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Towards the last phase of
British rule the Shan and Karenni states were labeled as "Frontier Areas", a broad designation for mountainous areas bordering India, China and Laos where the British government allowed local rule. in 1922 the Shan states were joined together into a Federation, the Federated
1118:, felt that the Ava throne was theirs. But in light of the Toungoo threat, Mohnyin leaders grudgingly agreed to Hkonmaing's leadership. The Confederation launched a major invasion of Lower Burma in 1543 but its forces were driven back. By 1544, Toungoo forces had occupied up to
1102:
defeated
Hanthawaddy, and turned against its vassal Prome. The saophas finally banded together and sent in a force to relieve Prome in 1539. However, the combined force was unsuccessful in holding Prome against another Toungoo attack in 1542.
1299:(Dai) Kingdoms is obscure. Existing chronicles and traditions regarding the northernmost outlying Shan States include conflicting names and dates which have led to different interpretations. According to ancient tradition there was a
1063:, the chief of Mohnyin. The Confederation raided Upper Burma throughout the early 16th century (1502–1527) and fought a series of war against Ava and its ally Shan State of Thibaw (Hsipaw). The Confederation finally defeated
814:
Most Shan States were just little principalities organised around the chief town in the region. They played a precarious game of paying allegiance to more powerful states, sometimes simultaneously. Smaller states such as
1082:
because Sawlon felt that Prome did not provide sufficient help in their war against Ava. After the Prome war, Sawlon was assassinated by his own ministers, creating a leadership vacuum. Although Sawlon's son
1223:
In 1935 the
Frontier Areas were divided into "Excluded Areas" and "Partially Excluded Areas"—also known as "Part I Areas" and "Part II Areas"—through the Second Schedule to the 1935 Government of Burma Act.
932:
chronicles usually begin with the story of two brothers, Khun Lung and Khun Lai, who descended from heaven in the 6th century and landed in Hsenwi, where the local population hailed them as kings.
1382:. Under the Chinese administration the status of the Shan people in the Chinese Shan States was reduced when they were labelled as a "minority". Thus they became one more among the other
3165:
687:
to the present-day Shan Hills. The newly founded Shan States were multi-ethnic states that included a substantial number of other ethnic minorities such as the
1706:
Mandalay to Momien : a narrative of the two expeditions to western China of 1868 and 1875 under
Colonel Edward B. Sladen and Colonel Horace Browne (2009)
3175:
1270:
The
Chinese Shan States were petty states or small territories of Shan people ruled by local monarchs under the suzerainty of China. They were also known as
1185:
that steadily added various parts of Burma to their empire, the
British finally occupied all of the territory of present-day Myanmar. The area became then a
987:
to the present-day Shan Hills. The newly founded Shan States were multi-ethnic states that included a substantial number of other ethnic minorities like the
566:
1691:
Daniels, Christian (2006) "Historical memories of a
Chinese adventurer in a Tay chronicle; Usurpation of the throne of a Tay polity in Yunnan, 1573–1584,"
1186:
1517:
Jon
Fernquest (Autumn 2005). "Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524–27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486–1539".
1248:
1284:), Hsikwan (Si-gwin), Möngnā (Ganya), Sandā (Zhanda, Mong-Santa), Hosā (Ho Hsa, Hotha), Lasā (Mong Hsa, La Hsa), Möngwan (Mong Wan, Mo-wun), Möngmyen (
3185:
3180:
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Kaung: Miex, Kaung: Max N23.33, Е99.25. Town in Yunnan, Gengma County town. 'Mother's fields'. Other names: Gengma, Küngma, Kaingma, 耿马 Gěngmǎ;
3049:
2776:
1831:
1776:
1059:
in 1527 and ruled Upper Burma until 1555. The
Confederation originally consisted of Mohnyin, Mogaung, Bhamo, Momeik, and Kale. It was led by
2604:
3190:
2795:
1087:
naturally tried to assume the leadership of the
Confederation, he was never fully acknowledged as the first among equals by other saophas.
