464:...starvation on nardoo is by no means very unpleasant, but for the weakness one feels, and the utter inability to move oneself, for as far as appetite is concerned, it gives me the greatest satisfaction. Certainly, fat and sugar would be more to one's taste, in fact, those seem to me to be the great stand by for one in this extraordinary continent; not that I mean to depreciate the farinacious food, but the want of sugar and fat in all substances obtainable here is so great that they become almost valueless to us as articles of food, without the addition of something else...
193:
31:
316:
Once the grain was winnowed, it was ground using a millstone, to create flour. Millstones have been discovered which have proven to be as old as 50,000 years. The flour was then mixed with water to make a dough and placed in hot ashes for baking. The results could be small buns, today referred to as
236:
Women harvested the fully ripe, dry seeds of the plant by beating the grass (or pod-laden trees in the case of wattleseed) with sticks to dislodge the seeds. Some species were eaten at the green stage and, when ground, would produce a juice at the side of the millstone, which was drunk directly.
518:
468:
It is possible that the explorers, in preparing the bread themselves, were not preparing it in the traditional way of the
Aboriginal people, which may have involved soaking seeds prior to grinding in order to remove the
1076:
389:
when raw, and require elaborate treatment including shelling, crushing, leaching in running water for up to five days, then cooking. After this they are made into small loaves, which can keep for a number of weeks.
782:
515:
1365:
754:
1048:
1003:
1556:
1018:
259:
the seed for them, and they were able to collect this seed, making the women's job much easier. After allowing the grain to dry, the women could begin to prepare the flour.
1106:
1096:
1452:
1056:
787:
699:
662:
950:
772:
1593:
1353:
1081:
1523:
920:
797:
1479:
1588:
1400:
1188:
1173:
792:
729:
240:
Some seeds (such as the seed of acacia) need to be heated, hulled and then ground dry, while others (such as those of grasses) can be ground with water.
1091:
998:
734:
1665:
1598:
1551:
1207:
716:
1644:
1535:
1491:
1111:
910:
777:
1328:
845:
802:
244:
1343:
1023:
692:
370:. During the early part of the dry season, water lilies were an important part of the diet, with seed pods eaten raw or ground into paste.
1571:
1390:
1310:
1071:
935:
1457:
1290:
1260:
855:
639:
603:
1627:
1561:
1250:
1140:
1086:
890:
835:
431:
survived on bush bread for some time after they ran out of rations due to the death of their camels. The
Yandruwandha people at
1409:
1318:
970:
820:
764:
685:
328:
The dough could also be eaten raw. Cooking was a good way to prepare the bread if the group was about to travel for some time.
1637:
1621:
1566:
1038:
672:
538:
960:
1348:
1066:
983:
930:
880:
812:
1126:
1603:
1442:
1333:
1178:
1116:
1101:
988:
873:
860:
1013:
460:
There is some evidence that the nardoo contributed to their deaths. Wills' last journal entry includes the following:
1675:
1425:
1061:
868:
418:
209:
Seeds varied depending on the time of year and the area in
Australia that the people lived. In Central Australia,
1581:
1576:
1385:
1280:
993:
607:
145:, this bread-making process has almost disappeared (although women were still recorded to be making seedcakes in
1496:
1415:
1121:
1530:
1467:
1462:
1300:
1245:
744:
398:
1474:
1163:
724:
708:
424:
287:
131:
103:
75:
1502:
1437:
1183:
1033:
749:
739:
325:. Damper appears to be a mix of this traditional style of bread-making and European-style bread-making.
222:
1158:
293:
1008:
915:
156:
Bread-making was a woman's task. It was generally carried out by several women at once, due to its
1608:
1518:
1447:
1432:
1255:
1168:
1131:
652:
484:
428:
269:
657:
200:, vital in making flour or pastes for bread. Some Aboriginal groups call it "mother and child".
1670:
1270:
1240:
1193:
1028:
825:
635:
440:
310:
146:
1632:
978:
940:
275:
192:
157:
119:
1358:
522:
677:
483:. It is therefore believed that the deaths of Burke and Wills resulted in part from the
1613:
1508:
1380:
1285:
629:
313:, the multi-purpose carrying vessel. Sometimes it needed to be winnowed several times.
