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with gold-tipped spires at intervals of 169 m (555 ft). The walls had three gates on each side, twelve in total, each presenting a zodiac sign. The citadel had five bridges to cross the moat. Some characteristics of the palace (such as cardinally-placed gates and a central palace structure)
1659:
in
Myanmar is a traditional art which has survived for centuries. Due to its tropical climate (necessitating the reconstruction of many buildings), the craft has been passed down from generation to generation. Without these renovations, the art of wood carving would have been lost and it would have
1731:
to recondition many
Buddhist monuments with plans for newer and more-challenging designs. Pagodas and temples have been renovated to promote "monumental Buddhism", the renewal of Buddhist architecture for a sense of authenticity. These newer Buddhist sites, a combination of modern and traditional
1759:, formed in 2012, is a non-governmental organization committed to preserving Yangon's historic architecture. The trust has had several preservation successes, due to its public-awareness campaigns. Agreements with government officials have saved the former Indian and U.S. Embassy buildings and
1584:
can be traced back to the early Pyu period. The primary east–west axis was created from the palace buildings themselves. Illustrations from 11th century Pagan depict wooden buildings similar to those at the palace, and handiwork later found at
Mandalay.
1591:
used in
Burmese construction. The palace's Flower Distribution Centre contains several wooden, semicircular arches which may have been inspired by 19th-century European buildings. The stucco on these arches appears to represent rays of sunlight or
1712:(although the main campus still contains lecture and residence halls from the colonial period). Since the late 1980s, many colonial structures (including a block of cinemas) have been razed for new construction.
1111:, or tiered roof, which indicates the presence of a throne within. With both royal and religious symbolism, many of the temple's images depict the Buddha seated before an odd number of pyatthat tiers.
944:-like structures. These Pyu stupas, the first Indian foundations in Myanmar, were built from 200 BC to 100 CE and were sometimes used for burial. Early stupas, temples and pagodas are topped with
1505:
representing
Burmese spirituality. Every four or five years, its gold is repaired or replaced. The stupa, built by a Theravada Buddhist society, is said to contain strands of the Buddha's hair.
1579:. The 413-hectare royal palace compound was surrounded by four 2 km (6666 ft) long walls and a moat 64 m (210 ft) wide, 4.5 m (15 ft) deep. Along the wall were
1575:
at
Amarapura, which was relocated to the new city. The master plan called for a 144-square block grid patterned city, anchored by a 16 square block royal palace compound at the centre by
1114:
Many of Bagan's historical monuments are well-preserved, due to the dry climate. Bagan, with one of the largest concentrations of temples in the world, is one of
Myanmar's most important
1069:
was widely used in Bagan, especially by the Mon people. Stucco features of Bagan structures include garlands, flames or rays of the sun, peacock tail feathers and mythical creatures.
1741:
1309:
This period also saw a proliferation of stupas and temples with developments in stucco techniques. Wooden monasteries of this period intricately decorated with wood carvings of the
1720:
Only a few colonial-era buildings and about 2,200 temples and pagodas remain in
Myanmar. As a result of these losses, many groups have united to preserve the remaining structures.
1103:
branch of
Buddhism, Bagan's official religion when it was built. Architectural features of the temple include brick vaulted halls, Buddha statues, tapered roofs and the absence of
1410:, became a multi-ethnic capital. As large, colonial buildings were built throughout the city, social disruption in Burma spawned nationalist rallies and anti-colonial protests.
1168:
958:
1441:(built in 1914 and converted to the High Court head office in 1962); the 1920 Inland Water Transport Authority Building, and the former Myanmar Railways headquarters.
