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The 720p format produces 59.94/50 or 29.97/25 1280Ă720p images, not squeezed, so that no expansion or squeezing of the image is necessary. This confusion was industry-wide in the early days of digital video software, with much software being written incorrectly, the developers believing that only 29.97 images were expected each second, which was incorrect. While it was true that each picture element was polled and sent only 29.97 times per second, the pixel location immediately below that one was polled 1/60 of a second later, part of a completely separate image for the next 1/60-second frame.
330:, moving characters are often shot "on twos", that is to say, one drawing is shown for every two frames of film (which usually runs at 24 frame per second), meaning there are only 12 drawings per second. Even though the image update rate is low, the fluidity is satisfactory for most subjects. However, when a character is required to perform a quick movement, it is usually necessary to revert to animating "on ones", as "twos" are too slow to convey the motion adequately. A blend of the two techniques keeps the eye fooled without unnecessary production cost.
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210:, is able to generate frames, and refresh rate is the frequency at which a display shows completed frames. In electronic camera specifications frame rate refers to the maximum possible rate frames could be captured, but in practice, other settings (such as exposure time) may reduce the actual frequency to a lower number than the frame rate.
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process, often leading to "judder": To convert 24 frames per second into 60 frames per second, every odd frame is repeated, playing twice, while every even frame is tripled. This creates uneven motion, appearing stroboscopic. Other conversions have similar uneven frame doubling. Newer video standards
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was introduced in 1926, variations in film speed were no longer tolerated, as the human ear is more sensitive than the eye to changes in frequency. Many theaters had shown silent films at 22 to 26 FPS, which is why the industry chose 24 FPS for sound film as a compromise. From 1927 to 1930,
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their image height, but these statements are purely custom; in each format, 60 images per second are produced. A resolution of 1080i produces 59.94 or 50 1920Ă540 images, each squashed to half-height in the photographic process and stretched back to fill the screen on playback in a television set.
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sometimes accounts for very short single-millisecond visual stimulus having a perceived duration of between 100 ms and 400 ms. Multiple stimuli that are very short are sometimes perceived as a single stimulus, such as a 10 ms green flash of light immediately followed by a 10 ms
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of electric grids, analog television broadcast was developed with frame rates of 50 Hz (most of the world) or 60 Hz (Canada, US, Mexico, Philippines, Japan, South Korea). The frequency of the electricity grid was extremely stable and therefore it was logical to use for synchronization.
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to the center frame generator by replacing optical flows with offset vectors. There are algorithms that also interpolate middle frames with the help of deformable convolution in the feature domain. However, since these methods directly hallucinate pixels unlike the flow-based FRC methods, the
515:, yields abrupt motion artifacts, and degrades the video quality. Consequently, the temporal resolution is an important factor affecting video quality. Algorithms for FRC are widely used in applications, including visual quality enhancement, video compression and slow-motion video generation.
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In electronic camera specifications frame rate refers to the maximum possible rate frames that can be captured (e.g. if the exposure time were set to near-zero), but in practice, other settings (such as exposure time) may reduce the actual frequency to a lower number than the frame rate.
275:. Film companies often intended that theaters show their silent films at higher frame rates than they were filmed at. These frame rates were enough for the sense of motion, but it was perceived as jerky motion. To minimize the perceived flicker, projectors employed dual- and triple-blade
370:
As of 2021, video transmission standards in North
America, Japan, and South Korea are still based on 60 / 1.001 â 59.94 images per second. Two sizes of images are typically used: 1920Ă1080 ("1080i/p") and 1280Ă720 ("720p"). Confusingly,
266:
had stated frame rates anywhere from 16 to 24 frames per second (fps), but since the cameras were hand-cranked, the rate often changed during the scene to fit the mood. Projectionists could also change the frame rate in the theater by adjusting a
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as various studios updated equipment, the rate of 24 FPS became standard for 35 mm sound film. At 24 FPS, the film travels through the projector at a rate of 456 millimetres (18.0 in) per second. This allowed simple two-blade
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support 120, 240, or 300 frames per second, so frames can be evenly sampled for standard frame rates such as 24, 48 and 60 FPS film or 25, 30, 50 or 60 FPS video. Of course these higher frame rates may also be displayed at their native rates.