924:
Early history of the Shan states is clouded in myth. Most states claimed having been founded upon a predecessor state with a Sanskrit name
2599:
1137:'s Toungoo forces. Bayinnaung captured Ava in 1555 and conquered all of Shan States in a series of military campaigns from 1556 to 1557.
1126:, the saopha of Mobye, became king of Ava. The confederation's bickering resumed in full force. Sithu Kyawhtin set up a rival fiefdom in
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2579:
473:
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1680:
1758:
1501:
467:
461:
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in 1364. However, the Shan States were too fragmented to resist the encroachment of bigger neighbours. In the north, the Chinese
559:
3200:
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in 1287. The Shans, including a new migration that came down with the Mongols, quickly came to dominate an area from northern
197:
172:
158:
3205:
2683:
802:
with the right to secede from the Union. However, the Shan States and the saophas' hereditary rights were removed by General
2594:
1145:
2860:
2805:
2648:
1804:
963:
The historical relevance of the Shan states inside the present-day boundaries of Burma increased during the period of the
19:
This article is about the historical princely states inhabited by the Shan (Tai) people. For the Siamese Shan states, see
1476:
1334:
to more powerful empires of China, these Shan States gained a measure of independence in the power vacuum left after the
2936:
2880:
2788:
2749:
2734:
2688:
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2534:
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1343:
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overran Pagan in 1287 and the Shans came to dominate many of the northern to eastern areas of Burma—from northwestern
552:
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499:
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2961:
2377:
1383:
1288:, Momien, Momein/Tengyue) and Köng-ma (Küngma, Kaing-ma, Kengma, Gengma), among others, in addition to Keng Hung (
2812:
2673:
2658:
2633:
1824:
1342:. By the 17th century the territories of these outlying Shan States had been merged into the core territories of
659:
Historical mention of the Shan states inside the present-day boundaries of Burma began during the period of the
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1309:
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in 1557. Though the Shan States came under the suzerainty of Burmese kingdoms based in the valley of the
770:
3009:
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2724:
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on the Ava throne. Thibaw and its tributaries Nyaungshwe and Mobye also came over to the confederation.
787:
620:
615:
435:
417:
244:
80:
3170:
3079:
2941:
2916:
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2800:
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1817:
1316:
State and the Kingdom of Pong. This quasi-legendary kingdom is also mentioned among the conquests of
939:
and other parts of northern modern-day Burma as far back as the 10th century AD. The Shan kingdom of
385:
3126:
3089:
2946:
2702:
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2512:
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2263:
2224:
1201:
638:
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1898:
1893:
1883:
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1754:
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1122:. The confederation would not attempt another invasion. After Hkonmaing died in 1546, his son
676:
329:
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1123:
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101:
1618:
1375:, but all of these northernmost Shan States remained under Chinese rule after that.
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2865:
2340:
2214:
2017:
2007:
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1873:
1868:
1858:
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1335:
1331:
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943:(Muang Mao) existed in Yunnan as early as the 10th century CE but became a Burmese
911:
860:
855:
836:
747:
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680:
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273:
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that had its origin in the legendary kingdom of Udiri Pale, founded in 58 BC. The
2358:
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The Confederation of Shan States were a group of Shan States that conquered the
1008:
1004:
988:
840:
795:
762:
758:
735:
719:
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608:
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839:. The larger Shan States in turn paid tribute to larger neighbours such as the
2295:
1631:
Dictionary of Wa (2 vols): With Translations into English, Burmese and Chinese
1371:
following which eight of the Chinese Shan states were briefly occupied by the
1346:, their rulers being allowed to retain a great measure of authority under the
1313:
1296:
1164:
1134:
1090:
An incoherent confederation neglected to intervene in the first four years of
1044:
980:
968:
936:
791:
629:
190:
28:
1530:
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by British Assistance Superintendents, later renamed as Assistant Residents.