1188:
1346:
973:
1700:, many historical structures were lost or damaged; much of the Mandalay Palace was destroyed in a fire near the end of the war. In 1962, on alleged orders from
1239:
825:
1508:
Built to be walked around, visitors pass astrological representations of the eight days of a
Burmese week. The platform includes devotional centres at the
1617:
over the Great Audience Hall. Due to the tropical climate, frequent renovations of the wood-and=stucco palace have been necessary; some of its original
1224:
1321:
architecture. The monastery's construction strictly adheres to traditional rules of Burmese monastic architecture and includes all of the designated
3033:
174:
194:
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704:
1523:
The pagoda has been a centre of Buddhist devotion and a forum for political activism. During the anti-colonial demonstrations of the nationalist
1313:
are one of the more prominent distinctive examples of traditional Burmese architecture that survive to the present day. One prominent example is
1208:
329:
2733:
1993:
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by the mid-12th century. During this period, the Pyu-style stupas were transformed into monuments reminiscent of alms bowls or gourd-shaped
209:
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1331:
3109:
1728:
184:
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between the 14th to 19th century. Town planning in pre-modern Burma reached its climax during the Konbaung period with cities such as
2868:
2748:
Stover, BA, Eric; Vink, PhD, Patrick (2008), "Cyclone Nargis and the Politics of Relief and Reconstruction Aid in Burma (Myanmar),"
2412:
2352:
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stupa in India. It does not have a square base like many Bagan stupas; instead, it has a pentagonal base with radial halls and low
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is an example of wooden architecture in Myanmar, which emphasizes exterior aesthetics rather than interior space. The
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sites. Many of the temples' paintings and murals are still visible. Notable architectural sites in Bagan include the
3083:
3038:
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2908:
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2818:
1425:, built as the Secretariat Building in 1902 to house the British administration. Other downtown structures are the
779:
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406:
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on the palace, like those other Burmese structures, are parallel to monasteries and throne rooms. There is also a
3124:
3003:
2998:
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2703:
Moore, Elizabeth (1993), "The Reconstruction of Mandalay Palace Palace: An Interim Report on Aspects of Design."
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3013:
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2174:
1925:
3018:
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2843:
2800:
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514:
224:
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2755:
Yang, Chiao-Yen (2012), "Cultural Resilience Vs. Historic Preservation: Managing Changes in Bagan, Myanmar."
2645:
Edwards, Penny. (2006) "Grounds for protest: placing Shwedagon pagoda in colonial and postcolonial history."
1274:
directed many town planning initiatives, building fortified towns with major defences, including the city of
3043:
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2938:
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were located outside the city walls. The city had main roads paved with bricks and drains along the sides.
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buildings, and modern renovations and structures. Myanmar's traditional architecture is primarily used for
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3023:
2988:
2968:
2923:
2903:
2893:
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1605:) are a feature of the palace. Inside, covered hallways lead to a small throne room which is topped by a
940:. Beikthano, one of the first Pyu centers, contains urbanesque foundations which include a monastery and
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and a focal point of Buddhism in Myanmar. At 99.4 metres (326 ft) high, the stupa is covered with
460:
2933:
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2883:
1705:
1642:
1571:'s founding of Mandalay between 1857 and 1859. Large parts of the palace were reconstructed from the
1096:
1081:
851:
299:
234:
132:
3098:
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1760:
1352:
1314:
1215:
1123:
1073:
850:, includes architectural styles which reflect the influence of neighboring and Western nations and
482:
445:
432:
304:
117:
3153:
2745:
Seekins, Donald M. (2013), "Sacred Site or Public Place," "Palgrave Macmillan US" pp. 139–159
2389:. Vol. 1. Rangoon: Office of the Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma. 1910. p. 2.
1634:
997:
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122:
62:
42:
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1008:
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Only a section of the original palace remained after a 1945 fire, with examples of traditional
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1989:
1685:
1402:
Burma was part of the British Empire by the end of the 1880s, and this ushered in a period of
1278:, which was founded in 1755 as a fortress and sea harbor. The city had an irregular plan with
1230:
1131:
874:
637:
92:
51:
2738:
Seekins, Donald M. (2005), "The State and the City: 1988 and the Transformation of Rangoon."
2663:
2037:
2010:
1745:
1681:
1677:
1593:
1572:
1536:
1482:
1459:
1434:
1303:
1295:
1151:
1147:
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627:
619:
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509:
401:
356:
277:
242:
144:
33:
2679:
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1535:, Shwedagon was a platform for pro-democracy political demonstrations. On 26 August 1988,
1414:
1379:
1338:
1259:
1155:
1077:
1034:
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and Pyu people were the first two influential groups to migrate to Myanmar, and the first
911:
734:
714:
416:
343:
289:
127:
102:
77:
2359:
1286:. Rangoon had six city gates with each gate flanked by massive brick towers with typical
2505:
1954:
Moore. "The Reconstruction of Mandalay Palace: An Interim Report on Aspects of Design".
