—either by popular vote or by the state parliaments—but are delegated by the respective state government. They do not enjoy a free mandate (for example, most parliamentary privileges in the Bundesrat can be exercised only by a
3849:
3984:
In federal states, such marked imbalances are, as a general rule, only tolerated for the second chamber existing beside the parliament; in Germany and Austria, the second chamber is the Bundesrat, in Australia, Belgium and the United States, it is the
1990:, counterbalancing the dominant position of Prussia, which still contained roughly two-thirds of the German population. Also, since 1921, half of the Prussian votes were not cast by the Prussian state government but by the administrations of the
2724:
representatives of the federated states' governments. If the members of a delegation cast different votes then the entire vote of the respective state is invalid. This tradition stems from the 1867 Bundesrat. It is a constitutional requirement.
2048:, i.e., without vote splitting. If Members of the Bundesrat from the same state vote differently, the entire votes of the state are counted as abstention. A famous example of this was a very close vote in 2002 on a new immigration law by the
3276:, provides an obvious forum for the coordination of policy between the states and the federal government. The need for such coordination, particularly given the specific, crucial needs of the eastern states, has become only more important.
1647:
and was reactivated only in 1850/1851. Several other attempts to reform the Confederation involved retaining the Bundestag and adding a parliament and a court. One of these attempts, the proposed Reform Act of 1863, had introduced the term
1670:. The Reichstag, elected by the North German men, was one legislative body. The other one was the Bundesrath (old spelling). This organ was expressly modelled after the old diet. When the Confederation was transformed and renamed
1816:
states. Prussia, originally with four votes, gained the votes of the states it had annexed in 1866, i.e. Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Holstein, Nassau, and Frankfurt, totaling 17 votes. The total number of votes in 1867 was 43 votes.
2727:
The delegates of a state are equal to each other in the Bundesrat, hence the minister president has no special rights compared to his ministers. But it is possible (and even customary) that one of the delegates (the
1823:
To put the Prussian votes in context: 80% of North Germans lived in Prussia, and after 1871, Prussia made up two thirds of the German population and territory. Prussia was always underrepresented in the Bundesrat.
3868:
3154:
Further, the Bundesrat must approve all legislation affecting policy areas for which the Basic Law grants the Länder concurrent powers and for which the Länder must administer federal regulations. This approval
3457:
3893:(English: Abroad, such a parliamentary system is in general called a bicameral one. For Bundestag and Bundesrat such a common designation is not usual and it is even contentious whether the Bundesrat is a
2029:(where they have their own benches to the left of the President of the Bundestag) and its committees and can address it at any time. The latter right was most famously used in 2002 by then-Hamburg Senator
3760:
2936:
The President of the Bundesrat ("Bundesratspräsident"), is fourth in the order of precedence after the Federal President, the President of the Bundestag, the Chancellor and before the President of the
1514:
4142:
1607:
state legislature. Thus, the Bundesrat is a continuous body and has no legislative periods. For organizational reasons, the Bundesrat structures its legislative calendar in years of business (
2017:, not an individual member) and serve only as long as they are representing their state, not for a fixed period of time. Members of the Bundesrat (suffix "MdBR") do however enjoy the same
3162:
Constitutional changes require an approval with majority of two thirds of all votes in Bundestag and Bundesrat, thus giving the Bundesrat an absolute veto against constitutional change.
5086:
1615:. The sessions have been counted continuously since the first session on 7 September 1949. The Bundesrat's 1000th session took place on 12 February 2021 and was opened with a speech by
2079:
prevents the Bundesrat from having the rural and conservative bias of other similar legislative bodies biased in favor of small states. The allocation of votes is regulated by the
530:
1413:
1132:
1127:
1122:
997:
992:
1403:
4309:
4152:
3672:
5042:
3749:
4514:
3476:
2063:
according to its population. This way, smaller states have more votes than a distribution proportional to the population would grant. The presence of the small
1485:
285:
30:
This article is about the second federal legislative chamber in Germany, in which the state governments are represented. For the elected German parliament, see
5081:
2080:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
3887:
bezeichnet. Für Bundestag und Bundesrat ist dagegen eine gemeinsame Bezeichnung nicht allgemein üblich, und es ist sogar umstritten, ob der Bundesrat eine
3323:
2732:, "leader of the votes"—normally the minister president) casts all votes of the respective state, even if the other members of the delegation are present.
987:
862:
587:
2481:
2446:
3063:
1636:
867:
4008:
4800:
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2518:
2174:
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if their coalition cannot agree on a position. Abstaining has the same effect as voting against a proposal, as every Bundesrat decision requires a
4981:
2937:
297:
2940:. The President of the Bundesrat becomes acting Federal President of Germany, in case that the office of the Federal President should be vacant.
2654:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
508:
3502:
3439:
4274:
3481:
2645:
2608:
2571:
2472:
2371:
2268:
2231:
2169:
2091:—either for, against, in abstention of a proposal. Each state is allocated at least three votes, and a maximum of six. States with more than
1760:
1388:
1352:
977:
957:
1316:
702:
4581:
667:
4244:
1321:
3832:
Zur Reform des Bundesrates - Lehren eines internationalen Vergleiches der Zweiten Kammern - II. Reform des Bundesrates - welches Vorbild?
