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William B. Dinsmore now elevated to president of the company. The
Congressional report shows the modifications to the six-year Butterfield contract ending on September 15, 1864. Kirby Sanders was the National Park Service consulting historian and lead researcher for compiling the history for the master Special Resource Study for the Butterfield National Trail project and put into perspective the confusion over Wells, Fargo & Co.'s only involvement on the Butterfield Trail (Southern Overland Trail). He stated that they had only a secondary role and may have run a "trunk route" off of Butterfield from Los Angeles to San Diego. Waddell F. Smith, grandson of William Bradford Waddell, one of the founders of the Pony Express put into perspective the later involvement of Wells, Fargo & Co., two years after the Butterfield contract ended. What was known as the "Grand Consolidation," of the three stage lines, that held the mail contract on the Central Overland Trail, was achieved by Ben Holladay, "The Stagecoach King." The three lines now comprising the consolidation were the Pioneer Stage Line, the Overland Mail Company, and Wells, Fargo & Co. This three-million-dollar corporation, formed on February 5, 1866, became a new giant with an increased capitalization of ten million dollars. Wells, Fargo & Co. changed its name to Wells, Fargo and Company and was approved by the stockholders on December 10, 1866. Wells, Fargo and Company bought out Ben Holladay and was finally operating as a mail carrying stage company, with their name finally on a transom rail of a stagecoach, on the Central Overland Trail. But the end was in sight, as the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad was nearing completion. On May 16, 1868, the board of directors of Wells, Fargo and Company authorized the sale of the company's stage lines, although they remained in operation until the completion of the railroad on May 10, 1869.
881:"They are made much like the express wagons in your city which carry goods for transshipment, only they are heavier built, have tops made of canvas, and are set on leather straps instead of springs. Each one has three seats, which are arranged so that the backs let down and form one bed, capable of accommodating from four to ten persons, according to their size and how they lie. From Memphis and from St. Louis to Fort Smith regular stage coaches are used, similar in every respect to those employed in the Atlantic States; but from Fort Smith onwards the vehicles used are not unlike a Jersey wagon, they are of the description known as Celerity wagons, being similar in build to the common Troy coach, and the body is hung upon the same kind of springs and in a similar manner. Instead, however, of the heavy wooden top, with iron railing around it, in common use, they have a light canvas covering supported by light uprights, after the manner of a Jersey wagon. The covering affords ample protection against the weather, while it greatly diminishes the weight of the vehicle as well as its liability to upset. Each one had three seats, which are arranged so that the backs let down and form one bed, capable of accommodating from four to ten persons, according to their size, and how they lie. The company has over one hundred of these coaches on the ground, and has been running them regularly and with profitable results, for some time past, upon portions of the route."
344:"His prior occupation was a humble one—that of driver of a stage-coach between Utica and Oswego. It was but two or three years before he had saved enough money from his wages to purchase an interest in the stage-coach line of which he was an employee; and once having placed his foot on the first steps of the ladder, he soon rose, by his business tact and assiduity, to be the principal proprietor of the stage-coach lines converging to this point. At the time that railroads supplanted stages on the leading routes, Mr. Kinyon was one of the most extensive owners of stage-coach property in Central New York. After the introduction of railroads, he continued to carry on the business of mail contractor and stage proprietor on the small lateral lines; but his business energies were too expansive to be thus curtailed, and he soon found ampler vent for them than the _______ of his former vast carrying business afforded. Hence, when the overland mail route to California was projected, Mr. Kinyon found a field of business enterprise more commensurate with his capacities. He it was who went over the whole route originally, and surveyed it from the eastern terminus to its western in California." Returning, he procured the necessary equipment for the route, and went over it again, organizing the route as he proceeded, and remained for nearly a year in California, in charge of the western terminus of the road."
975:, many of the stages were confiscated and used by the Confederate Army as military vehicles. As much of the equipment as possible was transferred to the central trail to continue the Overland Mail Company contract. Only enough of the stages made it to the central route to operate the line from Salt Lake City, Utah, to western Nevada. The biography of Edwin R. Purple tells of transferring the stages to the central route. He was employed by the Overland Mail Company as a financial agent at Fort Yuma, California, in May 1860. At the closing of the line, on the Southern Overland Trail, in March 1861, he was ordered to transfer the stock and stages from Tucson, Arizona, to Los Angeles, California, to supply the central route line, which was to commence operations on July 1, 1861. On May 8, 1861, with 30 men, he left Los Angeles and successfully arrived at Salt Lake City on June 16 with 18 stage wagons and 130 horses. In a discussion by Gerald T. Ahnert with members of the True West Historical Society, it was suggested that many of these original stagecoaches and stage wagons were bought by movie companies in the 1930s through 1950s and used in their movie productions. Many were destroyed in scenes of the stages being attacked.
371:"A portion of the exploring party sent out by the Overland Mail Company, for the purpose of examining the routes for the carriage of the mails from the Valley of the Mississippi to the Pacific coast, which left this city on the 3rd of January last, reached Fort Smith, Arkansas, on their return home, on the 17th inst., accompanied by four of the party which left San Francisco on the 16th of January, on purpose to examine that portion of the route from the Pacific to the Rio Grande. They left El Paso on the 22d of March, thus accomplishing the distance from the Rio Grande to Fort Smith—nine hundred and thirty miles—in the short space of twenty-five days, which we believe is the quickest time on record in crossing the Plains. The party was composed of only eight men, as follows: Major George W. Wood, Jesse Tolcott, Charles P. Cole and J.A. Lilly, of the St. Louis party, and Lieut. Frank de Ryther, James Swartz and John Butterfield Jr. of the San Francisco party. They brought with them one wagon and thirteen animals, which they left at Fort Smith for the party proceeding East. The route traveled on the return trip was different from the one passed over in going out, ... "
952:"We arrived at the station about 10 o'clock, A.M., about 1 mile to the eastward of the river. Some coffee was prepared for us, and we were soon ready to start again. This time, after we were all seated in the coach, the horses, which were said to have been always kind and gentle, refused to move. After a great deal of beating, coaxing and a trial of various methods suggested by almost every one present, we were all obliged to get out again, and after a great deal of trouble, the horses were started, but the passengers being out of the coach, the driver was obliged to stop again, and again, after they were in, the horses refused to go. After working with the might and main for some time, they were got off upon a run, and this time they were kept going. Hitherto, in starting from any station, a person was obliged to stand at the heads of the horses—they being with a few exceptions' wild ones—until the driver was seated on his box, the reins gathered and everything in readiness, when he would give the signal, "turn 'em loose," or "let 'em go," and they would go upon a run. As we get further along, however, they are growing tame, and are more easily handled."
903:"Chidester also informs us of the means to supply the stations in the Llanos Estecados , or Staked Plains, with water. This desert, by the route of the Company's road, is seventy-five miles wide. From streams on either side of the Plains the Company supplies water to the stations with regular water trains, fitted up expressly for the purpose. The wagons used for this purpose are constructed of large tin boilers, similar in shape to the boilers of a steamboat, and capable of holding as much water as a team of six mules can draw. These trains run regularly, conveying water to the different stations, where large reservoirs are prepared to receive and preserve it for the use of passengers and the employés and stock of the Company. This is, of course, a very expensive method of supplying the indispensable element, but, as thus far all efforts to obtain it by boring or otherwise have proved little, the Company must submit to it for the present."
1075:"Great Salt Lake City, June 5, 1861. ... William Buckley, formerly the Superintendent of the Butterfield route from San Francisco to El Paso, F. Cluggage, an Agent in that route and Bolivar Roberts, the Superintendent of the western division on this route, came in a week ago yesterday from Carson, which I noticed in my last letter, and on Friday Edward Fisher, and four other employees in some department, came in from St. Joseph. ...They have, whatever else besides, at least made all the necessary arrangements for a vigorous start to the daily mail, and everything will be ready by the first week in July to fulfill the of obligations of the million contract. ... Last evening, profiting by a conversation with Mr. Buckley, I obtained from him a copy of his measurement of the road from Carson to this city . ... Placerville being the terminus, another 100 miles should be added between that and Carson, as the entire distance of the
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were built on the straightened-out sections. An example was Ewell's Stage
Station in the Sulphur Springs Valley of eastern Arizona. At the beginning of Butterfield's service, after leaving Apache Pass, the trail jogged northwest to Dos Cabezas Spring and then southwest to Dragoon Springs Stage Station at the foot of the Dragoon Mountains. In the spring of 1858 a new trail was made from the western entrance of Apache Pass and then along an almost straight line to the north end of the Dragoon Mountains. At approximately the midpoint of this new section a station and cistern were constructed. A water wagon was used to supply the cistern with water from Dos Cabezas Spring, which was now four miles north of the new station. Water wagons were also used to supply unusually long stretches of trail that lacked water sources. A newspaper article tells us of one of these situations:
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the sides with no doors or windows. Often a canvas top was supported by light uprights. They had canvas or leather curtains fastened to the top that could be rolled down as a barrier to the dust. The stage wagon was used by
Butterfield's Overland Mail Company exclusively on 70% of the Southern Overland Trail on the 1,920-mile (3,090 km) section between Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles, California. Although the famous passenger wagon manufacturers Abbot-Downing Co. and J.S. & E.A. Abbot Co., of Concord, New Hampshire, never used the name "mud wagon" in their catalogs, there were others who referred to the stage wagon as a "mud wagon."
201:"John Butterfield was borne at Berne, in the Helderberg, near Albany, November 18, 1801. In early life we find him in the employment of Thorpe & Sprague, of that city, as a driver, and through the solicitation of Mr. Theodore S. Faxton came to Utica , where he for a time was employed in picking up passengers from the taverns and boats for Parker's stages. After a time he started a livery with but small accommodations… His connection to Parker & Co. continued so long as they were still in business, and was succeeded by lines of his own, wherein he was a leading manager in the State until staging was superseded by railroads."
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452:"Between Vallecito and Algodones there are eight of these stations, varying from nine to sixteen miles apart. Wells have been sunk at each station, and abundance of good water is obtained, except at the Monument and Garden stations. These waters are brackish and bitter—a flavor not delicate to the taste. Drinking-water is carried from the other stations. These stations are of incalculable worth to emigrants, who are no longer forced to depend upon the precious supply of water which the wells, afforded, and which were liable to be covered up by the sand-waves that move over the desert."
2600:, p. 42: "The stock, coaches, etc., on the southern route were pulled off, and accordingly moved north, and, by act of Congress, on July 1, 1861, the route between St. Joseph and Placerville, having been duly equipped for a daily line, went into operation. It took about three months to make the transfer of stages and stock, and to build a number of new stations, secure hay and grain, and get everything in readiness for operating a six-times-a-week mail line. The new line was designated by the post-office department as the Central Overland California Route."
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trail and water sources at regularly spaced stage stations. When researchers hike the
Southern Overland Corridor, the most visible ruts are those of the route that the Overland Mail Company established, which others followed. Even though its services ceased on the Southern Overland Corridor in March 1861 because of the impending Civil War, it was so efficient that it remained little changed until its demise with the completion of the railroad in 1880. For this reason, to this day, the Southern Overland Trail is most commonly called "The Butterfield Trail."
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495:, we gather some items which may be of interest: Woods pays a high compliment to the staging of the Butterfield Overland Company, along the Gila and over the Desert, particularly to Superintendent Buckley and Warren Hall, the Road Agent of this division [for Butterfield's Overland Mail Company. They have, he says, really worked wonders in organizing their road in a manner which would be a model in any country. The immigrants are coming slowly along, feeling in no hurry to enter California much before the rains have brought on the new grass.
