303:
2155:
2148:
2141:
278:
1173:
2235:
989:
3155:
978:
2199:
1001:
31:
1288:
attempted to attack the tribunal with an axe. Onaindia was overpowered quickly; during the struggle, the rest of the prisoners stood up and sang the Basque soldiers' anthem, and the incident became subject to significant foreign media coverage. Afterwards, the court was reconvened, with the press and
1272:
On 7 December, the trial was interrupted because one of the presiding officers had fallen ill. When proceedings resumed the following day, the tribunal adopted a more rigid approach, suppressing statements not related to the accessions to prevent further digressions by the defendants. In response,
1129:
With the trial the government sought to continue its successful campaign against ETA which had resulted in the arrest of many of the group's leaders in 1969. Although mainstream media attempted to portray the defendants as "members of an isolated terrorist band", the trial generated widespread
1309:
On 30 December, Franco commuted all death penalties to prison sentences of 30 years, except the "double death sentences", which were commuted to 60-year sentences, to which were added various other sentences ranging from 20 to 30 years. While some of the sentences reached 80 to 90 years, the
1330:
The Burgos trials turned out to be a debacle for the
Spanish government. ETA, a separatist organisation of little relevance outside Spain before the trial, became a symbol of the opposition against the dictatorship for the international public. The group began to attract support from
1297:
After proceedings had ended on 9 December 1970, the tribunal took several days to deliberate and announced its verdict on 28 December. All the prosecution's demands were granted: six defendants were sentenced to death, and three were sentenced to a symbolic "second
1241:
As the trial focused on events which occurred between 1968 and 1969, it was "not generally understood" that ETA had since split into several factions. Splinter groups ETA-V and ETA-IV issued contradictory reports to the press, which "only added to the confusion".
1323:
1153:; according to Casanova, a tunnel that they had dug underneath the prison in which the defendants were held failed to break through a concrete wall. On the other hand, efforts to kidnap the West-German honorary consul
918:
232:. When prompted to present the car documents by José Pardines, one of the controlling police officers, Etxebarrieta opened fire and killed the officer. On the same day, the men were again stopped by police near
1048:, whose task was to convict the members of the ETA involved in the crimes of the preceding years. 16 people were accused of complicity in the crimes. Their occupations were varied: two of the sixteen were
1269:. According to historian Luis Castells, the trials thus became "a milestone in the anti-Franco struggle", generating "an unreleased mobilization in the Basque Country, in Spain and internationally".
1788:
1142:, while the court-martial proceeded with 15 defendants (one, Maria Aranzazu, had her charges dropped). The situation had escalated to such an extent that the government was forced to enact a
1655:
1525:
1164:
were successful. While ETA demanded that all planned death penalties be commuted, they eventually released Beihl after 25 days without a clear indication that their demands would be met.
398:
1387:
709:
261:. Intended as a retaliation for the death of Etxebarrieta, the murder provoked a harsh reaction from the Spanish authorities: constitutional rights for the province of
2429:
1355:
had advocated for the defendants' lives. The trials nevertheless gained notoriety for being "one of the last occasions on which political prisoners were sentenced to
3217:
1261:
Some, however, took a "more traditional nationalist stance", including declaring that ETA was a "movement of national liberation". They also recounted incidents of
185:, contributed to the significant media attention around the trials. In their statements, the defendants sought to portray their organisation as an advocate of the
2034:
1999:
1964:
1931:
809:
3007:
1390:(FRAP) in September 1975, resulting in the execution of five people (including ETA members Juan Paredes Manot and Ángel Otaegui). These executions were the
2442:
1134:
and other tokens of protest against the trial in the weeks leading up the trial date. By the time of the trial, about 100,000 workers in the cities of the
1031:
787:
2948:
2063:
1778:
825:
2786:
1645:
1382:
frequently visited by police officers, killing at least 12 people, was attributed to its members. Despite the condemnation of the Burgos trials, a
2924:
1515:
1391:
1383:
3049:
2283:
1879:
1370:
In the decade following the trials, ETA continued its attacks on public sector targets. In
December 1973, the group planted a bomb that killed
1490:
2611:
384:
2468:
3197:
3066:
2403:
933:
855:
493:
473:
3071:
3086:
3039:
2239:
830:
1948:
1915:
686:
412:
2968:
2018:
1983:
793:
2559:
224:
first known murders, committed in 1968. The first incident occurred on 7 June of that year when two of the organisation's members,
1302:". The remaining defendants were sentenced to lengthy prison terms. However, domestic and international observers, including the
342:
302:
3177:
3146:
2911:
1135:
1024:
733:
498:
391:
1245:
During its first four days, the trial heard statements from the defendants. In a 2015 book, the historian John
Sullivan said:
2656:
1249:
seemed to show that ETA had been transformed into a
Marxist-Leninist organization which, while it confined its activities to
938:
212:, the Burgos trials gained notoriety for being "one of the last occasions on which political prisoners were sentenced to ."
