3001:
2051:
1652:
1640:
2709:
2043:
2474:. If the president of the Federal Constitutional Court leaves office, i.e. when his or her term as judge at the court ends, the legislative body, whose turn it is to choose the president, has to elect one of the judges of the senate, of which the former president was not a member, with a two-thirds majority. If the office of the vice president falls vacant, a new vice president is elected from the senate, of which the sitting president is not a member, by the legislative body, which has not elected the former vice president. The given legislative body is free to elect the judge it prefers, but with respect to the position of president, it has been always the sitting vice president, who was elected president, since 1983.
2528:
2586:
1768:
4178:[Federal Constitutional Court – Decisions – Invalidity of the launch authorization in the Aviation Security Act: lack of legislative power of the federal government for the use of armed forces with specifically military weapons in the fight against natural disasters and particularly serious accidents – Aviation Security Act, § 14 Paragraph 3 with the right to life in conjunction with the guarantee of human dignity incompatible, as far as of People on board the aircraft who are not involved in the use of armed violence are affected].
2943:
4793:
334:
4176:"Bundesverfassungsgericht – Entscheidungen – Nichtigkeit der Abschussermächtigung im Luftsicherheitsgesetz: fehlende Gesetzgebungsbefugnis des Bundes für einen Einsatz der Streitkräfte mit spezifisch militärischen Waffen bei der Bekämpfung von Naturkatastrophen und besonders schweren Unglücksfällen – LuftSiG § 14 Abs 3 mit dem Recht auf Leben iVm der Menschenwürdegarantie unvereinbar, soweit von dem Einsatz der Waffengewalt tatunbeteiligte Menschen an Bord des Luftfahrzeugs betroffen werden"
1660:
3064:
5280:
1996:(law code of the Federal Constitutional Court) was changed in this respect. In this new system, it is the Bundestag itself that elects judges to the court, and this by secret ballot in the plenum. To be selected, candidates must get a two-thirds majority of those present at the vote, and provided that the number of votes in favor constitutes an absolute majority of the total membership of the Bundestag, including those not present at the vote. The
415:
1815:(constitutional complaint) any person may allege that his or her constitutional rights have been violated. Although only a small fraction of these are actually successful (ranging around 2.5% since 1951), several have resulted in major legislation being invalidated, especially in the field of taxation. The large majority of the court's procedures fall into this category; 135,968 such complaints were filed from 1957 to 2002.
1586:
2645:
160:
1957:
scrutinise decisions (such as those relating to taxation) by the administration, arbitrate disputes over the implementation of law between states and the federal government and (most controversially) ban non-democratic political parties. The
Constitutional Court enjoys more public trust than the federal or state parliaments, which possibly derives from the German enthusiasm for the rule of law.
2813:
38:
1572:
2878:
1983:, each of these bodies selects four members of each senate. The election of a judge requires a two-thirds vote (but this supermajority requirement is not constitutionally mandated by the Basic Law, only by normal law). The selection of the chairperson of each senate alternates between Bundestag and Bundesrat and also requires a two-thirds vote.
1802:. This constitutional norm is set out in a federal law, the Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG), which also defines how decisions of the court on material conflicts are put into force. The Constitutional Court has therefore several strictly defined procedures in which cases may be brought before it:
2465:
The court's head is the president of the
Federal Constitutional Court, who chairs one of the two senates and joint sessions of the court, while the other senate is chaired by the vice president of Federal Constitutional Court. The right to elect the president and the vice president alternates between
3677:
was to be examined. This demonstrates how a citizen's group has the ability to affect the conduct of
European institutions. On 7 February 2014, the Court made a preliminary announcement on the case, which was to be published in full on 18 March. In its ruling, the Court decided to leave judgment to
1786:
The Basic Law of the
Federal Republic of Germany stipulates that all three branches of the state (the legislature, executive, and judiciary) are bound directly by the constitution in Article 20, Section 3 of the document. As a result, the court can rule acts of any branches unconstitutional, whether
2019:
upon reaching the age of 68 regardless of how much of the 12 years they have served. Re-election is not possible. A judge must be at least 40 years old and must be a well-trained jurist. Three out of eight members of each senate have served as a judge on one of the federal courts. Of the other five
1932:
Decisions by a senate require a majority. In some cases a two-thirds vote is required. Decisions by a chamber need to be unanimous. A chamber is not authorized to overrule a standing precedent of the senate to which it belongs; such issues need to be submitted to the senate as a whole. Similarly, a
1928:
The court consists of two senates, each of which has eight members, headed by a senate chairperson. The members of each senate are allocated to three chambers for hearings in constitutional complaint and single regulation control cases. Each chamber consists of three judges, so each senate chair is
1753:
The court's jurisdiction is focused on constitutional issues and the compliance of all governmental institutions with the constitution. Constitutional amendments or changes passed by the parliament are subject to its judicial review since they have to be compatible with the most basic principles of
3438:
With the Lüth
Decision the court defined and restricted its own power. But on the other hand, it expanded the effective range of the Basic Law beyond the tension of government and people to the private law. The Basic Law does not bind citizens but it binds the lawmakers in creating private law and
1956:
The
Constitutional Court actively administers the law and ensures that political and bureaucratic decisions comply with the rights of the individual enshrined in the Basic Law. Specifically, it can vet the democratic and constitutional legitimacy of bills proposed by federal or state government,
3685:
In this regard, the ruling of May 5, 2020, deemed an act of the EU and the Weiss
Judgment of the Court of Justice "ultra vires", for having exceeded the powers granted by the Member States. The EU decided to initiate infringement proceedings against Germany. In response to the notification, the
3492:
The court instructed the federal government to implement the law in a way that does not put most of the effort needed to reach the goals of the Paris
Agreement to future generations. Personal liberty is not to be interpreted in a way that restricts the personal liberty of future generations
1738:, thus rendering them ineffective. In this respect, it is similar to other supreme courts with judicial review powers, yet the court possesses a number of additional powers and is regarded as among the most interventionist and powerful national courts in the world. Unlike other
1943:
One of the two senate chairs is also the president of the court, the other one being the vice president. The presidency alternates between the two senates, i.e. the successor of a president is always chosen from the other senate. The 10th and current president of the court is
2020:
members of each senate, most judges previously served as academic jurists at a university, as public servants or as a lawyer. After ending their term, most judges withdraw themselves from public life. However, there are some prominent exceptions, most notably
3653:
Due to a split decision the ban of the novel was upheld. It was the first decision of the court on the interpretation of freedom of art. Apart from the concrete decision, the court made clear that freedom of art cannot be limited by general laws.
3647:
Freedom of art is guaranteed by the Basic Law, but it finds its limit in human dignity and likewise in personality right. Because freedom of art is to be construed in a broad sense, weighing up has to be comprehensive and a case by case
1683:
3482:
binds legislation to protect the liberty of actual people as well as the freedoms of generations to come. Legislation has to implement laws in a way that does not put an undue burden on the liberty of young people or
1992:, judges election committee), consisting of a small number of Bundestag members. This procedure had caused some constitutional concern and was considered to be unconstitutional by many scholars. In 2015, the
1839:: Any regular court which is convinced, that a law in question for a certain case is not in conformance with the constitution must suspend that case and bring this law before the Federal Constitutional Court.