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1737:
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1426:
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858:
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799:
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1294:. The city was established near the older Mon town of Dagon and preexisting stupas of
3172:
3147:
2384:
1673:
1668:
Gold cladding is a feature of traditional Burmese architecture, usually prominent in
1576:
1532:
1119:
1088:
1038:
980:
351:
294:
179:
112:
97:
87:
2672:
Girke, Felix (1999), "The Yangon Court Buildings: Between Thick and Thin Heritage."
1258:
Burmese dynasties had a long history of building regularly planned cities along the
17:
1697:
1656:
1430:
1418:
1310:
1022:
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529:
376:
247:
1527:
in 1938 and 1939, "strike centres" were set up around the pagoda. In 1988, as the
1091:(finished in 1090), one of the first temples erected in Bagan, was influenced by
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149:
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929:
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2705:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2492:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2477:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2462:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2447:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
2336:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1956:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1896:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
1490:
1471:
1291:
1263:
1100:
1030:
937:
933:
910:, and can be traced to the country's earliest known inhabitants. During the
381:
2221:
Seekins. "The State and the City: 1988 and the Transformation of Rangoon".
2405:
The Management of Secondary Cities in Southeast Asia. Case Study: Mandalay
1497:. It is surrounded by smaller shrines, and is topped with a gem-encrusted
1601:
1539:
spoke before a large audience about democracy at the pagoda's west gate.
1322:
1279:
1267:
1108:
886:
855:
669:
465:
1433:, built in 1896 by Aviet and Tigran Sarkie. Prominent buildings include
2763:
2175:"British Empire / Burma (Myanmar) | Colonial Architecture Project"
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1580:
1524:
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679:
674:
595:
2057:
2025:
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1701:
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1588:
1407:
1287:
1275:
1066:
949:
919:
866:
664:
524:
455:
371:
282:
2358:. Directorate of Archaeological Survey, Burma. 1963. Archived from
2041:
1516:, images of the Buddha and other spiritual figures, and the 16-ton
1633:
1546:
1486:
1465:
1453:
1179:
1054:
1042:
1026:
941:
915:
862:
843:
684:
659:
272:
2689:"The Konbaung Dynasty and the Anglo-Saxon Burmese Wars" (2016),
1638:
1618:
1318:
1058:
1050:
588:
2767:
1520:(formerly known as the Maha Ganda Bell) decorate the exterior.
1142:, the Minochantha stupa group, the Taung Kyaung monastery, the
924:
1599:
In addition to its wood carvings and stucco, tiered roofs (
1421:, contains many colonial-era buildings. One example is the
1396:
in Yangon are examples of colonial architecture in Myanmar.
1651:, introduced during the Bagan period, is strongly tied to
1512:
and dozens of smaller stupas, including the Golden Elder.
2386:
List of Ancient Monuments in Burma (I. Mandalay Division)
2206:"The Konbaung Dynasty and the Anglo-Saxon Burmese Wars".
1732:
Burmese style, are found throughout Myanmar and include
952:
or spires symbolizing Theravada Buddhist transcendence.
2575:
Yang. "Cultural Resilience Vs. Historic Preservation".
2085:"The Post Pagan Period – 14th To 20th Centuries Part 3"
1969:
Yang. "Cultural Resilience vs. Historic Preservation".
1742:
International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University
1437:, built between 1926 and 1936; the Customs House; the
2710:
Myer, Prudence R (1961), "Stupas and Stupa Shrines,"
1660:
been impossible to reconstruct traditional features.
1057:, tapered and rising roofs, Buddha niches, polylobed
2686:
Cambridge University Press vol.xxi, pp. 479–480
1146:, the Nga-kywe-na-daung Stupa, the Pahto Thamya and
3097:
3057:
2799:
2674:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
2622:
Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia
2030:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
906:Much of Myanmar's architecture is tied to ancient
1041:. Bagan, with over 10,000 of Myanmar's red brick
854:. The country's most prominent buildings include
2490:Moore. "The Reconstruction of Mandalay Palace".