3076:
2056:
1973:
803:
738:
704:
629:
453:
347:
3098:
3060:
2982:
2416:
1820:
1379:
1347:. Franco's decision to commute the proposed death penalties was greeted with relief by the international community. The
1314:
described these as "theoretical", noting that
Spanish law at the time prohibited prison sentences longer than 30 years.
652:
634:
419:
377:
2474:
2332:
2760:
2353:
1192:
1130:
popular support for ETA among the Basque public. According to
Casanova, this was aided by ETA's efforts to distribute
3081:
2500:
2360:
662:
196:
On 28 December, the tribunals found all defendants guilty of the crimes of which they were accused. Six of them were
1071:, who was imprisoned from 2000 to 2011 for his activities in connection with the organization, gives their names as
667:
657:
2994:
2572:
1017:
908:
253:
3202:
3044:
2898:
2643:
2481:
2455:
865:
743:
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438:
1211:
3182:
3158:
3054:
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2637:
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2217:
2049:
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1206:
981:
815:
798:
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in 1968. Causing international outrage and sympathy for the defendants, the trials are best known for the six
1564:
1230:. The defence's strategy was to use the highly publicised trial as a platform for criticism of the regime of
2825:
1375:
1340:
953:
463:
1565:"Iker Casanova, encarcelado 11 años por su relación con ETA, ocupará el escaño de Mintegi en el Parlamento"
1110:
3212:
3187:
3131:
3013:
2988:
2844:
2838:
2747:
2262:
2249:
2092:
2081:
1274:
963:
925:
870:
758:
581:
221:
1195:
attitude, ETA hired a group of prominent left-leaning lawyers. They included the future co-author of the
3192:
2734:
2374:
2310:
2175:
1220:
237:
204:
commuted the sentences to long imprisonment terms. Sparking condemnations from public figures including
151:
1253:, sympathised equally with the oppressed elsewhere in Spain, and had completely abandoned anti-Spanish
1225:
236:. Sarasketa was arrested while Etxebarrieta was killed in retaliation for the murder of Pardines. The
3103:
2961:
2936:
2721:
2507:
2212:
1199:
1196:
1176:
1116:
1072:
820:
763:
609:
556:
448:
371:
353:
337:
1869:
1278:
1094:
3108:
2831:
2818:
2812:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2773:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2688:
2675:
2662:
2649:
2630:
2617:
2598:
2565:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2526:
2513:
2487:
2461:
2448:
2435:
2422:
2409:
2185:
1480:
1371:
1188:
1068:
993:
753:
714:
604:
571:
566:
405:
360:
324:
308:
248:
3126:
2942:
2799:
2494:
2028:
1993:
1958:
1925:
1203:
1154:
1143:
1105:
1083:
943:
880:
478:
366:
286:
247:
Two months later, on 2 August 1968, ETA committed its first premeditated murder by assassinating
225:
197:
132:
93:
41:
3141:
3092:
3033:
2975:
2918:
2892:
2014:
1979:
1944:
1911:
1306:, criticised the Spanish government for what was perceived as an exceedingly harsh judgement.
1235:
1172:
1067:
for six defendants for their alleged leadership in the murder of Melitón
Manzanas. ETA member
1045:
903:
860:
693:
443:
331:
2303:
3136:
2695:
2669:
2624:
2585:
2520:
2346:
1364:
1231:
599:
576:
536:
277:
258:
233:
209:
201:
124:
3207:
2072:
1435:
1344:
1266:
1217:
913:
768:
521:
483:
468:
294:
229:
186:
182:
159:
155:
69:
1367:
praised the defendants for showcasing the predicament of the Basque people to the world.