3312:
The disputed part of the civil aviation security act was declared void. Basically, the court decided that a shoot-down could be legal if a flight vehicle is unmanned or there are only suspects on board.
4035:
3549:
The census was postponed to 1987 until the "census 1983 act" was changed corresponding to the verdict. The court created, by deriving from human dignity and personal liberty, a new civil right:
1742:, the constitutional court is not an integral stage of the judicial or appeals process (aside from cases concerning constitutional or public international law), and does not serve as a regular
3544:
Personal freedom under modern conditions depends on the right to be protected against unlimited data processing, use, collection, storage and disclosure. There is nothing like irrelevant data.
1936:
Unlike all other German courts, the court often publishes the vote count on its decisions (though only the final tally, not every judge's personal vote) and even allows its members to issue a
1929:
at the same time a member of two chambers. The court publishes selected decisions on its website and since 1996 a public relations department promotes selected decisions with press releases.
3296:
Federal lawmakers permitted the military to shoot down civil aeroplanes if there is an indication that they will be used as a weapon against human lives and a shoot-down is the last resort.
3000:
3231:
Following the decision the lawmakers changed the criminal law. They prohibited abortion within twelve weeks but after using a pregnancy consultation all participants go unpunished.
3339:, was accused of working against the constitution but was never convicted. Based on this indictment he was denied a passport multiple times. Elfes litigated against the decision.
2008:. In the Bundesrat, a chamber in which the governments of the sixteen German states are represented (each state has 3 to 6 votes depending on its population, which it has to cast
1892:: Article 21 of the Basic Law gives the Constitutional Court the power to ban political parties that either threaten the existence of Germany or "seek to undermine or abolish the
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1913:
5350:
5267:
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2037:
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2050:
1651:
5405:
1554:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1138:
1133:
3370:
Elfes lost his specific case but the court cemented personal liberty in general. Justice Heck defined the limits of the court relative to the specialised court system.
1544:
1639:
239:
173:
4321:
4245:
4201:
2708:
5410:
4920:
3794:
3351:
Invention of "Heck's
Formula" (named after the rapporteur of the case, Justice Heck). The court can only review cases if one of the following conditions applies:
3479:
3423:
1980:
1706:
1626:
426:
289:
55:
4143:
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2042:
1128:
1003:
728:
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1933:
senate may not overrule a standing precedent of the other senate, and such issues will be submitted to a plenary meeting of all 16 judges (the Plenum).
3209:. To be legal the expectant mother had to go to a pregnancy consultation minimum three days in advance and the abortion has to be their own decision.
1008:
3433:
The
Federal Constitutional Court is not a regular appellate court on violation of federal law. The court only overviews violation of the Basic Law.
5228:
438:
2527:
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843:
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1909:
808:
102:
4433:
4219:
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1462:
4723:
Lenaerts, Koen; Gutman, Kathleen (2006). "'Federal Common Law' in the European Union: A Comparative Perspective from the United States".
4347:
74:
5127:
5072:
5067:
5032:
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1829:(states), may bring a federal law before the court if they consider it unconstitutional. A well-known example of this procedure was the
692:
5390:
5221:
4997:
4965:
4900:
4220:"Bundesverfassungsgericht – Entscheidungen – Gesetz zur Mietenbegrenzung im Wohnungswesen in Berlin ("Berliner Mietendeckel") nichtig"
2121:
1384:
1379:
1123:
511:
474:
494:
4871:
4838:
3686:
German government provided the European Commission with satisfactory assurances. As a result, the case was closed in December 2021.
1619:
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1153:
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978:
973:
968:
963:
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953:
948:
861:
856:
851:
779:
121:
81:
3150:. He considers that to hinder the efficiency of German intelligence agencies in favour of protecting people in far-away countries.
5380:
5047:
4222:[Federal Constitutional Court – decisions – law on rent limitation in housing in Berlin ("Berliner Mietendeckel") void].
3550:
1538:
1389:
1339:
1093:
578:
4534:
3923:
2585:
2243:
88:
5385:
5192:
4806:
4675:
Allen, Christopher S. (10 February 2009). "Chapter 4: Germany". In Kesselman, Mark; Krieger, Joel; Joseph, William A (eds.).
3845:
1488:
1409:
583:
499:
59:
3473:
litigated against the law because it would put an undue burden to their freedom and the freedom of the generations to come.
3469:-reduction goals for 2030 but did not describe how to reach the 1.5°C/2°C limitation beyond that year. The German branch of
1767:
887:
882:
877:
5279:
4895:
4822:
3273:
are substantiations of human dignity therefore there is no trade-off of human dignity and any fundamental right possible.
2000:
only retains the power to nominate candidates. This new procedure was applied for the first time in September 2017, when
1472:
1447:
70:
5160:
4915:
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3143:
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232:
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La declaración "ultra vires" en la sentencia PSPP del Constitucional Alemán: ¿Crónica anunciada o giro jurisprudencial?
1467:
1452:
5052:
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5012:
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3206:
1893:
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803:
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4002:
3110:
The court has been subject to criticism. One complaint is the perceived function as a replacement lawmaker (German:
5375:
5170:
5017:
2478:
2269:
1905:
818:
719:
520:
4298:
48:
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5022:
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3558:
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2534:
869:
770:
761:
3600:
The case was remanded to the Federal Court of Justice whose new decision was challenged again as "Benetton II".
3412:
2854:
2038:
List of justices of the Federal Constitutional Court § Current justices of the Federal Constitutional Court
1861:
may bring disputes over competences and procedures between the states and federal institutions before the court.
5303:
5202:
5150:
5122:
4990:
4985:
4955:
4950:
4930:
4910:
4885:
3669:'s decision to finance European constituent nations through the purchase of bonds on the secondary markets was
3279:
3246:
2912:
1872:: Violations of election laws may be brought before the court by a political institution or any involved voter.
1724:
1676:
1404:
1374:
644:
553:
4890:
4765:
Johnson. "The federal constitutional court: Facing up to the strains of law and politics in the new Germany".
4638:"europarl.europa.eu: "The German Constitutional Court's ruling on the ECB's bond-buying decision" 10 Feb 2014"
3834:
2942:
2685:
3595:
The publishing of an opinion of a third party that is protected by freedom of expression is protected itself.
5107:
5077:
5062:
5057:
5037:
5027:
5007:
4945:
4935:
3586:
to publish shocking advertisements of the Benetton Group. The advertisements showed a bird doused with oil,
3554:
3282:
for a second time. After Benetton II the plaintiff abandoned the lawsuit. A final decision was unnecessary.