4428:
4411:
1918:
551:
4319:
4284:
4229:
3836:
2877:
2789:
2682:
2612:
2579:
2542:
2505:
2437:
2404:
2375:
2338:
2301:
2264:
2235:
1243:
1238:
982:
370:
333:
149:
129:
109:
4509:
1723:
of the Weimar Republic (1919–1934) had considerably less influence, since it could only veto bills—and even then be overruled by the
353:
4768:
4672:
3956:
and the agreement of 18 September 1990 by the Act of 23 September 1990 – the Unification Treaty Act (Federal Law Gazette II p. 885).
3862:
3242:
3216:
3001:
2975:
2916:
2621:
2198:
1478:
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1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
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1007:
1002:
972:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
720:
715:
710:
638:
173:
98:
1794:
In 2000, the Bundesrat moved to Berlin, as the Bundestag had done the year before. The Berlin seat of the Bundesrat is the former
2413:
1397:
1248:
1198:
952:
437:
3362:
in the English translations of its decisions, and refers to the Bundesrat as a "second chamber existing beside the parliament".
3142:
1702:(committee of states) accompanied the reform of Germany but had no official role in installing the new constitution. Under that
4634:
4234:
3257:
3121:
2885:
2799:
2616:
2513:
2277:
1997:
For example, of the 63 votes in 1919, Prussia had 25 votes, Bavaria seven, and Saxony five. 12 states had only one vote each.
1791:
in Bonn, along with the Bundestag, at least most of the time. A wing of the Bundeshaus was specially built for the Bundesrat.
4617:
4433:
4117:
3220:
3093:
3078:
2979:
2691:
2022:
1347:
1268:
442:
358:
746:
741:
736:
4911:
4687:
4549:
4453:
4352:
3551:
3354:
is sometimes referred to as the second chamber of the German legislature, but this designation is disputed by some. The
1331:
1306:
4931:
4659:
4529:
4033:
3355:
3173:
has to be passed with active "no" votes, so that abstentions count as votes against the veto, i.e. to let the law pass.
3100:
2926:
2547:
2207:
2041:
2006:
1471:
1458:
1375:
1287:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
967:
962:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
682:
613:
573:
490:
1326:
1311:
4726:
4639:
4091:
2380:
2347:
872:
662:
3205:
2964:
2005:
The composition of the Bundesrat is different from other similar legislative bodies representing states (such as the
3527:
4649:
4561:
4539:
4458:
4443:
4259:
4239:
4081:
3303:
2759:
2584:
2314:
2240:
2060:
1612:
1588:
677:
578:
379:
3224:
3209:
3107:
2983:
2968:
4901:
4086:
3294:
s ability to revisit and slow down legislative processes is often seen as making up for that loss of separation.
3178:
3019:
1882:
1679:
1661:
728:
629:
620:
4878:
4840:
4677:
4448:
3647:
1507:
1263:
1233:
503:
412:
1696:("Council of People's Representatives") limited the power of the Bundesrat to its administrative functions. A
3972:
3943:
3914:
3089:
5014:
4888:
4868:
4845:
4825:
4785:
4748:
4697:
4571:
4534:
4304:
4026:
1795:
1619:
1550:
1393:
1213:
329:
302:
219:
1273:
459:
4815:
4790:
4753:
4612:
4544:
4373:
4264:
4254:
3014:
2881:
2809:
2686:
2649:
2575:
2509:
2476:
2458:
2423:
2408:
2342:
2305:
2272:
2202:
2165:
672:
391:
3287:. Since the executive and legislative functions are closely intertwined in any parliamentary system, the
4976:
4795:
4780:
4743:
3566:
3308:
2841:
1408:
1379:
1258:
1218:
466:
1611:), beginning each year on 1 November. Each year of business is congruous with the one-year-term of the
3592:
4758:
4702:
4586:
4524:
4519:
4489:
4421:
4399:
4347:
4249:
3711:
3284:
2491:
2151:
2053:
2010:
1991:
1906:
1894:
1781:
1779:
From 1894 to 1933, the Bundesrat/Reichsrat met in the same building as the Reichstag, today known as
1616:
1573:
1253:
754:
653:
604:
538:
523:
518:
513:
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321:
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3328:
3313:
3260:" was looking into this issue, among others. There have been frequent suggestions of replacing the
2049:
1847:
1709:
1703:
1640:
only organ – there was no division of powers. The diet was chaired by the Austrian representative.
1600:
1223:
1203:
259:
5007:
5000:
4855:
4820:
4707:
4692:
4622:
4600:
4576:
4504:
4438:
4368:
4279:
4198:
4167:
4076:
4053:
3813:
2819:
2678:
2631:
2441:
2309:
1930:
1858:
1841:
1208:
400:
125:
1652:. With the dissolution of the Confederation in August 1866, the diet and the federal law ended.
3830:
1741:, which consisted of many parties differing in opinion. So, in most cases, bills vetoed by the
4961:
4936:
4883:
4830:
4644:
4416:
4208:
3858:
3805:
3731:
3692:
3114:
2930:
2126:
1870:
1787:
1537:
1228:
561:
197:
3786:"Federalism and Institutional Design: The Perils and Politics of a Triple-E Senate in Canada"
2865:
these abstentions mean that several political parties represented in the Bundesrat possess a
5023:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4773:
4738:
4712:
4384:
4188:
4157:
4112:
4107:
4013:
3797:
3723:
3684:
3629:
2852:(i.e., 35) in favour, not just a majority of votes cast or a majority of delegates present.