727:
2880:
1783:
1650:
1520:
1139:
1121:
1077:
958:
948:
516:
1410:
While 16 is given as the number of defendants, sources provide varying lists of names.
1326:
Juan
Paredes Manot and Ángel Otaegui were executed five years after the Burgos trials.
3171:
1332:
1283:
1099:
1064:
898:
624:
614:
561:
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174:
2296:
2270:
2255:
2180:
1485:
1352:
1150:
1005:
619:
526:
205:
163:
2008:
1905:
265:
were suspended and by the end of the year many members of ETA had been arrested.
2682:
2322:
1870:"Mañana, primer aniversario de las últimas penas de muerte ejecutadas en España"
1322:
1057:
699:
1159:
1088:
2930:
2169:
1874:
1815:
1254:
551:
546:
178:
147:
108:
98:
1810:
1351:
was reported to have received the news "with particular satisfaction" after
1299:
1131:
541:
88:
849:
2904:
2873:
2289:
2277:
1348:
1303:
1053:
720:
262:
3001:
1743:""The Burgos process favored anti-Francoism, but also propelled ETA"".
1262:
1250:
1183:
The planned military tribunal was convened in the northwestern city of
241:
190:
170:
144:
103:
30:
2203:
1184:
1049:
140:
73:
45:
200:. However, reacting to international pressure, the Spanish dictator
143:
from 3 to 9 December 1970. The trials prosecuted 16 members of the
2954:
2159:
2041:
1356:
1171:
1149:
Up until its beginning, ETA tried to compromise the trial through
1056:, as well as manual workers, clerks, and teachers. None were from
748:
136:
162:
handed out by the tribunals which were later commuted to lengthy
1433:
Nash, Elizabeth (8 September 2003). "Obituary – Mario
Onainda".
875:
2045:
1975:
Ethnicity and
Violence: The Case of Radical Basque Nationalism
1756:
1754:
1714:
1712:
257:
accused of torturing Basque detainees, at his residence in
228:
and Iñaki Sarasketa were stopped by a traffic control near
1044:
In August 1970, the Spanish government resolved to hold a
173:
manifested itself in the weeks leading up to the trial. A
1675:
1673:
1604:
1602:
1386:
was held against two members of ETA and three members of
1547:
1545:
1543:
169:
Widespread popular support for the defendants among the
1378:
and likely successor to Franco. The following year, an
1840:
1838:
240:
of Etxebarrieta elicited widespread outrage among the
1458:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
3023:
2863:
2854:
2388:
2320:
2230:
2194:
2136:
2127:
2118:
1363:) published soon after the events, the philosopher
79:
64:
59:
51:
37:
23:
1646:"West German Freed by Basques, Tells of Captivity"
1779:"Franco commutes death sentences for six Basques"
1191:on 3 December 1970. In a bid to showcase its new
1388:Frente Revolucionario Antifascista y Patriótico
3034:Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS
220:The trial at Burgos was in part a reaction to
154:(ETA) for their involvement in two murders of
2430:Assassination of Juan María de Araluce Villar
2057:
1025:
8:
3008:Party of the Revolutionary Patriotic Workers
923:
2443:Assassination of Augusto Unceta Barrenechea
2860:
2133:
2124:
2108:
2064:
2050:
2042:
2033:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1998:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1963:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1930:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1475:
1473:
1471:
1032:
1018:
272:
177:by around 100,000 Basque workers, and the
29:
20:
1277:. However, the final defendant to speak,
826:1947 Spanish law of succession referendum
810:Ley de Sucesión en la Jefatura del Estado
1760:
1730:
1718:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1593:
1581:
1551:
1321:
1265:experienced at the hands of the Spanish
2925:Communist Party of the Basque Homelands
1907:ETA: 1958–2008. Medio siglo de historia
1422:
1403:
1392:last use of capital punishment in Spain
293:
3218:Human rights abuses in Francoist Spain
2949:People's Socialist Revolutionary Party
2026:
1991:
1956:
1923:
1856:
1811:"ETA's 50 years leave a bloody legacy"
1773:
1771:
1769:
1510:
1508:
1428:
1426:
18:1970 Military tribunals held in Burgos
1823:from the original on 18 November 2020
1234:and its oppression of dissenters and
799:Army Conscription and Replacement Law
7:
2748:Assassination of Miguel Ángel Blanco
2404:Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco
2340:Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación
2284:Autonomous Anti-Capitalist Commandos
1844:
1528:from the original on 4 December 2020
1493:from the original on 25 January 2021
1462:
856:Francisco Franco National Foundation
494:Assassination of Luis Carrero Blanco
2240:Basque National Liberation Movement
1516:"Trial of Basques Starts in Burgos"
831:1966 Spanish organic law referendum
2612:Plaza República Dominicana bombing
1791:from the original on 31 March 2021
1658:from the original on 31 March 2021
687:Art and culture in Francoist Spain
385:Instituto Nacional de Colonización
189:. They also detailed incidents of
14:
2969:Euskal Herriko Alderdi Sozialista
2586:Assassination of Santiago Brouard
794:Law of Political Responsibilities
193:they had experienced in prison.