2227:
1534:
1354:
470:
443:
2346:
1912:(NPD), failed when it was revealed that a significant proportion of its leadership were informants for the
1414:
600:
5102:
5087:
4148:
4117:
4089:
4061:
3018:
2005:
1979:(a legislative body that represents the sixteen state governments on the federal level). According to the
813:
532:
95:
3835:"Gesetz über die Feststellung des Bundeshaushaltsplans für das Haushaltsjahr 2021 (Haushaltsgesetz 2021)"
3720:
3666:
3566:
3117:
1897:
1807:
1549:
1520:
1399:
1359:
607:
3304:
The military can be used as disaster relief, but the use of military weapons violates the constitution.
2949:
2926:
1940:. This possibility, introduced only in 1971, is a remarkable deviation from German judicial tradition.
1659:
17:
2394:
2305:
5330:
5321:
5312:
5244:
2960:
2829:
2743:
2692:
2471:
2418:
2329:
2232:
2025:
2016:
1988:
1883:
1879:
1698:
1394:
895:
794:
745:
679:
664:
659:
654:
622:
591:
462:
279:
4611:[Federal Constitutional Court, Court order, decided on February 24th, 1971 – 1 BvR 435/68].
3063:
2179:
2105:
5155:
5132:
3629:
3616:
3381:
3332:
3146:, August Hanning, is that the court tends to overprotect people, according to him, even members of
3007:
2984:
2435:
2351:
2253:
2160:
1976:
1364:
1344:
400:
4585:[Guiding principles of the decision of the first senate, decided on December 12th, 2000].
3124:
2370:
2155:
2001:
4740:
4513:
3966:
3788:
3484:
3360:
3270:
3139:. This behavior has been interpreted as a hindrance to the normal functioning of the parliament.
3040:
2203:
1937:
1349:
541:
4023:
2131:
4384:[Guiding principles of the decision of the first senate, decided on March 11th, 2003].
3939:"Judicial public relations: Determinants of press release publication by constitutional courts"
3461:
In 2019 the German federal government implemented the Climate Protection Act, to transpose the
4707:
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4239:
4195:
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2651:
1857:
1824:
1735:
1369:
702:
1920:
Up to 2009, the Constitutional Court had struck down more than 600 laws as unconstitutional.
4980:
4732:
4476:
3950:
3763:
Democracy's Guardians : a History of the German Federal Constitutional Court, 1951-2001
3633:
3250:
3142:
Another criticism of the federal constitutional court issued by the former president of the
3070:
3047:
2768:
2750:
2082:
1945:
738:
349:
3938:
3301:
Human dignity is inviolable. There cannot be any trade-off of the lives of innocent people.
1791:
or violating procedures) or as material conflicts (when the civil rights prescribed in the
3462:
3345:
2110:
1761:
1743:
1731:
1590:
1498:
2399:
2310:
134:"German Supreme Court" redirects here. For the German supreme court of 1879 to 1945, see
2440:
414:
4694:
Law, David S. (2009). "The Anatomy of a Conservative Court: Judicial Review in Japan".
3730:
3466:
3257:
3094:
2592:
2286:
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546:
372:
4792:
1585:
333:
5369:
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3394:
3219:
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2861:
2184:
1747:
1739:
1695:
528:
135:
4460:
4350:[Federal Constitutional Court, decided on May 28th, 1993, Case 2 BvF 2/90].
2208:
4798:
4501:
4264:"Kritik am Bundesverfassungsgericht: Hat das BVG zu viel Einfluss auf die Politik?"
3587:
3408:
2819:
2796:
2644:
2258:
2021:
1882:, a judge, or a member of one of the Federal Supreme Courts, by the Bundestag, the
1716:
4324:[Demonstration at Hermannplatz: With pot lids against the rent madness].
3129:
2375:
4410:[Federal Constitutional Court verdict, decided on February 15th, 2006].
3715:
3705:
3670:
3427:
3404:
2812:
2715:
2678:
2628:
2569:
1798:
The powers of the Federal Constitutional Court are defined in article 93 of the
1788:
507:
37:
4436:[Federal Constitutional Court verdict, decided on January 16th, 1957].
1886:
or the federal government, based on violation of constitutional or federal law.
1849:, may bring internal disputes over competences and procedures before the court.
159:
5197:
3639:
3307:
Only the federal government can order the military to provide disaster relief.
3136:
2919:
2481:, as the highest-ranking representative of the judicial branch of government.
1901:
4814:
3962:
3954:
3780:
3153:
Finally, numerous decisions have been criticised and sparked demonstrations.
3114:
because it has overturned controversial policies numerous times, such as the
2136:
254:
241:
188:
175:
4480:
3700:
3440:
3202:
2726:
2545:
2467:
1972:
1908:(KPD) was banned in 1956. A 2003 attempt to ban another neo-Nazi party, the
1846:
1720:
572:
275:
224:
4830:
4786:
4752:
Pruezel-Thomas. "The abortion issue and the federal constitutional court".
3673:
because it exceeded the limits established by the German act approving the
2877:
324:
4823:
Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG) – germanlawarchive at 20180609
4736:
4715:
4322:"Demonstration am Hermannplatz: Mit Topfdeckeln gegen den Mietenwahnsinn"
4010:
1986:
Up until 2015, the Bundestag delegated this task to a special committee (
4744:
3665:
On 12 September 2012, the Court stated that the question of whether the
5213:
4560:
4355:
3184:
2093:
2028:
in 1994, shortly before the end of his term as president of the court.
1702:
4589:(in German). Karlsruhe: Federal Constitutional Court. 12 December 2000
4414:(in German). Karlsruhe: Federal Constitutional Court. 15 February 2006
4468:
4440:(in German). Karlsruhe: Federal Constitutional Court. 16 January 1957
4144:"Entlassung und Ernennung von Richtern des Bundesverfassungsgerichts"
3223:
2894:
2603:
2477:
The president of the Federal Constitutional Court ranks fifth in the
4655:
3642:
to stop publishing the book. It was prohibited by all lower courts.
3218:
or a threat to the mother's life or health an abortion violates the
2015:
The judges are in principle elected for a 12-year term, though they
4556:
4388:(in German). Karlsruhe: Federal Constitutional Court. 11 March 2003
3868:
The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany
1833:, which invalidated legislation intended to decriminalise abortion.
1821:: Several political institutions, including the governments of the
4660:. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Instittut d'Estudis Europeus.
4608:
2049:
2041:
1766:
1658:
2012:), a candidate currently needs at least 46 of 69 possible votes.
1715:) of Germany. Since its inception with the beginning of the post-
4509:
3215:
27:
Supreme constitutional court for the Federal Republic of Germany
5217:
4834:
3226:. As a result, in the last case, abortion has to be prohibited.