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432:"The new road from Grape Creek to the head of Concho River, Texas, on Mr. Glover's division, is also in good order for travel and saves another thirty miles . The New Pass between Los Angeles, and Fort Tejon, California, has been much improved under the superintendence of M.L. Kinyon , as have also been other portions of the route. The route of the company will, of course, be a favorite emigrant route, and will, therefore, be in better order than before, in fact, each month will add new facilities to the overland mail."
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379:"John Butterfield , the man who helped link the East to the West in establishing his famous Overland Mail Route more than half a century ago, died recently at his house in Utica, aged 82 years. His father, John Butterfield, was a superintendent of the Overland Mail Route from San Francisco to St. Louis and thence to eastern cities. The younger Butterfield first traversed the famous route, marked the stations, superintended the work of organization and drove the first stage over the route.
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articles, a total of 100 stages were ordered and either put into use or distributed to stations along the trail. Another important reference is from
Goddard Bailey's report to the government on his inspection trip of the trail in September 1858. He stated in the report "The road is stocked with substantially-built Concord spring wagons..." A July 1858 Memphis newspaper article tells how the stages were delivered and who made them. This, of course was the famous J.S. & E.A. Abbot.
916:"The Overland California United States Mail left Memphis on Thursday last. It is brought by the Memphis and Little Rock Rail Road to within twelve miles of Madison, on St. Francis River, thence by light vehicles to Des Arc—thence by Messrs. Chidester, Reeside & Co.'s line of four horse U.S. Mail coaches to Fort Smith where it meets the St. Louis mail. Messrs. Chidester, Reeside & Co., are subcontractors under Butterfield & Co., from Memphis to Fort Smith…"
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Francisco on Monday and Friday and that the through fare to
Terminus of Pacific Railroad as $ 100. An advertisement appeared in the same newspaper on January 11, 1859, that the through fare to Terminus of Pacific Railroad had increased to $ 200. Butterfield's Overland Mail Company had 139 stage stations at the start of service but more stations were built after service started and increased to about 170. As noted about 100 stages were employed.
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support a metal railing where luggage could be carried. Seats were often provided on the roof. A canvas-covered boot at the back was used for luggage and mailbags. The difference between a stagecoach and a mail stagecoach is that a large compartment was provided below the driver's seat to carry mail and the rear boot for mail was larger. Butterfield's stagecoaches were used on 30% of the
Southern Overland Trail at the eastern and western ends.
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Overland Mail
Company and the only stockholder, other than John Butterfield, to have significant staging experience. Marquis moved from Mannsville, Jefferson County, to Rome, New York, in 1838. Rome was twelve miles from John Butterfield's home in Utica. He immediately became involved with staging. His obituary gives a good summation of his staging activities in Upstate New York and what led him to be involved with the Overland Mail Company:
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from Tipton, Missouri, to Fort Smith, Arkansas, and from Los
Angeles to San Francisco, California. Stagecoach trails had already been established between these points, with a few Butterfield improvements to the trail. About sixty-six J.S. & E.A. Abbot stage (celerity) wagons, partially designed by John Butterfield, were distributed on the 1,920-mile trail through the frontier from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles, California.
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Upstate New York, some retained their positions with the company. William
Buckley was one of the original employees to continue with the company on the Central Overland Trail and took the position of Superintendent. Although William B. Dinsmore was now the company president, John Butterfield was still a stockholder and it can be seen in this article that the Overland Mail Company was still called "Butterfield's" by the employees.
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or valuables of any nature, will be allowed to be carried under any circumstances whatever." For this reason, the idea of a "shotgun" rider next to the driver was not employed by Butterfield. When correspondent Ormsby asked one of the stage drivers, "Have you any arms?", the stage driver answered, "No, I don't have any; there's no danger." However, most people on the Butterfield stages were armed, especially in
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420:"Another disadvantage under which we labored, this trip, was that our road, for the most of the way, was nearly new, though Mr. Bates claims that from Sherman to Belknap at least forty miles are saved by it. It leads through the counties of Grayson, Cooke, Jacks , Montague, Wise, and Young, all of which contribute towards its expenses, and certainly it must be a favorite with some, for,
1021:, with liberty of charging the public for transportation of letters by said express not exceeding $ 1 per half ounce. The compensation for the whole service to be $ 1,000,000 per annum, to take effect on or before the 1st of July, 1861 and to expire the 1st of July, 1864 . The number of the route to be changed to 10773 and the service to be recorded in the route register for Missouri."
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938:"The employees of the company, I found, without exception, to be courteous, civil, and attentive. They are most of them from the East, and many, especially of the drivers, from New York state. I found the drivers on the whole line, with but few exceptions, experienced men. Several are a little reckless and too anxious to make fast time, but as a general thing they are very cautious."
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trail and selecting the sites for stage stations. They traveled by mule covering about 40 miles (64 km) per day. Another party left St. Louis about the same time. Both were to meet at El Paso, Texas, and then return to St. Louis. The party from St. Louis was G.W. Wood, Jesse Talcott, and Charles P. Cole. A Fort Smith, Arkansas, newspaper reported:
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Angeles, California. By most accounts, wild mules were used and some wild mustangs. It is surprising that the use of wild draft animals did not hinder the Overland Mail Company stages from accomplishing its contractual agreed to time schedule. The problem with the unbroken mules and mustangs was expressed in correspondent Farwell's report:
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Postmaster General to contract for mail service from Missouri to California to facilitate settlement in the west. The Post Office Department advertised for bids for an overland mail service on April 20, 1857. Bidders were to propose routes from the Mississippi River westward. Nine bids were made by some of the most experienced stage men.
358:"The parties met at El Paso and after recruiting a few days, the above gentlemen left for this city—making the trip to this place in twenty-two days from El Paso, and thirty-one days from San Francisco to El Paso, or fifty-six days, through with wagons. …The party from California, in crossing Arizona, took a middle route between
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The San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line was operating on 900 miles of the improved trail and benefited by the regularly spaced water holes at Butterfield's stations. In October 1859, Superintendent Isaiah C. Woods complimented Butterfield for these improvements and the benefit to the San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line:
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the contractors were compelled to give it up. The eastern portion of the line was curtailed June 30, 1861. The final chapter was closed when the latter part of the line was discontinued Aug. 1, 1861." Wells Fargo continued its stagecoach runs to mining camps in more northern locations until the coming of the US
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The report has been requested by many organizations. Copies have been supplied to National Park Service Historian Frank Norris, Dr. Aaron Wright, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, San Diego History Center, Arizona Historical Society Archives, Tucson, Arizona, Oneida Historical Society, Oneida, New York,
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is like. I've just had 24 days of it." Ormsby was the only passenger on the first East-West run of the Butterfield Stage who journeyed the entire distance of the mail route. He sent periodic dispatches to the paper describing his journey, including the pickup of passengers outside the Lawrence Livery
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From these references it is seen that Butterfield employed 100 stages distributed along the 2,700-mile trail from Tipton, Missouri, to San Francisco, California. Approximately 34 western style J.S. & E.A. Abbot mail stagecoaches were used on the settled and partially settled sections of the trail
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As stated by President Buchanan in the congratulation telegram to John Butterfield, increased emigration would be a result of the improved trail. Just after Butterfield's service started in September 1858, there were many newspaper accounts of a large increase in the number of emigrants on the trail.
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G. Bailey, Special Agent, to Hon. A.V. Brown, P.M. General, Washington, D.C., Appendix, Great Overland Mail, Washington, October 18, 1858, The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–'59, Washington, 1859, pp. 739–744 Note: This report is based on Bailey's inspection
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Isaiah Churchill Woods, Report to Hon. A.V. Brown, "Postmaster General on the Opening and Present Condition of the Overland Mail Route Between San Antonio, Texas, and San Diego, California", by J. C. Wood Superintendent, Washington City, D.C., March 1858. Note: This 43-page report to the Postmaster
1411:. The stagecoach in the movie was not representative of John Butterfield's stagecoaches as the movie fictionally represented the Central Overland Trail after the Civil War. John Butterfield never used his name on a stage; only "Overland Mail Company" and only operated on the Southern Overland Trail.
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The same stage or stage driver was not used all the way through on the 2,700-mile (4,300 km) trip. They were changed frequently, both to avoid fatigue for the stage drivers and to avoid the braking down of the stages. Correspondent Ormsby reported that "I understand they have bought horses and
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means 'swiftness of speed'. The term "celerity wagon" is sometimes used instead of "stage wagon." It was about 60% of the weight of a stagecoach and was designed for the rough frontier conditions where the trail was not as well developed, in sand, and for traversing steep inclines. They were open on
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No one on a Butterfield stage was ever killed by outlaws, but some died in accidents caused by the mostly unbroken mules or mustangs running wild. Butterfield's stages were not allowed to carry shipments of valuables. In Butterfield's instructions to his employees was "No money, jewelry, bank notes,
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route with limited success by George Henry Giddings. The contract was given in May 1861 and was to start on April 1, 1861, and to end on June 30, 1862. "An attempt was made to fulfill the contract, beginning April 1, but faced with insurmountable obstacles and with the development of the Civil War,
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contract from September 16, 1858, on a six-year contract. The first stage going east left San Francisco at 10 minutes past midnight on September 14, 1858. The mail from San Francisco reached St. Louis in 24 days, 18 hours, and 26 minutes. The first stage going west left Tipton, Missouri, at 8 am on
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Other wagons used by Butterfield were water wagons and freight wagons. Water wagons were an important, but expensive, necessity. To straighten out the trail, so they wouldn't have to zigzag from water hole to water hole, water wagons were used to transport water from a source to stage stations that
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The stations of the Overland Mail companies and the wells dug by these enterprising men, are proving of incalculable benefit to those crossing with their own teams. The immigration on the Southern route, this year, will figure up from ten thousand to fifteen thousand souls, with a very large amount
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Goddard Bailey's report shows that there were 139 stations at the beginning of Butterfield's service, but by the time the line ceased operations the line had been improved by the addition of thirty-six more for a total of 175. The new stations were assigned 320 acres each and many took advantage by
2499:"The Pony Express – The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Pony Express becoming part of the Overland Mail Company contract, pp. 153, 154
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For a more comprehensive history concerning this subject see: Gerald T. Ahnert, Butterfield's Overland Mail Company Stagecoaches and (Celerity) Wagons on the Southern Overland Trail, 1858–1861. The report has been requested by many organizations. Copies have been supplied to National Park Service
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His name was misspelled in Contract with J. Butterfield and Co., Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 48. pp. 7–10. In the details of the contract is M.L. Kinyon and at the end of the contract is M.L. Kenyon. Because his name was misspelled, researchers
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William Buckley, of Watertown, New York, was the Superintendent of the Fourth Division for Butterfield's Overland Mail Company on the Southern Overland Trail. When Butterfield's Overland Mail Company contract was transferred to the Central Overland Trail, although some of the employees returned to
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For the 25-day trip, the Butterfield stages did not stop for the passengers to sleep. They had to sleep on the stages. Many correspondents reported humorous stories about their experiences trying to sleep on the Butterfield stages. One of the most common problems was the losing of their hats while
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Correspondent Ormsby reported: "Our horses were four in number, that being the allotment all along the line from Tipton to San Francisco ." Many correspondents' reports describe the problems for the Overland Mail Company using unbroken wild mules and mustangs between Fort Smith, Arkansas, and Los
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The stage drivers, like many of Butterfield's employees, were mostly from upstate New York. An example for the many Butterfield employees being from New York State is shown in the 1860 Federal Census for Tucson. On page one a caption states "Great Overland Mail Stations," and of the 40 entries, 16
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This draft animal-drawn passenger and mail stage had a strong sub-frame covered by decorated wooden paneling with ornate doors and comfortably padded seats. They often had window openings, but the western models designed for the rougher conditions had no glass panels. The roof was strong enough to
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The trail that John Butterfield had established was so efficient that it was little changed until its demise in 1880 with the completion of the railroad, and the impact the Butterfield Trail had for settling the West cannot be understated, as written by President James Buchanan congratulating John
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The building of the trail was in two sections: the 462-mile (744 km) San Francisco to Los Angeles section and the rest of the 2,238-mile (3,602 km) distance to Tipton, Missouri. The San Francisco to Los Angeles section was previously one of the most developed. Some changes were made from
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are intertwined. It was the purpose of awarding the contract to the Overland Mail Company, on September 16, 1857, not only for a land route to deliver mail from the East to the West coast, but to aid emigrant travel to settle the West. Butterfield accomplished this purpose by providing an improved
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John Butterfield Sr. turned to two of his most trusted and experienced employees to put in place the Butterfield Trail. In 1858, with expedition leader Marquis L. Kenyon, John Butterfield Jr. helped to select the route and sites for the stage stations. Kenyon was also a stockholder/director of the
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Near the end of Butterfield's service, in March 1861 on the Southern Overland Trail, John Butterfield was voted out as president of the Overland Mail Company because he wasn't making money for the stockholders. He remained a stockholder in the company and attended the meetings with vice-president
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Newspapers published an article in June 1858 that Butterfield's mail stagecoaches and stage wagons were made by the J.S. & E.A. Abbot Co. of Concord, New Hampshire. Unfortunately the original order book for that time period in 1858 is missing from the Abbot-Downing Archives. According to the
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left New York on November 20, 1857, with passengers "M.L. Kinyon , J. Butterfield , F. De Ruyter and S.K. Nellis, who go out to open the Pacific Mail Route across the plains and arrange the western terminus of said route." The party left San Francisco on January 16, 1858, to begin laying out the
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Butterfield's Overland Mail Company made two trips a week from September 1858 to March 1861. At the start of service, the mail would leave St. Louis, Missouri, and San Francisco, California, every Monday and Thursday. A December 1, 1858, advertisement stated that the days for departure from San
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sleeping caused by the open-sided stage (celerity) wagons providing little protection from the wind. National Park Service Historian Frank Norris stated in an interview that "According to historian Gerald T. Ahnert, 'pulling up to a Butterfield stage station was like making a NASCAR pit stop.'"
