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256:. Some sources indicate that umber was not frequently used in medieval art because of its emphasis on bright and vivid colors. Other sources indicate, however, that umber was used in the Middle Ages to create different shades of brown, most often seen for skin tones. Umber's use in Europe increased in the late 15th century. Umber became more popular during the
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366:. Umber has diverse hues, ranging from yellow-brown to reddish-brown and even green-brown. The color shade varies depending on the proportions of the components. When heated, umber becomes a more intense color and can look almost black. Burnt umber is produced by calcining the raw version. The raw form of umber is typically used for
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Umber gained widespread popularity in Dutch landscape painting in the eighteenth century. Artists recognized the value of umber's high stability, inertness, and drying abilities. It became a standard color within eighteenth-century palettes throughout Europe. Umber's popularity grew during the
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Beginning in the 17th century, umber was increasingly criticized within the art community. British painter Edward
Norgate, prominent with British royalty and aristocracy, called umber "a foul and greasy color." In the 18th century, Spanish painter
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was another popular technique for painting that used umber as a base color. Umber was valuable in deploying this technique, creating a range of earth like tones with various layering of color.
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in 200 BC – 600 AD. Umber's advantages are its highly versatile color, warm tone, and quick drying abilities. While some sources indicate that umber's name comes from its geographic origin in
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and ground into a fine powder that is washed to remove impurities. In the 20th century, the rise of synthetic dyes decreased the demand for natural pigments such as umber.
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208:, which means "shadow". The belief that its name derives from the word for shadow is fitting, as the color helps create shadows. The color is primarily produced in
196:; it has a brownish color that can vary among shades of yellow, red, and green. Umber is considered one of the oldest pigments known to humans, first seen in
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chose to make their own browns from mixtures of red, yellow, green, blue and other pigments, particularly the new synthetic pigments such as
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van Rijn (1659). Rembrandt used umbers to create his rich and complex browns, as a ground, and to speed the drying of his paintings.
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that had just been introduced. In the 20th century, natural umber pigments began to be replaced by pigments made with synthetic
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564:(1650). Vermeer used umber for the shadows on the whitewashed walls, since they were warmer than those made with black.
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A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
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is made by heating raw umber, which dehydrates the iron oxides and changes them partially to the more reddish
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New York:1930 McGraw-Hill Page 191; Color Sample of Burnt Umber: Page 53 Plate 15 Color Sample A12
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The presence of a large amount of manganese makes umber earth colors darker than ochre or sienna.
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and other artwork. Umber's high opacity and reactivity of light allow the pigment to have strong
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1366:"Umber: The Historical And Versatile Earth Pigment - Its Uses, Properties, And Sustainability"
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when its versatility, earthy appearance, availability, and inexpensiveness were recognized.
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The pigment known as raw umber or natural umber came originally from Umbria, in Italy.
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The earliest documented uses of umber date from between 200 BC and 600 AD during the
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Eastaugh, Nicholas; Walsh, Valentine; Chaplin, Tracey; Siddall, Ruth (2007-03-30).
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style. Umber allowed painters to create an intense light and dark contrast.
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Artists' pigments c.1600–1835 : a study in
English documentary sources
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used umber for the brown tones throughout his subject’s hair and clothing.
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These warm and earthy tones make it a valuable and versatile pigment for
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Artists' pigments : a handbook of their history and characteristics
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1018:. Vol. 4. Washington: National Gallery of Art. pp. 39–109.
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1395:"What is actually depicted on The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci?"
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1473:— Discussion of umber and its use by Vermeer and other painters.
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to create shadows and outlines of the figures. Throughout the
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1341:"Analysis of the Materials used in the 'Earlier Mona Lisa'"
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Shorter Oxford
English dictionary on historical principles
1090:. Internet Archive. London : Archetype Publications.
1047:
Pigment
Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments
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273:cave paintings, which are around 17,000 years old.
1264:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1182:. George L. Stout. New York: Dover Publications.
915:. It is used for both oil and water color paint.
508:also extensively used umber in his painting the
350:Umber is a natural brown pigment extracted from
1179:Painting materials : a short encyclopaedia
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1150:"Pigments through the Ages – Overview – Umber"
988:"The Mysterious Shadows of Umber – the thread"
305:like umber to create mixed hues of brown. The
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1084:Harley, R. D. (Rosamond Drusilla) (2001).
1423:. London: John Murray. pp. 250–252.
540:used umber to create the darkness in his
188:is a natural earth pigment consisting of
492:Umber became widely used throughout the
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464:Another sample of natural umber pigment.
293:Toward the end of the 19th century, the
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389:and weak acids, and non-reactive with
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1339:Foundation, Mona Lisa (2012-09-08).
1212:"Medieval manuscripts blog: Science"
1014:Helwig, Kate (2007). "Iron Oxides".
405:. Umber is known for its stability.
1376:from the original on April 14, 2024
1364:O'Hanlon, George (March 12, 2023).
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544:("light-dark") style of painting.
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212:. Umber is typically mined from
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1176:Gettens, Rutherford J. (1966).
1122:Clair, Kassia St (2017-10-24).