2291:(Vice president of the Court, Chairwoman of the Second Senate)
4815:
Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG) – germanlawarchive
4583:"Leitsätze zum Urteil des Ersten Senats vom 12. Dezember 2000"
4348:"Bundesverfassungsgericht Urt. v. 28.05.1993, Az.: 2 BvF 2/90"
3261:
1896:". This has happened just twice, both times in the 1950s: the
31:
4382:"Leitsätze zum Beschluss des Ersten Senats vom 11. März 2003"
3924:"Bundesverfassungsgericht – Decisions – General information"
3017:
Professor for political science and legal philosophy at the
1774:
Bundesverfassungsgericht
413:
4138:
4136:
3883:[Jurisdiction of the Federal Constitutional Court]
3452:
1 BvR 2656/18, 1 BvR 78/20, 1 BvR 96/20, 1 BvR 288/20
4293:[Criticism of the Federal Constitutional Court].
4807:
Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG) – web archive
3260:. The advertisement showed a bare bottom with a stamp: "
4057:"Rede: Richterinnenwechsel am Bundesverfassungsgericht"
2087:(President of the Court, Chairman of the First Senate)
5353:
Gemeinsamer Senat der obersten Gerichtshöfe des Bundes
5351:
Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts of the Federation (
4174:
Bundesverfassungsgericht, 1 Senat (15 February 2006).
3891:. Berlin: German Bundestag. April 2010. pp. 82–83
3726:
Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
3582:
The Federal Court of Justice prohibited the magazine
1914:
Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution
1878:: Impeachment proceedings may be brought against the
1730:
The main task of the Federal Constitutional Court is
3696:
List of justices of the Federal Constitutional Court
2004:
was elected to the first senate as the successor of
1967:
List of justices of the Federal Constitutional Court
1719:
republic, the court has been located in the city of
5343:
5287:
5251:
5141:
4878:
4615:(in German). Hamburg: OpenJur e.V. 24 February 1971
4218:Bundesverfassungsgericht, 2 Senat (25 March 2021).
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143:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4113:"Rede: Richterwechsel am Bundesverfassungsgericht"
4085:"Rede: Richterwechsel am Bundesverfassungsgericht"
3632:successfully sued the publisher of the 1936 novel
3553:. The verdict became the foundation of the modern
3539:Citizens litigated against the German census 1983
4609:"BVerfG, Beschluss vom 24.02.1971 – 1 BvR 435/68"
4559:[Census ("Census Verdict")] (in German).
4535:"Pressemitteilung Nr. 31/2021 vom 29. April 2021"
3590:and a bare buttock with a stamp: "HIV-positive".
3354:The impact of a constitutional norm was misjudged
1845:: Federal institutions, including members of the
1655:Oral proceedings in the courtroom (November 1974)
2300:Bundestag (both as judge and as vice president)
4716:"Judgment Days: Germany's Constitutional Court"
4537:[press release Nr. 31/2021] (in German)
4408:"Urteil des Ersten Senats vom 15. Februar 2006"
4003:"Germany's Constitutional Court: Judgment days"
3498:Development of fundamental rights by the court
1663:Library (foreground) and Courtroom (background)
4434:"Urteil des Ersten Senats vom 16. Januar 1957"
5229:
4846:
4358:: Wolters Kluwer. 28 May 1993. Archived from
3889:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
3870:(3d ed.: Duke University Press, 2012), p. 40.
3403:. Lüth justified his action because director
3205:permitted abortion within twelve weeks after
2448:December 2023 – December 2035 (12-year term)
2424:December 2023 – December 2035 (12-year term)
2144:November 2016 – November 2028 (12-year-term)
2090:November 2018 – November 2030 (12-year-term)
1620:
8:
3620:
3531:
3385:
3115:
1822:
1772:
1755:
1710:
1689:
1643:
149:
4244:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4200:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3866:Donald P. Kommers & Russell A. Miller,
3661:Impact on European constitutional questions
3256:to publish a shocking advertisement of the
2407:January 2023 – January 2035 (12-year term)
2383:January 2023 – September 2031 (retirement)
5236:
5222:
5214:
4853:
4839:
4831:
4799:Federal Constitutional Court Act (BVerfGG)
4791:
3793:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1627:
1613:
387:
332:
3335:, a left-wing member of the centre-right
1777:(last coin in Deutsche Mark denomination)
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
5406:Courts and tribunals established in 1951
4587:Federal Constitutional Court – Decisions
4438:Federal Constitutional Court – Decisions
4412:Federal Constitutional Court – Decisions
4386:Federal Constitutional Court – Decisions
4009:. Karlsruhe. 26 May 2009. Archived from
3357:Application of the law was discretionary
3160:
2959:Professor for constitutional law at the
2483:
2057:
1650:
1638:
896:Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)
4725:The American Journal of Comparative Law
4632:
4630:
4463:[Elfes – More than a verdict].
4024:Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz, §6 (1)
3808:
3741:
3135:(rent cap) of Berlin, and parts of the
2662:Minister President of Baden-Württemberg
2118:April 2023 – April 2035 (12-year term)
399:
393:This article is part of a series on the
18:Federal Constitutional Court of Germany
4557:"Volkszählung ("Volkszählungsurteil")"
4237:
4193:
3786:
3214:If a pregnancy is not the result of a
1971:The court's judges are elected by the
140:
5411:Buildings and structures in Karlsruhe
4563:: OpenJur. pp. openJur 2012, 616
4257:
4255:
4213:
4211:
4169:
4167:
3293:Civil aviation security act decision
3025:Rector of the University of Freiburg
2359:June 2020 – June 2032 (12-year term)
2335:July 2016 – July 2028 (12-year term)
2318:July 2014 – July 2026 (12-year term)
2216:July 2020 – July 2032 (12-year term)
1705:, established by the constitution or
1675:
299:12 years (mandatory retirement at 68)
7:
4677:Introduction to Comparative Politics
4506:Das Fallrecht (DFR) Verfassungsrecht
4504:[Case BVerfGE 7, 198 Lüth].
4291:"Kritik an Bundesverfassungsgericht"
4289:Feldmann, Marco (9 September 2020).
3992:Kesselman et al. (2009), ch. 4 p. 69
3913:in Texas Law Review lxxxvii: 1545–93
3817:"Bundesverfassungsgericht – Library"
3638:by Gründgens' former brother-in-law
1910:National Democratic Party of Germany
60:adding citations to reliable sources
5401:1951 establishments in West Germany
4459:Rojahn, Gunther (11 January 2011).
4262:Zeitung, Berliner (21 March 2014).
3911:The Anatomy of a Conservative Court
3848:(BMF). 21 December 2020. p. 18
3576:1 BvR 1762/95 & 1 BvR 1787/95
3559:EU Data Protection Directive (1998)
2294:June 2014 – June 2025 (retirement)
2240:June 2022 – June 2033 (retirement)
1904:group, was banned in 1952, and the
3397:to call for a boycott of the film
3348:is to be construed in a broad way.
2266:February 2023 – 2033 (retirement)
2192:July 2018 – May 2030 (retirement)
2168:November 2017 – 2024 (retirement)
1750:on any violation of federal laws.