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to give a projected series of images at 48 per second, satisfying Edison's recommendation. Many modern 35 mm film projectors use three-blade shutters to give 72 images per secondâeach frame is flashed on screen three times.
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Flow-based methods linearly combine predicted optical flows between two input frames to approximate flows from the target intermediate frame to the input frames. They also propose flow reversal (projection) for more accurate
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said that 46 frames per second was the minimum needed for the eye to perceive motion: "Anything less will strain the eye." In the mid to late 1920s, the frame rate for silent film increased to 20â26 FPS.
367:", a display artifact appearing on legacy black-and-white displays, showing up on highly-color-saturated surfaces. It was found that by lowering the frame rate by 0.1%, the undesirable effect was minimized.
337:" was produced as cheaply as possible and was most often shot on "threes" or even "fours", i.e. three or four frames per drawing. This translates to only 8 or 6 drawings per second respectively.
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236:) is perceived as stable by the majority of participants in studies when the rate is higher than 50 Hz. This perception of modulated light as steady is known as the
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240:. However, when the modulated light is non-uniform and contains an image, the flicker fusion threshold can be much higher, in the hundreds of hertz. With regard to
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can process 10 to 12 images per second and perceive them individually, while higher rates are perceived as motion. Modulated light (such as a
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Shurui, Gui; Chaoyue, Wang; Qihua, Chen; Dacheng, Tao (2020). "Featureflow: Robust video interpolation via structure-to-texture generation".
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of a video sequence by synthesizing one or more intermediate frames between two consecutive frames. A low frame rate causes
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The introduction of color television technology made it necessary to lower that 60 FPS frequency by 0.1% to avoid "
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1164:, BBC White Paper WHP 169, September 2008, M. Armstrong, D. Flynn, M. Hammond, PAWAN Jahajpuria S. Jolly, R. Salmon.
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varies depending on the type and characteristics of visual stimulus, and it differs between individuals. The human
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is displayed at 12 drawings per second, and the fast motion is on the edge of being objectionably jerky.
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Huaizu, Jiang; Deqing, Sun; Varun, Jampani; Ming-Hsuan, Yang; Erik, Learned-Miller; Jan, Kautz (2018).
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At its native 24 FPS rate, film could not be displayed on 60 Hz video without the necessary
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30:"Update rate" and "Burst rate" redirect here. For the measurement of computer performance, see
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Super slomo: High quality estimation of multiple intermediate frames for video interpolation
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formats are customarily stated at 1/2 their image rate, 29.97/25 FPS, and
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864:"Audio-visual Palimpsests: Resynchronizing Silent Films with 'Special' Music"
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Myungsub, Choi; Heewon, Kim; Bohyung, Han; Ning, Xu; Kyoung, Mu Lee (2020).
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1360:âa web tool to visually compare differences in frame rate and motion blur.
1345:âa very detailed guide about the visual interference of TV, video & PC
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2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on
Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)
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James Davis (1986), "Humans perceive flicker artefacts at 500 Hz",
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systems. In these contexts, frame rate may be used interchangeably with
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435: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1176:"James Cameron's 'Avatar' sequels will stick to 48 frames per second"
697:. Conservation and Museology. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 24â26.
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controlling the voltage powering the film-carrying mechanism in the
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1308:"Channel Attention is All You Need for Video Frame Interpolation"
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Frame rate up-conversion (FRC) is the process of increasing the
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red flash of light perceived as a single yellow flash of light.
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34:. For the method of measuring bandwidth based on peak use, see
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44:
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Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on
Artificial Intelligence
1083:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Focal Press. p. 52.
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Video frame interpolation via adaptive separable convolution
831:"Conservation of temporal information by perceptual systems"
1077:
Whitaker, Harold; Sito, John Halas; updated by Tim (2009).