779: Color coordinates
618: Color coordinates
57: Color coordinates
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370:because it is less expensive.
1:
536:The Italian baroque painter
986:Lesso, Rosie (2020-05-12).
960:"Umber / #635147 hex color"
338:called umber "very false."
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1421:The Secret Lives of Colour
1419:St. Clair, Kassia (2016).
1260:Lesley Brown, ed. (2002).
941:List of inorganic pigments
918:The first recorded use of
496:for oil paintings. In the
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1240:John Pototschnik Fine Art
1125:The Secret Lives of Color
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1345:The Mona Lisa Foundation
732:Moderate yellowish brown
1370:www.naturalpigments.com
901:: Normalized to (byte)
740:: Normalized to (byte)
167:: Normalized to (byte)
1236:"Underpainting advice"
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295:Impressionist movement
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32:Umber (disambiguation)
1453:A Dictionary of Color
1056:10.4324/9780080473765
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381:. It is insoluble in
282:with the rise of the
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177:
1471:. Essential Vermeer.
893:Strong reddish brown
179:Jules Bastien-Lepage
30:For other uses, see
2622:Iron oxide pigments
2597:Minerals portal
1154:www.webexhibits.org
922:as a color name in
889:ISCC–NBS descriptor
882:Xona.com Color List
728:ISCC–NBS descriptor
473:Notable occurrences
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747:This is the color
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482:Leonardo da Vinci
346:Visual properties
218:underground mines
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303:natural pigments
267:Reproduction of
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1313:"Umber – CAMEO"
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2:
2649:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2627:Iron minerals
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2599:
2598:
2585:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2481:Zircophyllite
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2451:Pyroxferroite
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2426:Glaucochroite
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Lithiophilite
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2199:Rhodochrosite
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2141:
2136:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:Caput mortuum
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1430:9781473630819
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1318:
1317:cameo.mfa.org
1314:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1271:0-19-860575-7
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1189:0-486-21597-0
1185:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:9781136373862
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
989:
982:
980:
976:
965:
961:
955:
952:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
929:
927:
926:was in 1650.
925:
921:
916:
914:
910:
900:
896:
892:
890:
886:
883:
880:
876:
872:(34, 69, 17°)
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
846:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
815:(138, 51, 36)
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
788:
786:
782:
776:
770:
765:
760:
754:
752:
750:
739:
735:
731:
729:
725:
722:
719:
715:
711:(45, 33, 52°)
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
685:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
625:
621:
615:
609:
604:
599:
593:
588:
579:
572:
567:
563:
559:
552:
547:
543:
539:
532:
527:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
487:
483:
479:
472:
460:
455:
448:
443:
436:
431:
427:
421:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
345:
343:
341:
337:
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
315:emerald green
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
288:Underpainting
285:
281:
272:
271:
265:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
180:
176:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:(36, 15, 39°)
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
124:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
66:
64:
60:
54:
48:
43:
38:
33:
27:Earth pigment
19:
2588:
2431:Jeffersonite
2396:Babingtonite
2358:Natrophilite
2320:
2057:Walnut brown
2046:
1820:Harvest gold
1810:Golden brown
1780:Earth yellow
1627:Burnt sienna
1452:
1447:
1420:
1414:
1403:. Retrieved
1401:. 2017-04-12
1398:
1389:
1378:. Retrieved
1369:
1359:
1348:. Retrieved
1344:
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1261:
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1242:. 2020-02-02
1239:
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1178:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:
1144:
1124:
1086:
1046:
1015:
991:. Retrieved
967:. Retrieved
963:
954:
919:
917:
908:
907:
898:
748:
746:
737:
557:
491:
379:hiding power
375:oil painting
372:
349:
332:
292:
276:
268:
250:Lascaux Cave
234:Ajanta Caves
227:
205:
198:Ajanta Caves
185:
184:
164:
93:(99, 81, 71)
2579:(tungstate)
2476:Zakharovite
2461:Spessartine
2406:Brownleeite
2373:Triploidite
2343:Childrenite
2306:Romanèchite
2300:Psilomelane
2239:Manganosite
2229:Hausmannite
2194:Kutnohorite
1963:Sandy brown
1731:Desert sand
1706:Cocoa Brown
1632:Burnt umber
1612:Brown sugar
1553:Black olive
1469:"Raw Umber"
1299:"Raw Umber"
1216:blogs.bl.uk
1128:. Penguin.
