Mediation - Knowledge (XXG)

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critically examining the possibilities, (f) feeling better about each other, and (g) making their own decisions. Those decisions can include settlement agreements or not. Transformative mediation practice is focused on supporting empowerment and recognition shifts, by allowing and encouraging deliberation, decision-making, and perspective-taking. A competent transformative mediator practices with a microfocus on communication, identifying opportunities for empowerment and recognition as those opportunities appear in the parties' own conversations, and responding in ways that provide an opening for parties to choose what, if anything, to do with them.

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encouraged to actively participate in the process. Mediation is a "party-centered" process in that it is focused primarily upon the needs, rights, and interests of the parties. The mediator uses a wide variety of techniques to guide the process in a constructive direction and to help the parties find their optimal solution. A mediator is facilitative in that they manage the interaction between parties and facilitates open communication. Mediation is also evaluative in that the mediator analyzes issues and relevant norms ("reality-testing"), while refraining from providing prescriptive advice to the parties (e.g., "You should do...").

1664:(PDM) is an emerging mediation approach particularly suited for disputes between co-workers, colleagues or peers, especially deep-seated interpersonal conflict, multicultural or multiethnic disputes. The mediator listens to each party separately in a pre-caucus or pre-mediation before ever bringing them into a joint session. Part of the pre-caucus also includes coaching and role plays. The idea is that the parties learn how to converse directly with their adversary in the joint session. Some unique challenges arise when organizational disputes involve supervisors and subordinates. The negotiated 1345:

underlying issues to the dispute. This has the added benefit of often preserving the relationship the parties had before the dispute. Parties as a part of the mediation are encouraged to negotiate on the basis of interests rather than positions that they hold. The object of this is to have deeper conversations which can give rise to a wider ambit of solutions considering more than just the items up for discussion in the session. Some mediators are also of the opinion that it is their responsibility to bring the parties to think this way, commonly called

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areas. This contrasts with the public nature of courts and other tribunals. However mediation need not be private and confidential. In some circumstances the parties agree to open the mediation in part or whole. Laws may limit confidentiality. For example, mediators must disclose allegations of physical or other abuse to authorities. The more parties in a mediation, the less likely that perfect confidentiality will be maintained. Some parties may even be required to give an account of the mediation to outside constituents or authorities.

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well as case supervision and further ongoing training of 40 hours within 4 years. Beyond this basic qualification, the leading mediation associations (BAFM, BM, BMWA and DGM) have agreed on quality standards higher than the minimum standards of the national regulation to certify their mediators. To become an accredited mediator of these associations one has to complete an accredited mediation training program of a minimum of 200 hours incl. 30 hours of supervision as well as ongoing training (30–40 hours within three years)."

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of a court or other external authority must explicitly endorse a mediation agreement. Thus if a grandparent or other non-parent is granted residence rights in a family dispute, a court counselor will be required to furnish a report to the court on the merits of the proposed agreement to aid the court's ultimate disposition of the case. In other situations, it may be agreed to have agreements reviewed by lawyers, accountants or other professional advisers.

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attention to the ways in which we use stories to make sense of our lives and our relationship." Narrative mediation advocates changing the way we speak about conflicts. In objectifying the conflict narrative, participants become less attached to the problem and more creative in seeking solutions. "The person is not the problem; the problem is the problem" according to narrative mediation.

2233:). Mediators have certain information and disclosure obligations as well as limitations of practice. In particular, a person who has previously provided any form of counseling to any party in the conflict (legal, social, financial, etc.) may not act as a mediator in the case. The Act applies to practitioners even if they refer to their approach not as mediation, but facilitation ( 1768:

laws of commerce. The general law of contract applies in the UK accordingly. Procurement mediation occurs in circumstances after creation of the contract where a dispute arises in regard to the performance or payments. A Procurement mediator in the UK may choose to specialise in this type of contract or a public body may appoint an individual to a specific mediation panel.

1602:(AIRC) had strong roles, to a more decentralized system of individual bargaining between employers and employees. The Act diminished the traditional role of the AIRC by placing the responsibility of resolving disputes at the enterprise level. This allowed mediation to be used to resolve industrial relations disputes instead of traditional conciliation. 2867:

in differing degrees. In some situations, the parties may accept a memorandum or moral force agreement; these are often found in community mediations. In other instances, a more comprehensive deed of agreement, when registered with a court, is legally binding. It is advisable to have a lawyer draft or provide legal advice about the proposed terms.

2870:"Court systems are eager to introduce mandatory mediation as a means to meet their needs to reduce case loads and adversarial litigation, and participants who understand the empowerment of mediation to self-determine their own agreements are equally as eager to embrace mediation as an alternative to costly and potentially harmful litigation." 2512:

settlement. The Evaluative mediator has somewhat of an advisory role in that he/she evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of each side's argument and make some predictions about what would happen should they go to court. Facilitative and transformative mediators do not evaluate arguments or direct the parties to a particular settlement.

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parties in dispute control both what will be discussed and how their issues will be resolved. Unlike the transformative mediator, the facilitative mediator is focused on helping the parties find a resolution to their dispute and to that end, the facilitative mediator provides a structure and agenda for the discussion.

2113:, for example, professionals wanting to practice in the area of family law must have tertiary qualifications in law or in social science, undertake 5 days training in mediation and engage in 10 hours of supervised mediation. Furthermore, they must also undertake 12 hours of education or training every 12 months. 1854:(PDM) is an emerging approach involving a pre-caucus between the mediator and each of the parties before going into the joint session. The idea is to help the parties improve their interpersonal negotiation skills so that in the joint session they can address each other with little mediator interference. 1184:, however, due to language as well as national legal standards and regulations is not identical in content in all countries but rather has specific connotations, and there are some differences between Anglo-Saxon definitions and other countries, especially countries with a civil, statutory law tradition. 2866:

Parties who enter into mediation do not forfeit legal rights or remedies. If mediation does not result in settlement, each side can continue to enforce their rights through appropriate court or tribunal procedures. However, if mediation produces a settlement, legal rights and obligations are affected

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Few mediations succeed unless the parties can communicate fully and openly without fear of compromising a potential court case. The promise of confidentiality mitigates such concerns. Organisations often see confidentiality as a reason to use mediation in lieu of litigation, particularly in sensitive

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Confidentiality is a powerful and attractive feature of mediation. It lowers the risk to participants of disclosing information and emotions and encourages realism by eliminating the benefits of posturing. In general, information discussed in mediation cannot be used as evidence in the event that the

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Mediation is one of several approaches to resolving disputes. It differs from adversarial resolution processes by virtue of its simplicity, informality, flexibility, and economy. Mediation provides the opportunity for parties to agree terms and resolve issues by themselves, without the need for legal

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Online mediation employs online technology to provide disputants access to mediators and each other despite geographic distance, disability or other barriers to direct meeting. Online approaches also facilitate mediation when the value of the dispute does not justify the cost of face-to-face contact.

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an emphasis on constructing stories as a basic human activity in understanding our lives and conflict. This approach emphasizes the sociological/psychological nature of conflict-saturated narratives, and values human creativity in acting and reacting to these narratives. "The narrative metaphor draws

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Contracts that specify mediation may also specify a third party to suggest or impose an individual. Some third parties simply maintain a list of approved individuals, while others train mediators. Lists may be "open" (any person willing and suitably qualified can join) or a "closed" panel (invitation

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The Alternative Dispute Resolution Institute of Ontario, a regional affiliate of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institute of Canada, uses the code of conduct from the federal organization to regulate the conduct of its members. The Code's three objectives are to provide guiding principles for the

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Agreements to mediate, mediation rules, and court-based referral orders may have disclosure requirements. Mediators may have express or implied powers to direct parties to produce documents, reports and other material. In court-referred mediations parties usually exchange with each other all material

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One of the general requirements for successful mediation is that those representing the respective parties have full authority to negotiate and settle the dispute. If this is not the case, then there is what Spencer and Brogan refer to as the "empty chair" phenomenon, that is, the person who ought to

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Mediation is in contrast to the process common in a court of law where advocates engage in contentious litigation on behalf of their clients, arguing before a parental figure such as a judge or arbitrator. Both advocates and arbitrator effectively deprive the disputants of any responsibility for the

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once they are in the mediation—not to the mechanism for initiating the mediation process. Much mediation also results form mutual consent because they are non-binding and they encourage the exploration of interests and mutual benefits of an agreement. Because the parties, themselves, create the terms

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Peer mediation promotes social cohesion and aids development of protective factors that create positive school climates. The National Healthy School Standard (Department for Education and Skills, 2004) highlighted the significance of this approach to reducing bullying and promoting pupil achievement.