1203:"What is Frame Rate and Why is it Important to PC Gaming?"
668:"What is Frame Rate and Why is it Important to PC Gaming?"
174:) are captured or displayed. This definition applies to
543:
or kernel-based and pixel hallucination-based methods.
764:"Detecting meaning in RSVP at 13 ms per picture"
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from the original on 2021-11-04 – via YouTube.
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75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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691:Read, Paul; Meyer, Mark-Paul; Gamma Group (2000).
568:Pixel hallucination-based methods use deformable
1053:"What Are Ones, Twos, and Threes in Animation?"
1358:Compare frames per second: which looks better?
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1520:
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1223:Simon, Niklaus; Long, Mai; Feng, Liu (2017).
8:
1110:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
224:The temporal sensitivity and resolution of
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771:Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics
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560:of the scene via a flow projection layer.
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964:"Silent Films: What Was the Right Speed?"
868:The Oxford Handbook of Film Music Studies
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539:Most FRC methods can be categorized into
495:Learn how and when to remove this message
341:is also usually drawn on threes or twos.
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
999:Elsaesser, Thomas; Barker, Adam (1990).
928:Seductive cinema: the art of silent film
870:. Oxford University Press. p. 588.
658:
530:Video with 4 times increased frame rate
27:Number of frames rendered in one second
1103:
577:when fast-moving objects are present.
1001:Early cinema: space, frame, narrative
762:Potter, Mary C. (December 28, 2013).
7:
433:adding citations to reliable sources
73:adding citations to reliable sources
1853:Inputâoutput memory management unit
1126:"Shot on threes (ones, twos, etc.)"
1024:TWiT Netcast Network (2017-03-30),
617:List of motion picture film formats
694:Restoration of motion picture film
25:
1201:Whaley, Sean (21 November 2018).
1145:"CLIP STUDIO PAINT ă˘ăăĄăźăˇă§ăłćŠč˝ăŽä˝żăćš"
38:. For the audio sample rate, see
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1174:Jon Fingas (November 27, 2014),
1143:CLIP STUDIO (12 February 2016).
818:from the original on 2022-10-09.
666:Tamasi, Tony (3 December 2019).
409:
392:Electronic camera specifications
49:
1034:from the original on 2021-11-04
1003:. BFI Publishing. p. 284.
962:Brownlow, Kevin (Summer 1980).
420:needs additional citations for
351:List of broadcast video formats
60:needs additional citations for
1277:. IEEE. pp. 14001â14010.
835:Perception & Psychophysics
1:
564:Pixel hallucination-based FRC
150:, most commonly expressed in
1283:10.1109/CVPR42600.2020.01402
976:(3): 164â167. Archived from
573:predicted frames tend to be
166:(rate) at which consecutive
866:. In David Neumeyer (ed.).
3487:
3311:Compressed data structures
2633:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
2301:Asymmetric numeral systems
1343:"Temporal Rate Conversion"
1162:High Frame-Rate Television
1027:How 24 FPS Became Standard
348:
217:
29:
3466:Film and video technology
3415:
2670:Discrete cosine transform
2600:LZ77 + Huffman + context
783:10.3758/s13414-013-0605-z
335:Saturday morning cartoons
202:, which are expressed in
3375:Smallest grammar problem
1883:Video display controller
1536:Graphics processing unit
1474:Super-resolution imaging
1325:10.1609/aaai.v34i07.6693
1318:(7). AAAI: 10663â10671.
602:Flicker fusion threshold
401:Frame rate up-conversion
238:flicker fusion threshold
3316:Compressed suffix array
2865:NyquistâShannon theorem
607:Glossary of video terms
32:Giga-updates per second
1998:Shared graphics memory
642:Time-lapse photography
592:Federal Standard 1037C
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523:
345:Modern video standards
323:
3345:Kolmogorov complexity
3213:Video characteristics
2590:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
2184:Hardware acceleration
1888:Video processing unit
891:Kerr, Walter (1975).