2740:
1667:
1577:
597:
187:
105:
3383:
Die ersten Monate der provisorischen Zentralgewalt für Deutschland (Juli bis Dezember 1848)
2907:
Consent laws constitute the majority of politically important laws, and one third overall.
2900:, the Greens held such a veto, and used it to prop up the price of emissions certificates.
4926:
4921:
4916:
4863:
4289:
3801:
1953:
1596:
1449:
1357:
3318:
273:
5028:
4906:
4893:
4556:
4314:
2873:
2287:
2068:
2018:
1986:
No state was allowed to have more than 40 percent of the votes. This was regarded as a
1644:
1581:
1435:
405:
145:
3968:
3939:
3910:
1444:
5075:
4269:
3412:
2897:
2849:
2594:
2034:
2030:
2025:
have. In addition, Members of the Bundesrat have unlimited access to sessions of the
1592:
387:
3622:"Blockierte Mehrheit: Warum die Vetomacht des Bundesrates ein Demokratieproblem ist"
3458:"Panorama: Eklat nach Drehbuch - Absurdes Theater im Bundesrat | ARD Mediathek"
3425:
4654:
4329:
4324:
4299:
4294:
4193:
4147:
2390:
17:
3727:
3621:
3146:
The position of the Bundesrat (Federal Council) in the political system of Germany
193:
4664:
4378:
4213:
4162:
3194:
3052:
2953:
2829:
2744:
2736:
2250:
1569:
366:
210:
3633:
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with a US-style elected Senate, which would be elected at the same date as the
4873:
4494:
2845:
2064:
5057:
5044:
3809:
3735:
3696:
3688:
3471:
3385:. Diss. Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main et al., 1997, p. 48.
4484:
4132:
2664:
2026:
1565:
431:
61:
31:
3857:(in German) (12th ed.). Berlin: Direktor des Bundesrates. p. 50.
3283:
serves as a control mechanism on the Bundestag in the sense of a system of
3272:
formal representation of the states in the federal government, through the
3070:
3940:"BVerfG, Judgment of the First Senate of 24 April 1991 – 1 BvR 1341/90 1"
2528:
3883:
Im Ausland wird ein solches parlamentarisches System im Allgemeinen als
3712:"The effects of federalism reform on the legislative process in Germany"
1771:
4763:
4183:
4127:
4049:
3851:
Bundesrat und Bundesstaat: Der Bundesrat der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
3817:
3785:
3036:
2889:
2779:
2324:
2184:
2072:
1682:. It could also, with the Emperor's agreement, dissolve the Reichstag.
1542:
2869:
veto on legislation, as they can block the votes of 35 or more seats.
1763:" on 14 February 1934, roughly a year after Hitler had come to power.
1643:
In the revolution of 1848 the Bundestag transferred its powers to the
2557:
2217:
2076:
1798:
building. The Bundesrat wing in Bonn is still used as a second seat.
1554:
223:
3969:"BVerfG, Judgment of the Second Senate of 30 June 2009 – 2 BvE 2/08"
4018:
3911:"BVerfG, Judgment of the First Senate of 17 July 2002 – 1 BvF 1/01"
3165:
Against all other legislation the Bundesrat has a suspensive veto (
1666:
On 1 July 1867 the North German Confederation was established as a
4122:
3141:
3013:
2357:
1770:
1557:. Its second seat is located in the former West German capital of
3593:"Verhandlungspositionen im Bundesrat › Regierungsforschung"
1558:
4022:
2872:
During the 2021-2025 traffic light coalition, two of the three
2059:
The number of votes a state is allocated is based on a form of
3188:
3046:
2947:
4143:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
3031:
in the federal capital. The delegations are supported by the
2896:
four-way coalition. For the 16 years prior under chancellor
2113:, while those with governments led by CDU or CSU are called
272:
4001:
2052:
government, when Deputy Minister-President of Brandenburg
3074:
1587:
The name "Bundesrat" was used by similar bodies in the
3440:"Skandalrede im Bundestag: Schill-Partei ohne Schill?"
2925:
Since 1949, the presidency rotates annually among the
2844:
are common in the states, states frequently choose to
1812:
three or two. Of the 39 states, 25 had only one vote.
1674:(German Empire) in 1871, the Bundesrat kept its name.
236:
2035:
gave an inflammatory speech that was widely denounced
1635:
The historical predecessor of the Bundesrat was the
1535:) is a legislative body that represents the sixteen
4854:
4725:
4599:
4471:
4398:
4361:
4340:
4222:
4176:
4100:
4069:
4060:
2855:
For laws which require explicit Bundesrat consent (
1690:In the revolution of 1918, the revolutionary organ
229:
203:
185:
180:
163:
158:
138:
118:
96:
91:
73:
68:
39:
3503:"Amtlicher Bevölkerungsstand am 31. Dezember 2015"
4009:Members of the Bundesrat (German Knowledge (XXG))
3411:. Vol. III: Bismarck und das Reich. 3rd edition.