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Mediation increases the control the parties have over the resolution. In a court case, the parties obtain a resolution, but control resides with the judge or jury. Often, a judge or jury cannot legally provide solutions that emerge in mediation. Thus, mediation is more likely to produce a result that

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Neutral mediators enter into a conflict with the main intention in ending a conflict. This goal tends to hasten a mediator to reach a conclusion. Biased mediators enter into a conflict with specific biases in favor of one party or another. Biased mediators look to protect their parties interest thus

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Legal liability may stem from a mediation. For example, a mediator could be liable for misleading the parties or for even inadvertently breaching confidentiality. Despite such risks, follow-on court action is quite uncommon. Only one case reached that stage in Australia as of 2006. Damage awards are

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In Australia mediation codes of conduct include those developed by the Law Societies of South Australia and Western Australia and those developed by organisations such as Institute of Arbitrators & Mediators Australia (IAMA) and LEADR. The CPR/Georgetown Ethics Commission, the Mediation Forum of

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decision, the Australian Government sought to engage the population and industry on Mabo's implications for land tenure and use by enacting the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth), which required mediation as a mechanism to determine future native title rights. The process incorporated the Federal Court and

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Procurement mediation comprises disputes between a public body and a private body. In common law jurisdictions only regulatory stipulations on creation of supply contracts that derive from the fields of State Aids (EU Law and domestic application) or general administrative guidelines extend ordinary

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ADR, Alternative Dispute Resolution, began in industrial relations in Australia long before the arrival of the modern ADR movement. One of the first statutes passed by the Commonwealth parliament was the Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 (Cth). This allowed the Federal Government to pass laws on

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While court hearings are public, mediation remains strictly confidential. No one but the parties to the dispute and the mediator or mediators know what happened. Confidentiality in mediation has such importance that in most cases the legal system cannot force a mediator to testify in court as to the

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broadly refers to any instance in which a third party helps others reach an agreement. More specifically, mediation has a structure, timetable, and dynamics that "ordinary" negotiation lacks. The process is private and confidential, possibly enforced by law. Participation is typically voluntary. The

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The case involved two sisters who settled an estate via mediation. Only one sister attended the mediation in person: the other participated via telephone with her lawyers present. An agreement was executed. At the time it was orally expressed that before the final settlement, taxation advice should

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In addition to the fact of reaching a settlement, party satisfaction and mediator competence can be measured. Surveys of mediation parties reveal strong levels of satisfaction with the process. Of course, if parties are generally satisfied post-settlement, then such measures may not be particularly

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Ratification and review provide safeguards for mediating parties. They also provide an opportunity for persons not privy to the mediation to undermine the result. Some mediated agreements require ratification by an external body—such as a board, council or cabinet. In some situations, the sanctions

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The mediator's primary role is to act as a neutral third party who facilitates discussions between the parties. In addition, a mediator serves in an evaluative role when they analyze, assess the issues, and engage in reality-testing. A mediator is neutral and they are not the agent of any party. In

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Peer mediation helped reduce crime in schools, saved counselor and administrator time, enhanced self-esteem, improved attendance and encouraged development of leadership and problem-solving skills among students. Such conflict resolution programs increased in U.S. schools 40% between 1991 and 1999.

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While a mediator may charge a fee comparable to that of an attorney, the mediation process generally takes much less time than moving a case through standard legal channels. While a case in the hands of a lawyer or a court may take months or years to resolve, mediation usually achieves a resolution

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Binding Arbitration is a more direct substitute for the formal process of a court. Binding Arbitration is typically conducted in front of one or three arbitrators. The process is much like a mini trial with rules of evidence, etc. Arbitration typically proceeds faster than court and typically at a

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Within the United States, the laws governing mediation vary by state. Some states have clear expectations for certification, ethical standards and confidentiality. Some also exempt mediators from testifying in cases they've worked on. However, such laws only cover activity within the court system.

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Liability in Tort arises if a mediator influences a party in any way (compromising the integrity of the decision), defames a party, breaches confidentiality, or most commonly, is negligent. To be awarded damages, the party must show actual damage, and must show that the mediator's actions (and not

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According to sec. 6 German Mediation Act the German government on June 21, 2016 has released the German regulation about education and training of the so-called (legal term) "certified mediators" which from Sept. 1, 2017 postulates a minimum of 120 hours of initial specialized mediator training as

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In British Columbia, Mediate BC Society sets and maintains Standards of Conduct for its Registered Roster Mediators (RRMs) and Associates and Standards of Conduct for Med-Arbitrators on its Med-Arb roster. Mediate BC Society is a non-profit society that "serves and protects the public by promoting

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In some situations, a post-mediation debriefing and feedback session is conducted between co-mediators or between mediators and supervisors. It involves a reflective analysis and evaluation of the process. In many community mediation services debriefing is compulsory and mediators are paid for the

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Peace Pals was studied in a diverse, suburban elementary school. Peer mediation was available to all students (N = 825). Significant and long-term reductions in school-wide violence over a five-year period occurred. The reductions included both verbal and physical conflict. Mediator knowledge made

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Mediation's effectiveness in trans-border disputes has been questioned, but an understanding of fundamental mediation principles points to the unlimited potential of mediation in such disputes. Mediators explicitly address and manage cultural and language differences in detail during the process.

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Mediation can anticipate difficulties between parties before conflict emerges. Complaint handling and management is a conflict prevention mechanism designed to handle a complaint effectively at first contact, minimising the possibility of a dispute. One term for this role is "dispute preventer".

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In Germany, due to national regulation "evaluative mediation" is seen as an oxymoron and not allowed by the German mediation Act. Therefore, in Germany mediation is purly facilitative. In Australia, the industry accepted definition of mediation involves a mediator adopting a non advisory and non

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In France, professional mediators have created an organization to develop a rational approach to conflict resolution. This approach is based on a "scientific" definition of a person and a conflict. These definitions help to develop a structured mediation process. Mediators have adopted a code of

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In Canada codes of conduct for mediators are set by professional organizations. In Ontario three distinct professional organizations maintain codes of conduct for mediators. The Family Dispute Resolution Institute of Ontario and the Ontario Association of Family Mediators set standards for their

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The parties' first role is to consent to mediation, possibly before preparatory activities commence. Parties then prepare in much the same way they would for other varieties of negotiations. Parties may provide position statements, valuation reports and risk assessment analysis. The mediator may

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and the 2006 Amendments Mandatory, subject to certain exceptions, Family Dispute Resolution Mediation is required before courts will consider disputed parenting arrangements. The Family Dispute Resolution Practitioners who provide this service are accredited by the Attorney-General's Department.

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Both mediation and conciliation work to identify the disputed issues and to generate options that help disputants reach a mutually satisfactory resolution. They both offer relatively flexible processes. Any settlement reached generally must have the agreement of all parties. This contrasts with

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Other institutions offer units in mediation across a number of disciplines such as law, social science, business and the humanities. Not all kinds of mediation-work require academic qualifications, as some deal more with practical skills than with theoretical knowledge. Membership organizations

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Disputes involving neighbors often have no official resolution mechanism. Community mediation centers generally focus on neighborhood conflict, with trained local volunteers serving as mediators. Such organizations often serve populations that cannot afford to utilize the courts or professional

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is a negotiation facilitated by a third-party neutral. It is a structured, interactive process where an impartial third party, the mediator, assists disputing parties in resolving conflict through the use of specialized communication and negotiation techniques. All participants in mediation are

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Society perceives conflict as something that one should resolve as quickly as possible. Mediators see conflict as a fact of life that when properly managed can benefit the parties. The benefits of conflict include the opportunity to renew relationships and make positive changes for the future.

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Non-adversarialism is based on the actual process of mediation. It treats the parties as collaborating in the construction of an agreement. By contrast, litigation is explicitly adversarial in that each party attempts to subject the other to its views. Mediation is designed to conclude with an

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A counsellor generally uses therapeutic techniques. Some—such as a particular line of questioning—may be useful in mediation. But the role of the counsellor differs from the role of the mediator. The list below is not exhaustive but it gives an indication of important distinctions:

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in which they conciliate. The conciliator can make suggestions for settlement terms and can give advice on the subject-matter. Conciliators may also use their role to actively encourage the parties to come to a resolution. In certain types of dispute the conciliator has a duty to provide legal

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Facilitative mediators typically do not evaluate a case or direct the parties to a particular settlement. Instead, the Facilitative mediator facilitates the conversation. These mediators act as guardian of the process, not the content or the outcome. During a facilitative mediation session the

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Experimental community mediation programs using volunteer mediators began in the early 1970s in several major U.S. cities. These proved to be so successful that hundreds of programs were founded throughout the country in the following two decades. In some jurisdictions, such as California, the

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Because the result is attained by the parties working together and is mutually agreeable, compliance with the mediated agreement is usually high. This further reduces costs, because the parties do not have to employ an attorney to force compliance with the agreement. The mediated agreement is,

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The without-prejudice privilege does not apply if it was excluded by either party or if the privilege was waived in proceedings. Although mediation is private and confidential, the disclosure of privileged information in the presence of a mediator does not represent a waiver of the privilege.

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One of the hallmarks of mediation is that the process is strictly confidential. Two competing principles affect confidentiality. One principle encourages confidentiality to encourage people to participate, while the second principle states that all related facts should be available to courts.

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Evaluative mediation is focused on providing the parties with an evaluation of their case and directing them toward settlement. During an evaluative mediation process, when the parties agree that the mediator should do so, the mediator will express a view on what might be a fair or reasonable

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for their decisions. Under the Queensland regulatory scheme on court-connected mediation, mediators are required to file with a registrar a certificate about the mediation in a form prescribed in the regulations. A party may subsequently apply to a relevant court an order giving effect to the

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Finally, the mediator should restrict pressure, aggression and intimidation, demonstrate how to communicate through employing good speaking and listening skills, and paying attention to non-verbal messages and other signals emanating from the context of the mediation and possibly contributing

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A great variety of disputes occur in the workplace, including disputes between staff members, allegations of harassment, contractual disputes and workers compensation claims. At large, workplace disputes are between people who have an ongoing working relationship within a closed system, which

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Transformative mediation looks at conflict as a crisis in communication. Success is not measured by settlement but by the parties shifts toward (a) personal strength, (b) interpersonal responsiveness, (c) constructive interaction, (d) new understandings of themselves and their situation, (e)

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The educational requirements for accreditation as a mediator differ between accrediting groups and from country to country. In some cases legislation mandates requirements; in others professional bodies impose accreditation standards. Many US universities offer graduate studies in mediation.