862:Brown, Julie (2014).
829:Robert Efron (1973).
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246:Persistence of vision
218:Further information:
3435:Compression software
3029:Compression artifact
2985:Psychoacoustic model
2109:Performance per watt
1878:Texture mapping unit
1827:Unified shader model
1080:Timing for animation
924:Card, James (1994).
637:Moving image formats
522:Low frame rate video
429:improve this article
333:Animation for most "
69:improve this article
3425:Compression formats
3064:Texture compression
3059:Standard test image
2875:Silence compression
2051:Integrated graphics
509:temporal resolution
162:, is typically the
3333:Information theory
3188:Display resolution
3014:Chroma subsampling
2403:Byte pair encoding
2348:ShannonâFanoâElias
2201:Parallel computing
2077:Display resolution
1858:Render output unit
1848:Geometry processor
1447:Special processing
1130:Anime News Network
848:10.3758/bf03211193
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1993:Memory controller
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1489:Pixel art scaling
1454:Film colorization
1292:978-1-7281-7169-2
1010:978-0-85170-244-5
969:Sight & Sound
932:. Knopf. p.
899:. Knopf. p.
732:10.1038/srep07861
704:978-0-7506-2793-1
647:Video compression
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242:image recognition
220:Motion perception
154:frames per second
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1071:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1037:
1035:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1011:
998:
997:
993:
983:
981:
961:
960:
951:
944:
923:
922:
918:
911:
890:
889:
885:
878:
861:
860:
856:
828:
827:
823:
815:
766:
761:
760:
756:
717:
716:
712:
705:
690:
689:
682:
672:
670:
665:
664:
660:
655:
632:Movie projector
612:High frame rate
583:
566:
549:
537:
501:
490:
484:
481:
438:
436:
426:
414:
403:
394:
357:mains frequency
353:
347:
320:galloping horse
308:
290:
260:
255:
222:
216:
194:frame frequency
193:
192:
153:
152:
141:
130:
124:
121:
78:
76:
66:
54:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3484:
3482:
3474:
3473:
3471:Temporal rates
3468:
3463:
3453:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3427:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3397:
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3387:
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3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
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3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3307:
3305:
3299:
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3292:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3254:
3249:
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3224:
3223:
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3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3162:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
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3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2944:
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2916:
2911:
2905:
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2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2794:Psychoacoustic
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2739:
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2737:
2726:
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2720:
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2714:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2662:Transform type
2655:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2618:
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2608:
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2598:
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2527:
2522:
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2515:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2494:
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2483:
2478:
2473:
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2461:
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2375:
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2355:
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2329:
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2323:
2318:
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2298:
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2276:
2270:
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2238:
2229:
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2220:
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2208:
2203:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2003:Texture memory
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
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1845:
1839:
1837:
1833:
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1824:
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1814:
1809:
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1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1729:Compute kernel
1725:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
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1471:
1466:
1461:
1450:
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1413:
1407:
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1399:
1398:
1393:
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1390:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:External links
1335:
1332:
1331:
1298:
1291:
1265:
1240:
1215:
1193:
1166:
1154:
1135:
1117:
1090:978-0240521602
1089:
1069:
1051:Chew, Johnny.
1043:
1016:
1009:
991:
980:on 8 July 2011
949:
943:978-0394572185
942:
916:
910:978-0394469072
909:
883:
877:978-0195328493
876:
854:
841:(3): 518â530.
821:
777:(2): 270â279.