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Although there were springs and rain-fed waterholes along the trail, many did not have a sufficient water capacity to supply the line and emigrants. These were dug out to hold a larger capacity. Cisterns were constructed at some of the stations and water wagons were used to transport water from
209:"Mr. Butterfield devoted his attention largely to lines running North and South. At the height of stage coaching he had forty lines running from Utica as headquarters to Ogdensburg and Sacketts Harbor on the North, and South to the Pennsylvania line, and through Chemung and Susquehanna valleys."
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https://books.google.com/books?id=AqEZAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA14-PA1&dq=%22contract+with+overland+mail+company%22++46th+congress&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw_IPK5_XdAhUSPq0KHXQXDoIQuwUIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22contract%20with%20overland%20mail%20company%22%20%2046th%20congress&f=false
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In behalf of the Overland Mail Company, the order was signed by president W.B. Dinsmore. William B. Dinsmore became president after John Butterfield was voted out as president. Butterfield still remained a stockholder. The Pony Express was terminated before the end of the contract because the
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Through the 1840s and 1850s there was a desire for better communication between the east and west coasts of the United States. There were several proposals for railroads connecting the two coasts. A more immediate realization was an overland mail route across the west. Congress authorized the
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https://books.google.com/books?id=gG9HAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA739&dq=%22postmaster+General%22+Appendix+%22great+Overland+Mail%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwir46Wno8HPAhVIMSYKHfw4Ab4Q6AEIJjAC#v=onepage&q=%22postmaster%20General%22%20Appendix%20%22great%20Overland%20Mail%22&f=false
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Sir – Your dispatch has been received. I cordially congratulate you upon the result. It is a glorious triumph for civilization and the Union. Settlements will soon follow the course of the road, and the East and West will be bound together by a chain of living Americans, which can never be
870:, on Tuesday evening last, six stages, and on Wednesday, Mr. Glover left to the direction of El Paso with four of them.... The stages were manufactured at Concord, New Hampshire, according to directions given by Col. John Butterfield. They will accommodate from six to nine passengers...."
413:, a passenger on the first stagecoach going west in September 1858, wrote in his reports of Marquis L. Kenyon's part in building the trail and the advantage for emigrants. He writes about the many improvements on the Texas side of the Red River starting about eight miles below Preston.
2786:"The Pony Express – The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Overland Mail Company and Pony Express history.
2266:, which published "…the particulars of an interview had with Mr. J.T. Chidester, a member of the firm of Chidester, Reeside & Co., upon the western end of the route, between Memphis and Fort Smith, who came down to superintend the departure of the first train."
2165:
Special Collections, Tuck Library, New Hampshire Historical Society, Concord, New Hampshire. Historian Gerald T. Ahnert visited the archives twice and found that the original order book for June and July 1858 was missing. This was the time period for Butterfield's
812:"After leaving this station , the conductor asked 'how many of us were armed', and requested that those who had arms should have them ready for use, as we now were in the Apache country. Guns and pistols were produced, and we rode all night with them in our hands."
397:
Los Angeles to San Francisco. Settlements and wagon roads used by local stage lines were strung out between San Francisco and Los Angeles. Some existing structures, such as ranch houses and hotels were contracted as stage stations. One of the most famous is
2551:"The Pony Express – The Overland Mail," Spring 1968, No. 17, published by The Corral of the Westerners, Tucson, Arizona. Note: This article, by the grandson of one of the Pony Express owners, is an excellent study of the Overland Mail Company's history.
1035:, Waterman L. Ormsby, remarked after his 2,812-mile (4,525 km) trek through the western US to San Francisco on a Butterfield Stagecoach thus: "Had I not just come out over the route, I would be perfectly willing to go back, but I now know what
1946:
Goddard Bailey, Special Agent to Hon. A.V. Brown. P. M., Washington, D.C., The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–'59, Postmaster General, Appendix, "Great Overland Mail", Washington, D.C., October 1858," pp.
366:
Another report describes the arrival of the two parties at Fort Smith, Arkansas, and tells us that the choice for the trail did not satisfy Kenyon and his party and they returned from El Paso, Texas, by a different route, which became the trail.
279:
and most lived near Butterfield's home in Utica, New York. Alexander Holland was Butterfield's son-in-law and treasurer of the Overland Mail Company. Dinsmore was vice-president of the company. The office for the company was in New York City.
2390:
Historian Frank Norris, Dr. Aaron Wright, Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, San Diego History Center, Arizona Historical Society Archives, Tucson, Arizona, Oneida Historical Society, Oneida, New York, and Benson Visitors Center, Benson, Arizona
1519:
Goddard Bailey, Special Agent to Hon. A.V. Brown. P.M., Washington, D.C., The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–'59, Postmaster General, Appendix, "Great Overland Mail", Washington, D. C., October 18,
1393:. The railroad was not completed through Arizona until 1879, eighteen years after Butterfield's Overland Mail Company ceased its service through Arizona. Also Butterfield never used his name on a stagecoach, only "Overland Mail Company."
742:
As noted above, the route from San Francisco to Fort Smith was the same for both routes. Travel time from Fort Smith to Memphis was about the same as to St. Louis. Management of the route from Fort Smith to Memphis was included in
331:, was the dividing point and these two were subdivided into minor divisions, five in the East and four in the West. These minor divisions were numbered west to east from San Francisco, each under the direction of a superintendent.
1374:
Congress passed a bill designating the Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail in 2022. The trail covers 3,292 miles in eight states. The bill uniquely includes a provision specifying that the trail shall not hinder any
1331:
348:
After winning the contract on September 16, 1857, Butterfield had one year to organize the trail and immediately sent his hand-picked team, headed by Marquis L. Kenyon, to San Francisco to begin the task. The steamer
2534:
Kirby Sanders, "Butterfield Overland Trail Friends," facebook site. Sanders was the administer of the site until his death. The site is for historians interested in the Butterfield Trail, as well as for the public.
1316:
1343:
1152:, Arizona's western Confederate capital, which housed one of two territorial courts; the other court was in Mesilla. All said engagements happened in the Confederate Arizona and Arkansas sectors of the mail route.
2983:
778:
down the Mississippi to the mouth of the Arkansas River, navigate up that river to Little Rock, and on from there by stagecoach. When the Arkansas was too low for steamboat traffic, the Butterfield could take the
1083:
propose erecting intermediate stations every twelve miles, on account of the greater amount of horses required for the accomplishment of the journey within the specified time of sixteen days from St. Joseph to
1008:
When the Overland Mail Company Contract No. 12578 was transferred to the Central Overland Trail, the contract was amended on March 12, 1861, to include the Pony Express. The new contract stated the following:
970:
All the stages that weren't in use were distributed at stations along the 2,700-mile trail. At the closing of Butterfield’s operations on the Southern Overland Trail in March 1861, because of the start of the
753:
and its Arkansas tributaries in those years, the southern route necessarily utilized various alternative routes and methods of travel. At that time, there was no Mississippi River bridge at Memphis, and the
2758:, A Cochise County Historical Publication, Vol. 46 No. 1 – Spring/Summer 2016, 50th Anniversary Issue, All articles were by Gerald T. Ahnert concerning the history of Butterfield's Overland Mail Company.
2058:
Richardson, "Butterfield Overland Mail": "As of 1858 the route extended from San Francisco to Los Angeles, thence by Fort Yuma, California, and Tucson, Arizona, to Franklin, Texas (present El Paso)."
886:
mules, and a wagon or coach for every thirty miles, of the route, while arrangements have been made at all the stations for changing horses, feeding, &c., so that they can run straight through."
3882:
1738:
268:; James V.P. Gardner of Utica, New York; Marquis L. Kenyon of Rome, New York; Alexander Holland of New York City; and Hamilton Spencer of Bloomington, Illinois. There were four others known as
1473:
1140:. Confederates attempted to keep the stations from Tucson to Mesilla open while they destroyed the stations from Tucson to Yuma which were used to supply the Union army as it advanced through
464:
There were two bridges in Arizona. One was across the San Simon River near San Simon Stage Station, and the other across the San Pedro River just north of the San Pedro River Stage Station.
213:
By 1857, when John was awarded the Overland Mail Company contract, he had had 37 years of experience working for and running stage lines. This was one of the reasons that Postmaster General
2346:, “Surviving the Ride on a Butterfield Stagecoach,” Volume 53, Number 4, August 2015, pp. 220–225. This article tells correspondents humorous accounts about riding on Butterfield’s stages.
2853:
Skeleton map of the overland mail route to California. Route adopted by the department traced in green. Route proposed by John Butterfield and others (who were the lowest bidders) in red
3447:
1621:
Lieutenant John G. Parke, Exploration and Surveys for a Rail Road Route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, Route near the 32d Parallel & Coast Route Cal., 1854–1855.