920:burnt umber
909:Burnt umber
789:#8A3324
785:Hex triplet
762:Burnt umber
755:Burnt umber
628:#826644
624:Hex triplet
542:chiaroscuro
510:Last Supper
401:, and most
354:containing
311:cobalt blue
301:and reject
284:chiaroscuro
258:Renaissance
67:#635147
63:Hex triplet
18:Burnt umber
2611:Categories
2567:Wolframite
2509:Rambergite
2499:Alabandite
2446:Piemontite
2416:Chloritoid
2378:Zanazziite
2348:Graftonite
2335:Phosphates
2316:Todorokite
2265:Birnessite
2249:Pyrolusite
2181:Carbonates
2042:Titian Red
1973:Seal brown
1800:Field drab
1548:Black bean
1405:2023-04-15
1380:2023-04-15
1350:2023-04-15
1322:2023-04-15
1246:2023-04-15
1221:2023-04-15
1159:2023-04-15
993:2023-04-16
969:2021-11-12
947:References
538:Caravaggio
521:Use in art
364:hydroxides
340:Jan Blockx
319:iron oxide
190:iron oxide
2577:HĂĽbnerite
2571:tungstate
2551:sulfosalt
2547:Samsonite
2543:(various)
2531:Geigerite
2471:Tephroite
2456:Rhodonite
2441:Ottrelite
2436:Knebelite
2421:Eudialyte
2411:Calderite
2388:Silicates
2363:Purpurite
2311:Tantalite
2290:Jacobsite
2234:Manganite
2171:Tusionite
2166:Sussexite
2147:Manganese
1899:Red-brown
1894:Raw umber
1815:Goldenrod
1696:Chocolate
1652:Chamoisee
1439:936144129
964:ColorHexa
749:raw umber
601:Raw Umber
594:Raw umber
589:Varieties
578:Rembrandt
498:Mona Lisa
486:Mona Lisa
360:manganese
329:Criticism
214:open pits
159:ColorHexa
2535:arsenate
2504:Hauerite
2491:Sulfides
2466:Sugilite
2401:Braunite
2368:Triplite
2285:Galaxite
2270:Bixbyite
2189:Ankerite
2150:minerals
2052:Van Dyke
1879:Mahogany
1721:Cordovan
1691:Chestnut
1622:Burgundy
1374:Archived
1280:50017616
1024:12804059
930:See also
913:hematite
721:ISCC-NBS
558:milkmaid
506:Da Vinci
426:Limonite
395:solvents
368:ceramics
248:and the
242:Altamira
2561:sulfate
2525:Axinite
2244:Nsutite
2158:Borates
1988:Sinopia
1904:Redwood
1864:Kobicha
1805:Fulvous
1647:Caramel
1399:Arthive
924:English
514:Baroque
387:alkalis
270:Lascaux
232:in the
224:History
2222:Simple
2214:Oxides
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1983:Sienna
1948:Russet
1943:Rufous
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1884:Maroon
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1790:Fallow
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1726:Coyote
1716:Copper
1711:Coffee
1701:Citron
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1568:Bronze
1543:Bistre
1533:Beaver
1528:Almond
1523:Auburn
1437:
1427:
1278:
1268:
1198:518445
1196:
1186:
1132:
1094:
1062:
1022:
878:Source
850:CIELCh
767:
717:Source
689:CIELCh
606:
403:resins
391:cement
362:, and
254:France
210:Cyprus
202:Umbria
156:Source
128:CIELCh
45:
2518:Other
2321:Umber
2258:Mixed
2067:Wheat
2062:Wenge
2047:Umber
2037:Tawny
2032:Taupe
1978:Sepia
1889:Ochre
1874:Liver
1859:Khaki
1637:Camel
1607:Brown
1538:Beige
560:, by
383:water
246:Spain
238:Ocher
206:umbra
186:Umber
40:Umber
1958:Sand
1953:Rust
1869:Lion
1795:Fawn
1785:Ecru
1617:Buff
1563:Bone
1558:Bole
1435:OCLC
1425:ISBN
1276:OCLC
1266:ISBN
1194:OCLC
1184:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1020:OCLC
796:sRGB
635:sRGB
556:The
399:oils
356:iron
352:clay
321:and
313:and
192:and
74:sRGB
2027:Tan
1775:Dun
1052:doi
823:HSV
662:HSV
252:in
244:in
216:or
101:HSV
2613::
1433:.
1397:.
1372:.
1368:.
1343:.
1331:^
1315:.
1288:^
1274:.
1238:.
1214:.
1192:.
1168:^
1152:.
1106:^
1074:^
1058:.
1050:.
1032:^
1002:^
978:^
962:.
863:,
859:,
852:uv
833:,
829:,
806:,
802:,
751:.
702:,
698:,
691:uv
672:,
668:,
645:,
641:,
500:,
484:,
397:,
393:,
358:,
325:.
141:,
137:,
130:uv
111:,
107:,
84:,
80:,
2573:)
2569:(
2563:)
2559:(
2553:)
2549:(
2537:)
2533:(
2139:e
2132:t
2125:v
1500:e
1493:t
1486:v
1441:.
1408:.
1383:.
1353:.
1325:.
1301:.
1282:.
1249:.
1224:.
1200:.
1162:.
1138:.
1100:.
1068:.
1054::
1026:.
996:.
972:.
899:B
867:)
865:h
861:C
857:L
855:(
837:)
835:v
831:s
827:h
825:(
810:)
808:b
804:g
800:r
798:(
738:B
706:)
704:h
700:C
696:L
694:(
676:)
674:v
670:s
666:h
664:(
649:)
647:b
643:g
639:r
637:(
165:B
145:)
143:h
139:C
135:L
133:(
115:)
113:v
109:s
105:h
103:(
88:)
86:b
82:g
78:r
76:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