2475:Moore. "The Reconstruction of Mandalay Palace".
2460:Moore. "The Reconstruction of Mandalay Palace".
2445:Moore. "The Reconstruction of Mandalay Palace".
2334:Moore. "The Reconstruction of Mandalay Palace".
1894:Moore. "The Reconstruction of Mandalay Palace".
2726:Today's Pagan: Conservation Under the Generals.
2564:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 479–480.
2431:Mandalay and Other Cities of the Past in Burma
1986:Today's Pagan: Conservation Under the Generals
1107:. The temple has one of the first uses of the
1061:and ornamental doorways influenced by India's
2779:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1752:in 1871, was replaced in the spring of 1999.
819:
8:
2757:Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review
2577:Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review
2284:
2282:
2236:
2234:
2232:
1971:Traditional Dwellings and Settlements Review
1317:, built in 1895 in the tradition of Burmese
2100:"Part II - Mandalay, The Burmese Heartland"
1889:
1887:
1791:
1789:
1727:, established in 1990, has worked with the
2786:
2772:
2764:
826:
812:
28:
2347:
2345:
1988:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 2.
2428:Vincent Clarence Scott O'Connor (1907).
1776:
1327:
1164:
954:
223:
40:
2304:Seekins. "A Sacred and Public Place".
2289:Seekins. "A Sacred and Public Place".
2256:Seekins. "A Sacred and Public Place".
2241:Seekins. "A Sacred and Public Place".
1846:Seekins. "A Sacred and Public Place".
1025:had established a kingdom centered at
2647:The Institute of Postcolonial Studies
2620:Girke. "The Yangon Court Buildings".
2398:
2396:
2273:The Institute of Postcolonial Studies
2186:
2184:
1926:"Ananda Pahto Temple, Bagan, Myanmar"
7:
2434:. Hutchinson & Co. pp. 6–9.
2151:Myanmar Architecture: Cities of Gold
2026:"Traditional Town Planning in Burma"
1045:and pagodas, had become a center of
2684:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies,
2654:Ananda Pahto Temple, Bagan, Myanmar
2605:Seekins. "The State and the City".
2590:Seekins. "The State and the City".
2545:Seekins. "The State and the City".
2530:Seekins. "The State and the City".
2319:Seekins. "The State and the City".
2153:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 100.
1816:Seekins. "The State and the City".
1729:State Peace and Development Council
1621:has been reinforced with concrete.
1470:The replica of Shwedagon pagoda in
185:State Peace and Development Council
2562:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
2506:"Mandalay Palace – Myanmar Travel"
1939:Myer. "Stupas and Stupa-Shrines".
1909:Myer. "Stupas and Stupa-Shrines".
1876:Myer. "Stupas and Stupa-Shrines".
1076:has a plan similar to the Tantric
928:(umbrella) on top—were built. The
25:
1865:. Chicago: World Book, Inc. 2016.
1725:Yangon City Development Committee
1529:Burmese Socialist Programme Party
1501:(diamond bud) and a seven-tiered
1182:was built during the 12th century
3152:
3143:
3142:
2696:"Military dictatorship" (2016),
2271:Edwards. "Grounds for protest".
2064:from the original on 26 May 2022
1800:. Chicago: World Book Inc. 2016.
1429:(formerly Scott Market) and the
1378:
1369:
1345:
1330:
1238:
1223:
1207:
1187:
1167:
1029:. During the 11th century, King
1007:
996:
972:
957:
793:
50:
2087:. Northern Illinois University.
1716:Preservation and reconstruction
3110:British Indian Ocean Territory
1744:. The crown umbrella atop the
1672:or gold-plated exteriors. The
1282:made of teak logs on a ground
1:
2742:vol.lxxviii, pp. 265–274
2195:. Meio University. p. 1.