5499:
2563:, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 48, "1861, March 12. Ordered that the overland mail service on route 12578 be discontinued," p. 4
1488:
1811:
trip on the first Butterfield stage to leave San Francisco heading east. He lists all the stations and their divisions. He also lists the time that he traveled on these divisions.
3295:
1768:
in footnote 151 on p. 131, publisher Huntington Library stated nothing has been found concerning Garner, of Utica, New York, or Kinyon, of Rome, NY. The other misspellings are
50:
3194:
5429:
2763:
Butterfield Makes the Southern Overland Trail His Own, The Architects of the Butterfield Trail – Marquis L. Kenyon and John Butterfield Jr. add a Personal Touch to Arizona
2070:
1457:
874:
Another article a week later in the same Memphis newspaper stated that 60 more were to come. The use of "Concord" stagecoaches was also mentioned by correspondent Ormsby.
745:
669:
441:
distant sources to fill the cisterns. At the Hueco Tanks in Texas, correspondent Ormsby tells of the tanks being enlarged by Butterfield to hold a year's supply of water.
2976:
5484:
1442:
924:"The vehicles used upon the road between Fort Smith are of the description known as Celerity wagons…. The company have over one hundred of these coaches on the ground…"
581:
562:
1071:
Only enough equipment and employees were transferred to stock the trail from Carson City, Nevada, to Salt Lake City, Utah. A June 1861 newspaper accounted the details:
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5464:
5454:
5494:
2996:
1631:
1371:
concluded its Special Resource Study/Environmental Assessment in 2018 and determined that it would be feasible and desirable as part of the National Trails System.
838:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5419:
3249:
1919:, Only Through Passenger on the First Westbound Stage, Edited by Lyle H. Wright and Johnson M. Bynum, The Huntington Library, San Marino California, 1991, p. 42.
5444:
3204:
1452:
650:
186:
was a descendant of Benjamin Butterfield, who brought his family from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1638. His father, Daniel Butterfield, lived at
1304:
1195:
was another destination along the route that was rebuilt after the Civil War. It is on one of the last sections of the trail that still exists: The segment of
1241:
features a stainless steel pyramid erected in 1958 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the Butterfield Overland Mail, which passed south of the mountain.
323:
The contract with the U.S. Post Office, which went into effect on September 16, 1858, identified the route and divided it into eastern and western divisions.
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4142:
4131:
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3323:
3317:
3184:
1435:
5474:
5404:
2956:
Unfortunately this article is not primary source reference and contains some errors. Wells Fargo Co. did not take over Butterfield's Overland Mail Company.
1510:
Waterman L. Ormsby, edited by Lyle H. Wright and Josephine M. Bynum, "The Butterfield Overland Mail", The Huntington Library, San Marino, California, 1991.
401:, which is preserved as a historic site. Kenyon's hardest task building the trail was east of Los Angeles, where his trail was mostly in the open desert.
2399:
G. Bailey, Report of the Postmaster General, Appendix, p. 739 (the time the stage left San Francisco) & 744 (the total number of hours to St. Louis).
1289:
498:
of cattle and sheep. The old complaints of the immigrants are at present unheard of, owing to the better knowledge of the country now so readily obtained
1064:. The last Overland Mail Company mail bag left St. Louis, Missouri, March 18, 1861. This last mail arrived in San Francisco, California April 13, 1861.
834:
Butterfield's stage (celerity) wagon partly designed by John Butterfield. Sixty-six were employed from Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Los Angeles, California.
2612:, California, June 11, 1861, “Letter from Salt Lake, From our Special Correspondent." Note: The complete article can be accessed by the following link
491:"The San Diego Overland Route – Interesting News – From I.C. Woods, who has just crossed the continent on the San Diego and San Antonio Line, says the
256:. It was a stockholding company and the main stockholders, besides John Butterfield, were also fellow directors of the company: William B. Dinsmore of
4048:
2421:
John Butterfield, Overland Mail Company Through Time Schedule between St. Louis, Mo./Memphis, Tenn. & San Francisco, Cal., No. 1, Sep. 16th, 1858
1079:. These are the stations now in use and to be continued, from the facilities they afford of proximity to wood, water and feed; but I am informed the
1262:
2813:
291:
greater ability, qualification and experience than anybody else to carry out a mail service, John Butterfield & Co. was selected and preferred.
4037:
3787:, a later station operating in 1860, 14 miles east from French Johns and 13 miles north from Clayton's Station (formerly Widow Smith's Station).
3712:
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2869:
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2098:
Special Instructions to Conductors, Agents, Drivers & Employees, John Butterfield, Order No. 8. A copy of these instructions was published in
1430:
1169:
543:
524:
398:
2883:
1532:
Aaron V. Brown, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 48, Contract with J. Butterfield and Co. p. 1.
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5000:
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183:
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877:
There were many similar descriptions of Butterfield's stage (celerity) wagons given by newspaper correspondents. One was given by Ormsby:
245:
that the express companies could do a better job than the Overland Mail Company drew a sharp rebuttal from a Washington, D.C., newspaper.
152:
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2003:, "Colonel Bonneville to the General-in-chief, Headquarters Department of New Mexico, Santa Fe, July 15, 1859," Washington, 1860, p. 300
1368:
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2881:
The colorful Butterfield Overland Stage. Reproductions in color of 20 paintings by Marjorie Reed from the collection of James S. Copley
5409:
2928:
2751:, Canastota Publishing, Co. Inc., Canastota, New York, 2011. This book is a comprehensive account of the Butterfield Trail in Arizona.
1447:
619:
600:
205:
After his employment with other stage lines, John decided to use this experience for running his own stage lines in Upstate New York.
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2458:, Postmaster General, The Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–59, Washington, 1858, pp. 742–743
1238:
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755:
252:, who was president for the contract that was named the Overland Mail Company. This was the longest mail contract awarded in the
140:
2067:
1879:, New York, Utica Man Linked East with West, John Butterfield Established Overland Mail Route Half a Century Ago, March 23, 1909
1478:
4575:
3219:
1659:
Abstract of Bids, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 35th Congress, 2d Session, Ex. Doc., No. 48, Post Office Department
1425:
1227:
1125:
1098:
1093:
148:
808:
territory. In October 1859 correspondent Farwell was a passenger heading east on a Butterfield stage and wrote the following:
2359:, "Butterfield Overland Trail," January 2015. This article is about the proposal for the Butterfield National Historic Trail.
1092:, the abandoned Butterfield route between Texas and Southern California operated under a new Federal contract as part of the
4062:
1013:"And to be required also, during the continuance of their contract, or until completion of the overland telegraph, to run a
4672:
3814:
2001:
The Executive Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, First Session, Thirty-Sixth Contress, 1859–60
1598:
History of Oneida County, New York: with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers
1462:
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92:
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3943:. The 2nd Division headquarters was in a brick building, consisting of an office, blacksmith shop, stables and sheds.
996:
September 16, 1858. The mail was carried by railroad for the first 160 miles (260 km) from St. Louis to Tipton.
4587:
1017:
semi-weekly at a schedule time of ten days, eight months of the year, and twelve days four months of the year , and
147:, to contract for delivery of the U.S. mail from St. Louis to San Francisco. Prior to this, U.S. Mail bound for the
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1177:
1053:
460:"Fourteen miles from Boggy Depot we came to Blue River station, where a heavy bridge is building for the company."
302:
194:, near Albany, N.Y., where John was born. He attended schools near his boyhood home, but his education was meager.
1958:
The Executive Documents Printed by Order of the Senate of the United States, Second Session, Thirty-Fifth Congress
1402:, featuring several main characters under the employ of Butterfield: District Manager, Station Agent, and Driver.
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912:
Butterfield subcontracted the section between Des Arc and Fort Smith, Arkansas, to Chidester, Reeside & Co.:
389:
35:
31:
5347:
5120:
4837:
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4721:
4581:
305:, was 600 miles (970 km) longer than the Central Overland Trail, but had the advantage of being snow free.
4621:
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3670:
3597:
3363:
2575:, California, April 5, 1861, “Letter from St. Louis, from our Special Correspondent, St. Louis, March 19, 1861.
1389:
1149:
1113:
248:
Mail Contract No. 12,578 for $ 600,000 per annum for a semi-weekly service was assigned to John Butterfield of
5342:
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4611:
4138:
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1543:
1211:. Potts Inn was finished in 1859 and was a popular stop along the route. It survives as a museum owned by the
791:, before switching to the stagecoaches. Sometimes the entire route across eastern Arkansas would be by stage.
4616:
4483:
3883:
Notes of a Trip to Los Angeles No. 1, Daily Alta California, Volume 12, Number 3888, 5 October 1860 — Page 1
3780:– Located 14 miles east southeast of Reeds Station, in the vicinity of the mouth of Cow Springs Creek Canyon.
2779:, University of Oklahoma Press, 2016. This book is a comprehensive account of the Butterfield Trail in Texas.
5272:
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4878:
4752:
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4449:
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3698:
3648:
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3167:
2867:
Overland Mail Company: through time schedule between St. Louis, Mo., Memphis, Tenn. & San Francisco, Cal
2179:, The Senate of the United States, Second Session. Thirty-Fifth Congress, 1858–59, Washington, 1858. p. 741.
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159:
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1584:
From an advertisement titled "1827 – Half Century – 1880, The Old Established Butterfield Livery Stable",
1363:
signed Congressional legislation (Sec. 7209 of P.L. 111-11) to conduct a study of designating the trail a
1109:
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759:
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422:
though only opened one month before I passed over it, it was already pretty well marked with wagon tracks
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191:
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4259:
4247:
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2866:
2852:
2838:
2772:, Yucca Enterprises, 2005. This book is a comprehensive account of the Butterfield Trail in New Mexico.
359:
287:... a route which no contractor had bid for, but one which in the judgement of A.V. Brown, of Memphis,
2880:
2727:"BUTTERFIELD OVERLAND NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL DESIGNATION ACT; Congressional Record Vol. 168, No. 200"
241:, bid on the contract because, as of yet, they had no experience running stage lines. A suggestion by
175:
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1204:
987:
Overland mail commemorative stamp issued by the U.S. Post Office, 100th Anniversary, October 10, 1958
674:
362:
and the Southern route – (but little traveled heretofore,) pronounced by them, as an excellent road."
289:
had more advantages than any other, and, as John Butterfield & Co. had, in the opinion of Brown,
108:
4687:
4316:
3794:(Clayton's Station, Major Gordon's Station) – Located 24 miles from French John's Station, in upper
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2614:
https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SDU18610611&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1
1200:
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96:
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1104:
At least four battles of the American Civil War occurred at or near Butterfield mail posts, the
655:
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3773:– Located 8 miles southeast of Fort Tejon, near, to the south of the summit of the Tejon Pass.
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3641:
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3346:
3086:
3050:
2932:
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2380:
Edwin R. Purple, The New York State Genealogical and Biographical Record, New York, July, 1879
1407:
1173:
788:
767:
763:
750:
265:
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2483:, Report of the Postmaster General, Senate, 46th Congress, 3d Session, Ex. Doc. No. 21, p. 7.
5356:
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261:
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112:
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summit, with a pyramid commemorating the 100th anniversary of the Butterfield Overland Mail
5161:
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3000:
2987:
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have been unable to find information concerning Kenyon's history. In Waterman L. Ormsby's
1398:
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1145:
1031:
624:
586:
249:
187:
3762:– Located 15 miles southwest of Sink of Tejon Station, north of and below the summit of
2790:
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2645:
National Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination: Oak Grove Butterfield Station
4938:
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4599:
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4075:
miles east southeast of Carrizo Creek Station, 15 miles west northwest of Indian Wells.