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The implementation of human resource management (HRM) policies and practices has evolved to focus on the individual worker, and rejects all other third parties such as unions and AIRC. HRM together with the political and economic changes undertaken by Australia's Howard government created an

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Parties to a mediation are typically ready to work mutually toward a resolution. In most circumstances the mere fact that parties are willing to mediate means that they are ready to "move" their position. The parties thus are more amenable to understanding the other party's side and work on

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between disputants, aiming to help the parties reach an agreement. Much depends on the mediator's skill and training. As the practice gained popularity, training programs, certifications, and licensing followed, which produced trained and professional mediators committed to the discipline.

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In community mediation programs the director generally assigns mediators. In New South Wales, for example, when the parties cannot agree on a mediator, the registrar contacts a nominating entity, such as the Bar Association which supplies the name of a qualified and experienced mediator.

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determinative approach. However, there is also provision under the National Mediator Accreditation Standards for mediators to offer a 'blended' approach provided that participants consent to such a process in writing, the mediator is appropriately insured and has the expertise required.

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their role, mediators do not offer prescriptive advice (e.g., "You should settle this case," or, "Your next offer should be X."). Mediators also manage the interaction between the parties and encourage constructive communication through the use of specialized communication techniques.

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In litigation, courts impose their thoughts to both parties Courts in some cases refer litigants to mediation. Mediation is typically less costly, less formal and less complex. Unlike courts, mediation does not ensure binding agreements and the mediator does not decide the outcome.

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In addition to dispute resolution, mediation can function as a means of dispute prevention, such as facilitating the process of contract negotiation. Governments can use mediation to inform and to seek input from stakeholders in formulation or fact-seeking aspects of policy-making.

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In early neutral evaluation, an evaluator acts as a neutral person to assess the strengths and weaknesses of each of the parties and to discuss the same with parties jointly or in caucuses, so that parties gain awareness (via independent evaluation) of the merits of their case.

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Mediators are trained in working with difficult situations. The mediator acts as a neutral facilitator and guides the parties through the process. The mediator helps the parties think "outside of the box" for possible solutions to the dispute, broadening the range of possible

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Peace Pals is an empirically validated peer mediation program. It was studied over a 5-year period and revealed several positive outcomes including a reduction in elementary school violence and enhanced social skills, while creating a more positive, peaceful school climate.

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to parties and that parties can hold them liable for breaching that duty of care. Habersberger J held it "not beyond argument" that the mediator could be in breach of contractual and tortious duties. Such claims were required to be assessed at a trial court hearing.

1668:(NPA) is a tool for improving communication between supervisors and subordinates and is particularly useful as an alternate mediation model because it preserves the hierarchical power of supervisors while encouraging dialogue and dealing with differences in opinion. 2262:

The National Mediator Accreditation System (NMAS) commenced operation on 1 January 2008. It is an industry-based scheme which relies on voluntary compliance by mediator organisations that agree to accredit mediators in accordance with the requisite standards.

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A mediator controls the process but does not overtly try to influence the participants or the actual outcome. A counsellor often takes an intentional role in the process, seeking to influence the parties to move in a particular direction or consider specific

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Mediator organizations have varying ideals of what makes a good mediator which reflect the training and accreditation of that particular organization. Australia did not adopt a national accreditation system, which may lead to suboptimal choice of mediators.

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Some features of native title mediation that distinguish it from other forms include lengthy time frames, the number of parties (ranging on occasion into the hundreds) and that statutory and case law prescriptions constrain some aspects of the negotiations.

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The without-prejudice privilege in common law denotes that in honest attempts to reach settlement, any offers or admissions cannot be used in court when the subject matter is the same. This applies to the mediation process. The rule comes with exceptions.

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ADR-providers. Community programs typically provide mediation for disputes between landlords and tenants, members of homeowners associations and small businesses and consumers. Many community programs offer their services for free or at a nominal fee.

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Self-determination and party autonomy allow and require parties to choose the area of agreement, rather than ceding the decision to an outside decision-maker such as a judge. This turns the responsibility for the outcome onto the parties themselves.

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Voluntary referral to mediation is not required—much mediation to reach the table through binding contractual provisions, statutes, treaties, or international agreements and accords. The principle of voluntariness applies to the right of parties to

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The original agreement was verbal, without any formal agreement. Tapoohi, a lawyer herself, alleged that the mediator breached his contractual duty, given the lack of any formal agreement; and further alleged tortious breaches of his duty of care.

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The role of the parties varies according to their motivations and skills, the role of legal advisers, the model of mediation, the style of mediator and the culture in which the mediation takes place. Legal requirements may also affect their roles.

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Tapoohi paid Lewenberg $ 1.4 million in exchange for land. One year later, when Tapoohi realized that taxes were owed, she sued her sister, lawyers and the mediator based on the fact that the agreement was subject to further taxation advice.

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The International Mediation Institute has a decision tree on its website, which is designed to help the parties to jointly select the most suitable mediator out of several neutrals who have all achieved certain level of professional competency.

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conciliation and arbitration for the prevention and settlement of industrial disputes extending beyond the limits of any one state. Conciliation has been the most prominently used form of ADR, and is generally far removed from modern mediation.

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content or progress of mediation. Many mediators destroy their notes taken during a mediation once that mediation has finished. The only exceptions to such strict confidentiality usually involve child abuse or actual or threatened criminal acts.

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mediator acts as a neutral third party and facilitates rather than directs the process. Mediation is becoming a more peaceful and internationally accepted solution to end the conflict. Mediation can be used to resolve disputes of any magnitude.

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that covers mediation and facilitative and advisory dispute-resolution processes. Neither process determines an outcome, and both share many similarities. For example, both processes involve a neutral third-party who has no enforcing powers.

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Mediation requires direct input from the parties. Parties must attend and participate in the mediation meeting. Some mediation rules require parties to attend in person. Participation at one stage may compensate for absence at another stage.

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Community and commercial mediators practising outside the court system may not have such legal protections. State laws regarding lawyers may differ widely from those that cover mediators. Professional mediators often consider the option of

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Embedding Mediation and Dispute Resolution into Statutory Civil Law: The Example of Germany; in: Ian Macduff (ed.): Essays on Mediation – Dealing with Disputes in the 21st Century; Alphen aan den Rijn 2016, chapter 12 (pp. 177 – 192).

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Liability for Breach of Fiduciary Obligations can occur if parties misconceive their relationship with a mediator as something other than neutrality. Since such liability relies on a misconception, court action is unlikely to succeed.

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indicate that mediation or a workplace investigation would be appropriate as dispute resolution processes. However the complexity of relationships, involving hierarchy, job security and competitiveness can complicate mediation.

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While mediation implies bringing disputing parties face-to-face with each other, the strategy of "shuttle diplomacy", where the mediator serves as a liaison between disputing parties, also sometimes occurs as an alternative.

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Mediation is purely facilitative: the mediator has no advisory role. Instead, a mediator seeks to help parties to develop a shared understanding of the conflict and to work toward building a practical and lasting resolution.

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lower cost. The Arbiter makes the ultimate decision rather than the parties. Arbiters' decisions are typically final and appeals are rarely successful even if the decision appears to one party to be completely unreasonable.

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Mediator selection is of practical significance given varying models of mediation, mediators' discretion in structuring the process and the impact of the mediator's professional background and personal style on the result.

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A peer mediator is one who resembles the disputants, such as being of similar age, attending the same school or having similar status in a business. Purportedly, peers can better relate to the disputants than an outsider.

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and the rise of the individual encouraged the growth of mediation. This is demonstrated in the industries with the lowest unionization rates such as in the private business sector having the greatest growth of mediation.

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A mediator focuses upon participants' future goals rather than a detailed analysis of past events. A counsellor may find it necessary to explore the past in detail to expose the origins and patterns of beliefs and

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of agreement, compliance with mediated settlement agreements is relatively high. Any compliance or implementation issues can be addressed by follow-up mediation, regular compliance monitoring, and other processes.

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A mediator aims for clear agreement between the participants as to how they will deal with specific issues. A counsellor is more concerned with the parties gaining a better self-understanding of their individual

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power over the parties or the outcome. The parties awareness that the mediator might later act in the role of judge could distort the process. Using a different individual as the arbiter addresses this concern.

1764:. In some areas, mediators have specialized designations and typically operate under special laws. Generally, mediators cannot themselves practice commerce in markets for goods in which they work as mediators. 1695:

is a community-based strategy for a group of friends, a family, a neighborhood, etc. come together outside of the criminal justice system or any punitive system and hold people accountable as a community using

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Responsiveness reflects the intent to allow the parties to craft a resolution outside of the strict rules of the legal system. A responsive mediation process also is informal, flexible and collaborative.

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A range of organizations within Australia accredit mediators. Standards vary according to the specific mediation and the level of specificity that is desired. Standards apply to particular ADR processes.

2128:(NADRAC) advocate for a wide scope on such issues. Other systems apply in other jurisdictions such as Germany, which advocates a higher level of educational qualification for practitioners of mediation. 1653:

The 2006 Work Choices Act made further legislative changes to deregulate industrial relations. A key element of the new changes was to weaken the AIRC by encouraging competition with private mediation.