3346:
3344:
3757:The Bundesrat of the Federal Republic of Germany
2739:was represented by four members, elected by its
1595:(1871). The predecessor of the Bundesrat in the
5087:Legislative branch of the Government of Germany
27:Legislative body representing the German states
3027:conducts about fifty plenary sessions a year.
4034:
3477:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
2040:Normally, a state delegation consists of the
1820:to 61 votes. The Prussian votes remained 17.
1479:
8:
3079:introducing citations to additional sources
2856:
1785:. After 1949, the Bundesrat gathered in the
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1707:
1697:
1691:
45:
4153:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
3396:Preußen. Aufstieg und Niedergang 1600–1947.
3324:Composition of the German State Parliaments
3279:Supporters of the Bundesrat claim that the
3223:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3022:on Leipziger Straße, seat of the Bundesrat.
2982:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1520:
4731:
4605:
4477:
4404:
4066:
4041:
4027:
4019:
3673:"ZPol Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft"
2754:
2119:
1747:failed due to the lack of unity among the
1486:
1472:
246:
209:
60:
36:
3973:ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2009:es20090630.2bve000208
3944:ECLI:DE:BVerfG:1991:rs19910424.1bvr134190
3915:ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2002:fs20020717.1bvf000101
3848:Reuter, Konrad (2003). "Zweite Kammer?".
3553:West Germany Today (RLE: German Politics)
3243:Learn how and when to remove this message
3002:Learn how and when to remove this message
4014:A- und B-Länder (German Knowledge (XXG))
3677:ZPol Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft
3409:Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789
3069:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1826:
755:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
3374:
3340:
1735:needed a majority of two-thirds in the
1706:, 1 August 1919 it was replaced by the
1564:The Bundesrat legislates alongside the
258:
252:This article is part of a series on the
3750:"The Bundesrat and the Federal System"
3620:Stecker, Christian (26 October 2021).
3039:of the states in the federal capital.
3802:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038180
3615:
3613:
1761:Law on the Abolition of the Reichsrat
1637:Federal Convention (Confederate Diet)
1572:of parliament along the lines of the
1549:). The Bundesrat meets at the former
1506:
7:
3648:"Droht Blockade der Republik ?"
3556:, Karl Koch, Routledge, 1989, page 3
3221:adding citations to reliable sources
2980:adding citations to reliable sources
2758:Bundesrat as of 27 April 2023 (post-
2743:, but owing to the city's ambiguous
5082:1949 establishments in West Germany
2747:, they did not have voting rights.
2101:7 million inhabitants have 6 votes.
2098:6 million inhabitants have 5 votes,
2095:2 million inhabitants have 4 votes,
2087:). All of a state's votes are cast
3837:Federal Agency for Civic Education
3591:Regierungsforschung (2022-03-22).
1775:Bundesrat building, Berlin in 2007
25:
3927:constitutionally unobjectionable.
3710:Stecker, Christian (2016-10-19).
3567:"Zusammensetzung des Bundesrates"
2917:President of the German Bundesrat
3415:, Stuttgart et al. 1988, p. 651.
3193:
3062:relies largely or entirely on a
3051:
2952:
1443:
1429:
172:
4245:German revolutions of 1848–1849
4214:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
3766:from the original on 2023-01-16
2023:Members of the German Bundestag
4230:Early modern period, 1500–1800
4118:List of early Germanic peoples
3716:Regional & Federal Studies
3035:, which function basically as
2756:Veto power over consent laws,
2121:Current distribution of votes
1545:at the federal level (German:
1348:Politics of the European Union
1:
4353:History of Germany since 1990
3728:10.1080/13597566.2016.1236334
2888:), as well as the opposition
2751:Party vetoes for consent laws
3356:Federal Constitutional Court
2938:Federal Constitutional Court
1753:'s constituent parties. The
1299:Foreign relations by country
491:Federal Constitutional Court
298:Federal Constitutional Court
3482:Federal Ministry of Justice
703:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
5103:
4260:North German Confederation
4240:Confederation of the Rhine
3971:. 30 June 2009. Para 286.
3634:10.17176/20211026-182916-0
3398:DVA, München 2007, p. 624.
3358:itself has used the term
3304:Presidium of the Bundesrat
2914:
2876:parties held such a veto (
2061:degressive proportionality
2007:Russian Federation Council
1729:. However, overruling the
1659:
1613:Presidium of the Bundesrat
1589:North German Confederation
380:Vice Chancellor of Germany
29:
4994:
4734:
4608:
4480:
4407:
3942:. 24 April 1991. Para 2.
3784:Lusztig, Michael (1995).
3020:House of Lords of Prussia
2712:
2019:immunity from prosecution
1755:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1708:
1693:Rat der Volksbeauftragten
1662:Bundesrat (German Empire)
621:Collective municipality (
234:
217:
208:
171:
59:
54:
4412:Administrative divisions
3913:. 17 July 2002. Para 2.