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1322:
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771:
605:
324:
214:
144:
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3358:
2333:, San Francisco, “Letter from our Overland Correspondent,” Tuesday, November 16, 1858
2128:, San Francisco, "Letter from our Overland Correspondent," Tuesday, November 16, 1858
1196:
529:
257:
253:
234:
104:
3534:– Western terminus and 1st Division headquarters, located in downtown San Francisco.
1588:, June 1st, 1880, Published by the Utica Directory Co., 167 Genesee St., Utica, N.Y.
313:
91:
service in the United States operating from 1858 to 1861. It carried passengers and
4662:
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4229:
3809:– Located 10 miles south of Widow Smith's Station in lower San Francisquito Canyon.
3601:
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3224:
3209:
3176:
3122:
3110:
2536:
1468:
1360:
3571:
San Jose Station – Located 11 miles south of Mountain View Station in the city of
2371:, Frankfort, Kentucky, "Later from Texas, Fort Smith, Feb. 20," February 22, 1861
17:
4667:
4431:
3936:
3862:
3825:
3752:
3287:
2839:
Letter to the postmaster general in relations to the overland mail to California
1901:
For a more comprehensive history concerning this subject see: Gerald T. Ahnert,
1483:
1310:
Advertising poster for a similar but later service between California and Oregon
1223:
1121:
934:
are listed as being born in New York State. Correspondent Ormsby reported that:
548:
238:
3861:. The first station of the 1st Division, it was located 12 miles northwest of
2814:
Historic Places on the Old Stage Line from Fort Smith to Red River – Appendix A
1052:
Butterfield’s Overland Mail Company was ordered to transfer the company to the
920:
In an interview Chidester stated that he was using Butterfield's stage wagons:
3763:
3759:
3734:
3723:
3128:
283:
Why John Butterfield was chosen was stated by Postmaster General Aaron Brown:
136:
124:
88:
2824:
456:
Other improvements to the trail by Butterfield were the building of bridges:
5360:
3733:(Kern River Station) – Located 10 miles south of Posey Creek Station on the
1405:
A Butterfield Overland stagecoach is also featured in the 2015 western film
1379:
project. The Park Service will develop a comprehensive administration plan.
1208:
992:
775:
567:
100:
3549:
Sun Water Station – Located 9 miles south of Clarks Station in what is now
2825:
The overland mail, 1849–1869: promoter of settlement precursor of railroads
1544:
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.aft3376.0001.001;view=1up;seq=1
1396:
The Butterfield Overland Mail Company is the main subject of the 1965 film
1148:
and others led to a significant delay to the Union advance, postponing the
4093:– a later station, located 15 miles southeast of Indian Wells Station, in
2936:
2634:, San Diego Historical Society Quarterly, Spring 1969, Volume 15, Number 2
1575:, edited by Julia Lorrilard Butterfield, The Grafton Press, New York, 1904
4098:
2994:
Texas Historical Society: Butterfield Overland Mail Company in Bridgeport
1120:. Four clashes between the Apache and Confederate or Union forces in the
801:
116:
3005:
2433:, California, December 1, 1858. This ad appeared until January 10, 1858.
4561:
1556:"S.3519 - Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail Designation Act"
328:
128:
2959:
1522:
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.c109481050;view=1up;seq=745
1019:
to convey for the Government free of charge five pounds of mail matter
5375:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route""
5091:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route""
4353:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route""
4166:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route""
3872:"List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route""
2948:
2749:
The Butterfield Trail and Overland Mail Company in Arizona, 1858–1861
1739:"Torn-Down Tuesday: The Fargo Mansion, home of a Wells Fargo founder"
805:
275:
Almost all of the stockholders were connected to other businesses in
132:
4112:, 38 miles east of Indian Wells Station, no water except at station.
4029:– Located 10 miles southeast of Warner's Ranch, northwest of nearby
1826:(New York), obituary, The Late Hon. M.L. Kinyon (sic), April 3, 1862
4145:, 22 miles east of Alamo Mocho Station, no water except at station.
3982:– Located 10 miles southeast of Temescal Station, near present-day
2077:
History & Architecture: Arkansas Historic Preservation Program.
1387:
The Butterfield Overland Mail Company is featured in the 1957 film
139:
ending in San Francisco. On March 3, 1857, Congress authorized the
3259:
2676:"ParkPlanning - Butterfield Overland Trail Special Resource Study"
982:
837:
829:
312:
174:
120:
2765:(Revised Edition 2017), NoBottomGulch Publications, Syracuse, NY.
1218:
When it was first established, the route proceeded due east from
4082:– Located 32 miles southeast of Carisso Creek, near present day
3589:– Located 13 miles south of Seventeen Mile House in what is now
2016:, Series I, Volume L, Fort Thorn, Arizona, July 6. 1862, p. 121.
1036:
5109:
4982:
4773:
4524:
4370:
4184:
3897:
3492:
3479:
3132:
2777:
The Texas Frontier and The Butterfield Overland Mail, 1858–1861
1780:. All of these have also been used without the middle initial.
1349:
Butterfield Overland Mail trail remnant at Apache Pass, Arizona
794:
774:
was high enough, the mail could instead travel from Memphis by
770:. From there the route headed overland by stagecoach. When the
335:
Kenyon and Butterfield Jr.: architects of the Butterfield Trail
4123:, 9 miles east of Alamo Mocho and 9 miles west of Seven Wells.
3669:– Located 17 miles southeast of Elkhorn Spring Station on the
2140:, "The Mud Wagon", John and Mildred Frizzell, May 1976, p. 140
1612:, Oswego, New York, "Butterfield Stables Sold," June 13, 1894.
1180:. Both properties, 20 miles (32 km) apart, were declared
197:
John's early involvement with stage lines started about 1820.
2960:
Over-land.com: Official Millennium Trail – The Overland Trail
2068:
The Butterfield Overland Mail Route Lucian Wood Road Segment.
795:
Butterfield's stagecoaches, celerity wagons, and water wagons
318:
The stage routes from a Butterfield Overland Mail Company map
2954:
Desert USA.com: John Butterfield + Butterfield Overland Mail
1226:; the remains of a stagecoach stop are still visible at the
3994:– a later station, 11 miles south of Laguna Grande Station.
3975:– Located 20 miles southeast of Rancho Santa Ana del Chino.
3006:
Butterfield Express under the Confederate States of America
2262:, California, October 13, 1858. The article was taken from
1474:
Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States
444:
In June 1860 Butterfield passenger Wallace reported to the
4119:– a later station, located south of the Mexican border in
3755:– Located 14 miles southwest of Kern River Slough Station.
1004:
Pony Express as part of the Overland Mail Company contract
384:
John Butterfield makes the Southern Overland Trail his own
4008:– Located 14 miles east of Temecula Station, near Aguanga
3853:– Located 12 miles southeast of Mission San Fernando, in
3629:– Located 13 miles southeast of Lone Willow Station near
3541:– Located 12 miles south of San Francisco in what is now
4058:– Located 9 miles east southeast of Palm Spring Station.
3939:– Located 12 miles southeast of Cahuenga Station in the
3658:– Located 22 miles east of Fresno City near present-day
2837:
Butterfield, J., Fargo, W.G., & Holland, A. (1857).
424:. …It must of course improve with every day of its use."
4130:– a later well, located south of the Mexican border in
4097:, 14 miles west of Alamo Mocho Station, in present day
2290:, California, October 13, 1858. Article reprinted from
1850:, The Overland Mail Route, Utica, New York, May 4, 1858
505:
Route divisions of the Butterfield Overland Mail route
4001:– Located 21 miles southeast of Laguna Grande Station.
3640:– Located 15 miles southeast of Temples Ranch, on the
2972:
1958 Overland Mail Centennial U.S. commemorative stamp
2701:"Butterfield Trail gets national historic designation"
2627:
The Jackass Mail – San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line
1903:
Butterfield Makes the Southern Overland Trail His Own.
1797:
Immigrant Roads and Mail Routes across the Continent,
1634:. Bridgeport, Texas Historical Society. Archived from
1542:
General also contains references from Woods' day book.
1489:
Butterfield Overland Mail Company Los Angeles Building
3010:
2907:
The overland mail and passenger service. p. 156.
2865:
Overland Mail Company, & Butterfield, J. (1858).
1867:, Return of the Overland Mail Expedition, May 3, 1858
1586:
Francis & Stewart's Utica City Directory for 1880
1573:
A biographical memorial of General Daniel Butterfield
1337:
Butterfield historical marker at Apache Pass, Arizona
416:
A lengthy new section of road in Texas is described:
4047:– Located 9 miles southeast of Vallecito Station at
3715:– Located 12 miles south of Fountain Spring Station.
3687:– Located 12 miles southeast of Cross Creek Station.
2820:
11:2 (June 1933) 821–822 (accessed August 16, 2006).
1506:
1504:
171:
John Butterfield: president of Overland Mail Company
5230:
5144:
4898:
4861:
4630:
4568:
4040:– Located 18 miles southeast of San Felipe Station.
3722:– Located 15 miles southwest of Mountain House, on
3708:– Located 14 miles southeast of Tule River Station.
3457:
3437:
3419:
3337:
3304:
3286:
3258:
3175:
3166:
1788:
were sometimes used in Upstate New York newspapers.
503:
375:John Jr.'s obituary summarized his accomplishment:
72:
64:
30:"Overland Mail" redirects here. For the films, see
4961:miles from Sherman Station, ferry crossing of the
4022:– Located 10 miles southeast of Oak Grove Station.
4015:– Located 12 miles southeast of Tejungo Station.
3651:– Located 19 miles southeast of Firebaugh's Ferry.
3600:– Located 18 miles east of Gilroy near the top of
2977:"Panning for history along Cache la Poudre River"
2647:, National Park Service, accessed 18 November 2009
1458:Butterfield Overland Mail in Arkansas and Missouri
153:San Antonio and San Diego Mail Line (Jackass Mail)
3968:– Located 12 miles southeast of Rancho San Jose.
3680:– Located 15 miles southeast of Whitmore's Ferry.
1662:. U.S. Government Printing Office. March 3, 1859.
1443:Butterfield Overland Mail in New Mexico Territory
3957:– Located 12 miles east of Monte in present-day
3618:– Located 18 miles east of St. Louis Ranch near
2537:https://www.facebook.com/groups/338802216162970/
749:. However, because of the untamed nature of the
3817:– Located 12 miles south of King's Station, in
2919:Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1994.
2207:, Tennessee, July 21, 1858, reprinted from the
2191:, Tennessee, July 13, 1858, reprinted from the
2040:, October 29, 1859 (italics added for emphasis)
1888:Frank Norris, Historian National Park Service,
1672:The California Overland Mail Company Contract,
1026:telegraph line was completed October 24, 1861.
107:. The routes from each eastern terminus met at
4159:– Located 10 miles east of Pilot Knob Station.
2643:Patricia Heintzelman and Charles Snell (1975)
2467:National Park Service Historian Frank Norris,
2152:, Buffalo, New York, Saturday, June 26, 1858,
2049:Wright, "Historic Places – Appendix A", p. 821
409:Waterman L. Ormsby, the correspondent for the
301:because of its long curving route through the
5500:National Historic Trails of the United States
5121:
4994:
4785:
4536:
4382:
4196:
3909:
3701:– Located 14 miles south of Packwood Station.
3560:– Located 9 miles south of Sun Water Station.
3504:
3144:
2890:. Palm Desert, Calif: Best-West Publications.