181:
1659:
1323:
1235:
900:
840:
322:
281:
252:
127:
35:
1513:
1420:
1375:
1370:
1275:
1150:
850:
432:
386:
362:
seed bread was also common in the Top End. The two species of water lily used were
359:
115:
1230:
905:
318:
180:, or directly into a dough. One of the traditional ingredients was the seeds of
173:
1338:
1220:
895:
885:
830:
473:
402:
394:
349:
248:
230:
1484:
1215:
496:
488:
477:
406:
306:
197:
138:
65:
667:
30:
576:
955:
945:
453:
499:
deficiency) and environmental factors also contributed to their deaths.
373:
Women had expert knowledge of how to detoxify certain plant foods. The
341:
111:
492:
470:
448:
345:
210:
165:
1295:
1265:
378:
191:
177:
161:
150:
142:
107:
99:
55:
562:
Bush food: Aboriginal food and herbal medicine by
Jennifer Isaacs
925:
374:
353:
337:
256:
169:
681:
356:. These were ground, then mixed to a paste to make bread.
297:) are also occasionally used in the making of bush bread.
583:. Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants
130:
is more commonly used to describe the bread made by non-
251:, many seeds would be gathered around the opening of
149:
in the 1970s). The tradition of cooking bread in hot
516:
Food
Standards Australia New Zealand: Online Version
1544:
1399:
1309:
1206:
1149:
1047:
969:
811:
763:
715:
409:), endemic to the area, to make bread in this way.
81:
71:
61:
51:
43:
1107:Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations
604:"Did Burke and Wills die because they ate nardoo?"
255:' nests. The ants had effectively collected and
305:After the grain was collected, it needed to be
1594:Northern Territory National Emergency Response
1097:National Congress of Australia's First Peoples
1082:Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association
693:
539:"Feature Plant Friday - Kangaroo Wheat Grass"
8:
21:
118:, and forms part of a balanced traditional
1189:South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council
1174:Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Land Council
1146:
700:
686:
678:
176:, and preparing these into flour and then
20:
577:"A Fern which Changed Australian History"
110:that is then baked. The bread is high in
16:Seedcakes baked by Aboriginal Australians
610:: The Burke & Wills research gateway
570:
568:
537:Fieldhouse, Rachel (28 September 2018).
491:. However, other research suggests that
336:Bread could also be made from roots and
160:nature. It involved collecting seasonal
911:National Indigenous Human Rights Awards
783:People from politics and public service
508:
709:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders
332:Bread-making from other plant products
137:With the arrival of Europeans and pre-
122:. It is also sometimes referred to as
245:Kimberley region of Western Australia
233:could also be used in the flour mix.
7:
891:Literature of Indigenous Australians
532:
530:
1072:Aborigines Progressive Association
321:, or a large loaf, known today as
14:
439:, and bread made from the ground
344:of Australia, people such as the
247:, women observed that, after the
85:Flour (from various seeds), water
29:
1666:Australian Aboriginal bushcraft
1410:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
70:
60:
42:
1622:Uluru Statement from the Heart
1039:Torres Strait Island languages
1:
1087:Australian Aborigines' League
1067:Aborigines Advancement League
984:Australian Aboriginal English
634:, Melbourne University Press
575:Chaffey, Calder (June 2002).
476:, which depletes the body of
435:gave them fish, beans called
1127:National Reconciliation Week
1179:NSW Aboriginal Land Council
1117:Registered Aboriginal Party
1102:National Indigenous Council
989:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
673:Making bread from bush bean
309:, which was done using the
38:being prepared in hot coals
1692:
1557:Constitutional recognition
1426:Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars
1062:Aboriginal Medical Service
419:Burke and Wills expedition
416:
951:Traditional custodianship
608:State Library of Victoria
106:by crushing seeds into a
28:
1416:Australian Frontier Wars
1122:Reconciliation Australia
581:Australian Plants online
1468:Australian history wars
1329:Contemporary visual art
745:Torres Strait Islanders
521:March 14, 2011, at the
188:Bread-making from seeds
1164:Kimberley Land Council
1014:Pama–Nyungan languages
1004:Loanwords into English
921:Religion and mythology
874:Torres Strait Islander
725:Aboriginal Australians
602:Phoenix, Dave (2011).