2325:
2315:
2189:
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1012:
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as well as with the kingdom of Luh Shwan mentioned in Chinese chronicles.
618:
as a geopolitical designation for certain areas of Burma (officially, the
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2257:
2247:
2179:
2139:
1982:
1962:
1952:
1888:
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129:
24:
1130:
across the river from Ava and finally drove out Mobye Narapati in 1552.
2429:
2242:
2124:
2114:
2099:
2037:
2032:
2012:
1987:
1948:
1933:
1200:. Although states were ruled by local monarchs, they were subject to a
1127:
1098:. They did not appreciate the gravity of the situation until 1539 when
1032:
1024:
1020:
929:
875:
824:
779:
664:
215:
163:
119:
91:
1771:(Second, illustrated ed.). Chiang Mai, Thailand: Silkworm Books.
671:
in 1223. These were part of the larger Tai migration that founded the
2387:
2345:
2320:
2154:
2144:
2104:
2094:
2070:
2057:
2047:
1751:
Asian Borderlands: The Transformation of Qing China's Yunnan Frontier
1379:
1151:
1060:
1040:
1036:
944:
816:
803:
751:
643:
595:
589:
20:
2398:
1114:, the saopha of Thibaw, on the Ava throne. Mohnyin leaders, led by
754:
in the 1380s, stamping out the final Shan resistance by the 1440s.
2149:
2089:
1247:
1231:
1144:
1119:
1075:
1016:
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throughout the 13th to 16th centuries. The strongest Shan States,
712:
1347:
996:
700:
663:; the first major Shan State of that era was founded in 1215 at
27:. For the present day successor to the Burmese Shan states, see
2402:
1813:
1363:) system of recognized chieftainship. In mid 18th century, the
1312:
chronicle—written much later—mentions an alliance between the
769:
captured all those Shan States that would become known as the
1436:. New York and London: Cambridge University Press. p.
975:
and accelerated after the fall of the Pagan Kingdom to the
1074:
The enlarged Confederation extended its authority down to
757:
The Mohnyin-led Confederation of Shan States captured the
718:
The Shan States were a dominant force in the politics of
1660:
Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong
1479:
Lak Chang: A Reconstruction of Tai Identity in Daikong
1216:
Shan States. They were administered separately by the
1477:
Historical Studies of the Tai Yai: A Brief Sketch in
2970:
2893:
2832:
2701:
2615:
2458:
2288:
2223:
2163:
2066:
1996:
1917:
1851:
1769:
History of the Shan State: From Its Origins to 1962
1367:'s armies led a series of wars against the Chinese
1252:
19th century map including the Chinese Shan States.
211:
125:
111:
97:
87:
69:
38:
1324:. Some scholars identify the Kingdom of Pong with
827:paid allegiance to more powerful Shan states like
679:in 1253. Shan political power increased after the
1619:http://www.asianlii.org/mm/legis/const/1937/1.pdf
1078:(Pyay) in 1533 by defeating their erstwhile ally
614:The term "Shan States" was first used during the
1047:(Keng Tung) in present-day northern Shan State.
1494:Burma under British Rule - and before. Volume 2
1386:in that area of present-day Yunnan such as the
1378:The former Chinese Shan States are now part of
1280:(Mainglengyi, Maing-ying, Mong Lien), Möngmāu (
1133:The weakened Confederation proved no match for
652:to the Shan regions in southern Yunnan such as
1805:"Gazetteer of Upper Burma and the Shan states"
783:(chiefs) retained a large degree of autonomy.
3166:States and territories disestablished in 1959
2414:
1825:
1196:, the Shan States became nominally sovereign
560:
8:
1276:or "Nine Shan States". The main states were
1155:with their wives seated between them at the
1106:In 1543, the Burmese ministers assassinated
786:When Burma gained independence in 1948, the
2899:
2838:
2707:
2621:
2441:
2421:
2407:
2399:
1832:
1818:
1810:
1496:. Adamant Media Corporation. p. 414.