3154:
3153:
3040:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
2347:Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista
2233:
2197:
2153:
2146:
2139:
1882:from the original on 21 May 2019
1179:, one of the defence's attorneys
999:
987:
977:
976:
343:National Council of the Movement
301:
276:
72:, later commuted to 30 years in
1745:CE Noticias Financieras English
1146:for the province of Gipuzkoa.
734:Gender roles in Francoist Spain
499:Spanish transition to democracy
413:Sindicato Español Universitario
392:Instituto Nacional de Industria
3147:Politics of the Basque Country
3050:Union of the Democratic Centre
2787:Madrid–Barajas Airport bombing
939:Latin Bloc (proposed alliance)
1:
3077:Union, Progress and Democracy
1359:." In the preface to a book (
1273:most of them exercised their
1063:The prosecution demanded the
804:Fundamental Laws of the Realm
739:Motherhood in Francoist Spain
705:Censorship in Francoist Spain
454:Francoist concentration camps
348:Spanish Syndical Organization
3067:Democratic and Social Centre
2983:Euskal Iraultzarako Alderdia
1052:, and there were several ex-
653:Economy of Spain (1939-1959)
420:Servicio Exterior de Falange
3198:Capital punishment in Spain
934:Francoist language policies
3234:
2995:Herriko Alderdi Sozialista
2865:Basque nationalist parties
2573:Killing of Lasa and Zabala
2354:Guerrilleros de Cristo Rey
2323:Neo-fascist paramilitaries
2010:ETA and Basque Nationalism
909:Lost children of Francoism
788:Francoist electoral regime
754:Revisionist historiography
630:Torcuato Fernández-Miranda
474:First Francoist government
3121:
3072:People's Democratic Party
2899:Basque Nationalist Action
2644:Zaragoza barracks bombing
2482:July 1979 Madrid bombings
2417:Cafetería Rolando bombing
2106:
2093:21 October 2011
2079:
1380:explosion at a Madrid bar
1207:José Antonio Etxebarrieta
866:National Alliance July 18
635:Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta
459:Spain during World War II
439:Spanish coup of July 1936
399:Fuerzas Armadas de España
378:Tribunal de Orden Público
251:, local commander of the
84:
28:
3087:People's Socialist Party
3082:Navarrese People's Union
3055:Communist Party of Spain
3025:Spanish unionist parties
2887:Basque Nationalist Party
2368:Acción Nacional Española
2361:Grupos Armados Españoles
1337:Basque Nationalist Party
816:Organic Law of the State
2845:ETA ends armed activity
2657:ETA Netherlands attacks
2469:Assassination of Argala
2007:Sullivan, John (2015).
1939:Halimi, Gisèle (1971).
1904:Casanova, Iker (2007).
1376:Prime Minister of Spain
1341:Spanish Communist Party
994:Conservatism portal
954:Second Spanish Republic
663:Second Development Plan
464:Spain and the Holocaust
254:Brigada Político-Social
3178:ETA (separatist group)
3132:History of the Basques
3014:Demokrazia Hiru Milioi
2989:Basque Socialist Party
2333:Batallón Vasco Español
2263:ETA Politiko-Militarra
2082:31 July 1959
1327:
1275:right to remain silent
1259:
1180:
924:
871:National Union (Spain)
759:Sociological Francoism
668:Third Development Plan
658:First Development Plan
2250:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
2176:National Police Corps
2129:State security forces
1878:. 26 September 1976.