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The commercial domain remains one of the most common applications of mediation, as measured by the number of mediators and the total value of disputes. The result of business mediation is typically a

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Significant changes in state policy took place from 1996 to 2007. The 1996 Workplace Relations Act (Cth) sought to shift the industrial system away from a collectivist approach, where unions and the

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conduct of mediators; to promote confidence in mediation as a process for resolving disputes; and to provide protection for members of the public who use mediators who are members of the institute.

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A mediator, while acknowledging a person's feelings, does not explore them in any depth. A counsellor is fundamentally concerned about how people feel about a range of relevant experiences.

2125: 1613:. Examples of this use of mediation can be seen in recent enterprise bargaining negotiations. The Australian government claimed the benefits of mediation to include the following: 2757:(ENE) have focus on market ineterships, and—based on that focus—offers a basis for sensible case-management or a suggested resolution of the entire case in its very early stages. 413: 4637: 2358:

As of 2006, formal mechanisms for objecting to the appointment of a particular mediator had not been established. Parties could ask the mediator to withdraw for reasons of

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significant gains pertaining to conflict, conflict resolution and mediation, which was maintained at 3-month follow-up. Additionally, mediators and participants viewed the

918: 2362:. In some cases, legislation establishes criteria for mediators. In New South Wales, for example, the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) proscribes qualifications for mediators. 967: 3772: 1092: 659: 2744:

Mediation is a structured process that typically completes in one or a few sessions. Counselling tends to be ongoing, depending upon participants' needs and progress.

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Mediators may at their discretion refer one or more parties to psychologists, accountants, social workers or others for post-mediation professional assistance.

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Dictionnaire encyclopédique de la Médiation au service de la qualité relationnelle et de l'Entente Sociale, Jean-Louis Lascoux, ESF Sciences Humaines, 2019.

2229:). The Act codifies the general process (facilitation by a neutral, 3rd-party mediator without evaluation or solution proposals) and specific terms (e.g. 2741:

Mediation requires both parties to be willing to negotiate. Counselling may work with one party even if the other is not ready or willing to participate.

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3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions

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a settlement. Disputants may mediate disputes in a variety of domains, such as commercial, legal, diplomatic, workplace, community, and family matters.

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During mediation the participants have to take personal responsibility for resolving their issues. The mediator takes no part other than to reduce the

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A mediator relies on all parties being present to negotiate, usually face-to-face. A counsellor does not necessarily see all parties at the same time.

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Parties generally call on a senior counsel or on a panel with expertise and experience in the subject-matter under dispute in order to conduct ENE.

2569:, in a process called 'mediation/arbitration'. The process begins as a standard mediation, but if mediation fails, the mediator becomes an arbiter. 2416: 2118: 1367: 2603:

and process problems for mediators. Many of the options and successes of mediation relate to the mediator's unique role as someone who wields no

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Online mediation can also combine with face-to-face mediation—to allow mediation to begin sooner and/or to conduct preliminary discussions.

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Svensson, Isak (June 2009). "Who Brings Which Peace? Neutral versus Biased Mediation and Institutional Peace Arrangements in Civil Wars".

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No legislated national standards on the level of education apply to all practitioners' organizations. However, organizations such as the

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Individual mediators vary these steps to match specific circumstances, given that the law does not ordinarily govern mediators' methods.

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Liability in Contract arises if a mediator breaches (written or verbal) contract with one or more parties. The two forms of breach are

2431:

Liability can arise for the mediator from Liability in Contract; Liability in Tort; and Liability for Breach of Fiduciary Obligations.

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members who mediate family matters and the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institute of Ontario who sets standards for their members.

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Winslade, J. & Monk, G. 2000. Narrative Mediation: A New Approach to Conflict Resolution. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.

4663: 4141: 3436: 3420: 2337: 2025: 5382: 5251: 2678:

One significant difference between conciliation and mediation lies in the fact that conciliators possess expert knowledge of the

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provide training courses. Internationally a similar approach to the training of mediators is taken by organizations such as the

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agreement reached. Where court sanction is not obtained, mediated settlements have the same status as any other agreements.

1885:

or disclosure rules were the matter to proceed to hearing, including witness statements, valuations and statement accounts.

2944:, especially in its large-scale application in peace and similar negotiations, or the bottom-up way it is performed in the 2699:, which normally settles the dispute in favour of the party with the strongest legal argument. In-between the two operates 4697: 1841:

expertise and experience. The mediator should direct the parties to focus on issues and stay away from personal attacks.

5504: 4983: 4419: 2949: 2006: 1610: 982: 572: 3537:(on-line 3rd edition, 2014), from Internet Archive (3rd Edition, multiple file formats including PDF, EPUB, and others) 2905:" solutions rather than imposed solutions. This has become a common, definitive feature of mediation in the US and UK. 5499: 4394: 2918: 2047:

The implementation of mediated agreements must comply with the statues and regulations of the governing jurisdiction.

1978: 467: 2300: 3376:

The program's creator is Rita Schellenberg, counselor educator, counselor supervisor, and licensed school counselor.

2596:—rendering what, in Western European court procedures, would be considered an arbitral (even 'arbitrary') decision. 5474: 4973: 3001: 2377:

Qualifications—knowledge of the theory and practice of conflict, negotiation and mediation, mediation skills.

2311: 1959: 1130: 1081: 1002: 728: 357: 264: 31: 4155: 2485:

This case emphasized the need for formal mediation agreements, including clauses that limit mediators' liability.

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Experience— mediation experience, experience in the substantive area of dispute and personal life experience

2319: 2304: 1952: 5557: 4220:"What are the Three Basic Types of Dispute Resolution? What to Know About Mediation, Arbitration, and Litigation" 4054: 2971: 2617: 1985: 977: 936: 848: 4024:"Leanings and Dealings: Exploring Bias and Trade Leverage in Civil War Mediation by International Organizations" 1346: 5352: 5334: 3016: 2991: 2976: 2534: 1851: 1777: 1692: 1661: 784: 497: 352: 310: 114: 107: 5003: 1464: 2458:

As of 2008 Tapoohi v Lewenberg was the only case in Australia that set a precedent for mediators' liability.

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Principles of mediation include non-adversarialism, responsiveness, self-determination and party autonomy.

1992: 5782: 5767: 3950:(2005). "Externalizing the problem". In Malone, Caroline; Forbat, Liz; Robb, Martin; Seden, Janet (eds.). 3480: 3060: 2225:

In Germany, the process and responsibilities of a mediator are legally defined in the Mediation Act 2012 (

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Now mediation is a form of professional service, and mediators are professionally trained for mediation.

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Spencer, D. and Brogan, M. 2006. Mediation Law and Practice. New York: Cambridge University Press. p.54.

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A mediator is required to be neutral. A counsellor may play a more supportive role, where appropriate.

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Although the court dismissed the summary judgment request, the case established that mediators owe a

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Noaks, J. & Noaks, L. (2009). "School-based peer mediation as a strategy for social inclusion".

5762: 4902: 4819: 2566: 2495: 2188: 2121:, CEDR. Based in London, it has trained over 5000 CEDR mediators from different countries to date. 1825: 1685: 1557: 1512: 746: 637: 502: 482: 269: 168: 145: 49: 1243:

of 530–533 CE) recognized mediation. The Romans called mediators by a variety of names, including

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program as effective and valuable, and all mediation sessions resulted in successful resolution.

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Code de la Médiation pour l'orientation de la médiation, Agnès Tavel, Médiateurs Editeurs, 2009.

3627:"Standards of Conduct & Complaint Process | Mediate BC Home | Effective Conflict Resolution" 2208:

professionalism and quality in mediation and other collaborative dispute resolution processes."

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Pratique de la médiation professionnelle, Jean-Louis Lascoux, ESF Sciences Humaines, 2001–2017.

3626: 3461: 2419:. Alternatively, private panels co-exist and compete for appointments e.g., Savills Mediation. 1902:

The typical mediation has no formal compulsory elements, although some elements usually occur:

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Gerber, S 1999, 'Does peer mediation really work?', Professional School Counseling, 2, 3, 169

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All (or no) parties have legal representation. Mediation includes no right to legal counsel.

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in a matter of hours. Taking less time means expending less money on hourly fees and costs.

5816: 5789: 5777: 5757: 5691: 5686: 5669: 5649: 5644: 5624: 5489: 5469: 5464: 5367: 5327: 5038: 4963: 4887: 4872: 4792: 4159: 3876: 3864: 3111: 3048: 3006: 2902: 2898: 1882: 1785:(NNTT). Mediation can occur in parallel with legal challenges, such as occurred in Perth. 1517: 1283: 915:(also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith) 804: 534: 511: 347: 254: 238: 178: 4288: 4244: 3518: 3279: 3124: 4420:"A Treasure Trove of Insights: Sixty Years of JCR Research on Negotiation and Mediation" 5893: 5701: 5619: 5208: 5174: 5125: 5110: 4882: 4787: 4767: 4757: 4623: 4194: 3534: 2981: 2945: 2937: 2051: 1999: 1646: 1469: 1444: 1372: 1217: 1109:, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to 1050: 941: 872: 857: 605: 452: 320: 1165:

with concrete effects. Typically, a third party, the mediator, assists the parties to

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Schools adopting this process recruit and train interested students to prepare them.