466:
288:Acacia tetragonophylla
201:
104:Aboriginal Australians
1503:Native Title Act 1993
1438:Cummeragunja walk-off
1184:Northern Land Council
1034:Torres Strait English
961:Torres Strait Islands
663:Aboriginal Technology
462:
285:), dead finish seed (
195:
1159:Central Land Council
627:Peterson, Nicholas,
423:Ill-fated explorers
397:, the people of the
368:Nymphaea macrosperma
294:Vincetoxicum lineare
229:were commonly used.
219:Panicum australianse
215:Panicum decompositum
916:Outstation movement
755:Western Australians
454:Marsilea drummondii
273:), prickly wattle (
205:Collecting the seed
25:
1609:Stolen Generations
1599:Self-determination
1519:Stolen Generations
1453:Historical figures
1433:Caledon Bay crisis
1256:Fire-stick farming
1169:Maralinga Tjarutja
788:Performing artists
668:Australian History
658:Grass seed artwork
653:Bush Bread artwork
485:vitamin deficiency
340:of plants. In the
291:), and bush bean (
270:Portulaca oleracea
202:
1676:Australian breads
1653:
1652:
1536:Western Australia
1271:Possum-skin cloak
1202:
1201:
1194:Tiwi Land Council
1029:Taboo on the dead
994:Australian Creole
735:Aboriginal groups
153:continues today.
147:Central Australia
89:
88:
44:Alternative names
1683:
1147:
979:Avoidance speech
941:Smoking ceremony
702:
695:
688:
679:
620:
619:
617:
615:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
572:
563:
560:
554:
553:
551:
549:
534:
525:
513:
364:Nelumbo nucifera
301:Making the flour
276:Acacia victoriae
263:Other seeds used
158:labour-intensive
98:, refers to the
82:Main ingredients
33:
26:
24:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1589:Media portrayal
1552:1967 Referendum
1540:
1448:Gurindji Strike
1443:Day of Mourning
1395:
1305:
1198:
1145:
1043:
999:Language groups
965:
807:
759:
711:
706:
649:
624:
623:
613:
611:
601:
600:
596:
586:
584:
574:
573:
566:
561:
557:
547:
545:
536:
535:
528:
523:Wayback Machine
514:
510:
505:
481:
421:
415:
413:Burke and Wills
399:Mount Tamborine
334:
303:
265:
207:
190:
72:Region or state
62:Place of origin
39:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1689:
1687:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1614:Half-Caste Act
1606:
1604:Reconciliation
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1584:
1582:Protected Area
1579:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1509:Pilbara strike
1506:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1286:Spinifex resin
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1024:Sign languages
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
975:
973:
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
877:
876:
871:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
817:
815:
809:
808:
806:
805:
800:
798:Visual artists
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
769:
767:
761:
760:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
721:
719:
713:
712:
707:
705:
704:
697:
690:
682:
676:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
648:
647:External links
645:
644:
643:
632:in Arnhem Land
630:Donald Thomson
622:
621:
594:
564:
555:
526:
507:
506:
504:
501:
479:
417:Main article:
414:
411:
401:area used the
333:
330:
302:
299:
264:
261:
253:harvester ants
206:
203:
196:An Aboriginal
189:
186:
182:kangaroo grass
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1688:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1646:
1645:Voting rights
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1497:Native police
1495:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:Bark painting
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1236:Bush medicine
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1151:Land councils
1148:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1049:Organisations
1046:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
974:
972:
968:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
901:Message stick
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