3689:10.5771/1430-6387-2006-3
3426:"Art 43 GG - Einzelnorm"
2944:Organizational structure
1184:State and local politics
729:East Germany (1949–1960)
44:
2735:Between 1949 and 1990,
2105:By convention, SPD-led
1796:Prussian House of Lords
1620:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1551:Prussian House of Lords
1340:International Relations
330:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
220:Prussian House of Lords
4673:Science and technology
4374:History of Brandenburg
4265:Unification of Germany
4255:Frankfurt Constitution
3597:regierungsforschung.de
3147:
3023:
2857:
2459:North Rhine-Westphalia
2424:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
1988:clausula antiborussica
1942:17 other small states
1776:
1759:was abolished by the "
1749:
1743:
1698:
1692:
1582:British House of Lords
1541:(federated states) of
1508:[ˈbʊndəsˌʁaːt]
1244:North Rhine-Westphalia
1239:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
854:Parliamentary election
695:Presidential elections
277:
218:Former chamber of the
153:since 1 November 2023
133:since 1 November 2023
113:since 1 November 2023
79:; 75 years ago
46:
41:German Federal Council
5058:52.50917°N 13.38139°E
4310:Flight and expulsions
3652:Schwäbisches Tagblatt
3309:Federalism in Germany
3258:Federalism Commission
3145:
3017:
2904:federal legislation.
2842:coalition governments
1774:
1398:Agrarian Conservatism
468:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
461:Vermittlungsausschuss
354:Chancellor of Germany
276:
140:Second Vice President
55:74th year of business
4982:World Heritage Sites
4660:German states by GDP
4250:German Confederation
3407:Ernst Rudolf Huber:
3217:improve this section
3181:in other countries.
3075:improve this article
2976:improve this section
2492:Rhineland-Palatinate
2137:Population per vote
1919:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1631:German Confederation
1617:President of Germany
1599:(1919–1933) was the
1574:United States Senate
1370:Political ideologies
1249:Rhineland-Palatinate
683:Federal Convention (
322:President of Germany
120:First Vice President
5054: /
4618:Automobile industry
4204:Carolingian dynasty
4138:History of the Huns
3394:Christopher Clark:
3329:Bundesrat (Austria)
3314:Politics of Germany
3285:checks and balances
2927:Minister-Presidents
2764:
2122:
2081:German constitution
1704:Weimar Constitution
1656:Bundesrat 1867–1918
1450:Politics portal
47:Deutscher Bundesrat
18:Bundesrat (Germany)
5063:52.50917; 13.38139
4688:Telecommunications
4369:History of Prussia
4285:Revolution of 1918
4280:War guilt question
4199:Carolingian Empire
4168:Sack of Rome (410)
4077:History of Germany
3885:Zweikammer- System
3148:
3090:"German Bundesrat"
3033:Landesvertretungen
3024:
2858:Zustimmungsgesetze
2755:
2632:Schleswig-Holstein
2140:Governing parties
2120:
2109:are summarized as
2042:Minister-President
1992:Prussian provinces
1846:(including states
1777:
1436:Germany portal
1269:Schleswig-Holstein
1114:European elections
579:State Parliament (
574:Minister president
278:
126:Peter Tschentscher
5037:
5036:
4990:
4989:
4721:
4720:
4635:Chemical Triangle
4595:
4594:
4582:Political parties
4530:Foreign relations
4467:
4466:
4394:
4393:
4305:Allied occupation
4209:Holy Roman Empire
3683:(3). 2006-01-09.
3528:"Die Stimmabgabe"
3446:. 30 August 2002.
3253:
3252:
3245:
3140:
3139:
3125:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2850:majority of seats
2838:
2837:
2771:Participation in
2716:
2715:
2152:Baden-Württemberg
1975:
1974:
1945:each with 1 vote
1782:Reichstagsgebäude
1496:
1495:
1376:Political culture
1289:Foreign relations
1199:Baden-Württemberg
685:Bundesversammlung
668:Political parties
263:
245:
244:
198:State Governments
16:(Redirected from
5094:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4967:Prussian virtues
4732:
4640:Economic history
4606:
4500:
4478:
4429:Cities and towns
4405:
4385:Baden Revolution
4189:Treaty of Verdun
4158:Marcomannic Wars
4113:Migration Period
4108:Germanic peoples
4092:Military history
4067:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4020:
4005:
4004:
4002:Official website
3988:
3987:
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3936:
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3923:
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3907:
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3879:
3873:
3867:. Archived from
3856:
3845:
3839:
3835:, Roland Sturm,
3828:
3822:
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3781:
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3557:
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3505:. Archived from
3499:
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3083:
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3000:
2996:
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2860:
2773:Bundesrat seats
2765:
2123:
1827:
1758:
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1699:Staatenausschuss
1695:
1668:confederal state
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
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1510:
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1500:German Bundesrat
1488:
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1448:
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1432:
1414:Social Democracy
1290:
663:Electoral system
656:
599:Regierungsbezirk
554:
484:
413:Federal agencies
291:
290:
266:
261:
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106:Manuela Schwesig
87:
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77:23 May 1949
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21:
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4850:
4801:Life expectancy
4717:
4591:
4562:Law enforcement
4498:
4463:
4390:
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4320:Divided Germany
4290:Weimar Republic
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4184:Frankish Empire
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3626:Verfassungsblog
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3472:"Artikel 51 GG"
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2946:
2929:of each of the
2919:
2913:
2892:, leading to a
2760:Berlin election
2753:
2721:
2003:
1980:
1978:Weimar Republic
1954:Alsace-Lorraine
1848:annexed in 1866
1809:
1804:
1769:
1688:
1686:Weimar Republic
1672:Deutsches Reich
1664:
1658:
1645:Imperial Regent
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1597:Weimar Republic
1591:(1867) and the
1578:Canadian Senate
1532:
1530:Federal Council
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1459:Other countries
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4898:Cultural icons
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4678:Stock exchange
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4087:Historiography
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3994:External links
3992:
3990:
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3895:second chamber
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3722:(5): 603–624.