1484: 841: 589: 562: 492: 372: 362: 173: 4545:(2 Ligare Pty Ltd, Riverwood NSW ed.). Erskineville NSW: Star Printery Pty Ltd. 1216:

The activity of mediation appeared in very ancient times. The practice developed in

1204: 5879: 5629: 5597: 5552: 5290: 5285: 5256: 5169: 5147: 5115: 5048: 5028: 4922: 4862: 4852: 4804: 4762: 4740: 4683: 3947: 2996: 2929:—and that it sidesteps traditional ethical issues with pre-defined limits of 2581: 2577: 2478: 2463: 2374:

Personal attributes—patience, empathy, intelligence, optimism and flexibility

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Within business and commercial mediation, frequently a distinction is made between

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Alés Siolis Javier "The Magic Mediation " (in Spanish) Edit Aconcagua Seville 2010

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The mediator must inform the parties of their responsibility for confidentiality.

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matter proceeds to court, in accord with the mediation agreement and common law.

2428:

generally compensatory in nature. Proper training is mediators' best protection.

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Not all disputes lend themselves well to mediation. Success is unlikely unless:

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HarvardBlog: Types of Mediation: Choose the Type Best Suited to Your Conflict?

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where it is often called mindful mediation. This form derived from methods of

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supervise/facilitate their preparation and may require certain preparations.

5772: 5737: 5679: 5654: 5519: 5416: 5404: 5389: 5377: 5305: 5223: 5196: 5080: 4523: 3973: 3955: 3652:"Strategic Plan 2020–2023 | Mediate BC Home | Effective Conflict Resolution" 3109:

Robinson, Arthur E. (1928). "The Arab Dynasty of Dar for (Darfur) Part II".

3021: 2684: 2585: 2145: 2110: 1749: 1424: 1290:, who was in Samos, and in the year 21/20 BC, a peace treaty was concluded. 1232: 1036: 315: 228: 223: 213: 4245:

Mediation vs Arbitration – Mediation, Arbitration, Divorce and ADR Services

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mindfulness of the psychological and physical wellbeing of all participants

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Mediation: A Comprehensive Guide To Resolving Conflicts Without Litigation

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T. Sourdin, Alternative Dispute Resolution, 5th ed, 2016, Thomson Reuters

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Steps put in place during mediation to help ensure this privacy include:

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parties have the option of making their agreement enforceable in court.

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Mediation has sometimes been utilized to good effect when coupled with

1966: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1745: 1416: 1411: 1192: 832: 70: 5811: 5664: 5409: 5300: 5295: 5241: 4912: 3816: 2926: 2604: 2600: 2411:

In the UK and internationally, lists are generally open, such as The

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frameworks. Therefore, conciliation may include an advisory aspect.

2683:

information. This helps ensure that agreements comply with relevant

1684:

In Australia mediation was incorporated extensively into family law

4608:"Reducing levels of elementary school violence with peer mediation" 4493:

Agardy, Peter (2009), 'Mediation and the insolvency practitioner,'

3519:

Party-Directed Mediation: Facilitating Dialogue Between Individuals

3280:

Party-Directed Mediation: Facilitating Dialogue Between Individuals

5752: 5696: 5602: 5443: 5246: 4745: 3901:"Types of Mediation: Choose the Type Best Suited to Your Conflict" 2827:

Outsiders can observe proceedings only with both parties' consent.

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establishment of ground rules framing the boundaries of mediation

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Dispute Resolution in Australia. Cases, Commentary and Materials

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The Mediator's Handbook. Skills and Strategies for Practitioners

3297:"Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental Responsibility) Act 2006" 1642:

environment where private ADR can be fostered in the workplace.

1225: 1022: 4679: 4314:"Confidentiality of the Mediation Process and Ethical Dilemmas" 3390: 3373: 4706: 2283: 2171:

directing participants to appropriate sources for legal advice

1935: 1012: 183: 80: 4656:

Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes

3413:

Mediation in International Commercial and Investment Disputes

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are not in dispute. It resembles, in some respects, criminal

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be sought as such a large transfer of property would trigger

2177:

practising only in those fields in which they have expertise.

4508:(2nd ed.). Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. 2370:

The following are useful criteria for selecting a mediator:

4534:

Peer Mediation: Citizenship and Social Inclusion in Action

4497:, Thomson Reuters, Vol 17. No.3, September, Pages 135–146. 3930:

Narrative Mediation: A New Approach to Conflict Resolution

3507:

A guide to the rights and Responsibilities of participants

2446:

the party's actions) were the actual cause of the damage.

2703:, which uses a facilitative process where each party has 1224:(προ - pro = before + ξενος - xenos =strangers), then in 4606:

Schellenberg, R.; Parks-Savage, A.; Rehfuss, M. (2007).

3952:

Relating experience: stories from health and social care

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in 1980, claimed that mediation is the foundation of a '

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This process is more appropriate in civil matters where

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maintaining confidentiality within the bounds of the law

2126:

National Alternative Dispute Resolution Advisory Council

1102:

both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces

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A Helping Hand, Mediation with Nonviolent Communication

2050:

Parties to a private mediation may also wish to obtain

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Mindful Mediation: A Handbook For Buddhist Peacemakers

4558:

Domenici, Kathy, & Littlejohn, Stephen W. (2001),

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Catharine Titi, Katia Fach Gómez, ed. (30 July 2019).

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Mediators use various techniques to open, or improve,

4153:

The Institute of Arbitrators and Mediators, Australia

2156:

informing participants as to the process of mediation

3795:"SIMK ADR news Ausbildungsverordnung für Mediatoren" 1105:

7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American

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Mediation and the Dynamics of Collective Bargaining