1325:
1247:
1175:
926:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
238:extrajudicial killing
152:Euskadi Ta Askatasuna
3104:Carlist Party (1970)
2962:Herritarren Zerrenda
2937:Navarrese Left Union
2722:1993 Madrid bombings
2213:National Gendarmerie
1972:Muro, Diego (2013).
1787:. 31 December 1970.
1654:. 26 December 1970.
1200:Gregorio Peces-Barba
1197:Spanish constitution
1177:Gregorio Peces-Barba
964:Valley of the Fallen
919:Diplomatic relations
821:Political Reform Act
781:Laws and referendums
764:Symbols of Francoism
610:Carlos Arias Navarro
557:National Catholicism
372:General Police Corps
354:Frente de Juventudes
338:Council of the Realm
269:Buildup to the trial
3109:Spanish Alternative
2774:2001 Madrid bombing
2761:2000 Madrid bombing
2709:1992 Madrid bombing
2599:Monbar Hotel attack
1941:Le procès de Burgos
1747:. 27 November 2020.
1571:. 1 September 2014.
1524:. 4 December 1970.
1372:Luis Carrero Blanco
1361:Le procès de Burgos
1151:paramilitary action
715:Eagle of Saint John
605:Luis Carrero Blanco
572:Spanish nationalism
567:Spanish irredentism
325:Movimiento Nacional
309:Eagle of Saint John
181:by ETA of a German
131:) were a series of
3127:Basque nationalism
2943:Euskal Herritarrok
2839:2010 ETA ceasefire
2826:Palma Nova bombing
2800:2008 Getxo bombing
2638:Dissolution of GAL
2495:Alonsotegi bombing
2375:Antiterrorismo ETA
2311:Euskal Zuzentasuna
1328:
1221:Juan María Bandrés
1204:political theorist
1181:
1144:state of emergency
944:Pact of Forgetting
881:Spanish Solidarity
479:Stabilization Plan
367:Armed Police Corps
226:Txabi Etxebarrieta
198:sentenced to death
133:military tribunals
94:Basque nationalism
65:Subsequent actions
42:Military tribunals
3165:
3164:
3142:History of France
3117:
3116:
2976:Eusko Sozialistak
2919:Euskadiko Ezkerra
2893:Eusko Alkartasuna
2856:Political parties
2456:1978 Getxo attack
2384:
2383:
2226:
2225:
2113:
2112:
1623:, pp. 118–9.
1584:, pp. 117–8.
1489:. 11 March 2004.
1289:public excluded.
1236:ethnic minorities
1216:, and the future
1115:, and Larena and
1046:military tribunal
1042:
1041:
904:Hispanic eugenics
694:Cantos nacionales
444:Spanish Civil War
332:FET y de las JONS
129:Proceso de Burgos
117:
116:
3225:
3203:Military justice
3157:
3156:
3137:History of Spain
2861:
2835:
2822:
2809:
2796:
2783:
2770:
2757:
2744:
2735:Vallecas bombing
2731:
2718:
2705:
2696:Mutxamel bombing
2692:
2679:
2670:Sabadell bombing
2666:
2653:
2634:
2625:Hipercor bombing
2621:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2530:
2521:1980 Orio ambush
2517:
2504:
2491:
2478:
2465:
2452:
2439:
2426:
2413:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
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2143:
2142:
2134:
2125:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1968:
1962:
1954:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1819:. 30 July 2009.
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1775:
1764:
1763:, pp. 98–9.
1758:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1722:
1721:, pp. 95–7.
1716:
1707:
1706:, pp. 95–6.