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3381:Ralf Heikaus:
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3073:. Please help
3059:
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2942:
2915:Main article:
2912:
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2861:, consent laws
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2488:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2411:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2275:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:Last election
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2054:Jörg Schönbohm
2002:
1999:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1768:
1765:
1687:
1684:
1660:Main article:
1657:
1654:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1609:Geschäftsjahre
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1439:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1190:State Politics
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
857:
856:
848:
847:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
759:
758:
757:
750:
749:
744:
739:
733:
732:
731:
724:
723:
718:
713:
707:
706:
705:
698:
697:
690:
689:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
643:
642:
641:
630:Municipality (
627:
618:
617:
616:
602:
593:
592:
591:
590:
576:
570:
569:
557:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
534:
533:
527:
526:
521:
516:
511:
509:Administrative
506:
500:
499:
498:Federal courts
494:
493:
487:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
464:
455:
454:
447:
446:
445:
440:
438:constituencies
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
410:
409:
408:
396:
395:
384:
383:
375:
374:
363:
362:
349:
346:
345:
342:
341:
338:
337:
326:
325:
317:
314:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
300:
294:
284:
283:
280:
279:
269:
268:
256:
255:
243:
242:
232:
231:
227:
226:
215:
214:
206:
205:
201:
200:
191:
186:
183:
182:
178:
177:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
156:
155:
146:Anke Rehlinger
144:
142:
139:
136:
135:
124:
122:
119:
116:
115:
104:
102:
97:
94:
93:
89:
88:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
57:
56:
52:
51:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5099:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5070:
5067:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4853:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Social issues
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:Ethnic groups
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Reunification
4346:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4270:German Empire
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3928:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3889:Zweite Kammer
3886:
3874:on 2007-06-28
3870:
3866:
3864:3-923706-22-7
3860:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3679:(in German).
3678:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3631:
3628:(in German).
3627:
3623:
3616:
3614:
3610:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3509:on 2008-12-01
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3483:
3480:(in German).
3479:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3413:W. Kohlhammer
3410:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3247:
3244:
3236:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3202:This section
3200:
3196:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3134:
3131:December 2015
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3095:
3092: –
3091:
3087:
3086:Find sources:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3064:single source
3060:This section
3058:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3006:
3003:
2995:
2992:December 2015
2985:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2961:This section
2959:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2898:Angela Merkel
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Saxony-Anhalt
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2031:Ronald Schill
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1715:
1714:(1919–1934).
1711:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1593:German Empire
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1515:
1509:
1501:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:Saxony-Anhalt
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
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407:
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403:
402:
399:
398:
393:
389:
388:Robert Habeck
386:
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382:
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377:
376:
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368:
365:
364:
360:
356:
355:
351:
350:
344:
343:
335:
331:
328:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
315:Head of State
312:
311:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
292:
287:Constitution
282:
281:
275:
271:
270:
267:
257:
254:
249:
248:
240:
233:
228:
225:
221:
216:
212:
207:
204:Meeting place
202:
199:
195:
192:
189:
188:Voting system
184:
179:
175:
170:
166:
162:
157:
151:
147:
143:
137:
131:
127:
123:
117:
111:
107:
103:
100:
95:
90:
76:
72:
67:
63:
58:
53:
48:
38:
33:
19:
5039:
5015:Bibliography
4889:Coat of arms
4869:Architecture
4846:Trade unions
4826:Prostitution
4786:Homelessness
4749:Demographics
4698:Trade unions
4665:
4655:German model
4628:Central bank
4572:Conservatism
4535:Human rights
4520:Court system
4515:Constitution
4495:
4341:Contemporary
4330:West Germany
4325:East Germany
4300:World War II
4295:Nazi Germany
4235:18th-century