2599:Mediation/arbitration hybrids can pose significant 1387:Mediation is applicable to disputes in many areas: 4273:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVan_Gramberg2006 ( 4224:PON - Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School 3905:PON - Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School 3250:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVan_Gramberg2006 ( 3231:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBamberet_al.2000 ( 3212:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVan_Gramberg2006 ( 3193:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFVan_Gramberg2006 ( 3162:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBamberet_al.2000 ( 2140:A 1904 illustration of a mediation scene from the 1824:and facilitate full and frank exchange of views, " 919:Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law 4113:"International Mediation Institute Decision Tree" 4072:"UK Divorce Process Guide | Acclaimed Family Law" 3704:"MediationsG - nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis" 3505:In New South Wales the Law Society has published 2845:Most countries respect mediator confidentiality. 2648:All parties are ready and willing to participate. 2191:have promulgated codes of conduct for mediators. 1863:be discussing the problem is simply not present. 1581:(B2E) and business-to-consumer (B2C) situations. 27:Dispute resolution with assistance of a moderator 4636:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of February 2024 ( 4381: 4330: 2548:The narrative approach to mediation shares with 2144:, wherein Japanese parliamentarians negotiate a 4369: 4342: 1074:2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions 4475:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBradford2006 ( 4094: 4092: 2658:) and are legally competent to make decisions. 2632:leading to a better, more lasting resolution. 1421:Parenting plans (child custody and visitation) 4691: 4456:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBagshaw1999 ( 4395:"The Search for a Common Set of Moral Values" 3391:Schellenberg, Parks-Savage & Rehfuss 2007 3374:Schellenberg, Parks-Savage & Rehfuss 2007 2395:Disclosure of potential Conflicts of Interest 2187:the Union International des Avocats, and the 2162:revealing any potential conflicts of interest 2152:Common elements of codes of conduct include: 1336:however, fully enforceable in a court of law. 1131: 407: 8: 4562:. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc. 4560:Mediation Empowerment In Conflict Management 4268: 3245: 3226: 3207: 3188: 3157: 2824:All sessions take place behind closed doors. 4654:Titi, Catharine; Fach Gomez, Katia (2019). 3838:. SIMK Hannover, Germany. 19 November 2012 3088:. Vol. F–O. Greenwood. pp. 713–. 3051:, Berning, D., Lenz, C. (2013) (in German) 2654:All parties are of legal age (although see 2318:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1111:contractual and pre-contractual negotiation 4698: 4684: 4676: 4506:Mediation: Principles, Processes, Practice 4353: 4351: 3263: 3261: 3053:Mediation und Konfliktmanagement: Handbuch 2882:agreement rather than a winner and loser. 1700:, which may or may not include mediation. 1632:More control by disputant over the process 1600:Australian Industrial Relations Commission 1138: 1124: 425: 414: 400: 45: 4435: 4433: 4022:Lundgren, Magnus; Svensson, Isak (2014). 2338:Learn how and when to remove this message 2217:ethics which guarantees professionalism. 2026:Learn how and when to remove this message 1220:which knew the non-marital mediator as a 5843:History of the American legal profession 4569:, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. 4470: 4256: 3797:. SIMK Hannover, Germany. 31 August 2016 3753:. SIMK Hannover, Germany. 1 October 2015 3322: 3320: 2936:Mediation can also be seen as a form of 2148:in order to allow the burial of the dead 1504:Builders/contractors/realtors/homeowners 4451: 4289:"Mediation: Frequently Asked Questions" 3731:. SIMK Hannover, Germany. 27 April 2015 3386: 3384: 3382: 3039: 2417:Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution 2119:Centre for Effective Dispute Resolution 1605:In industrial relations under the 2006 1161:resolving disputes between two or more 1058: 1010: 949: 928: 898: 856: 817: 774: 738: 667: 629: 510: 444: 428: 282: 246: 198: 153: 137: 55: 48: 4629: 4439: 4357: 4098: 3872: 3860: 3849: 3555: 3428: 3361: 3267: 3176: 3145: 2987:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 1744:Commercial mediation includes work in 1327:is mutually agreeable for the parties. 907:Duty of honest contractual performance 326:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 4595:. Dehiwala, Buddhist Cultural Centre. 3928:Monk, John; Winslade, Gerald (2000). 3923: 3921: 3729:"SIMK ADR news Funktionaler Mediator" 1095:of International Commercial Contracts 7: 4565:Folberg, J. & Taylor, A. (1984) 4536:. Maidenhead: Open University Press. 3569:"2009: Year of achievements by CEDR" 3125:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100377 2316:adding citations to reliable sources 1964:adding citations to reliable sources 1921:adjust and refine proposed solutions 1282:Following the war against Rome, the 4645:Spencer, D.; Altobelli, T. (2005). 4577:. Friare Liv Konsult. p. 258. 3751:"SIMK ADR news Vorbefassungsverbot" 2655: 1301:The benefits of mediation include: 1084:and other civil codes based on the 4624:10.5330/prsc.10.5.q7866077l3v5q044 4602:. New York: Weisberg Publications. 4550:Charlton, R.; Dewdney, M. (2004). 3989:The Journal of Conflict Resolution 3602:"Mediator Codes of Conduct Canada" 2641:representation or court hearings. 2413:Chartered Institute of Arbitrators 2392:Suitability of the mediation model 25: 4827:Restitution and unjust enrichment 3899:Shonk, Katie (27 February 2024). 1881:which would be available through 1817:outcome.by imposing a solution. 1405:Financial or budget disagreements 5874: 5873: 5859: 4649:. Riverwood NSW: Ligare Pty Ltd. 4528:Third edition published in 2011. 3521:(on-line 3rd edition, 2014), by 3085:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges 2588:judicial procedure, wherein the 2288: 1940: 909:(or doctrine of abuse of rights) 724:Enforcement of foreign judgments 688:Hague Choice of Court Convention 436: 5838:History of the legal profession 3600:Wakely, Dave (15 August 2017). 3282:(on-line 3rd Edition, 2014) by 2454:Tapoohi v Lewenberg (Australia) 1951:needs additional citations for 4612:Professional School Counseling 1783:National Native Title Tribunal 717:Singapore Mediation Convention 291:Alternative dispute resolution 1: 3479:Nelson, Lisa (14 July 2012). 3435:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 1918:discuss and analyze solutions 1091:5 Explicitly rejected by the 858:Quasi-contractual obligations 4626:(inactive 23 February 2024). 4543:Dispute Resolution Guidebook 4382:Spencer & Altobelli 2005 4331:Spencer & Altobelli 2005 4076:www.acclaimedfamilylaw.co.uk 3481:"What is A Divorce Mediator" 2830:The meeting is not recorded. 2174:engaging in ongoing training 1909:parties detail their stories 1626:Broader issues vs the courts 4658:. Oxford University Press. 4370:Charlton & Dewdney 2004 4343:Charlton & Dewdney 2004 3525:, University of California. 3462:"Sign in – Google Accounts" 3415:. Oxford University Press. 3311:"Family dispute resolution" 2919:Institute for Global Ethics 2849:Without-prejudice privilege 2389:Certification and its value 1924:record agreement in writing 5932: 5505:International legal theory 4984:International slavery laws 4979:International human rights 4974:International criminal law 4504:Boulle, Laurence (2005) . 3708:www.gesetze-im-internet.de 3329:Pastoral Care in Education 3286:, University of California 3002:Lawyer supported mediation 2615: 2557:Mediation with arbitration 2532: 2102: 1347:interest-based negotiation 729:Hague Judgments Convention 358:Peace and conflict studies 265:Mutual assured destruction 36: 32:Mediation (disambiguation) 29: 5853: 5558:Administration of justice 4598:Parselle, Charles (2005) 4591:McConnell, J. A. (2001): 4043:10.1163/15718069-12341280 4031:International Negotiation 3341:10.1080/02643940902731880 2972:Conflict management style 2618:Online dispute resolution 2159:adopting a neutral stance 1932:Post-mediation activities 1629:Greater access to justice 1558:Victim-Offender mediation 1080:4 Specific to the German 5335:Basic structure doctrine 5185:Natural and legal rights 5066:Public international law 4001:10.1177/0022002709332207 3775:. NADRAC. 1 January 2008 3535:Party-Directed Mediation 3466:www.eternalalliances.com 3227:Bamber & et al. 2000 3158:Bamber & et al. 2000 3017:Nonviolent communication 2992:Intercultural competence 2977:Conflict style inventory 2833:Publicity is prohibited. 2755:early neutral evaluation 2749:Early neutral evaluation 2535:Transformative mediation 2529:Transformative mediation 2241:), conflict counseling ( 1912:identification of issues 1852:Party-directed mediation 1693:Community accountability 1662:Party-directed mediation 1501:Homeowners' associations 1438:Parent(s)/adult children 785:Anticipatory repudiation 535:unequal bargaining power 353:Non-aggression principle 311:Conflict style inventory 115:Nonviolent Communication 37:Not to be confused with 5515:Principle of typicality 4989:International trade law 4175:. Adr.cand.uscourts.gov 4132:Simkin, W. E., (1971); 2670:sometimes serves as an 2592:also plays the role of 2386:Professional background 2076:Measuring effectiveness 2039:Ratification and review 1611:Workplace Relations Act 1435:Adult sibling conflicts 1157:Mediation is a form of 1107:Uniform Commercial Code 1082:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 767:Third-party beneficiary 739:Rights of third parties 617:Accord and satisfaction 200:International relations 130:Speaking truth to power 4495:Insolvency Law Journal 4247:, retrieved 2010-08-27 4162:, retrieved 2007-11-24 4158:15 August 2007 at the 3061:Nomos Publishing House 2520:Facilitative mediation 2403:Third party nomination 2149: 2105:Mediation in Australia 2090:Education and training 1772:Native-title mediation 1698:transformative justice 1402:/Premarital agreements 1380: 1213: 1208:Mediator's chamber at 838:Liquidated, stipulated 683:Forum selection clause 568:Frustration of purpose 5510:Principle of legality 5269:Delegated legislation 4969:Intellectual property 4600:The Complete Mediator 4573:Larsson, Liv (2011). 4541:Charlton, R. (2000). 3082:Jaques, Tony (2007). 2231:funktionaler Mediator 2139: 1822:emotional temperature 1666:performance appraisal 1465:Workers' compensation 1370: 1207: 1100:Canadian contract law 468:Abstraction principle 275:Nuclear proliferation 5728:Barristers' chambers 5670:Legal representation 5608:Justice of the peace 4954:Financial regulation 4060:on 20 February 2020. 3954:. London; New York: 2507:Evaluative mediation 2360:conflict of interest 2312:improve this section 2245:) or anything else. 2142:Siege of Port Arthur 2072:debriefing session. 1960:improve this article 1620:Reduced polarization 1585:Industrial relations 1579:business-to-employee 1575:business-to-business 1460:Wrongful termination 929:Related areas of law 828:Specific performance 678:Choice of law clause 643:Contract of adhesion 557:Culpa in contrahendo 463:Meeting of the minds 458:Offer and acceptance 341:Paradox of tolerance 30:For other uses, see 5763:Election commission 5475:Expressive function 5004:Landlord–tenant law 4903:Consumer protection 4532:Cremin, H. (2007). 3817:"Savills Mediation" 2956:Conflict management 2913:Theorists, notably 2800:Conflict prevention 2567:binding arbitration 2544:Narrative mediation 2496:liability insurance 2440:anticipatory breach 2189:European Commission 2067:Mediator debriefing 1776:In response to the 1733:Commercial disputes 1686:Family Law Act 1975 1672:Community mediation 1554:Violence-prevention 1513:Medical malpractice 1371:Urban mediators in 1093:UNIDROIT Principles 867:Promissory estoppel 747:Privity of contract 700:New York Convention 660:UNIDROIT Principles 503:Collateral contract 498:Implication-in-fact 483:Invitation to treat 270:Nuclear disarmament 169:Conflict escalation 146:Conflict management 50:Conflict resolution 5721:Legal institutions 5588:Lawsuit/Litigation 5578:Dispute resolution 5383:Catholic canon law 5091:State of emergency 5054:Will and testament 4778:Law of obligations 4731:Constitutional law 4721:Administrative law 4226:. 21 December 2021 3958:. pp. 88–94. 