1701:
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1683:
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1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1477:
1466:
1460:
1441:
1440:
1430:
1411:
1408:
1365:Jean-Paul Sartre
1335:, including the
1287:
1232:Francisco Franco
1229:
1215:
1193:internationalist
1189:Castile and León
1163:
1125:
1114:
1103:
1092:
1081:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1006:Spain portal
1004:
1003:
1002:
992:
991:
990:
980:
979:
929:
744:Francoist mottos
600:Francisco Franco
577:Spanish unionism
537:Authoritarianism
406:Cortes Españolas
361:Sección Femenina
305:
280:
273:
249:Melitón Manzanas
210:Jean-Paul Sartre
202:Francisco Franco
164:prison sentences
55:28 December 1970
33:
21:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3183:Trials in Spain
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3113:
3061:Alianza Popular
3026:
3019:
2866:
2857:
2850:
2829:
2816:
2803:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2738:
2725:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2628:
2615:
2602:
2589:
2576:
2563:
2560:Rentería ambush
2550:
2537:
2524:
2511:
2508:Ispaster attack
2498:
2485:
2472:
2459:
2446:
2433:
2420:
2407:
2391:
2380:
2325:
2316:
2242:
2234:
2232:
2222:
2218:National Police
2206:
2198:
2196:
2190:
2162:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2121:
2114:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2075:
2073:Basque Conflict
2070:
2025:
2021:
2006:
1990:
1986:
1971:
1955:
1951:
1938:
1922:
1918:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1776:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1541:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1481:"Timeline: Eta"
1479:
1478:
1469:
1461:
1444:
1436:The Independent
1432:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1345:Catholic Church
1320:
1295:
1281:
1267:military police
1223:
1209:
1170:
1157:
1119:
1117:Unai Dorronsoro
1108:
1097:
1086:
1075:
1073:Jokin Gorostidi
1038:
1000:
998:
988:
986:
969:
968:
914:Carlo-francoism
894:
886:
885:
844:
836:
835:
782:
774:
773:
769:Yoke and arrows
728:El Generalísimo
681:
673:
672:
648:
640:
639:
595:
587:
586:
522:Anti-liberalism
512:
504:
503:
484:Spanish miracle
469:First Francoism
434:
426:
425:
319:
306:
271:
242:Basque populace
230:Amasa-Villabona
218:
216:Murders of 1968
187:working classes
183:honorary consul
160:death sentences
156:police officers
113:
70:death sentences
19:
12:
11:
5:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:National Front
3096:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:People's Party
3042:
3037:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2881:Herri Batasuna
2877:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2823:
2813:Burgos bombing
2810:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2758:
2745:
2732:
2719:
2706:
2693:
2680:
2667:
2654:
2641:
2635:
2622:
2609:
2596:
2583:
2570:
2557:
2547:Zarautz attack
2544:
2534:Markina attack
2531:
2518:
2505:
2492:
2479:
2466:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2414:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2245:
2243:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2207:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2019:
2004:
1984:
1969:
1950:978-2070279487
1949:
1936:
1917:978-8481365078
1916:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1861:
1849:
1847:, p. 106.
1834:
1802:
1784:New York Times
1765:
1750:
1735:
1723:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1669:
1651:New York Times
1637:
1635:, p. 119.
1625:
1613:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1556:
1539:
1521:New York Times
1504:
1467:
1465:, p. 105.
1442:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1319:
1316:
1312:New York Times
1294:
1291:
1279:Mario Onaindia
1169:
1166:
1136:Basque Country
1095:Mario Onaindia
1060:backgrounds.
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
996:
984:
971:
970:
967:
966:
961:
959:Spanish Maquis
956:
951:
949:Project Islero
946:
941:
936:
931:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
895:
893:Related topics
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
806:
801:
796:
791:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
724:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
690:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
582:Traditionalism
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
517:Anti-communism
513:
510:
509:
506:
505:
502:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
424:
423:
416:
409:
402:
395:
388:
381:
374:
369:
364:
357:
350:
345:
340:
335:
328:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
298:
297:
291:
290:
282:
281:
270:
267:
217:
214:
115:
114:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
85:
82:
81:
77:
76:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3230:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3213:1970 in Spain
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:Murder trials
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3160:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2853:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2398:Burgos trials
2396:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:ETA Militarra
2252:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2229:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2020:9781317479604
2016:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1987:
1985:9781134167692
1981:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1919:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Sullivan 2015
1757:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1733:, p. 98.
1732:
1731:Sullivan 2015
1727:
1724:
1720:
1719:Sullivan 2015
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:Sullivan 2015
1700:
1697:
1694:, p. 95.
1693:
1692:Sullivan 2015
1688:
1685:
1682:, p. 92.
1681:
1680:Sullivan 2015
1676:
1674:
1670:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1633:Casanova 2007
1629:
1626:
1622:
1621:Casanova 2007
1617:
1614:
1611:, p. 62.
1610:
1609:Sullivan 2015
1605:
1603:
1599:
1596:, p. 63.
1595:
1594:Sullivan 2015
1590:
1587:
1583:
1582:Casanova 2007
1578:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1554:, p. 94.