567:
553:
222:
58:
35:
1675:, Har Anand Publications (July 30, 2007)
1607:Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)
1067:in 1527, and placed Sawlon's eldest son
1419:
225:
1693:International Journal of Asian Studies
1575:
1573:
1458:from the original on 28 September 2020
1720:The Politics of Inland Southeast Asia
1654:
1652:
1019:. The most powerful Shan states were
7:
3121:
850:Some of the major Shan States were.
3176:Former countries in Burmese history
2580:State Peace and Development Council
1753:. Harvard University Press (2006),
1728:from the original on 16 August 2016
1587:from the original on 16 August 2016
1295:Most of the history of these petty
935:The Shan people have inhabited the
23:. For the Laotian Shan states, see
1452:"Shan and Karenni States of Burma"
794:while the southern portion became
14:
16:Collection of minor Shan kingdoms
3186:Historical geography of Thailand
3181:Former countries in Thai history
3132:
3120:
3109:
3108:
1792:
1554:The Imperial Gazetteer of India.
806:'s military government in 1962.
738:. Mogaung ended the kingdoms of
536:
233:
195:
170:
156:
1519:SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research
1194:British colonial administration
947:state during the reign of King
3196:1959 disestablishments in Asia
1695:, 3, 1 (2006), pp. 21–48.
1556:Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1908.
765:until 1555. In the south, the
1:
2378:List of rulers of Shan states
603:. They were analogous to the
2789:State Administration Council
2535:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
1581:"Kanbawsa - A Modern Review"
1566:Census of India 1901 - Burma
1552:Great Britain India Office.
1051:Confederation of Shan States
1027:(Mong Kawng) in present-day
593:whose rulers bore the title
3191:1215 establishments in Asia
2590:2011–2015 political reforms
2289:Related states and outliers
583:were a collection of minor
3227:
1644:Asia & Pacific Oceania
1633:By Justin Watkins, p. 1139
1255:
1170:
18:
3104:
2902:
2841:
2710:
2624:
2446:Myanmar is also known as
2444:
2440:
2368:
1355:
1187:Province of British India
135:
57:
48:
2715:Administrative divisions
646:(northern Thailand) and
3085:Twelve Auspicious Rites
2866:Myanmar kyat (currency)
2167:Kengtung & Yawnghwe
1543:Encyclopædia Britannica
1092:Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War
628:, consisted of today's
418:British colonial period
73:Independent (1215–1885)
3201:2nd millennium in Asia
1749:C. Patterson Giersch,
1338:in Yunnan fell to the
1253:
1245:
1218:Burma Frontier Service
1168:
636:). In some cases, the
64:Map of the Shan States
3206:13th century in Burma
2373:Federated Shan states
1492:Nisbet, John (2005).