25:
4872:List of supreme courts by country
3555:German Data Protection Act (1990)
3318:Protection of fundamental rights
1734:, and it may declare legislation
1677:[bʊndəsfɛʁˈfasʊŋsɡəˌʁɪçt]
5344:Collaborations of Supreme Courts
5278:
4320:Häußler, Maria (15 April 2021).
3678:the Court of Justice of the EU (
3551:informational self-determination
3393:The court of Hamburg prohibited
3062:
2999:
2941:
2876:
2811:
2707:
2643:
2584:
2526:
1975:(the German parliament) and the
1890:Prohibition of a political party
1723:, which is also the seat of the
1584:
1570:
158:
36:
4718:. The Economist. 28 March 2009.
4654:Morcillo Pazos, Adrián (2022).
4465:Dissertations of the University
4224:www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de
4180:www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de
3821:www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de
3269:Human dignity is absolute. All
2832:State Minister of the Interior
1994:Bundesverfassungsgerichtsgesetz
1865:Investigation committee control
47:needs additional citations for
5295:Federal Administrative Court (
5259:Federal Constitutional Court (
5193:European Court of Human Rights
3846:Bundesministerium der Finanzen
3329:Elfes-Decision (Elfes-Urteil)
1489:Politics of the European Union
71:"Federal Constitutional Court"
1:
4461:"Elfes – Mehr als ein Urteil"
3487:. The decision was unanimous.
3407:also was responsible for the
3278:The case was remanded to the
3711:Rule according to higher law
3465:into German law. It defined
3144:Federal Intelligence Service
2780:Federal Administrative Court
1669:Federal Constitutional Court
1440:Foreign relations by country
632:Federal Constitutional Court
439:Federal Constitutional Court
227:, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
144:Federal Constitutional Court
5396:Innenstadt-West (Karlsruhe)
4297:(in German). Archived from
1894:free democratic basic order
1837:Specific regulation control
1819:Abstract regulation control
1703:Federal Republic of Germany
844:Weimar Republic (1919–1933)
216:Federal Republic of Germany
5427:
5304:Federal Court of Justice (
2855:Ernst Gottfried Mahrenholz
2479:German order of precedence
2035:
1964:
1906:Communist Party of Germany
521:Vice Chancellor of Germany
133:
5391:German constitutional law
5276:
5188:European Court of Justice
5179:
4869:
4473:Free University of Berlin
4093:(in German). 22 June 2022
3761:Collings, Justin (2015).
3604:
3565:
3497:
3317:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3166:
2913:Johann Friedrich Henschel
2606:Regional court of appeal
2278:
2100:Bundesrat (as president)
2074:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
1870:Federal election scrutiny
1746:from lower courts or the
762:Collective municipality (
327:.bundesverfassungsgericht
170:
166:
157:
148:
5297:Bundesverwaltungsgericht
5261:Bundesverfassungsgericht
5203:Benelux Court of Justice
3955:10.1177/0263395719885753
3280:Federal Court of Justice
3247:Federal Court of Justice
3169:
3163:
3080:Member of the Bundestag
2686:Friedrich Wilhelm Wagner
2503:before court appointment
1808:Constitutional complaint
1771:50th Anniversary of the
1725:Federal Court of Justice
1673:Bundesverfassungsgericht
1645:Bundesverfassungsgericht
1325:State and local politics
870:East Germany (1949–1960)
151:Bundesverfassungsgericht
5381:National supreme courts
4502:"BVerfGE 7, 198 – Lüth"
4481:10.17169/refubium-14242
3937:Meyer, Philipp (2020).
2461:Presidents of the court
1481:International Relations
471:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
5331:Federal Fiscal Court (
5322:Federal Social Court (
5313:Federal Labour Court (
4921:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3621:
3532:
3386:
3116:
3019:University of Freiburg
2535:Hermann Höpker-Aschoff
2228:Heinrich Amadeus Wolff
2055:
2047:
1831:1975 abortion decision
1823:
1787:as formal violations (
1778:
1773:
1756:
1748:Federal Supreme Courts
1711:
1690:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1385:North Rhine-Westphalia
1380:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
995:Parliamentary election
836:Presidential elections
418:
150:
5386:Constitutional courts
4613:BVerfG Rechtsprechung
3721:Streitbare Demokratie
3622:Mephisto-Entscheidung
3567:Freedom of expression
3176:Legal principles set
3118:Luftsicherheitsgesetz
2347:Astrid Wallrabenstein
2098:Bundestag (as judge)
2053:
2045:
1961:Appointment of judges
1898:Socialist Reich Party
1876:Impeachment procedure
1853:State–federal dispute
1813:Verfassungsbeschwerde
1770:
1662:
1654:
1642:
1539:Agrarian Conservatism
609:Gemeinsamer Ausschuss
602:Vermittlungsausschuss
495:Chancellor of Germany
417:
315:€37.17 million (2021)
290:Basic Law for Germany
255:49.012422°N 8.40161°E
189:49.012422°N 8.40161°E
5315:Bundesarbeitsgericht
5252:Constitutional Court
5245:Judiciary of Germany
3443:in interpreting it.
3216:criminal interaction
2330:Christine Langenfeld
2026:President of Germany
2006:Wilhelm Schluckebier
1998:Richterwahlausschuss
1989:Richterwahlausschuss
1795:are not respected).
1699:constitutional court
1511:Political ideologies
1390:Rhineland-Palatinate
824:Federal Convention (
463:President of Germany
56:improve this article
5324:Bundessozialgericht
5142:States with limited
4737:10.1093/ajcl/54.1.1
4362:on 14 December 2018
4149:Der Bundespräsident
4118:Der Bundespräsident
4090:Der Bundespräsident
4062:Der Bundespräsident
4036:"Bundesgesetzblatt"
3838:(PDF; 34,1 MB)
3533:Volkszählungsurteil
2897:Senator of Justice
1952:Democratic function
1591:Politics portal
304:Number of positions
251: /
185: /
4514:University of Bern
3485:future generations
3471:Fridays for Future
3361:Judicial restraint
3271:fundamental rights
3157:Landmark decisions
3112:Ersatzgesetzgeber)
3041:Ferdinand Kirchhof
2950:Hans-Jürgen Papier
2927:Hans-Jürgen Papier
2056:
2054:Second Senate 1989
2048:
2024:, who was elected
1938:dissenting opinion
1811:: By means of the
1779:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1577:Germany portal
1410:Schleswig-Holstein
1255:European elections
720:State Parliament (
715:Minister president
419:
271:Composition method
260:49.012422; 8.40161
194:49.012422; 8.40161
5376:Courts in Germany
5363:
5362:
5306:Bundesgerichtshof
5271:
5211:
5210:
4686:978-0-495-79741-8
4013:on 21 March 2012.
3983:§ 15 IV 1 BVerfGG
3842:Bundeshaushalt.de
3772:978-0-19-181500-3
3658:
3657:
3617:Mephisto judgment
3493:inappropriately.