2750:American Medical Association
2728:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
2717:"The Pagan Kingdom" (2016),
2104:Northern Illinois University
1247:Gubyaukgyi Temple (Myinkaba)
140:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1567:was constructed as part of
1198:in Bagan was built by King
1134:, the Inn-hpaya Stupa, the
775:National Library of Myanmar
765:National Museum (Naypyidaw)
195:2011–2015 political reforms
3200:
2707:vol. lvi, pp. 339–346
780:National Theatre of Yangon
3138:
2714:vol. xxiv, pp. 26–34
2700:Chicago: World Book, Inc.
2693:Chicago: World Book, Inc.
2676:vol. xxx, pp. 72–104
2649:vol. ix, pp. 197–211
2510:www.gandawunshwebagan.com
2193:A Sacred and Public Space
1415:central business district
2859:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2724:Pichard, Pierre (2013),
2721:Chicago: World Book Inc.
2126:"Religious architecture"
1984:Pichard, Pierre (2013).
1833:Stupas and Stupa-Shrines
1406:. Rangoon, now known as
1339:royal palace of Mandalay
1202:in the mid-12th century.
1021:By the 9th century, the
964:The Bawbawgyi Pagoda in
770:National Museum (Yangon)
3179:Architecture in Myanmar
3120:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2642:Chicago World Book Inc.
1748:, which was donated by
1630:Stucco and wood carving
1510:cardinal compass points
1233:'s stucco ornamentation
1144:Nathlaung Kyaung Temple
1037:region and founded the
840:architecture of Myanmar
268:Twelve Auspicious Rites
1645:
1556:
1478:
1463:
1099:temple represents the
2668:Oriental Architecture
2658:Oriental Architecture
1861:"The Pagan Kingdom".
1757:Yangon Heritage Trust
1637:
1551:Great Audience Hall,
1550:
1469:
1457:
1404:colonial architecture
1047:Buddhist architecture
1014:Plan of Ananda Temple
441:Burmese folk religion
412:Traditional festivals
3034:United Arab Emirates
2794:Architecture of Asia
2759:vol.xxv, pp. 75
2752:vol.vi, pp. 729
1708:Students' Union was
1688:have gold features.
1643:Shwenandaw Monastery
1325:-crowned pavilions.
705:World Heritage Sites
133:First Toungoo Empire
18:Burmese architecture
3061:limited recognition
2403:Kyaw Thein (1996).
2149:Ma Thanegi (2005).
2098:Wilson, Constance.
2024:Hla, U Kan (1978).
1439:High Court Building
1423:Ministers' Building
1390:Ministers' Building
1353:Shweinbin Monastery
1315:Shweinbin Monastery
1216:Dhammayangyi Temple
1093:Indian architecture
1074:Dhammayazika Pagoda
1065:and its monuments.
908:Indian architecture
842:(formerly known as
568:and performing arts
165:Japanese occupation
118:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
3184:Culture of Myanmar
2662:Fiala, Robert D, "
2652:Fiala, Robert D, "
2365:on 28 January 2018
2210:. World Book, Inc.
1706:Rangoon University
1686:Lawkananda Pagodas
1646:
1557:
1479:
1464:
1445:Notable structures
1290:with cross-shaped
1196:Thatbyinnyu Temple
1176:Gawdawpalin Temple
1160:Thatbyinnyu Temple
1140:Mingalazedi Pagoda
1132:Htilominlo Temples
979:Excavated site in
938:Theravada Buddhism
887:political activism
800:Myanmar portal
175:Socialist Republic
123:Kingdom of Mrauk U
43:Culture of Myanmar
3166:
3165:
3103:other territories
2734:978-3-642-35869-2
2353:"Mandalay Palace"
2083:Cooler, Richard.
1995:978-3-642-35869-2
1388:The Secretariat (
1231:Htilominlo Temple
1218:, Bagan's largest
1148:Shwegugyi Temples
836:
835:
93:Myinsaing Kingdom
16:(Redirected from
3191:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3115:Christmas Island
2801:Sovereign states
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2494:: 335 & 343.
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2178:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2036:(2): 92, 97–98.