754:
710:
703:
680:
657:
656:
654:
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649:
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629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
582:
579:
565:
562:
548:
547:Flow-based FRC
545:
536:
533:
503:
502:
417:
415:
408:
402:
399:
393:
390:
346:
343:
307:
304:
289:
286:
259:
256:
254:
253:Film and video
251:
215:
212:
188:motion capture
143:
142:
57:
55:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3483:
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3329:
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3319:
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3309:
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3300:
3288:
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3279:
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3275:
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3266:
3263:
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3258:
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3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3218:Video quality
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
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3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
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3083:
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3078:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
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3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
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2949:
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2942:
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2938:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2885:Speech coding
2883:
2881:
2880:Sound quality
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Dynamic range
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
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2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
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2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
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2740:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:LZ77 + Range
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
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2559:
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2546:
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2533:
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2528:
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2523:
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2516:
2514:
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2327:
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2319:
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2299:
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2266:
2259:
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2247:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1783:Rasterisation
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1773:HDR rendering
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Apple silicon
1677:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1658:Apple silicon
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
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1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
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1607:
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1600:
1597:
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1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Video matting
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1464:Color grading
1462:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:Deinterlacing
1426:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1344:
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1336:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1288:
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1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1002:
995:
992:
979:
975:
971:
970:
965:
958:
956:
954:
950:
945:
939:
935:
930:
929:
920:
917:
912:
906:
902:
897:
896:
895:Silent Clowns
887:
884:
879:
873:
869:
865:
858:
855:
849:
844:
840:
836:
832:
825:
822:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
793:
792:1721.1/107157
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
765:
758:
755:
751:
747:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
714:
711:
706:
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418:This section
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80:Find sources:
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58:This article
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52:
47:
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41:
40:Sampling rate
37:
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3391:Hutter Prize
3355:Quantization
3260:Compensation
3197:
3054:Quantization
2777:Compensation
2343:ShannonâFano
2283:Entropy type
2211:Video coding
2103:
1812:Tessellation
1722:Architecture
1484:Uncompressed
1348:
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1301:
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1206:. Retrieved
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1079:
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1046:
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982:. Retrieved
978:the original
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671:. Retrieved
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587:Delta timing
567:
558:object depth
550:
541:optical flow
538:
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444:"Frame rate"
439:
427:Please help
422:verification
419:
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332:
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264:silent films
261:
226:human vision
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214:Human vision
200:refresh rate
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84:"Frame rate"
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67:Please help
62:verification
59:
3350:Prefix code
3203:Frame types
3024:Color space
2850:Convolution
2580:LZ77 + ANS
2491:Incremental
2464:Other types
2383:Levenshtein
2194:Compression
2065:Performance
2017:Form factor
1909:Framebuffer
1873:Tensor unit
1863:Shader unit
1795:Ray-tracing
1734:Fabrication
1709:Intel 2700G
1643:3dfx Voodoo
1638:NEC ÂľPD7220
673:12 February
627:MIL-STD-188
570:convolution
355:Due to the
258:Silent film
3455:Categories
3407:Mark Adler
3365:Redundancy
3282:Daubechies
3265:Estimation
3198:Frame rate
3120:Daubechies
3080:Chain code
3039:Macroblock
2845:Companding
2782:Estimation
2702:Daubechies
2408:LempelâZiv
2368:Exp-Golomb
2296:Arithmetic
2104:Frame rate
2072:Clock rate
2034:Clustering
1836:Components
1616:Radeon Pro
1438:Deflicking
1421:Comparison
1411:Deblocking
1259:1712.00080
1234:1708.01692
1038:2017-03-31
653:References
455:newspapers
373:interlaced
349:See also:
294:sound film
288:Sound film
148:Frame rate
95:newspapers
18:Burst rate
3384:Community
3208:Interlace
2594:Zstandard
2373:Fibonacci
2363:Universal
2321:Canonical
2135:Scrolling
2039:Switching
1694:VideoCore
1469:Film look
1433:Denoising
1187:April 15,
1106:cite book
1096:August 8,
1062:August 8,
720:Sci. Rep.
485:June 2023
365:dot crawl
328:animation
326:In drawn
306:Animation
273:projector
164:frequency
125:June 2023
3370:Symmetry
3338:Timeline
3321:FM-index
3166:Bit rate
3159:Concepts
3007:Concepts
2870:Sampling
2823:Bit rate
2816:Concepts
2518:Sequitur
2353:Tunstall
2326:Modified
2316:Adaptive
2274:Lossless
2082:Fillrate
1761:Geometry
1621:Instinct
1494:Telecine
1416:Resizing
1252:. ICCV.