1251:
1235:
1177:Federated Shan States
1148:
1141:British rule in Burma
788:Federated Shan States
642:was used to refer to
624:, which included the
621:Federated Shan States
616:British rule in Burma
392:Nyaungyan Restoration
319:Warring states period
245:Prehistory of Myanmar
98:Common languages
81:Federated Shan States
2922:Environmental issues
2881:Units of measurement
2528:First Toungoo Empire
2164:Southern Shan States
2067:Southern Shan States
1997:Southern Shan States
1918:Southern Shan States
1852:Northern Shan States
1801:at Wikimedia Commons
1671:Phanjoubam Tarapot,
959:Pagan dynasty period
734:, constantly raided
436:Nationalist movement
400:Restored Hanthawaddy
386:First Toungoo Empire
362:1287–1539, 1550–1552
2560:Japanese occupation
2513:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2311:Siamese Shan States
2225:Chinese Shan States
1605:Donald M. Seekins,
1228:Chinese Shan States
1202:subsidiary alliance
1181:In 1885, following
771:Burmese Shan States
649:Chinese Shan States
639:Siamese Shan States
468:Ne Win dictatorship
442:Japanese occupation
430:Resistance movement
360:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
311:Early Pagan Kingdom
43:British Shan States
3145:Outline of Myanmar
2861:Telecommunications
2777:commander-in-chief
2570:Socialist Republic
2518:Kingdom of Mrauk U
1481:by Yos Santasombat
1433:A History of Burma
1306:Cheitharol Kumbaba
1254:
1246:
1169:
761:in 1527 and ruled
543:Myanmar portal
474:SLORC / SPDC junta
424:Anglo-Burmese Wars
372:Kingdom of Mrauk U
293:Arakanese kingdoms
261:Sri Ksetra Kingdom
227:History of Myanmar
116:Theravada Buddhism
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1797:Media related to
1778:978-9-749-51143-5
1658:Yos Santasombat,
1384:ethnic minorities
1344:Chinese dynasties
983:and northwestern
810:Historical states
677:Sukhothai Kingdom
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1365:Konbaung dynasty
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1310:Manipuri Kingdom
1266:Sino-Burmese War
1023:(Mong Yang) and
750:annexed today's
685:Sagaing Division
675:in 1229 and the
587:kingdoms called
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562:
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520:Military history
515:Royal chronicles
505:List of capitals
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406:Konbaung dynasty
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2762:Law enforcement
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2669:Protected areas
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2498:Sagaing Kingdom
2473:Pyu city-states
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1641:
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1428:Maung Htin Aung
1426:
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1421:
1417:
1400:
1380:Yunnan Province
1268:
1262:Kingdom of Pong
1238:Toungoo Kingdom
1230:
1198:princely states
1179:
1143:
1094:(1535–1541) in
1053:
1043:(Mong Mit) and
961:
922:
917:
845:Burmese Kingdom
812:
775:Irrawaddy River
767:Toungoo dynasty
605:princely states
573:
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535:
380:Toungoo dynasty
340:Sagaing Kingdom
281:
265:Tagaung Kingdom
258:
251:Pyu city-states
196:
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157:
79:
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65:
52:
50:
44:
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32:
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5:
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2823:
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2813:Prime Minister
2810:
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2747:
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2562:
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2550:Karenni States
2547:
2542:
2537:
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2520:
2515:
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2503:Kingdom of Ava
2500:
2495:
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2475:
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1787:External links
1785:
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1142:
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1124:Mobye Narapati
1116:Sithu Kyawhtin
1052:
1049:
1031:, followed by
985:Sagaing Region
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2583:
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2575:8888 Uprising
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2508:Prome Kingdom
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
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2493:Pinya Kingdom
2491:
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2486:
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1210:British Crown
1207:
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1190:
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955:(1044–1077).
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938:
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654:Xishuangbanna
651:
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627:
623:
622:
617:
612:
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609:British India
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210:
194:
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61:
56:
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37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3137:
3125:
3113:
2957:Prostitution
2912:Demographics
2851:Central bank
2740:Human rights
2720:Constitution
2555:British rule
2544:
2447:
2166:
2069:
1999:
1929:Kehsi Mansam
1920:
1879:South Hsenwi
1874:North Hsenwi
1859:Hsenwi State
1843:and related
1840:
1768:
1750:
1744:Bibliography
1730:. Retrieved
1719:
1712:
1705:
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1692:
1687:
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1667:
1659:
1643:
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1606:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1561:
1553:
1548:
1539:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1460:. Retrieved
1446:
1432:
1422:
1377:
1369:Qing dynasty
1340:Yuan dynasty
1336:Dali Kingdom
1330:
1304:
1294:
1271:
1269:
1241:
1222:
1214:
1191:
1180:
1150:
1132:
1105:
1089:
1073:
1054:
1029:Kachin State
977:Yuan dynasty
973:Kachin Hills
962:
934:
925:
923:
849:
813:
785:
778:
756:
748:Ming dynasty
717:
673:Ahom Kingdom
658:
647:
637:
619:
613:
594:
588:
580:
578:
488:2021–present
365:
274:Mon kingdoms
146:Succeeded by
145:
140:
33:
3171:Shan States
2846:Agriculture
2684:Earthquakes
2545:Shan States
2359:Kantarawadi
2306:Hkamti Long
2233:Chiang Hung
2080:Hsamonghkam
1841:Shan States
1799:Shan States
1732:25 November
1591:25 November
1462:9 September
1404:Shan people
1290:Chiang Hung
1258:Chiang Hung
1236:Map of the
1206:paramountcy
1110:and placed
1096:Lower Burma
1057:Ava Kingdom
847:and China.