4194:East Francia
4148:Cimbrian War
3983:
3976:. Retrieved
3963:
3954:
3947:. Retrieved
3934:
3925:
3918:. Retrieved
3905:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3876:. Retrieved
3869:the original
3850:
3843:
3831:
3826:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3768:. Retrieved
3756:
3744:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3656:. Retrieved
3651:
3642:
3625:
3601:. Retrieved
3596:
3586:
3575:. Retrieved
3570:
3561:
3552:
3547:
3536:. Retrieved
3531:
3522:
3511:. Retrieved
3507:the original
3497:
3486:. Retrieved
3484:. 1949-05-23
3475:
3466:
3452:
3443:
3434:
3420:
3408:
3403:
3395:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3359:
3351:
3319:Länderkammer
3288:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3254:
3239:
3230:
3215:Please help
3203:
3179:cohabitation
3175:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3149:
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3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3085:
3061:
3032:
3029:
3025:
2998:
2989:
2974:Please help
2962:
2935:
2924:
2920:
2906:
2902:
2893:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2839:
2772:
2757:
2745:legal status
2734:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2451:
2391:Lower Saxony
2114:
2110:
2106:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2058:
2045:
2039:
2014:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1807:Historically
1793:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1716:
1689:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1649:
1642:
1634:
1608:
1605:
1586:
1563:
1546:
1536:
1499:
1497:
1394:Conservatism
1339:
1298:
1234:Lower Saxony
1189:
1168:
1113:
1103:
853:
843:
694:
684:
631:
622:
606:
598:
580:
563:
560:
553:Subdivisions
539:Other courts
531:Joint Senate
467:
460:
449:
430:
378:
352:
320:
303:Human rights
262:Politics of
250:
5061: /
4816:Pornography
4791:Immigration
4754:Drug policy
4666:Mittelstand
4613:Agriculture
4577:Nationalism
4550:Transgender
4434:Earthquakes
4381:, 1583-1588
4379:Cologne War
4275:World War I
4177:Middle Ages
4163:Gothic Wars
3978:19 November
3949:19 November
3920:19 November
3654:(in German)
3599:(in German)
3573:(in German)
3534:(in German)
3444:Der Spiegel
3360:upper house
2737:West Berlin
2730:Stimmführer
2704:82,175,684
2463:17,865,516
2251:Brandenburg
2189:12,843,514
2156:10,879,618
2146:Presidency
2131:Population
2085:Grundgesetz
2065:city-states
2011:U.S. Senate
1958:after 1911
1883:Württemberg
1802:Composition
1570:upper house
1547:Bundesebene
1214:Brandenburg
973:1932 (July)
673:Referendums
588:composition
425:Legislature
367:Olaf Scholz
289:(Basic Law)
194:Appointment
5076:Categories
5049:13°22′53″E
5046:52°30′33″N
4977:Television
4962:Philosophy
4937:Literature
4796:Irreligion
4781:Healthcare
4744:Corruption
4510:Chancellor
4499:(military)
4496:Bundeswehr
3878:2007-01-04
3770:2023-01-16
3658:2023-11-24
3603:2023-11-12
3577:2023-11-12
3538:2023-08-24
3513:2018-10-28
3488:2009-01-18
3370:References
3233:March 2019
3157:Zustimmung
3101:newspapers
2911:Presidency
2884:, not the
2874:government
2814:49 (veto)
2794:42 (veto)
2784:43 (veto)
2710:1,190,952
2669:2,170,714
2636:2,858,714
2599:2,245,470
2568:1,021,213
2562:4,084,851
2502:1,013,201
2496:4,052,803
2469:2,977,586
2428:1,612,362
2401:1,321,100
2395:7,926,599
2368:1,235,234
2362:6,176,172
2329:1,787,408
2255:2,484,826
2222:3,520,031
2195:2,140,586
2162:1,813,270
1788:Bundeshaus
1650:Bundesrath
1580:, and the
1409:Liberalism
1380:Federalism
988:1933 (Nov)
983:1933 (Mar)
978:1932 (Nov)
958:1924 (Dec)
953:1924 (May)
868:1867 (Aug)
863:1867 (Feb)
678:Coalitions
605:District (
92:Leadership
84:1949-05-23
4932:Libraries
4912:Festivals
4759:Education
4703:Transport
4668:companies
4587:President
4525:Elections
4490:Bundesrat
4485:Bundestag
4454:Mountains
4422:Districts
4400:Geography
4133:Visigoths
4070:Overviews
3810:0048-5950
3796:(1): 41.
3736:1359-7566
3697:1430-6387
3571:Bundesrat
3532:Bundesrat
3352:Bundesrat
3289:Bundesrat
3281:Bundesrat
3274:Bundesrat
3266:Bundestag
3262:Bundesrat
3204:does not
3185:Criticism
3171:Einspruch
3167:Einspruch
3071:talk page
3037:embassies
2963:does not
2665:Thuringia
2027:Bundestag
1931:Brunswick
1756:Reichsrat
1750:Reichstag
1744:Reichsrat
1738:Reichstag
1732:Reichsrat
1726:Reichstag
1720:Reichsrat
1710:Reichsrat
1680:Reichstag
1601:Reichsrat
1566:Bundestag
1404:Far-right
1389:Communism
1274:Thuringia
655:Elections
483:Judiciary
451:Bundesrat
432:Bundestag
347:Executive
237:bundesrat
181:Elections
159:Structure
99:President
32:Bundestag
5024:Category
4942:Internet
4927:Language
4917:Folklore
4836:Religion
4811:Pensions
4806:Naturism
4683:Taxation
4567:Lobbying
4540:Intersex
4473:Politics
4082:Timeline
4061:General
4054:articles
3897:at all.)
3761:Archived
3298:See also
2894:de facto
2867:de facto
2840:Because
2696:2037/38
2679:The Left
2675:542,679
2659:2034/35
2642:714,679
2626:2036/37
2605:561,368
2589:2031/32
2552:2024/25
2539:331,866
2533:995,597
2529:Saarland
2523:2032/33
2486:2026/27
2442:The Left
2434:537,454
2418:2029/30
2385:2030/31
2352:2038/39
2335:595,803
2319:2025/26
2310:The Left
2298:223,830
2292:671,489
2282:2035/36
2261:621,207
2245:2033/34
2228:880,008
2212:2027/28
2179:2028/29
2115:B-Länder
2111:A-Länder
2050:Schröder
1358:Passport
1254:Saarland
632:Gemeinde
504:Ordinary
167:69 seats
5001:Outline
4907:Fashion
4894:Cuisine
4856:Culture
4821:Poverty
4764:Germans
4727:Society
4708:Welfare
4693:Tourism
4650:Exports
4623:Banking
4601:Economy
4505:Cabinet
4444:Islands
4439:Geology
4362:Regions
4128:Teutons
4101:Ancient
4063:History
4050:Germany
3985:Senate.