2021:
2015:
2014:
2011:"Bagan, Myanmar"
2006:
2000:
1999:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1784:
1781:
1746:Shwedagon Pagoda
1641:carvings of the
1537:Aung San Suu Kyi
1483:Shwedagon Pagoda
1460:Shwedagon Pagoda
1450:Shwedagon Pagoda
1435:Yangon City Hall
1394:Government House
1382:
1373:
1349:
1334:
1245:Frescoes in the
1242:
1227:
1211:
1191:
1171:
1152:Shwezigon Pagoda
1136:Mahabodhi Temple
1035:Irrawaddy Valley
1011:
1000:
976:
961:
871:British colonial
828:
821:
814:
798:
797:
796:
710:Shwedagon Pagoda
515:Contemporary art
402:Burmese calendar
357:Burmese fritters
243:Burmese language
145:Konbaung dynasty
54:
45:
29:
21:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3134:
3102:
3093:
3074:Northern Cyprus
3060:
3053:
2795:
2792:
2762:
2740:Pacific Affairs
2680:Miksic, John N.
2634:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2607:Pacific Affairs
2604:
2603:
2599:
2592:Pacific Affairs
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2547:Pacific Affairs
2544:
2543:
2539:
2532:Pacific Affairs
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2321:Pacific Affairs
2318:
2317:
2313:
2306:Meio University
2303:
2302:
2298:
2291:Meio University
2288:
2287:
2280:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2258:Meio University
2255:
2254:
2250:
2243:Meio University
2240:
2239:
2230:
2223:Pacific Affairs
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2190:
2189:
2182:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1848:Meio University
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1818:Pacific Affairs
1815:
1814:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1718:
1694:
1666:
1632:
1627:
1565:Mandalay Palace
1561:Mandalay Palace
1553:Mandalay Palace
1545:
1543:Mandalay Palace
1485:in Yangon is a
1452:
1447:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1363:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1260:Irawaddy valley
1256:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1192:
1183:
1172:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1003:
1002:
1001:
990:
983:
977:
968:
962:
904:
899:
883:Buddhist relics
832:
794:
792:
785:
784:
760:
759:
750:
749:
745:National anthem
730:
729:
720:
719:
715:Mandalay Palace
700:
699:
690:
689:
655:
654:
643:
642:
623:
622:
611:
610:
570:
569:
557:
556:
547:
546:
535:
534:
500:
499:
488:
487:
436:
435:
424:
423:
417:Pagoda festival
407:Public holidays
397:
396:
387:
386:
347:
346:
335:
334:
325:
324:
315:
314:
263:
262:
253:
252:
238:
237:
219:
218:
217:
216:
128:Toungoo dynasty
103:Sagaing Kingdom
78:Pyu city-states
66:
65:
41:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2736:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2677:
2670:
2664:Bagan, Myanmar
2660:
2650:
2643:
2638:"Art" (2016),
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2612:
2597:
2582:
2567:
2552:
2537:
2522:
2497:
2482:
2467:
2452:
2437:
2420:
2413:
2407:. UN-Habitat.
2392:
2376:
2341:
2326:
2311:
2296:
2278:
2263:
2248:
2228:
2213:
2198:
2180:
2166:
2159:
2141:
2116:
2090:
2075:
2042:10.2307/989177
2016:
2001:
1994:
1976:
1961:
1946:
1931:
1916:
1901:
1883:
1868:
1853:
1838:
1823:
1803:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1717:
1714:
1693:
1690:
1665:
1662:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1544:
1541:
1518:Singu Min Bell
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1427:Bogyoke Market
1387:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1173:
1166:
1013:
1006:
1005:
1004:
995:
994:
993:
992:
991:
989:
986:
985:
984:
978:
971:
969:
963:
956:
922:—often with a
914:, cylindrical
903:
900:
898:
895:
848:Southeast Asia
834:
833:
831:
830:
823:
816:
808:
805:
804:
803:
802:
787:
786:
783:
782:
777:
772:
767:
761:
757:
756:
755:
752:
751:
748:
747:
742:
737:
731:
727:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
712:
707:
701:
697:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
650:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
635:
630:
624:
618:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
592:
591:
581:
580:
579:
571:
564:
563:
562:
559:
558:
555:
554:
548:
542:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
520:Visual culture
517:
512:
507:
501:
495:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
485:
480:
475:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
451:Burmese pagoda
443:
437:
431:
430:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
420:
419:
409:
404:
398:
394:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
367:Burmese snacks
364:
362:Burmese salads
359:
354:
348:
342:
341:
340:
337:
336:
333:
332:
326:
322:
321:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
286:
285:
275:
270:
264:
260:
259:
258:
255:
254:
251:
250:
245:
239:
233:
232:
231:
228:
227:
221:
220:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
170:Union of Burma
167:
162:
157:
155:Karenni States
152:
147:
142:
137:
136:
135:
125:
120:
115:
110:
108:Kingdom of Ava
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
83:Thaton Kingdom
80:
75:
69:
68:
67:
61:
60:
59:
56:
55:
47:
46:
38:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3196:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:South Ossetia
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2713:
2712:Artibus Asiae
2709:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2523:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2421:
2416:
2414:9789211313130
2410:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2380:
2377:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2160:9789812329165
2156:
2152:
2145:
2142:
2127:
2120:
2117:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2091:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1941:Artibus Asiae
1935:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1911:Artibus Asiae
1905:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1878:Artibus Asiae
1872:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1839:
1835:. p. 26.