3203:Federal lawmakers
3103:
3102:
3099:
3083:
3077:
3052:
3045:
3028:
3023:
3014:
2989:
2982:
2978:Winfried Hassemer
2965:
2956:
2931:
2924:
2917:
2903:14 September 1994
2900:
2891:
2866:
2859:
2848:
2835:
2830:Baden-Württemberg
2826:
2801:
2784:
2778:President of the
2775:
2755:
2748:
2731:
2722:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2666:
2658:
2633:
2622:
2609:
2602:President of the
2599:
2574:
2563:
2550:
2541:
2504:
2497:
2458:
2457:
2046:First Senate 1989
1880:Federal President
1637:
1636:
1517:Political culture
1430:Foreign relations
1340:Baden-Württemberg
826:Bundesversammlung
809:Political parties
404:
386:
385:
296:Judge term length
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
5418:
5282:
5268:list of justices
5265:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5215:
4879:Sovereign states
4855:
4848:
4841:
4832:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4787:Official website
4774:
4761:
4748:
4719:
4711:
4696:Texas Law Review
4690:
4662:
4661:
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4645:
4644:
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4492:
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4456:
4450:
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4397:
4395:
4393:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4326:Berliner Zeitung
4317:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4301:on 20 April 2021
4295:Behörden Spiegel
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4268:Berliner Zeitung
4259:
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4075:
4074:
4072:
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4053:
4047:
4046:
4040:
4032:
4026:
4021:
4015:
4014:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3886:
3877:
3871:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3839:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3813:
3798:
3792:
3784:
3765:. New York, NY.
3749:
3746:
3630:Gustaf Gründgens
3624:
3535:
3530:Census Verdict (
3400:Immortal Beloved
3389:
3346:personal liberty
3170:Unofficial name
3161:
3133:
3121:
3097:
3081:
3075:
3071:Stephan Harbarth
3066:
3050:
3048:Stephan Harbarth
3043:
3026:
3021:
3012:
3008:Andreas Voßkuhle
3003:
2987:
2985:Andreas Voßkuhle
2980:
2963:
2954:
2945:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2864:
2857:
2842:
2838:16 November 1987
2833:
2824:
2815:
2799:
2790:16 November 1987
2787:20 December 1983
2782:
2773:
2769:Wolfgang Zeidler
2753:
2751:Wolfgang Zeidler
2746:
2737:20 December 1983
2729:
2720:
2711:
2695:
2688:
2681:
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2615:19 October 1958
2607:
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2588:
2572:
2557:
2556:15 January 1954
2553:7 September 1951
2548:
2539:
2530:
2502:
2500:Previous service
2495:
2484:
2444:
2403:
2395:Thomas Offenloch
2379:
2355:
2314:
2306:Ulrich Maidowski
2262:
2236:
2212:
2188:
2164:
2140:
2114:
2083:Stephan Harbarth
2058:
1946:Stephan Harbarth
1828:
1789:exceeding powers
1776:
1759:
1736:unconstitutional
1714:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1679:
1647:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1555:Social Democracy
1431:
804:Electoral system
797:
740:Regierungsbezirk
695:
625:
554:Federal agencies
432:
431:
407:
402:
394:
388:
350:Stephan Harbarth
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5366:
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5364:
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5339:
5333:Bundesfinanzhof
5283:
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5247:
5242:
5212:
5207:
5175:
5161:Northern Cyprus
5143:
5137:
5053:North Macedonia
4874:
4865:
4859:
4825:
4817:
4809:
4801:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4767:German Politics
4764:
4754:German Politics
4751:
4722:
4714:
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4687:
4674:
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4665:
4653:
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3996:
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3987:
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3936:
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3922:
3921:
3917:
3909:Law, David S.,
3908:
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3849:
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3757:
3755:Further reading
3752:
3747:
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3692:
3663:
3605:Freedom of art
3527:
3463:Paris Agreement
3249:prohibited the
3159:
3127:
3108:
3074:
3024:
3011:
2953:
2888:
2823:
2772:
2744:Walter Seuffert
2734:8 December 1971
2719:
2693:Walter Seuffert
2672:8 December 1971
2655:
2596:
2538:
2516:Vice president
2501:
2494:
2463:
2438:
2397:
2373:
2349:
2308:
2290:
2256:
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2206:
2182:
2158:
2134:
2108:
2099:
2086:
2040:
2034:
2032:Current members
1969:
1963:
1954:
1926:
1843:Federal dispute
1784:
1762:eternity clause
1760:defined by the
1744:appellate court
1732:judicial review
1688:; abbreviated:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1633:
1604:
1600:Other countries
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1316:
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1259:
1251:
1250:
999:
991:
990:
892:
866:
840:
832:
799:
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697:
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139:
128:
117:
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108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5424:
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5328:
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5291:
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5288:Supreme Courts
5285:
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5277:
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5128:United Kingdom
5125:
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5105:
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5095:
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5015:
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4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
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4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4941:Czech Republic
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4862:Supreme courts
4860:
4858:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4820:
4812:
4804:
4796:
4780:
4779:External links
4777:
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4720:
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4691:
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3949:(4): 477–493.
3929:
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3748:Art. 79 s. III
3740:
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3731:Baumgarten-Bau
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3258:Benetton Group
3243:
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3229:
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3227:
3210:
3200:
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2732:
2725:Member of the
2723:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:8 January 1959
2667:
2659:
2652:Gebhard Müller
2648:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2623:
2619:died in office
2613:
2610:
2600:
2593:Josef Wintrich
2589:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2560:died in office
2554:
2551:
2544:Member of the
2542:
2531:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2498:
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2488:
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2250:
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2238:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2180:Henning Radtke
2176:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2106:Miriam Meßling
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:Nomination by
2065:
2062:
2033:
2030:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1887:
1873:
1867:
1862:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1816:
1783:
1780:
1740:supreme courts
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
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1580:
1563:
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1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1484:
1483:
1476:
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1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
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1443:
1442:
1434:
1427:
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1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1331:State Politics
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1296:
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846:
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838:
831:
830:
821:
816:
811:
806:
800:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
783:
782:
771:Municipality (
768:
759:
758:
757:
743:
734:
733:
732:
731:
717:
711:
710:
698:
691:
690:
687:
686:
683:
682:
675:
674:
668:
667:
662:
657:
652:
650:Administrative
647:
641:
640:
639:Federal courts
635:
634:
628:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
605:
596:
595:
588:
587:
586:
581:
579:constituencies
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
551:
550:
549:
537:
536:
525:
524:
516:
515:
504:
503:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
467:
466:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
441:
435:
425:
424:
421:
420:
410:
409:
397:
396:
384:
383:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
364:Vice President
361:
360:
357:
353:
352:
347:
343:
342:
338:
337:
321:
317:
316:
313:
309:
308:
305:
301:
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283:
282:
272:
268:
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235:
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228:
222:
218:
217:
214:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
168:
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164:
163:
155:
154:
146:
145:
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5423:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5356:
5354:
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5348:
5346:
5342:
5336:
5334:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5302:
5300:
5298:
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5292:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5269:
5264:
5262:
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5256:
5254:
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5246:
5239:
5234:
5232:
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5225:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5204:
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5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:International
5182:
5181:
5178:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5166:South Ossetia
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5131:
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5119:
5116:
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5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
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5086:
5084:
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5079:
5076:
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5064:
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5059:
5056:
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5051:
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5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Liechtenstein
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4856:
4851:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4824:
4821:
4816:
4813:
4808:
4805:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4702:: 1545–1593.