1453:Butterfield Overland Mail in Indian Territory
991:Butterfield's Overland Mail Company held the
388:The history of the Butterfield Trail and the
87:(officially the Overland Mail Company) was a
55:"The Overland Mail Coach," illustration from
8:
2949:Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail
1928:Ormsby, p. 44. (Italics added for emphasis).
1436:Butterfield Overland Mail in Baja California
43:
2028:, Washington, D.C., October 11, 1858, p. 2.
1906:and Benson Visitors Center, Benson, Arizona
1600:, Philadelphian, Everts & Fariss, 1878.
866:"The Overland Mail Company received by the
221:Awarding the Overland Mail Company contract
5128:
5114:
5106:
5001:
4987:
4979:
4941:– Located 15 miles from Diamond's Station.
4792:
4778:
4770:
4543:
4529:
4521:
4389:
4375:
4367:
4203:
4189:
4181:
3916:
3902:
3894:
3838:miles southeast of Hart's Station, in the
3748:– Located 12 miles south of Gordons Ferry.
3511:
3497:
3489:
3476:
3172:
3151:
3137:
3129:
1713:"William G. Fargo "Expressing" the Nation"
1160:There are two surviving stage stations in
49:
42:
5430:Trails and roads in the American Old West
4466:Miembre's River (Rio Mimbres, Mowry City)
4152:– Located 18 miles east of Cooke's Wells.
4141:– Located south of the Mexican border in
4108:– Located south of the Mexican border in
3567:– Located 12 miles south of Redwood City.
3250:Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route
2250:, pp. 49, 53–55, 66, 68, 94, 123–124, 139
1892:, "Butterfield Overland Mail," pp. 15–20.
5485:1857 establishments in the United States
3611:– Located 17 miles east of Pacheco Pass.
2990:Article about the Central Overland Trail
2587:, San Francisco, Sunday, April 14, 1861.
1956:"Contract with J. Butterfield and Co.,"
1060:, because of the impending start of the
27:Stagecoach service in the US (1858–1861)
5490:Transport companies established in 1857
5465:Historic trails and roads in New Mexico
5455:Historic trails and roads in California
3950:– Located 13 miles east of Los Angeles.
3017:
2903:The overland mail and passenger service
2834:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
1500:
1431:Butterfield Overland Mail in California
1243:
229:None of the express companies, such as
5495:American companies established in 1857
2879:Reed, M., & Pourade, R.F. (1966).
2278:, Arkansas, Friday, September 16, 1858
5470:Historic trails and roads in Oklahoma
5460:Historic trails and roads in Missouri
5450:Historic trails and roads in Arkansas
5420:History of United States expansionism
3582:– Located 17 miles south of San Jose.
2756:The Cochise County Historical Journal
7:
5445:Historic trails and roads in Arizona
2807:. Topeka, Kansas: W.Y. Morgan, 1901.
1838:, Washington City, November 23, 1857
1676:, Washington, D. C., April 29, 1858.
758:ran from Hopefield near present-day
437:growing crops which aided the line.
5425:Postal history of the United States
5380:. New York Times. October 14, 1858.
5096:. New York Times. October 14, 1858.
4358:. New York Times. October 14, 1858.
4171:. New York Times. October 14, 1858.
3877:. New York Times. October 14, 1858.
3694:– Located 12 miles east of Visalia.
3296:Captain John Smith Chesapeake Trail
2917:900 Miles on the Butterfield Trail.
2770:The Butterfield Trail in New Mexico
2561:Contract with Overland Mail Company
2481:Contract with Overland Mail Company
1978:William A Wallace, "The Stations,"
1960:, 1858–'59, Washington, 1859, p. 4.
1632:"Butterfield Overland Mail Company"
1166:Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station
762:, only to a point 12 miles east of
5475:Historic trails and roads in Texas
5405:Butterfield Overland Mail stations
3844:Mission San Fernando Rey de España
3481:Butterfield Overland Mail stations
1448:Butterfield Overland Mail in Texas
1203:. Also in Arkansas is the town of
1048:Transfer to Central Overland Trail
25:
4673:Deadman's Hole Spring (El Muerto)
3195:El Camino Real de los Tejas Trail
1239:Guadalupe Mountains National Park
844:Guadalupe Mountains National Park
468:Butterfield for his achievement:
3200:El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3044:
3032:
3020:
2805:The Overland Stage to California
2632:The Journal of San Diego History
2598:The Overland Stage to California
2510:"Waterman Lilly Ormsby 18341919"
2177:Report of the Postmaster General
1776:on the 1860 Federal Census, and
1342:
1330:
1315:
1303:
1288:
1276:
1261:
1246:
1193:Pea Ridge National Military Park
1130:Second Battle of Dragoon Springs
756:Memphis and Little Rock Railroad
4134:, 18 miles east of Alamo Mucho.
1426:San Antonio-San Diego Mail Line
1228:Hueco Tanks State Historic Site
1126:First Battle of Dragoon Springs
4588:Cornudas de Los Alamos Station
4410:Seneca Spring (Cienaga Spring)
2901:Swensen, Henry Edward (1911).
405:Sections shortened or improved
1:
4086:, no water except at station.
4065:– a later station, located 17
2410:The Butterfield Overland Mail
2318:The Butterfield Overland Mail
2305:The Butterfield Overland Mail
2248:The Butterfield Overland Mail
2235:The Butterfield Overland Mail
2222:The Butterfield Overland Mail
2113:The Butterfield Overland Mail
2100:The Butterfield Overland Mail
1917:The Butterfield Overland Mail
1766:The Butterfield Overland Mail
1463:Butterfield Overland Despatch
1359:On March 30, 2009, President
1090:Confederate States of America
857:Butterfield stage manufacture
239:Wells Fargo & Co. Express
111:, and then continued through
2800:. Retrieved 2006-08-22.
2512:. Ormsby.org. Archived from
3678:Head of Cross Creek Station
3205:Juan Bautista de Anza Trail
3160:U.S. National Trails System
2886:September 26, 2007, at the
2872:September 29, 2007, at the
2858:September 29, 2007, at the
2844:September 29, 2007, at the
2830:September 29, 2007, at the
2156:, California, July 31, 1858
1717:The Buffalo History Gazette
1479:Stockton – Los Angeles Road
1271:reconstructed stage station
1182:National Historic Landmarks
1138:Skirmish in Doubtful Canyon
158:The route was designated a
5516:
5440:1860s in the United States
5435:1850s in the United States
4653:Birchville (Smith's Ranch)
4582:Ojos de los Alamos Station
4450:Mexican Springs (Barney's)
3966:Rancho Santa Ana del Chino
3439:National Recreation Trails
3324:Star-Spangled Banner Trail
3318:Overmountain Victory Trail
2851:Butterfield, J.W. (1857).
1178:Warner Springs, California
472:"Washington, Oct. 9, 1858
217:awarded him the contract.
151:had been delivered by the
95:from two eastern termini,
29:
5410:Butterfield Overland Mail
5370:
5137:Butterfield Overland Mail
5017:
5010:Butterfield Overland Mail
4934:
4808:
4801:Butterfield Overland Mail
4711:
4559:
4552:Butterfield Overland Mail
4405:
4398:Butterfield Overland Mail
4348:
4219:
4212:Butterfield Overland Mail
3932:
3925:Butterfield Overland Mail
3746:Kern River Slough Station
3527:
3520:Butterfield Overland Mail
3486:
3240:Selma to Montgomery Trail
2791:Butterfield Overland Mail
2657:Butterfield Overland Mail
2073:February 1, 2014, at the
1207:, which was built around
1106:Battle of Stanwix Station
1099:Transcontinental Railroad
1094:Overland Mail Corporation
966:Extant Butterfield stages
722:
699:
668:
649:
618:
599:
580:
561:
542:
523:
518:
515:
512:
509:
272:(security against loss).
179:Butterfield and signature
105:San Francisco, California
85:Butterfield Overland Mail
48:
44:Butterfield Overland Mail
36:Overland Mail (1939 film)
32:Overland Mail (1942 film)
3364:Continental Divide Trail
3314:(motor, land, and water)
3168:National Historic Trails
2205:The Memphis Daily Appeal
2189:The Memphis Daily Appeal
2014:The War of the Rebellion
1691:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1114:Second Battle of Mesilla
1029:A correspondent for the
738:San Francisco to Memphis
297:The route, known as the
5248:Woolsey's (Signal Hill)
4117:Gardner's Wells Station
4013:Oak Grove Stage Station
3796:San Francisquito Canyon
3737:just above present-day
3706:Fountain Spring Station
3421:National Geologic Trail
3406:Pacific Northwest Trail
2443:San Francisco Bulletin,
2369:Tri Weekly Commonwealth
2102:, by Waterman L. Ormsby
2089:, Sunday, July 22, 1860
2012:Lieut. Col. E.E. Eyre,
1865:New York Herald Tribune
1799:Sacramento Daily Union,
1610:Oswego Weekly Palladium
1421:Southern Emigrant Trail
1365:National Historic Trail
1355:National historic trail
1124:occurred on the route,
428:Another Texas section:
160:national historic trail
141:U.S. postmaster general
3992:Willow Springs Station
3859:Santa Monica Mountains
3656:Elkhorn Spring Station
3465:Triple Crown of Hiking
3411:Potomac Heritage Trail
3339:National Scenic Trails
3260:Natural surface trails
2823:Hafen, L.R.R. (2004).
2818:Chronicles of Oklahoma
2789:Richardson, Rupert N.
2610:Sacramento Daily Union
2573:Sacramento Daily Union
2431:San Francisco Bulletin
2288:Sacramento Daily Union
2260:Sacramento Daily Union
2154:Sacramento Daily Union
2038:Sacramento Daily Union
1687:"William George Fargo"
1465:, an unrelated company
1283:Fort Chadbourne museum
1253:Butterfield marker in
1110:Battle of Picacho Pass
1086:
1058:Central Overland Trail
1023:
988:
957:Sleeping on the stages
954:
940:
926:
918:
905:
883:
872:
846:
835:
826:Stage (celerity) wagon
814:
760:West Memphis, Arkansas
502:
484:
462:
454:
434:
426:
381:
373:
364:
346:
320:
295:
211:
203:
180:
5139:8th Division Stations
5012:7th Division Stations
4803:6th Division Stations
4554:5th Division Stations
4400:4th Division Stations
4214:3rd Division Stations
4139:Cooke's Wells Station
4056:Carrizo Creek Station
3980:Laguna Grande Station
3941:pueblo of Los Angeles
3927:2nd Division Stations
3792:Widow Smith's Station
3778:French John's Station
3753:Sink of Tejon Station
3565:Mountain View Station
3522:1st Division Stations
3312:Lewis and Clark Trail
2965:May 16, 2011, at the
2876:. [S.l: The Company?.
2585:Daily Alta California
2471:, January 2015, p. 17
2331:Daily Alta California
2126:Daily Alta California
1980:Daily Alta California
1638:on September 11, 2011
1369:National Park Service
1170:Oak Grove, California
1144:. The burning of the
1134:Battle of Apache Pass
1077:Butterfield new route
1073:
1011:
986:
950:
936:
922:
914:
901:
879:
864:
841:
833:
810:
489:
476:John Butterfield, Esq
470:
458:
450:
446:Daily Alta California
430:
418:
377:
369:
356:
342:
316:
285:
207:
199:
178:
4843:Fort Belknap Station
4594:Crow Springs Station
4080:Indian Wells Station
3598:Pacheco Pass Station
3580:Seventeen Mile House
3429:Ice Age Floods Trail
3185:Butterfield Overland
2733:. December 22, 2022.