3818:3330655
3790:Publius
3225:removed
3210:sources
3115:scholar
2984:removed
2969:sources
2890:CDU/CSU
2846:abstain
2780:CDU/CSU
2452:current
2325:Hamburg
2185:Bavaria
2089:en bloc
2073:Hamburg
2046:en bloc
2009:or the
1859:Bavaria
1842:Prussia
1626:History
1543:Germany
1524:
1504:German:
1224:Hamburg
1204:Bavaria
581:Landtag
562:State (
443:members
401:Cabinet
265:Germany
230:Website
82: (
74:Founded
69:History
5029:Portal
4884:Cinema
4864:Anthem
4831:Racism
4645:Energy
4459:Rivers
4417:States
4387:, 1848
4223:Modern
4052:
3861:
3816:
3808:
3734:
3695:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3088:
2931:states
2882:Greens
2810:Greens
2768:Party
2741:Senate
2719:Voting
2701:Total
2687:Greens
2650:Greens
2576:Greens
2558:Saxony
2510:Greens
2477:Greens
2409:Greens
2343:Greens
2306:Greens
2288:Bremen
2273:Greens
2218:Berlin
2166:Greens
2134:Votes
2107:Länder
2077:Berlin
2075:, and
2069:Bremen
2033:, who
1983:vote.
1966:Total
1871:Saxony
1836:Votes
1833:Notes
1830:State
1576:, the
1555:Berlin
1538:Länder
1332:Russia
1307:France
1259:Saxony
1219:Bremen
1209:Berlin
524:Social
519:Labour
514:Fiscal
406:Scholz
224:Berlin
148:,
128:,
108:,
5008:Index
4972:Sport
4957:Names
4952:Music
4947:Media
4902:Dance
4774:Women
4739:Crime
4713:Women
4449:Lakes
4123:Goths
3891:ist.
3872:(PDF)
3855:(PDF)
3814:JSTOR
3764:(PDF)
3753:(PDF)
3335:Notes
3292:'
3122:JSTOR
3108:books
3043:Tasks
2358:Hesse
2127:State
2021:that
2001:Today
1907:Hesse
1895:Baden
1327:China
1312:Italy
1229:Hesse
607:Kreis
392:Grüne
164:Seats
4922:Flag
4879:Arts
4545:LGBT
3980:2016
3951:2016
3922:2016
3859:ISBN
3806:ISSN
3732:ISSN
3693:ISSN
3350:The
3208:any
3206:cite
3094:news
3018:The
2967:any
2965:cite
2880:and
2820:Left
2692:2019
2655:2022
2622:2021
2585:2019
2548:2022
2519:2021
2482:2022
2447:2021
2414:2022
2381:2023
2348:2020
2315:2023
2278:2019
2241:2023
2208:2023
2175:2021
2015:Land
1767:Seat
1717:The
1559:Bonn
1521:lit.
1498:The
1353:Visa
1169:2024
1163:2019
1158:2014
1153:2009
1148:2004
1143:1999
1138:1994
1133:1989
1128:1984
1123:1979
1104:Next
1098:2021
1093:2017
1088:2013
1083:2009
1078:2005
1073:2002
1068:1998
1063:1994
1058:1990
1053:1987
1048:1983
1043:1980
1038:1976
1033:1972
1028:1969
1023:1965
1018:1961
1013:1957
1008:1953
1003:1949
998:1938
993:1936
968:1930
963:1928
948:1920
943:1919
938:1912
933:1907
928:1903
923:1898
918:1893
913:1890
908:1887
903:1884
898:1881
893:1878
888:1877
883:1874
878:1871
873:1868
844:2022
838:2017
833:2012
828:2010
823:2009
818:2004
813:1999
808:1994
803:1989
798:1984
793:1979
788:1974
783:1969
778:1964
773:1959
768:1954
763:1949
747:1957
742:1953
737:1949
721:1932
716:1925
711:1919
639:list
614:list
564:Land
359:list
4874:Art
4557:Law
3798:doi
3724:doi
3685:doi
3630:doi
3219:by
3077:by
2978:by
2886:FDP
2878:SPD
2824:10
2800:FDP
2790:SPD
2707:69
2683:SPD
2646:CDU
2617:FDP
2613:SPD
2609:CDU
2580:SPD
2572:CDU
2543:SPD
2514:FDP
2506:SPD
2473:CDU
2438:SPD
2405:SPD
2376:SPD
2372:CDU
2339:SPD
2302:SPD
2269:CDU
2265:SPD
2236:SPD
2232:CDU
2199:CSU
2170:CDU
2067:of
1971:61
1948:17
1853:17
1553:in
1322:USA
623:Amt
371:SPD
334:SPD
239:.de
196:by
150:SPD
130:SPD
110:SPD
5078::
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3953:.
3924:.
3881:.
3812:.
3804:.
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3792:.
3788:.
3759:.
3755:.
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3714:.
3691:.
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3624:.
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2804:8
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