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1577:Mandalay Hill
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1372:
1360:
1355:in about 1900
1354:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Bupaya Pagoda
1117:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:Ananda Temple
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1010:
999:
987:
982:
975:
970:
967:
960:
955:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
936:adherents of
935:
931:
927:
926:
921:
917:
913:
909:
901:
896:
894:
892:
888:
884:
881:, storage of
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
857:
853:
852:modernization
849:
845:
841:
829:
824:
822:
817:
815:
810:
809:
807:
806:
801:
791:
790:
789:
788:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
758:Organisations
754:
753:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
724:
723:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
702:
694:
693:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
653:
647:
646:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
615:
614:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
586:
585:
582:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
561:
560:
553:
550:
549:
545:
539:
538:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
498:
492:
491:
484:
481:
479:
476:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
461:Buddhābhiṣeka
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
428:
427:
418:
415:
414:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
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3099:Dependencies
3029:Turkmenistan
2994:Saudi Arabia
2756:
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2570:
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2531:
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2509:
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2360:the original
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2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2124:Ma Thanegi.
2119:
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2103:
2093:
2078:
2066:. Retrieved
2033:
2029:
2019:
2004:
1985:
1979:
1970:
1964:
1955:
1949:
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1797:
1783:Edwards 197.
1779:
1754:
1722:
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1698:World War II
1695:
1667:
1657:Wood carving
1647:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1586:
1558:
1525:Thakin Party
1522:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1480:
1431:Strand Hotel
1419:Yangon River
1417:, along the
1412:
1401:
1361:Colonial era
1311:Jataka Tales
1308:
1257:
1254:Konbaung era
1124:Dhammayangyi
1113:
1086:
1071:
1039:Pagan Empire
1033:unified the
1023:Bamar people
1020:
988:Bagan period
945:
934:Indo-Chinese
923:
905:
839:
837:
740:Coat of arms
606:Copy Thachin
530:Glass mosaic
505:Architecture
504:
478:Christianity
377:Burmese tofu
248:Mon language
160:British rule
26:
3158:Asia portal
3059:States with
2979:Philippines
2919:South Korea
2914:North Korea
2809:Afghanistan
1761:Gandhi Hall
1750:King Mindon
1734:monasteries
1664:Use of gold
1514:Bodhi trees
1200:Alaungsithu
1128:Gawdawpalin
1063:Pala Empire
471:Phongyibyan
372:Burmese tea
150:Shan States
3173:Categories
3039:Uzbekistan
3014:Tajikistan
2929:Kyrgyzstan
2909:Kazakhstan
2829:Bangladesh
2819:Azerbaijan
2609:: 273–274.
2549:: 270–272.
2515:5 February
1958:: 339–340.
1767:References
1710:demolished
1655:heritage.
1569:Mindon Min
1533:collapsing
1292:embrasures
1272:Alaungpaya
1116:pilgrimage
1053:, unbaked
966:Sri Ksetra
918:with four
912:Pyu period
902:Pyu period
879:pilgrimage
633:Television
552:Literature
544:Literature
261:Traditions
73:Prehistory
3125:Hong Kong
3079:Palestine
3004:Sri Lanka
2999:Singapore
2879:Indonesia
2624:: 72–104.