2680:parkplanning.nps.gov
2408:Waterman L. Ormsby,
2344:The Carriage Journal
2316:Waterman L. Ormsby,
2303:Waterman L. Ormsby,
2246:Waterman L. Ormsby,
2233:Waterman L. Ormsby,
2220:Waterman L. Ormsby,
2138:The Western Horseman
2111:Waterman L. Ormsby,
1915:Waterman L. Ormsby,
1877:The Binghamton Press
1861:St. Louis Republican
1848:Oneida Weekly Herald
1824:Utica Daily Observer
1745:. September 15, 2023
1719:. September 15, 2023
1296:Fort Belknap (Texas)
327:, later to be named
109:Fort Smith, Arkansas
5253:Brodie's(Lee Creek)
4606:Independence Spring
4248:Peterman's (Mohawk)
4128:Salt or Seven Wells
4106:Alamo Mocho Station
4045:Palm Spring Station
3840:San Fernando Valley
3720:Posey Creek Station
3616:Lone Willow Station
3401:Pacific Crest Trail
3389:North Country Trail
3384:Natchez Trace Trail
3177:Scenic motor routes
2812:Wright, Muriel H. "
2782:Smith, Waddell F.,
2761:Ahnert, Gerald T.,
2754:Ahnert, Gerald T.,
2747:Ahnert, Gerald T.,
2707:. December 23, 2022
2456:Great Overland Mail
2150:The Buffalo Courier
1484:Apache Pass Station
1377:energy transmission
1142:Traditional Arizona
1118:Battle of Pea Ridge
1081:Butterfield Company
785:Clarendon, Arkansas
627:to Colbert's Ferry
608:to Fort Chadbourne
506:
101:St. Louis, Missouri
45:
4838:Franz's (Francis')
4722:Mustang Waterholes
4716:Horsehead Crossing
4150:Pilot Knob Station
4027:San Felipe Station
3813:Hart's Station or
3724:Posey (Poso) Creek
3699:Tule River Station
3591:Gilroy, California
3230:Pony Express Trail
2999:2011-09-11 at the
2986:2019-08-22 at the
2775:Ely, Glen Sample,
2547:Waddell F. Smith,
2495:Waddell F. Smith,
2342:Gerald T. Ahnert,
2292:The Memphis Appeal
1693:. October 16, 2022
1383:In popular culture
1215:Historic Society.
1201:Northwest Arkansas
989:
847:
842:Pinery Station in
836:
504:
321:
243:The New York Times
181:
97:Memphis, Tennessee
5415:American frontier
5392:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5103:
5102:
4976:
4975:
4767:
4766:
4622:Emigrant Crossing
4518:
4517:
4456:Soldiers Farewell
4364:
4363:
4178:
4177:
4157:Fort Yuma Station
4091:New River Station
4038:Vallecito Station
4031:Scissors Crossing
3891:
3890:
3642:San Joaquin River
3638:Firebaugh's Ferry
3473:
3472:
3369:New England Trail
3347:Appalachian Trail
3333:
3332:
3326:(motor and water)
3268:Ala Kahakai Trail
3220:Old Spanish Trail
2979:The Moultrie News
2796:Handbook of Texas
2768:Hackler, George,
2662:Handbook of Texas
2625:Basil C. Pearce,
2329:John M. Farwell,
2193:Fort Smith Herald
2124:John M. Farwell,
1801:November 2, 1858.
1770:Marquis L. Kinyon
1408:The Hateful Eight
1298:Historical Marker
789:Des Arc, Arkansas
768:St. Francis River
764:Madison, Arkansas
751:Mississippi River
735:
734:
266:Buffalo, New York
155:since June 1857.
82:
81:
57:Arizona, As It Is
18:Butterfield Trail
16:(Redirected from
5507:
5381:
5379:
5357:Pacific Railroad
5130:
5123:
5116:
5107:
5097:
5095:
5003:
4996:
4989:
4980:
4967:Indian Territory
4960:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4771:
4612:Delaware Springs
4545:
4538:
4531:
4522:
4484:Rough and Ready
4391:
4384:
4377:
4368:
4359:
4357:
4335:Pointer Mountain
4282:Murderer's Grave
4236:Filibusters Camp
4205:
4198:
4191:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4074:
4073:
4069:
3999:Temecula Station
3973:Temescal Station
3918:
3911:
3904:
3895:
3878:
3876:
3851:Cahuenga Station
3837:
3836:
3832:
3692:Packwood Station
3667:Whitmore's Ferry
3539:Clarks's Station
3513:
3506:
3499:
3490:
3477:
3320:(motor and land)
3190:California Trail
3173:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3108:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3016:
2981:(Charleston, SC)
2908:
2784:The Smoke Signal
2735:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2672:
2666:
2654:
2648:
2641:
2635:
2622:
2616:
2607:
2601:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2549:The Smoke Signal
2545:
2539:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2516:on July 27, 2011
2506:
2500:
2497:The Smoke Signal
2493:
2487:
2478:
2472:
2465:
2459:
2452:
2446:
2445:January 11, 1859
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2372:
2366:
2360:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2257:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2209:Fort Smith Times
2202:
2196:
2186:
2180:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1983:
1982:, June 10, 1860.
1976:
1970:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1774:Marcus L. Kinyon
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1743:The Buffalo News
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1552:
1546:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1346:
1334:
1319:
1307:
1292:
1280:
1265:
1250:
1199:running through
1162:San Diego County
692:
691:
687:
684:
642:
641:
637:
634:
507:
493:San Diego Herald
351:Star of New York
277:Upstate New York
262:William G. Fargo
231:American Express
184:John Butterfield
113:Indian Territory
53:
46:
21:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5226:
5140:
5134:
5104:
5099:
5093:
5089:
5087:
5022:Colbert's Ferry
5013:
5007:
4977:
4972:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:Colbert's Ferry
4939:Sherman Station
4930:
4894:
4857:
4828:Smith's Station
4804:
4798:
4768:
4763:
4759:Fort Chadbourne
4707:
4668:Van Horns Wells
4626:
4564:
4555:
4549:
4519:
4514:
4471:Cooke's Spring
4420:Dragoon Springs
4401:
4395:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4265:Flap-Jack Ranch
4215:
4209:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4164:
4153:
4146:
4143:Baja California
4135:
4132:Baja California
4124:
4121:Baja California
4113:
4110:Baja California
4102:
4095:Baja California
4087:
4076:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4063:Sackett's Wells
4059:
4052:
4041:
4034:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4006:Tejungo Station
4002:
3995:
3987:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:Rancho San Jose
3951:
3944:
3928:
3922:
3892:
3887:
3874:
3870:
3847:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3810:
3803:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3727:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3663:
3652:
3645:
3634:
3623:
3612:
3609:St. Louis Ranch
3605:
3594:
3583:
3576:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3535:
3523:
3517:
3482:
3474:
3469:
3453:
3433:
3415:
3329:
3300:
3282:
3254:
3215:Nez Perce Trail
3162:
3157:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3081:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3001:Wayback Machine
2988:Wayback Machine
2967:Wayback Machine
2945:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:Further reading
2888:Wayback Machine
2874:Wayback Machine
2860:Wayback Machine
2846:Wayback Machine
2832:Wayback Machine
2744:
2739:
2738:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2705:Arkansas Online
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2638:
2623:
2619:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2542:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2494:
2490:
2479:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2286:
2282:
2276:Des Arc Citizen
2274:
2270:
2258:
2254:
2245:
2241:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2203:
2199:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2087:New York Herald
2085:
2081:
2075:Wayback Machine
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1986:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1805:
1796:
1792:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1417:
1399:Apache Uprising
1385:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1308:
1299:
1293:
1284:
1281:
1272:
1269:Fort Chadbourne
1266:
1257:
1251:
1220:Franklin, Texas
1158:
1156:Modern remnants
1146:Stanwix Station
1050:
1032:New York Herald
1006:
981:
968:
959:
945:
931:
910:
896:
859:
828:
819:
817:Mail stagecoach
797:
740:
689:
685:
682:
680:
656:Colbert's Ferry
639:
635:
632:
630:
625:Fort Chadbourne
532:to Los Angeles
448:the following:
411:New York Herald
407:
386:
337:
325:Franklin, Texas
311:
250:Utica, New York
223:
173:
168:
143:, at that time
78:
60:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5513:
5511:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5397:
5396:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5383:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5350:
5348:Schackleford's
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:Cadron Station
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5182:Pottsville Inn
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5135:
5133:
5132:
5125:
5118:
5110:
5101:
5100:
5085:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4983:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4942:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4892:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4782:
4774:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4753:Colorado River
4749:
4744:
4742:Head of Concho
4739:
4732:
4729:Llano Estacado
4725:
4718:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4693:Barela Springs
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:Barrel Springs
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4590:
4585:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4525:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4441:
4434:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4362:
4361:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4308:
4301:
4299:Maricopa Wells
4296:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4250:
4245:
4238:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4176:
4175:
4161:
4160:
4154:
4147:
4136:
4125:
4114:
4103:
4088:
4077:
4060:
4053:
4042:
4035:
4024:
4020:Warner's Ranch
4017:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3952:
3945:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3867:
3866:
3848:
3823:
3811:
3807:King's Station
3804:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3771:Reed's Station
3768:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3731:Gordon's Ferry
3728:
3717:
3713:Mountain House
3710:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3664:
3653:
3646:
3635:
3627:Temple's Ranch
3624:
3613:
3606:
3595:
3587:Gilroy Station
3584:
3577:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3536:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3278:Iditarod Trail
3275:
3273:Chilkoot Trail
3270:
3264:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3245:Trail of Tears
3242:
3237:
3235:Santa Fe Trail
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3065:
3053:
3041:
3029:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2991:
2974:
2969:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2943:External links
2941:
2940:
2939:
2929:978-1574412130
2915:Greene, A.C.,
2913:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2877:
2863:
2849:
2835:
2821:
2810:
2801:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2718:
2692:
2667:
2649:
2636:
2617:
2602:
2589:
2577:
2565:
2553:
2540:
2527:
2501:
2488:
2473:
2460:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2414:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2373:
2361:
2355:Frank Norris,
2348:
2335:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2280:
2268:
2264:Memphis Appeal
2252:
2239:
2226:
2213:
2197:
2181:
2168:
2158:
2142:
2130:
2117:
2104:
2091:
2079:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2005:
1993:
1991:Ormsby, p. 33.
1984:
1971:
1969:Ormsby, p. 77.
1962:
1949:
1939:
1937:Ormsby, p. 44.