3523:Gregorio Billikopf 3284:Gregorio Billikopf 2917:, who founded the 2862:Legal implications 2436:failure to perform 2150: 1800:self-determination 1739:bilateral contract 1609:amendments to the 1381: 1286:sent mediators to 1214: 1159:dispute resolution 913:Duty of good faith 810:Fundamental breach 776:Breach of contract 705:UNCITRAL Model Law 669:Dispute resolution 654:Contra proferentem 648:Integration clause 622:Exculpatory clause 388:Track II diplomacy 336:Prisoner's dilemma 306:Conflict continuum 301:Conflict avoidance 86:Dispute resolution 5903: 5902: 5563:Constitutionalism 5485:Law and economics 5323:Act of parliament 5061:Product liability 5014:Legal archaeology 4939:Environmental law 4933:Entertainment law 4773:International law 4584:978-91-976672-7-2 4269:Van Gramberg 2006 3871:Missing or empty 3656:www.mediatebc.com 3631:www.mediatebc.com 3246:Van Gramberg 2006 3208:Van Gramberg 2006 3189:Van Gramberg 2006 3095:978-0-313-33538-9 2786:Shuttle diplomacy 2753:The technique of 2701:collaborative law 2574:rules of evidence 2550:narrative therapy 2348: 2347: 2340: 2243:Konflikt-Beratung 2237:), conciliation ( 2235:Prozessbegleitung 2036: 2035: 2028: 2010: 1637:Workplace matters 1568:Faith communities 1148: 1147: 991:England and Wales 899:Duties of parties 890:Negotiorum gestio 879:Unjust enrichment 600:Statute of frauds 549:Unconscionability 521:Misrepresentation 478:Mirror image rule 424: 423: 296:Anti-war movement 260:Nuclear blackmail 164:Communal violence 18:Business mediator 16:(Redirected from 5923: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5864: 5863: 5687:Question of fact 5568:Criminal justice 4898:Construction law 4893:Conflict of laws 4858:Agricultural law 4700: 4693: 4686: 4677: 4669: 4650: 4641: 4635: 4627: 4588: 4555: 4546: 4537: 4527: 4481: 4480: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4428: 4427: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4318:ResearchGate.net 4310: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4150: 4144: 4130: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4107: 4101: 4096: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4053:. Archived from 4028: 4019: 4013: 4012: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3925: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3896: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3648: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3606:Wakely Mediation 3597: 3591: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3580: 3574:. Archived from 3573: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3516: 3510: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3458: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3434: 3426: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3388: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3324: 3315: 3314: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3256: 3255: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3186: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3064: 3044: 2915:Rushworth Kidder 2899:codes-of-conduct 2627:Biased mediation 2343: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2292: 2284: 2227:Mediationsgesetz 2132:Codes of conduct 2031: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2011: 2009: 1968: 1944: 1936: 1915:identify options 1793:Global relevance 1551:School conflicts 1485:Labor management 1235:, starting from 1140: 1133: 1126: 968:China (mainland) 937:Conflict of laws 800:Efficient breach 795:Exclusion clause 595:Illusory promise 578:Impracticability 440: 426: 416: 409: 402: 46: 21: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5872: 5858: 5849: 5826: 5817:Political party 5790:Legal education 5778:Law enforcement 5758:Court of equity 5716: 5692:Question of law 5645:Practice of law 5625:Judicial review 5539: 5490:Legal formalism 5470:Comparative law 5465:Contract theory 5448: 5368:Legal pluralism 5339: 5328:Act of Congress 5252:Executive order 5218: 5120: 5039:Nationality law 4964:Immigration law 4888:Competition law 4841: 4709: 4704: 4666: 4653: 4644: 4628: 4605: 4585: 4572: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4516: 4503: 4490: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4438: 4431: 4418: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4227: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4160:Wayback Machine 4151: 4147: 4131: 4127: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4057: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4016: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3966: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3926: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3870: 3858: 3848: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3819:. Savills.co.uk 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3702: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3660: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3478: 3477: 3473: 3460: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3295: 3294: 3290: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3259: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3187: 3183: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3112:African Affairs 3108: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3007:Liaison officer 2967: 2958: 2952:in particular. 2911: 2903:client-directed 2876: 2864: 2851: 2811: 2809:Confidentiality 2802: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2751: 2713: 2665: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2614: 2582:plea-bargaining 2565:, particularly 2559: 2546: 2537: 2531: 2522: 2509: 2504: 2491: 2456: 2425: 2405: 2368: 2344: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2309: 2293: 2282: 2273: 2256: 2251: 2223: 2214: 2197: 2184: 2134: 2107: 2101: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2061: 2041: 2032: 2021: 2015: 2012: 1969: 1967: 1957: 1945: 1934: 1900: 1891: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1847: 1834: 1814: 1809: 1795: 1774: 1735: 1706: 1674: 1645:The decline of 1639: 1592: 1587: 1571: 1529:Public disputes 1518:Personal injury 1498:Landlord/tenant 1447:and end-of-life 1365: 1314:Confidentiality 1299: 1202: 1144: 1115: 987:United Kingdom 950:By jurisdiction 420: 348:Liaison officer 255:Nuclear warfare 239:Multilateralism 179:Just war theory 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5929: 5927: 5919: 5918: 5908: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5883: 5869: 5866:Law portal 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5834: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5702:Trial advocacy 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5549: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5261: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5239: 5234: 5232:Ballot measure 5228: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5209:Legal treatise 5206: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5175:Letters patent 5172: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5136: 5130: 5128: 5126:Sources of law 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5111:Unenforced law 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4883:Commercial law 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4651: 4642: 4618:(5): 475–481. 4603: 4596: 4589: 4583: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4547: 4538: 4529: 4514: 4501: 4498: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4463: 4444: 4429: 4426:. August 2017. 4411: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4305: 4280: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4211: 4199:baderscott.com 4186: 4164: 4145: 4125: 4102: 4088: 4063: 4037:(2): 315–342. 4014: 3995:(3): 446–469. 3979: 3964: 3944:White, Michael 3935: 3917: 3891: 3882: 3830: 3808: 3786: 3764: 3742: 3720: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3643: 3618: 3592: 3581:on 24 May 2019 3560: 3548: 3539: 3527: 3511: 3498: 3485:Mediation Blog 3471: 3453: 3442: 3421: 3403: 3394: 3378: 3366: 3354: 3316: 3302: 3288: 3272: 3257: 3238: 3219: 3200: 3181: 3169: 3150: 3138: 3119:(CIX): 55–67. 3101: 3094: 3074: 3065: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2982:Family therapy 2979: 2974: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2946:peace movement 2938:harm reduction 2910: 2907: 2875: 2872: 2863: 2860: 2850: 2847: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2750: 2747: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2712: 2709: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2656:peer mediation 2652: 2649: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2616:Main article: 2613: 2610: 2558: 2555: 2545: 2542: 2533:Main article: 2530: 2527: 2521: 2518: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2490: 2487: 2455: 2452: 2424: 2421: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2367: 2364: 2346: 2345: 2296: 2294: 2287: 2281: 2278: 2272: 2269: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2222: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2196: 2193: 2183: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2133: 2130: 2103:Main article: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2052:court sanction 2040: 2037: 2034: 2033: 1948: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1899: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1846: 1843: 1833: 1830: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1794: 1791: 1773: 1770: 1754:ship-brokering 1734: 1731: 1705: 1704:Peer mediation 1702: 1673: 1670: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1470:Discrimination 1467: 1462: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1448: 1445:Medical ethics 1442: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1396: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1373:Fort-de-France 1364: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1298: 1295: 1275:, and finally 1218:Ancient Greece 1201: 1198: 1183: 1175: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1135: 1128: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1103: 1098:6 Specific to 1096: 1089: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1067:1 Specific to 1064: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1030: 1025: 1017: 1016: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999: 998: 993: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 960: 952: 951: 947: 946: 945: 944: 942:Commercial law 939: 931: 930: 926: 925: 924: 923: 922: 921: 910: 901: 900: 896: 895: 894: 893: 886: 881: 876: 873:Quantum meruit 869: 861: 860: 854: 853: 852: 851: 846: 845: 844: 830: 822: 821: 815: 814: 813: 812: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 779: 778: 772: 771: 770: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 741: 740: 736: 735: 734: 733: 732: 731: 721: 720: 719: 709: 708: 707: 702: 692: 691: 690: 680: 672: 671: 665: 664: 663: 662: 657: 650: 645: 640: 638:Parol evidence 632: 631: 630:Interpretation 627: 626: 625: 624: 619: 614: 609: 606:Non est factum 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 581: 580: 575: 570: 560: 553: 552: 551: 537: 528: 523: 515: 514: 508: 507: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 447: 446: 442: 441: 433: 432: 422: 421: 419: 418: 411: 404: 396: 393: 392: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 344: 343: 338: 328: 323: 321:Family therapy 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 285: 284: 280: 279: 278: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 249: 248: 244: 243: 242: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 203: 202: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 181: 176: 171: 166: 158: 157: 151: 150: 149: 148: 140: 139: 135: 134: 133: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 111: 110: 108:Party-directed 100: 99: 98: 93: 88: 78: 73: 68: 60: 59: 53: 52: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5928: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5748:Civil society 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5719: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5707:Trier of fact 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:Legal opinion 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5573:Court-martial 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5545:Jurisprudence 5542: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5434:Statutory law 5432: 5430: 5429:Socialist law 5427: 5423: 5422:Byzantine law 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5373:Religious law 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5345:Legal systems 5342: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5313:Statutory law 5311: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5143:Statutory law 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5101:Transport law 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019:Legal fiction 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4949:Financial law 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908:Corporate law 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4832:Statutory law 4830: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714:Core