798:within the
796:Kayah State
777:, the Shan
763:Upper Burma
759:Ava Kingdom
736:Upper Burma
720:Upper Burma
634:Kayah State
581:Shan States
366:Shan States
141:Preceded by
83:(1922–1948)
78:(1885–1922)
40:Shan States
3160:Categories
3055:Literature
3010:Censorship
2990:State Seal
2784:Parliament
2725:Corruption
2649:Ecoregions
2468:Prehistory
2296:Hsawnghsup
2270:Mong-Santa
1415:References
1348:Tǔsī Zhìdù
1314:Kangleipak
1256:See also:
1244:in the NE.
1204:under the
1192:Under the
1183:three wars
1171:See also:
1165:Edward VII
1135:Bayinnaung
1045:Kyaingtong
1039:(Hsipaw),
1035:(Hsenwi),
981:Chin State
969:Shan Hills
937:Shan Hills
792:Shan State
630:Shan State
456:Modern era
420:1824–1948
382:1510–1752
326:1297–1555
191:Shan State
126:Government
29:Shan State
3080:Tattooing
3040:Festivals
3035:Etymology
2942:Languages
2917:Education
2801:President
2730:Elections
2689:Volcanoes
2664:Mountains
2617:Geography
2605:Civil war
2595:2021 coup
2326:Mongkawng
2316:Wa States
2205:Hsenmawng
2195:Mongyawng
2190:Kengcheng
2043:Nawngwawn
1968:Mongnawng
1939:Kengtawng
1909:Tawngpeng
1765:Aung, Tun
1531:1479-8484
1409:Wa States
1286:Mong Myen
1273:Koshanpye
1242:Koshanpye
1240:with the
1161:New Delhi
1149:Two Shan
1112:Hkonmaing
1108:Thohanbwa
1085:Thohanbwa
1069:Thohanbwa
949:Anawrahta
883:(Mogaung)
881:Mongkawng
866:Kengcheng
486:SAC junta
482:2011–2015
476:1988–2010
470:1962–1988
464:1948–1962
444:1942–1945
438:1900–1948
432:1885–1895
426:1824–1885
408:1752–1885
402:1740–1757
394:1599–1752
388:1510–1599
374:1429–1785
368:1215–1563
354:1482–1542
348:1365–1555
342:1315–1365
336:1297–1365
330:Myinsaing
307:849–1297
295:788?–1406
112:Religion
53:1948–1959
51:1885–1948
49:1215–1885
3115:Category
3090:Weddings
3050:Folklore
3020:Clothing
3000:Calendar
2995:Capitals
2947:Religion
2767:Military
2757:Conflict
2703:Politics
2679:Wildlife
2600:Protests
2434:articles
2331:Mongyang
2280:Mong-Yin
2275:Mangshih
2258:Mong Mao
2248:Mong Lem
2210:Monghsat
2200:Hsenyawt
2180:Yawnghwe
2175:Kengtung
2140:Pangtara
2028:Mongping
2023:Lawksawk
1983:Mongpawn
1963:Kenghkam
1958:Mongkung
1953:Mongsang
1904:Mongtung
1899:Monglong
1894:Mongleng
1884:Hsumhsai
1767:(2009).