841:Deadly Awards
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
816:
814:
810:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
768:
766:
762:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
720:
718:
714:
710:
703:
698:
696:
691:
689:
684:
683:
680:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
646:
641:
640:0-522-85063-4
637:
633:
631:
626:
625:
609:
605:
598:
595:
582:
578:
571:
569:
565:
559:
556:
544:
543:PlantingSeeds
540:
533:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
512:
509:
502:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:
472:
465:
461:
458:
456:
455:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
420:
412:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
388:
385:, are highly
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
329:
326:
324:
320:
314:
312:
308:
300:
298:
296:
295:
290:
289:
284:
283:
282:Acacia aneura
278:
277:
272:
271:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
241:
238:
234:
232:
228:
226:
220:
216:
212:
211:native millet
204:
199:
194:
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
84:
80:
77:
74:
67:
64:
57:
54:
50:
46:
37:
32:
27:
19:
1620:
1577:Native title
1531:Tent embassy
1514:Pintupi Nine
1501:
1421:Bathurst War
1408:
1391:Yininmadyemi
1376:Sandpainting
1371:Papunya Tula
1366:NATSIA Award
1354:Music groups
1276:Scarred tree
1246:Dugout canoe
1225:
936:Sacred sites
851:The Dreaming
793:Sportspeople
628:
612:. Retrieved
597:
585:. Retrieved
580:
558:
546:. Retrieved
542:
511:
467:
463:
459:
452:
444:
436:
433:Cooper Creek
422:
392:
387:carcinogenic
382:
372:
367:
363:
358:
335:
327:
319:johnny cakes
315:
304:
292:
286:
280:
274:
268:
266:
242:
239:
235:
224:
218:
214:
208:
155:
136:
123:
116:carbohydrate
95:
91:
90:
18:
1572:Land rights
1475:King plates
1291:Sweet foods
1261:Food groups
1231:Bush tucker
971:Language(s)
906:NAIDOC Week
856:Enumeration
765:Individuals
730:Communities
383:Cycas media
126:, although
1660:Categories
1463:Prehistory
1386:Visual art
1339:Didgeridoo
1251:Fibrecraft
1226:Bush bread
1092:Mass media
1019:Placenames
896:Marn Grook
886:Kurdaitcha
869:Aboriginal
831:Corroboree
750:Victorians
740:Tasmanians
642:, pp168–9.
503:References
474:thiaminase
441:sporocarps
403:bunya pine
395:Queensland
360:Water lily
350:lotus root
279:), mulga (
249:dry season
231:Wattleseed
223:spinifex (
132:Indigenous
92:Bush bread
76:Aboriginal
23:Bush bread
1485:Black War
1480:Massacres
1319:Artefacts
1216:Boomerang
1208:Bushcraft
1132:Sorry Day
946:Songlines
821:Astronomy
778:Musicians
773:Activists
497:vitamin C
489:beri-beri
478:vitamin B
451:) plant (
407:bunya nut
352:and wild
348:used the
198:millstone
96:seedcakes
66:Australia
47:Seedcakes
1671:Bushfood
1492:Missions
1344:Dreaming
1241:Coolamon
1112:Politics
956:Tjurunga
614:13 March
587:12 April
519:Archived
487:disease
311:coolamon
307:winnowed
267:Pigwig (
134:people.
102:made by
1524:Apology
1458:History
1401:History
1301:Woomera
1077:AIATSIS
931:Seasons
881:Kinship
846:Deities
836:Country
813:Culture
803:Writers
717:Peoples
548:1 March
443:of the
377:of the
342:Top End
243:In the
225:Triodia
166:legumes
112:protein
1628:Treaty
1567:Health
1545:Issues
1009:Palawa
865:Flags
861:Elders
638:
493:scurvy
471:enzyme
449:nardoo
445:ngardu
405:cone (
381:palm,
346:Yolngu
323:damper
257:husked
221:) and
162:grains
141:white
139:milled
128:damper
124:damper
36:Damper
1638:Voice
1633:Truth
1562:Crime
1349:Music
1334:Dance
1296:Waddy
1281:Soaks
1266:Humpy
1057:ATSIC
437:padlu
429:Wills
425:Burke
379:cycad
375:seeds
338:corms
178:dough
170:roots
151:coals
143:flour
108:dough
100:bread
94:, or
56:Bread
1381:Vibe
1359:Rock
1311:Arts
1221:Buka
1141:TSRA
926:Riji
826:Bora
636:ISBN
616:2015
589:2008
550:2021
427:and
366:and
354:taro
174:nuts
120:diet
114:and
52:Type
457:).
393:In
172:or
1662::
606:.
579:.
567:^
541:.
529:^
217:;
184:.
168:,
164:,
701:e
694:t
687:v
618:.
591:.
552:.
495:(
480:1
447:(
227:)
213:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