subjects 4712: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4665:9780198827955 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4473:, p. 148 4472: 4471:Bradford 2006 4467: 4464: 4459: 4454:, p. 206 4453: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4421: 4415: 4412: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4384:, p. 223 4383: 4378: 4375: 4372:, p. 126 4371: 4366: 4363: 4360:, p. 539 4359: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4345:, p. 344 4344: 4339: 4336: 4333:, p. 261 4332: 4327: 4324: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4306: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4270: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4257:Charlton 2000 4253: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4238: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4174: 4168: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4142:0-87179-127-7 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4114: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4077: 4073: 4067: 4064: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3948:Epston, David 3945: 3939: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3883: 3878: 3866: 3853: 3834: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3796: 3790: 3787: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3730: 3724: 3721: 3709: 3705: 3699: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3577: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3487:. Lisa Nelson 3486: 3482: 3475: 3472: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3424: 3422:9780198827955 3418: 3414: 3407: 3404: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3364:, p. 119 3363: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3270:, p. 298 3269: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248:, p. 174 3247: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3210:, p. 173 3209: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3179:, p. 287 3178: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3148:, p. 286 3147: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3075: 3072:O'Grady 79–88 3069: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3040: 3033: 3028: 3027:UN Peacemaker 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3012:Life coaching 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:de-escalation 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895:United States 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2808: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2792: 2785: 2783: 2776: 2774: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2672:umbrella term 2669: 2662: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2645: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2619: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2528: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2489:United States 2488: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2464:capital gains 2459: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2371: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2342: 2339: 2331: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2297:This section 2295: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2249:Accreditation 2248: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2220: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2114: 2112: 2106: 2098: 2096: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2081:explanatory. 2075: 2073: 2066: 2064: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2038: 2030: 2027: 2019: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1977: – 1976: 1972: 1971:Find sources: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1949:This section 1947: 1943: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1897: 1895: 1889:Participation 1888: 1886: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1866: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1779: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1678: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1643: 1636: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1567: 1565:organizations 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1538: 1536:Environmental 1535: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1362: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1211: 1206: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1152: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1129: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1071:jurisdictions 1070: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1003:United States 1001: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 955: 954: 953: 948: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 933: 932: 927: 920: 917: 916: 914: 911: 908: 905: 904: 903: 902: 897: 892: 891: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 874: 870: 868: 865: 864: 863: 862: 859: 855: 850: 847: 843: 842:penal damages 839: 836: 835: 834: 833:Money damages 831: 829: 826: 825: 824: 823: 820: 816: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 782: 781: 780: 777: 773: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 743: 742: 737: 730: 727: 726: 725: 722: 718: 715: 714: 713: 710: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 696: 693: 689: 686: 685: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 674: 673: 670: 666: 661: 658: 656: 655: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 634: 633: 628: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 612:Unclean hands 610: 608: 607: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 579: 576: 574: 573:Impossibility 571: 569: 566: 565: 564: 563:Force majeure 561: 559: 558: 554: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544:public policy 541: 538: 536: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 518: 517: 516: 513: 509: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 493:Consideration 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 449: 448: 443: 439: 435: 434: 431: 427: 417: 412: 410: 405: 403: 398: 397: 395: 394: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 373:Peacebuilding 371: 369: 366: 364: 363:Peace process 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 287: 286: 281: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 252: 251: 250: 245: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 205: 204: 201: 197: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 174:De-escalation 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 161: 160: 159: 156: 152: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 136: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 109: 106: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96:Collaborative 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 62: 61: 58: 54: 51: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5892: 5885: 5871: 5857: 5630:Jurisdiction 5598:Legal remedy 5553:Adjudication 5453:Legal theory 5291:Ratification 5286:Promulgation 5257:Proclamation 5237:Codification 5170:Human rights 5158:Divine right 5148:Constitution 5116:Women in law 5034:Military law 5029:Marriage law 5024:Maritime law 4923:Election law 4863:Aviation law 4853:Abortion law 4805:Property law 4741:Criminal law 4655: 4646: 4632:cite journal 4615: 4611: 4599: 4592: 4574: 4566: 4559: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4505: 4494: 4466: 4452:Bagshaw 1999 4447: 4442:, p. 87 4424:ResearchGate 4423: 4414: 4402:. Retrieved 4398: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4338: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4296:. Retrieved 4293:www.wipo.int 4292: 4283: 4271:, p. 38 4264: 4252: 4240: 4228:. Retrieved 4223: 4214: 4202:. Retrieved 4198: 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4167: 4148: 4133: 4128: 4116:. Retrieved 4105: 4079:. Retrieved 4075: 4066: 4055:the original 4034: 4030: 4017: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3951: 3938: 3932:. p. 3. 3929: 3908:. Retrieved 3904: 3894: 3885: 3873:|title= 3840:. Retrieved 3833: 3821:. Retrieved 3811: 3799:. Retrieved 3789: 3777:. Retrieved 3767: 3755:. Retrieved 3745: 3733:. Retrieved 3723: 3711:. Retrieved 3707: 3698: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3659:. Retrieved 3655: 3646: 3634:. Retrieved 3630: 3621: 3609:. Retrieved 3605: 3595: 3585:18 September 3583:. Retrieved 3576:the original 3563: 3558:, p. 88 3551: 3542: 3530: 3514: 3506: 3501: 3489:. Retrieved 3484: 3474: 3465: 3456: 3445: 3412: 3406: 3397: 3369: 3357: 3335:(1): 53–61. 3332: 3328: 3305: 3299:. July 2007. 3291: 3275: 3241: 3229:, p. 45 3222: 3203: 3191:, p. 11 3184: 3172: 3160:, p. 43 3153: 3141: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3084: 3077: 3068: 3052: 3049:Trenczek, T. 3042: 2997:Intermediary 2959: 2935: 2912: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2803: 2789: 2780: 2771: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2714: 2693: 2689: 2677: 2668:Conciliation 2667: 2666: 2663:Conciliation 2643: 2639: 2636:Alternatives 2630: 2621: 2598: 2578:jurisdiction 2571: 2560: 2547: 2538: 2523: 2514: 2510: 2492: 2484: 2479:duty of care 2476: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2410: 2406: 2369: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2334: 2328:October 2006 2325: 2310:Please help 2298: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2215: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2185: 2151: 2123: 2115: 2108: 2093: 2079: 2070: 2062: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2022: 2016:October 2017 2013: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1970: 1958:Please help 1953:verification 1950: 1927: 1901: 1892: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1848: 1839: 1835: 1819: 1815: 1796: 1787: 1775: 1766: 1743: 1736: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1604: 1597: 1593: 1572: 1523:Partnerships 1386: 1382: 1300: 1292: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1269:interlocutor 1268: 1264: 1261:interpolator 1260: 1257:philantropus 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245:internuncius 1244: 1240: 1229:civilization 1221: 1215: 1186: 1179: 1171: 1156: 1150: 1149: 1046:Criminal law 1028:Property law 983:Saudi Arabia 888: 871: 711: 652: 604: 555: 473:Posting rule 430:Contract law 368:Peace treaty 219:Brinkmanship 102: 76:Conciliation 43: 5802:Legislature 5733:Bureaucracy 5530:Rule of man 5525:Rule of law 5500:Libertarian 5363:Chinese law 5264:Legislation 5214:Regulations 5202:Law reports 5180:Natural law 5076:Reparations 5071:Refugee law 4994:Jurimetrics 4935:(Media law) 4873:Banking law 4868:Amnesty law 4846:Disciplines 4783:Private law 4440:Boulle 2005 4399:Ethics Sage 4358:Boulle 2005 4259:, p. 4 4099:Boulle 2005 3713:8 September 3556:Boulle 2005 3362:Cremin 2007 3268:Boulle 2005 3177:Boulle 2005 3146:Boulle 2005 3057:Baden-Baden 2901:emphasize " 2897:, mediator 2768:Arbitration 2711:Counselling 2563:arbitration 2239:Schlichtung 1975:"Mediation" 1867:Preparation 1762:real estate 1758:procurement 1617:Cost saving 1607:WorkChoices 1265:conciliator 1253:intercessor 884:Restitution 695:Arbitration 383:Rule of man 378:Peacemaking 331:Game theory 209:Appeasement 125:Negotiation 91:Rule of law 66:Arbitration 57:Nonviolence 5795:Law school 5675:Prosecutor 5613:Magistrate 5400:Jewish law 5358:Common law 5279:Rulemaking 5274:Regulation 5224:Law making 5163:Divine law 5139:Legal code 5086:Sports law 5009:Law of war 4959:Health law 4944:Family law 4928:Energy law 4878:Bankruptcy 4815:Punishment 4810:Public law 4515:0409319457 4488:References 3965:0415326575 3861:|url= 2923:postmodern 2874:Principles 2795:Philosophy 2777:Litigation 2728:behaviour. 2721:behaviour. 2697:litigation 2594:prosecutor 1986:newspapers 1876:Disclosure 1727:Peace Pals 1563:Non-profit 1491:Commercial 1480:Grievances 1475:Harassment 1431:businesses 1408:Separation 1400:Prenuptial 1377:Martinique 1358:solutions. 1332:Compliance 1222:proxenetas 1086:pandectist 1069:common law 849:Rescission 757:Delegation 752:Assignment 540:Illegality 488:Firm offer 234:Deterrence 39:Meditation 5916:Mediation 5773:Judiciary 5768:Executive 5743:The bench 5680:Solicitor 5655:Barrister 5535:Sociology 5520:Pseudolaw 5460:Anarchist 5417:Roman law 5405:Parsi law 5390:Hindu law 5378:Canon law 5353:Civil law 5306:Concordat 5197:Precedent 5106:Trust law 5081:Space law 4918:Drugs law 4788:Procedure 4726:Civil law 4051:143172307 4009:155022119 3956:Routledge 3611:16 August 3431:cite book 3349:144186898 3133:1468-2621 3022:Ombudsman 2685:statutory 2586:Confucian 2423:Liability 2299:does not 2280:Selection 2254:Australia 2182:Australia 2146:ceasefire 2111:Australia 2099:Australia 2085:Mediators 2059:Referrals 1883:discovery 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