2369:22 August
2191:Seekins.
2050:0037-9808
1682:Shwezigon
1678:Shwedagon
1611:pyatthats
1491:gold leaf
1472:Tachileik
1462:in Yangon
1413:Yangon's
1304:Botataung
1296:Shwedagon
1280:stockades
1264:Amarapura
1101:Theravada
1031:Anawrahta
698:Monuments
395:Festivals
382:Satuditha
323:Mythology
300:Tattooing
235:Languages
210:Civil war
200:2021 coup
3148:Category
3069:Abkhazia
3019:Thailand
2974:Pakistan
2954:Mongolia
2949:Maldives
2944:Malaysia
2844:Cambodia
2719:Myanmar,
2698:Myanmar,
2691:Myanmar,
2682:(1990),
2640:Myanmar,
2560:John M.
2062:Archived
1943:: 30–31.
1880:: 30–34.
1740:and the
1625:Features
1615:pyatthat
1607:pyatthat
1602:pyatthat
1596:petals.
1581:bastions
1323:pyatthat
1268:Mandalay
1156:Sulamani
1154:and the
1109:pyatthat
1105:terraces
1082:skirting
1078:Paharpur
920:archways
856:Buddhist
670:Chinlone
601:Yoke thé
577:Mahāgīta
510:Ceramics
483:Hinduism
446:Buddhism
433:Religion
330:Folklore
305:Weddings
278:Clothing
205:Protests
34:a series
32:Part of
3044:Vietnam
2959:Myanmar
2939:Lebanon
2869:Georgia
2824:Bahrain
2814:Armenia
2208:Myanmar
2134:13 July
2109:13 July
2009:Fiala.
1924:Fiala.
1863:Myanmar
1798:Myanmar
1796:"Art".
1738:pagodas
1696:During
1692:Threats
1609:. Many
1476:Myanmar
1288:merlons
1284:rampart
1097:vaulted
950:finials
897:History
891:tourism
875:worship
867:temples
859:pagodas
728:Symbols
680:Banshay
675:Lethwei
596:Anyeint
344:Cuisine
290:Kinship
63:History
3089:Taiwan
3024:Turkey
2989:Russia
2924:Kuwait
2904:Jordan
2894:Israel
2854:Cyprus
2839:Brunei
2834:Bhutan
2732:
2594:: 265.
2534:: 258.
2479:: 346.
2464:: 342.
2449:: 339.
2411:
2338:: 349.
2323:: 255.
2308:: 3–4.
2275:: 197.
2260:: 1–4.
2225:: 258.
2157:
2068:26 May
2058:989177
2056:
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1992:
1898:: 341.
1831:Myer.
1820:: 273.
1704:, the
1702:Ne Win
1674:Bupaya
1670:gilded
1649:Stucco
1589:stucco
1573:palace
1555:, 1903
1499:seinbu
1408:Yangon
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1276:Yangon
1150:, the
1138:, the
1122:, the
1095:. The
1067:Stucco
1059:arches
1043:stupas
981:Hanlin
916:stupas
863:stupas
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665:Thaing
638:Cinema
525:Kalaga
456:Kyaung
310:Zodiac
283:Acheik
225:People
36:on the
3130:Macau
3049:Yemen
3009:Syria
2984:Qatar
2964:Nepal
2899:Japan
2874:India
2864:Egypt
2849:China
2579:: 75.
2363:(PDF)
2356:(PDF)
2129:(PDF)
2054:JSTOR
1973:: 75.
1913:: 30.
1772:Notes
1594:lotus
1495:plate
1487:stupa
1180:Bagan
1055:brick
1051:domes
1027:Bagan
942:stupa
844:Burma
685:Bando
660:Naban
652:Sport
628:Radio
620:Media
584:Dance
566:Music
466:Okāsa
295:Names
273:Anade
2969:Oman
2934:Laos
2889:Iraq
2884:Iran
2730:ISBN
2517:2018
2409:ISBN
2371:2006
2293:: 2.
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2155:ISBN
2136:2015
2111:2015
2070:2022
2046:ISSN
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