1726:Archived
1662:, p. 3-4
1646:, p. 218
1609:, p. 193
1585:Archived
1456:Archived
1430:(1967).
1398:See also
1390:and the
1326:Mong Mao
1318:Anoratha
1282:Mong Mao
1159:held in
941:Mong Mao
926:Shen/Sen
907:Yawnghwe
902:Mongyang
892:Mongpawn
871:Kengtung
833:Kengtung
829:Yawnghwe
821:Monghsat
728:Mongyang
500:Timeline
313:849–1044
130:Monarchy
25:Lan Xang
3127:Commons
3025:Cuisine
2972:Culture
2895:Society
2871:Tourism
2834:Economy
2654:Islands
2639:Climate
2629:Borders
2460:History
2430:Myanmar
2264:Mengmao
2253:Mong-La
2238:Hsikwan
2185:Hsihkip
2130:Namhkom
2125:Namhkai
2115:Mawnang
2100:Loilong
2085:Kyawkku
2038:Namhkok
2033:Mongpai
2013:Hsatung
1988:Mongsit
1978:Mongpan
1973:Mongnai
1949:Monghsu
1944:Mawkmai
1934:Kenglon
1889:Manglon
1864:Mongmit
1722:, SOAS"
1352:Chinese
1278:Mönglem
1208:of the
1152:saophas
1128:Sagaing
1100:Toungoo
1033:Theinni
1025:Mogaung
1021:Mohnyin
1017:Burmans
993:Palaung
967:in the
930:Tai Yai
920:History
914:(Bhamo)
897:Mongnai
887:Mongmit
876:Mongpai
825:Monghsu
790:became
780:saophas
740:Sagaing
724:Mogaung
713:Burmans
693:Palaung
681:Mongols
665:Mogaung
510:Leaders
216:Myanmar
164:Nanzhao
120:animism
106:Burmese
92:Mogaung
88:Capital
3139:Portal
3015:Cinema
3005:Zodiac
2985:Anthem
2932:Health
2674:Rivers
2634:Cities
2432:
2388:Saopha
2346:Wuntho
2341:Wanmaw
2321:Kokang
2243:Momien
2215:Mongpu
2155:Yengan
2145:Pangmi
2135:Namtok
2120:Mawson
2105:Loimaw
2095:Loi ai
2058:Wanyin
2018:Laihka
2008:Hopong
1869:Hsipaw
1775:
1757:
1679:
1529:
1500:
1354::
1320:, the
1264:, and
1157:Durbar
1061:Sawlon
1041:Momeik
1037:Thibaw
1001:Kachin
945:vassal
912:Wanmaw
861:Hsipaw
856:Hsenwi
843:, the
837:Hsenwi
817:Loi-ai
804:Ne Win
752:Yunnan
732:Hsenwi
711:, and
705:Kachin
644:Lan Na
596:saopha
70:Status
21:Lan Na
3065:Music
3060:Media
3030:Dance
2952:Women
2907:Crime
2659:Lakes
2448:Burma
2150:Poila
2090:Kyong
2053:Samka
2048:Sakoi
1525:(2).
1120:Pagan
1076:Prome
953:Pagan
744:Pinya
590:muang
3045:Flag
2818:list
2806:list
2745:LGBT
2336:Pong
1773:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1734:2015
1677:ISBN
1593:2015
1527:ISSN
1498:ISBN
1464:2014
1388:Lahu
1175:and
1015:and
1009:Lahu
1005:Akha
997:Pa-O
989:Chin
971:and
835:and
823:and
742:and
730:and
701:Pa-O
697:Lisu
689:Chin
669:Mone
632:and
585:Shan
579:The
332:and
102:Shan
2980:Art
2110:Maw
1297:Tai
1292:).
1065:Ava
951:of
841:Ava
607:of
599:in
3162::
1724:.
1651:^
1583:.
1572:^
1521:.
1454:.
1438:66
1394:.
1392:Va
1360:制度
1357:土司
1260:,
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1013:Wa
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