4701:
4697:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4679:. Wadsworth.
4678:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4650:
4647:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4614:
4610:
4604:
4601:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4515:
4511:
4508:(in German).
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4467:(in German).
4466:
4462:
4455:
4452:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4413:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4387:
4383:
4377:
4374:
4361:
4357:
4354:(in German).
4353:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4313:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4269:
4265:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4241:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4181:
4177:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4028:
4025:
4020:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4007:The Economist
4004:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3925:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3890:
3882:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3745:
3742:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3660:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3613:1 BvR 435/68
3612:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3529:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3458:
3457:(Klimaschutz)
3455:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3383:
3382:Lüth Decision
3380:
3378:1 BvR 400/51
3377:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3344:The right to
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3333:Wilhelm Elfes
3331:
3328:
3326:1 BvR 253/56
3325:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3290:1 BvR 357/05
3289:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3239:1 BvR 426/02
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3220:right to life
3217:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3185:Human dignity
3182:
3179:Consequences
3162:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3031:16 March 2010
3030:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2971:16 March 2010
2970:
2968:10 April 2002
2967:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2906:10 April 2002
2905:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2885:Jutta Limbach
2882:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
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2255:
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529:Robert Habeck
527:
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428:Constitution
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126:
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112:December 2021
104:
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94:
90:
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83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5352:
5332:
5323:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5260:
5258:
5183:
5171:Transnistria
5133:Vatican City
4970:
4826:(in English)
4818:(in English)
4810:(in English)
4770:
4766:
4757:
4753:
4731:(1): 1–121.
4728:
4724:
4699:
4695:
4676:
4669:Bibliography
4656:
4649:
4617:. Retrieved
4612:
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4586:
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4529:
4517:. Retrieved
4505:
4496:
4484:. Retrieved
4464:
4454:
4442:. Retrieved
4437:
4428:
4416:. Retrieved
4411:
4402:
4390:. Retrieved
4385:
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4360:the original
4351:
4342:
4330:. Retrieved
4325:
4315:
4303:. Retrieved
4299:the original
4294:
4284:
4272:. Retrieved
4267:
4228:. Retrieved
4223:
4184:. Retrieved
4179:
4154:. Retrieved
4147:
4123:. Retrieved
4116:
4107:
4095:. Retrieved
4088:
4079:
4067:. Retrieved
4060:
4051:
4042:
4030:
4019:
4011:the original
4006:
3997:
3988:
3979:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3918:
3910:
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3888:
3875:
3867:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3841:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3762:
3744:
3684:
3664:
3634:
3628:The heir of
3588:child labour
3583:
3524:1 BvR 484/83
3521:1 BvR 440/83
3518:1 BvR 420/83
3515:1 BvR 362/83
3512:1 BvR 269/83
3509:1 BvR 209/83
3456:
3451:
3413:
3399:
3363:was violated
3262:HIV-positive
3252:
3242:Benetton II
3207:implantation
3197:
3152:
3141:
3125:Mietendeckel
3123:
3111:
3109:
3098:(since 2020)
3086:22 June 2020
3069:
3057:
3034:22 June 2020
3022:(since 1999)
3006:
2994:
2948:
2936:
2883:
2871:
2844:
2820:Roman Herzog
2818:
2806:
2797:Roman Herzog
2767:
2760:
2714:
2702:
2650:
2638:
2618:
2591:
2579:
2559:
2533:
2521:
2476:
2464:
2445:(born 1976)
2421:(born 1968)
2404:(born 1972)
2380:(born 1963)
2371:Rhona Fetzer
2356:(born 1969)
2332:(born 1962)
2315:(born 1958)
2279:
2263:(born 1965)
2237:(born 1965)
2213:(born 1972)
2189:(born 1962)
2165:(born 1956)
2156:Josef Christ
2141:(born 1963)
2115:(born 1973)
2076:First Senate
2075:
2070:Election by
2022:Roman Herzog
2014:
2009:
2002:Josef Christ
1997:
1993:
1987:
1985:
1970:
1955:
1942:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:Organization
1919:
1889:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1836:
1825:Bundesländer
1818:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1752:
1729:
1717:World War II
1668:
1666:
1535:Conservatism
1480:
1439:
1375:Lower Saxony
1330:
1309:
1254:
1244:
994:
984:
835:
825:
772:
763:
747:
739:
721:
704:
701:
694:Subdivisions
680:Other courts
672:Joint Senate
631:
608:
601:
590:
571:
519:
493:
461:
444:Human rights
403:Politics of
391:
382:22 June 2020
359:22 June 2020
274:Election by
213:Jurisdiction
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
5144:recognition
5113:Switzerland
5048:Netherlands
4802:(in German)
4619:13 December
4328:(in German)
4270:(in German)
4226:(in German)
4182:(in German)
4156:21 December
4152:(in German)
4125:20 February
4121:(in German)
4065:(in German)
4043:www.bgbl.de
3716:Rule of law
3706:Rechtsstaat
3671:ultra vires
3579:Benetton I
3430:indirectly.