1553:
1552:Sullivan 2015
1548:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1407:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:similar trial
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1333:civil society
1324:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1069:Iker Casanova
1066:
1065:death penalty
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
997:
995:
985:
983:
975:
974:
973:
972:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
928:
927:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
899:Blue Division
897:
896:
890:
889:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:
847:
846:
843:Neo-Francoism
840:
839:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
811:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:
785:
784:
778:
777:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:
725:
723:
722:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
695:
691:
689:
688:
684:
683:
677:
676:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
644:
643:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
591:
590:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Pan-Hispanism
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
532:Anti-semitism
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
508:
507:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
489:Burgos trials
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
430:
429:
422:
421:
417:
415:
414:
410:
408:
407:
403:
401:
400:
396:
394:
393:
389:
387:
386:
382:
380:
379:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
362:
358:
356:
355:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:
329:
327:
326:
322:
321:
318:Organizations
315:
314:
311:
310:
304:
300:
299:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
279:
275:
274:
268:
266:
264:
260:
259:San Sebastián
256:
255:
250:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:labour strike
172:
171:Basque public
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:organisation
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:Burgos trials
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
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2013:. New York.
2009:
1978:. New York.
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60:Case history
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2683:Vic bombing
2186:Civil Guard
1910:. Tafalla.
1886:26 November
1857:Halimi 1971
1827:26 November
1795:26 November
1662:26 November
1532:26 November
1497:26 November
1282: [
1224: [
1210: [
1158: [
1155:Eugen Beihl
1120: [
1109: [
1106:Xabier Izko
1098: [
1087: [
1084:Teo Uriarte
1076: [
1058:upper class
1054:seminarists
721:El Caudillo
700:Cara al Sol
3172:Categories
2931:Askatasuna
2390:Chronology
2170:Ertzaintza
2097:2011-10-21
2086:1959-07-31
1859:, preface.
1418:References
1255:chauvinism
625:Blas Piñar
615:Juan Yagüe
552:Monarchism
547:Militarism
179:kidnapping
148:separatist
109:show trial
99:separatism
2029:cite book
1994:cite book
1959:cite book
1943:. Paris.
1926:cite book
1845:Muro 2013
1463:Muro 2013
1318:Aftermath
1300:execution
1132:pamphlets
861:New Force
542:Falangism
295:Francoism
89:terrorism
3159:Category
2905:Batzarre
2874:Batasuna
2290:Irrintzi
2278:Iraultza
1880:Archived
1821:Archived
1789:Archived
1656:Archived
1526:Archived
1491:Archived
1349:Holy See
1343:and the
1138:were on
982:Category
511:Ideology
287:a series
285:Part of
263:Gipuzkoa
139:city of
80:Keywords
3002:Auzolan
2828:(2009)
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2406:(1973)
2304:Hordago
2095: (
2084: (
1875:El País
1816:El País
1569:ELMUNDO
1304:Vatican
1293:Verdict
1263:torture
1251:Euskadi
1218:senator
1050:priests
680:Culture
647:Economy
433:History
191:torture
137:Spanish
125:Spanish
104:torture
52:Decided
3208:Burgos
2912:Aralar
2847:(2011)
2841:(2010)
2640:(1987)
2400:(1970)
2204:France
2017:
1982:
1947:
1914:
1374:, the
1339:, the
1202:, the
1185:Burgos
1140:strike
850:Búnker
594:People
234:Tolosa
145:Basque
141:Burgos
74:prison
46:Burgos
2955:Zutik
2160:Spain
1398:Notes
1357:death
1286:]
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1168:Trial
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930:(ETA)
749:No-Do
222:ETA's
38:Court
2035:link
2015:ISBN
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1965:link
1945:ISBN
1932:link
1912:ISBN
1888:2020
1829:2020
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1664:2020
1534:2020
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876:23-F
710:DGCT
208:and
119:The
68:Six
2832:ETA
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2806:ETA
2793:ETA
2780:ETA
2767:ETA
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2689:ETA
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2663:ETA
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2631:ETA
2618:ETA
2605:GAL
2592:GAL
2579:GAL
2566:ETA
2553:ETA
2540:ETA
2527:ETA
2514:ETA
2501:GAE
2488:ETA
2475:BVE
2462:ETA
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2436:ETA
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2410:ETA
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