1227:. ICCV.
1208:5 August
1181:Engadget
1149:Archived
1057:Lifewire
1032:archived
813:Archived
801:24374558
750:25644611
726:: 7861,
597:Film-out
581:See also
513:aliasing
385:pulldown
299:shutters
277:shutters
269:rheostat
3328:Entropy
3277:Wavelet
3256:Motion
3115:Wavelet
3095:Fractal
3090:Deflate
3073:Methods
2860:Latency
2773:Motion
2697:Wavelet
2614:LHA/LZH
2564:Deflate
2513:Re-Pair
2508:Grammar
2338:Shannon
2311:Huffman
2267:methods
2162:Texture
2092:Texel/s
2087:Pixel/s
2024:IP core
1976:HBM-PIM
1843:Blitter
1817:T&L
1788:Shading
1704:Imageon
1699:Vivante
1689:PowerVR
1653:Glaze3D
1584:GeForce
1550:Desktop
1458:tinting
1456: (
741:4314649
535:Methods
469:scholar
109:scholar
3439:codecs
3400:People
3303:Theory
3270:Vector
2787:Vector
2604:Brotli
2554:Hybrid
2453:Snappy
2306:Golomb
2140:Sprite
2099:FLOP/s
1897:Memory
1766:Vertex
1749:MOSFET
1744:FinFET
1674:Adreno
1667:Mobile
1628:Matrox
1611:Radeon
1589:Quadro
1579:Nvidia
1353:copy)
1289:
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262:Early
186:, and
172:frames
168:images
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3230:parts
3228:Codec
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3151:Video
3135:SPIHT
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2999:Image
2953:ACELP
2924:ADPCM
2914:Îź-law
2909:A-law
2902:parts
2900:Codec
2808:Audio
2747:ACELP
2735:ADPCM
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2653:Lossy
2637:bzip2
2628:LZHAM
2584:LZFSE
2486:Delta
2378:Gamma
2358:Unary
2333:Range
2216:Codec
2174:GPGPU
1981:HBM3E
1966:HBM2E
1949:GDDR7
1944:GDDR6
1939:GDDR5
1934:GDDR4
1929:GDDR3
1924:GDDR2
1914:SGRAM
1599:Tegra
1594:Tesla
1557:Intel
1254:arXiv
1229:arXiv
984:2 May
816:(PDF)
805:S2CID
767:(PDF)
476:JSTOR
462:books
339:Anime
318:of a
314:This
292:When
204:hertz
116:JSTOR
102:books
3242:DPCM
3049:PSNR
2980:MDCT
2973:WLPC
2958:CELP
2919:DPCM
2767:WLPC
2752:CELP
2730:DPCM
2680:MDCT
2624:LZMA
2525:LDCT
2503:DPCM
2448:LZWL
2438:LZSS
2433:LZRW
2423:LZJB
2223:VLIW
2169:ASIC
2145:Tile
2123:Misc
2008:VRAM
1971:HBM3
1961:HBM2
1919:GDDR
1805:SIMT
1800:SIMD
1739:CMOS
1684:Mali
1287:ISBN
1210:2021
1189:2017
1112:link
1098:2018
1085:ISBN
1064:2018
1005:ISBN
986:2012
938:ISBN
905:ISBN
872:ISBN
797:PMID
746:PMID
699:ISBN
675:2023
448:news
198:and
178:and
176:film
88:news
3287:DWT
3237:DCT
3181:VBR
3176:CBR
3171:ABR
3130:EZW
3125:DWT
3110:RLE
3100:KLT
3085:DCT
2968:LSP
2963:LAR
2948:LPC
2941:FFT
2838:VBR
2833:CBR
2828:ABR
2762:LSP
2757:LAR
2742:LPC
2707:DWT
2692:FFT
2687:DST
2675:DCT
2574:LZS
2569:LZX
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