3428:private law
3409:antisemitic
3405:Veit Harlan
3387:Lüth-Urteil
3194:2 BvF 2/90
3128: [
3095:Doris König
3082:(2009–2018)
3051:(2018–2020)
3044:(2010–2018)
2988:(2008–2010)
2981:(2002–2008)
2964:(1992–1998)
2930:(1998–2002)
2923:(1995–1998)
2916:(1994–1995)
2899:(1989–1994)
2890:(1934–2016)
2858:(1987–1994)
2834:(1980–1983)
2825:(1934–2017)
2800:(1983–1987)
2783:(1970–1975)
2774:(1924–1987)
2754:(1975–1983)
2747:(1971–1975)
2730:(1957–1971)
2721:(1925–2009)
2716:Ernst Benda
2696:(1967–1971)
2689:(1961–1967)
2682:(1959–1961)
2679:Rudolf Katz
2665:(1953–1958)
2657:(1900–1990)
2632:(1954–1958)
2629:Rudolf Katz
2598:(1891–1958)
2573:(1951–1954)
2570:Rudolf Katz
2549:(1949–1951)
2540:(1883–1954)
2510:Left office
2507:Took office
2439: [
2419:Peter Frank
2398: [
2374: [
2350: [
2309: [
2289:(born 1957)
2287:Doris König
2257: [
2231: [
2207: [
2204:Ines Härtel
2183: [
2159: [
2135: [
2109: [
2085:(born 1971)
2017:must retire
1800:Grundgesetz
1793:Grundgesetz
1757:Grundgesetz
1712:Grundgesetz
1355:Brandenburg
1114:1932 (July)
814:Referendums
729:composition
566:Legislature
508:Olaf Scholz
430:(Basic Law)
373:Doris König
258: /
233:Coordinates
205:Established
192: /
5370:Categories
5198:EFTA Court
5083:San Marino
5043:Montenegro
5023:Luxembourg
5003:Kazakhstan
4906:Azerbaijan
4593:1 December
4567:2 December
4519:1 December
4486:2 December
4444:2 December
4418:1 December
4392:1 December
4366:1 December
4097:1 December
3803:References
3640:Klaus Mann
3395:Erich Lüth
3137:Ostpolitik
2961:LMU Munich
2920:Otto Seidl
2454:Bundesrat
2430:Bundesrat
2413:Bundestag
2389:Bundestag
2365:Bundesrat
2341:Bundesrat
2324:Bundestag
2274:Bundestag
2248:Bundestag
2222:Bundesrat
2198:Bundesrat
2174:Bundestag
2150:Bundesrat
2132:Yvonne Ott
2126:Bundesrat
2036:See also:
1965:See also:
1550:Liberalism
1521:Federalism
1129:1933 (Nov)
1124:1933 (Mar)
1119:1932 (Nov)
1099:1924 (Dec)
1094:1924 (May)
1009:1867 (Aug)
1004:1867 (Feb)
819:Coalitions
746:District (
243:49°00′45″N
177:49°00′45″N
82:newspapers
5018:Lithuania
4864:of Europe
3971:213896514
3963:0263-3957
3895:19 August
3881:"Art. 93"
3789:cite book
3781:920859864
3701:Judiciary
3648:decision.
3480:Basic Law
3441:judiciary
3424:Basic Law
3417:in 1940.
3251:magazine
3173:Synopsis
3106:Criticism
3076:(b. 1971)
3013:(b. 1963)
2955:(b. 1943)
2727:Bundestag
2546:Bundestag
2472:Bundesrat
2468:Bundestag
1981:Basic Law
1977:Bundesrat
1973:Bundestag
1900:(SRP), a
1884:Bundesrat
1847:Bundestag
1721:Karlsruhe
1707:Basic Law
1694:) is the
1671:(German:
1545:Far-right
1530:Communism
1415:Thuringia
796:Elections
624:Judiciary
592:Bundesrat
573:Bundestag
488:Executive
369:Currently
346:Currently
341:President
280:Bundesrat
276:Bundestag
246:8°24′06″E
225:Karlsruhe
180:8°24′06″E
5151:Abkhazia
5098:Slovenia
5093:Slovakia
5068:Portugal
4926:Bulgaria
4745:20454486
4541:30 April
4332:20 April
4305:20 April
4274:20 April
4240:cite web
4230:20 April
4196:cite web
4186:20 April
4069:19 April
3943:Politics
3690:See also
3635:Mephisto
3557:and the
2845:resigned
2490:Portrait
2470:and the
2451:CDU/CSU
2427:CDU/CSU
2338:CDU/CSU
2195:CDU/CSU
2171:CDU/CSU
1902:neo-Nazi
1701:for the
1499:Passport
1395:Saarland
773:Gemeinde
645:Ordinary
221:Location
5123:Ukraine
5073:Romania
5033:Moldova
4991:Ireland
4986:Iceland
4981:Hungary
4971:Germany
4966:Georgia
4956:Finland
4951:Estonia
4946:Denmark
4931:Croatia
4916:Belgium
4911:Belarus
4901:Austria
4896:Armenia
4891:Andorra
4886:Albania
4708:1406169
4561:Hamburg
4356:Cologne
3852:13 June
3414:Jud Süß
2362:Greens
2094:CDU/CSU
2010:en bloc
1696:supreme
1365:Hamburg
1345:Bavaria
722:Landtag
703:State (
584:members
542:Cabinet
406:Germany
320:Website
96:scholar
5156:Kosovo
5118:Turkey
5108:Sweden
5088:Serbia
5078:Russia
5063:Poland
5058:Norway
5038:Monaco
5008:Latvia
4976:Greece
4961:France
4936:Cyprus
4743:
4706:
4683:
4469:Berlin
4352:Jurion
3969:
3961:
3779:
3769:
3426:binds
3411:movie
3224:embryo
3222:of an
3198:(None)
3122:, the
3027:(2008)
2895:Berlin
2865:(1994)
2608:(1953)
2604:Munich
2270:Greens
1858:Länder
1855:: The
1691:BVerfG
1473:Russia
1448:France
1400:Saxony
1360:Bremen
1350:Berlin
665:Social
660:Labour
655:Fiscal
547:Scholz
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
5103:Spain
5028:Malta
4998:Italy
4741:JSTOR
4641:(PDF)
4039:(PDF)
3967:S2CID
3885:(PDF)
3737:Notes
3610:1971
3584:Stern
3573:2000
3503:1983
3448:2021
3375:1958
3323:1957
3287:2006
3253:Stern
3236:2003
3191:1993
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3164:Year
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2064:Term
2061:Name
1782:Scope
1468:China
1453:Italy
1370:Hesse
748:Kreis
533:Grüne
379:Since
356:Since
103:JSTOR
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4773:(3).
4760:(3).
4704:SSRN
4681:ISBN
4621:2018
4595:2018
4569:2018
4543:2021
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4510:Bern
4488:2018
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4420:2018
4394:2018
4368:2018
4334:2021
4307:2021
4276:2021
4246:link
4232:2021
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4188:2021
4158:2023
4127:2023
4099:2022
4071:2023
3959:ISSN
3897:2010
3854:2021
3795:link
3777:OCLC
3767:ISBN
3680:CJEU
3478:The
3439:the
3422:The
3245:The
3148:ISIS
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2493:Name
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2410:FDP
2386:SPD
2321:SPD
2297:SPD
2219:SPD
2147:SPD
1754:the
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1304:2019
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1294:2009
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1269:1984
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1234:2017
1229:2013
1224:2009
1219:2005
1214:2002
1209:1998
1204:1994
1199:1990
1194:1987
1189:1983
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1179:1976
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1169:1969
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1159:1961
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1034:1878
1029:1877
1024:1874
1019:1871
1014:1868
985:2022
979:2017
974:2012
969:2010
964:2009
959:2004
954:1999
949:1994
944:1989
939:1984
934:1979
929:1974
924:1969
919:1964
914:1959
909:1954
904:1949
888:1957
883:1953
878:1949
862:1932
857:1925
852:1919
780:list
755:list
705:Land
500:list
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208:1951
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4733:doi
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3951:doi
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3667:ECB
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2851:1st
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2675:1st
2625:1st
2566:1st
2487:No.
2244:FDP
2122:SPD
1463:USA
764:Amt
512:SPD
475:SPD
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