1930:
1921:
1908:
1894:
1881:
1869:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1803:
1790:
1756:
1730:
1704:
1678:
1665:
1649:
1623:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1577:
1565:
1547:
1534:
1525:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1384:
1381:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1323:Guadalupe Peak
1321:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1255:Sherman, Texas
1252:
1245:
1235:Guadalupe Peak
1233:The summit of
1189:Elkhorn Tavern
1174:Warner's Ranch
1157:
1154:
1150:Fall of Tucson
1049:
1046:
1005:
1002:
980:
977:
967:
964:
958:
955:
944:
941:
930:
927:
909:
908:Subcontractors
906:
895:
892:
858:
855:
827:
824:
818:
815:
796:
793:
772:Arkansas River
739:
736:
733:
732:
729:
726:
724:
720:
719:
716:
713:
703:
697:
696:
693:
678:
672:
666:
665:
662:
659:
658:to Fort Smith
653:
647:
646:
643:
628:
622:
616:
615:
612:
609:
603:
597:
596:
593:
590:
584:
578:
577:
574:
571:
565:
559:
558:
555:
552:
546:
540:
539:
536:
533:
527:
521:
520:
517:
514:
511:
406:
403:
390:Emigrant Trail
385:
382:
336:
333:
310:
307:
222:
219:
172:
169:
167:
164:
145:Aaron V. Brown
80:
79:
76:
74:
70:
69:
68:Postal service
66:
62:
61:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5512:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5376:
5369:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5143:
5138:
5131:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5098:
5092:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5011:
5004:
4999:
4997:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4981:
4968:
4964:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4860:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Mountain Pass
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4781:
4776:
4775:
4772:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:
4736:Camp Johnston
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4710:
4704:
4703:Camp Stockton
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Fort Fillmore
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4385:
4380:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4354:
4347:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:Oatman's Flat
4275:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4242:Antelope Peak
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4199:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4173:
4167:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4078:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3984:Lake Elsinore
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3855:Cahuenga Pass
3852:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3827:
3826:Lopez Station
3824:
3820:
3819:Santa Clarita
3816:
3815:Lyons Station
3812:
3808:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3532:San Francisco
3530:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3485:
3478:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3379:Ice Age Trail
3377:
3375:
3374:Florida Trail
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3359:Arizona Trail
3357:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3102:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3066:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3042:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:Root, Frank.
2802:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2681:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2531:
2528:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2469:Desert Tracks
2464:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2386:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:Desert Tracks
2352:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:Desert Tracks
1885:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1757:
1749:September 15,
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1723:September 15,
1718:
1714:
1708:
1705:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1222:, toward the
1221:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:Old Wire Road
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1084:Placerville.”
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1003:
1001:
997:
994:
985:
978:
976:
974:
965:
963:
956:
953:
949:
943:Draft animals
942:
939:
935:
929:Stage drivers
928:
925:
921:
917:
913:
907:
904:
900:
893:
891:
887:
882:
878:
875:
871:
869:
863:
856:
854:
851:
845:
840:
832:
825:
823:
816:
813:
809:
807:
803:
792:
790:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
752:
748:
747:
737:
730:
727:
725:
721:
717:
714:
711:
707:
704:
702:
698:
694:
679:
676:
673:
671:
667:
663:
660:
657:
654:
652:
648:
644:
629:
626:
623:
621:
617:
613:
610:
607:
604:
602:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
583:
579:
575:
572:
569:
566:
564:
560:
556:
553:
551:to Fort Yuma
550:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:
531:
530:San Francisco
528:
526:
522:
508:
501:
499:
494:
488:
483:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
447:
442:
438:
433:
429:
425:
423:
417:
414:
412:
404:
402:
400:
394:
391:
383:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
361:
355:
352:
345:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
319:
315:
308:
306:
304:
300:
294:
293:
290:
284:
281:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:New York City
255:
254:United States
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:Adams Express
232:
227:
220:
218:
216:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
193:
189:
185:
177:
170:
165:
163:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
77:United States
75:
71:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5343:Mulholland's
5268:Fitzgerald's
5263:Fayetteville
5136:
5086:
5009:
4823:Phantom Hill
4813:Valley Creek
4800:
4751:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4698:Leon Springs
4663:Eagle Spring
4658:Fort Quitman
4648:San Elizario
4604:
4592:
4580:
4551:
4482:
4475:
4448:
4444:Stein's Peak
4436:
4424:
4397:
4322:
4315:
4303:
4291:
4269:
4252:
4240:
4230:Mission Camp
4228:
4211:
4162:
3924:
3868:
3800:Green Valley
3602:Pacheco Pass
3558:Redwood City
3519:
3446:
3288:Water trails
3225:Oregon Trail
3210:Mormon Trail
2978:
2921:Project MUSE
2920:
2916:
2902:
2817:
2804:
2794:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2742:Bibliography
2731:Congress.gov
2730:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2679:
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2597:
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2572:
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2543:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2514:the original
2504:
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2171:
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2137:
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2120:
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2107:
2099:
2094:
2086:
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2063:
2054:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2026:Evening Star
2025:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1974:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1916:
1911:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1876:
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1860:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1836:Evening Star
1835:
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1823:
1819:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1742:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1716:
1707:
1695:. Retrieved
1690:
1681:
1674:Evening Star
1673:
1668:
1658:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1636:the original
1626:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1585:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1560:Congress.gov
1559:
1550:
1537:
1528:
1515:
1469:Pony Express
1406:
1404:
1397:
1395:
1390:3:10 to Yuma
1388:
1386:
1373:
1361:Barack Obama
1358:
1232:
1217:
1186:
1159:
1103:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1051:
1042:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:pony-express
1014:
1012:
1007:
998:
990:
969:
960:
951:
946:
937:
932:
923:
919:
915:
911:
902:
897:
894:Other wagons
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
867:
865:
860:
849:
848:
820:
811:
798:
744:
741:
712:by railroad
589:to Franklin
496:
492:
490:
485:
480:
475:
474:
471:
466:
463:
459:
455:
451:
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247:
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228:
224:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
182:
157:
84:
83:
73:Headquarters
56:
40:
5480:Wells Fargo
5298:Springfield
5052:Blackburn's
5037:Boggy Depot
4926:Pilot Point
4891:March 1861.
4884:Gainesville
4747:Grape Creek
4617:Pope's Camp
4576:Hueco Tanks
4569:Pope's Road
4505:Cottonwoods
4461:Ojo de Vaca
4432:Apache Pass
4305:Casa Blanca
4049:Palm Spring
3937:Los Angeles
3863:Los Angeles
3828:– Located 8
3739:Bakersfield
3671:Kings River
3649:Fresno City
3305:Combination
2520:February 6,
2294:, Tennessee
2237:, pp. 17–18
2175:G. Bailey,
1786:Mark Kinyon
1782:Mark Kenyon
1778:M.L. Kinyon
1697:October 16,
1224:Hueco Tanks
1213:Pope County
1122:Apache Wars
868:Lady Walton
781:White River
549:Los Angeles
299:Oxbow Route
5399:Categories
5273:Callahan's
5238:Fort Smith
5177:Norristown
5172:Dardanelle
5167:Stinnett's
5157:Charleston
5152:Fort Smith
5145:to Memphis
5082:Fort Smith
5067:Holloway's
4947:– Located
4911:White Rock
4906:Bridgeport
4879:Davidsen's
4833:Clear Fork
4683:Fort Davis
4631:Lower Road
4477:Goodsight
4324:Blue Water
4287:Gila Ranch
4260:Griswell's
4254:Texas Hill
4224:Swiveler's
3990:Alamos or
3785:Mud Spring
3764:Tejon Pass
3760:Fort Tejon
3735:Kern River
3087:New Mexico
3051:California
2711:January 1,
2685:January 1,
2211:(Arkansas)
2195:(Arkansas)
1863:April 27,
1495:References
1205:Pottsville
1088:Under the
979:Operations
746:Division 8
701:Division 9
677:to Tipton
675:Fort Smith
670:Division 8
651:Division 7
620:Division 6
601:Division 5
582:Division 4
570:to Tucson
563:Division 3
544:Division 2
525:Division 1
215:A.V. Brown
192:Helderberg
137:California
125:New Mexico
89:stagecoach
5361:St. Louis
5293:Ashmore's
5243:Van Buren
5231:to Tipton
5192:Lewisburg
5187:Hurricane
5072:Trahern's
5057:Pusley's
5047:Waddell's
4963:Red River
4889:Diamond's
4874:Conolly's
4869:Earhart's
4853:Jacksboro
4438:San Simon
4415:San Pedro
3857:, of the
3842:north of
3660:Riverdale
3631:Dos Palos
3620:Los Banos
3551:San Mateo
3543:San Bruno
2937:835770429
2793:from the
2659:from the
1859:From the
1209:Potts Inn
1184:in 1961.
1101:in 1869.
1062:Civil War
1040:Stables.
993:U.S. Mail
973:Civil War
776:steamboat
766:, on the
710:St. Louis
568:Fort Yuma
510:Division
399:Vallecito
303:Southwest
190:, in the
162:in 2023.
93:U.S. Mail
5372:Source:
5328:Bailey's
5318:Yoast's
5283:Crouch's
5278:Harbin's
5197:Plumer's
5088:Source:
5077:Walker's
5062:Riddle's
5027:Fisher's
4848:Murphy's
4562:Franklin
4510:Franklin
4350:Source:
4311:Socatoon
4163:Source:
4099:Mexicali
3869:Source:
3573:San Jose
3448:Category
3394:by state
3352:by state
3099:Oklahoma
3075:Missouri
3039:Arkansas
2997:Archived
2984:Archived
2963:Archived
2884:Archived
2870:Archived
2856:Archived
2842:Archived
2828:Archived
2454:Bailey,
2224:, p. 127
2071:Archived
1415:See also
1116:and the
850:Celerity
802:Comanche
606:Franklin
482:broken."
270:sureties
149:Far West
117:Oklahoma
65:Industry
5313:Bolivar
5308:Smith's
5288:Smith's
5222:Memphis
5217:Madison
5212:Des Arc
5207:Atlanta
5042:Geary's
4956:⁄
4916:Decatur
4899:1860–61
4862:1858–60
4643:Socorro
4495:Mesilla
4490:Pichaco
4330:Picacho
4271:Burke's
4070:⁄
3833:⁄
3685:Visalia
3458:Related
3063:History
3027:Arizona
3013:Portals
2320:, p. 14
2307:, p. 94
2115:, p. 55
1947:742–743
1191:in the
723:Totals
688:⁄
638:⁄
360:Beale's
329:El Paso
166:Origins
129:Arizona
5353:Tipton
5338:Burns'
5333:Warsaw
5323:Quincy
5303:Evan's
5258:Park's
5032:Nail's
4921:Denton
4688:Limpia
4638:Ysleta
4600:Pinery
4340:Tucson
4317:Oneida
4293:Desert
3959:Pomona
2935:
2927:
2911:E'book
2798:Online
2664:Online
2596:Root,
2412:p. 9 .
2166:order.
1642:May 6,
1367:. The
1172:, and
1164:: the
1132:, the
1108:, the
1056:-held
806:Apache
731:596.3
728:2,795
706:Tipton
614:126.3
587:Tucson
519:Hours
516:Miles
513:Route
135:, and
133:Mexico
99:, and
59:(1877)
5378:(PDF)
5162:Paris
5094:(PDF)
4426:Ewell
4356:(PDF)
4169:(PDF)
4084:Heber
3948:Monte
3875:(PDF)
3798:near
3123:Texas
3111:Roads
1520:1858.
1176:near
1054:Union
787:, or
718:11.4
695:48.6
645:65.3
576:71.5
557:72.2
309:Route
237:, or
188:Berne
121:Texas
103:, to
2933:OCLC
2925:ISBN
2713:2023
2687:2023
2522:2011
1784:and
1751:2023
1725:2023
1699:2022
1644:2011
1187:The
1136:and
1037:Hell
804:and
715:160
661:192
611:458
592:360
573:280
554:282
535:462
34:and
5359:to
4965:to
2816:",
1237:in
1168:in
783:to
708:to
681:318
664:38
631:282
595:82
538:80
478:.:
264:of
119:),
5401::
4949:13
2931:,
2923:,
2909:,
2905:.
2729:.
2703:.
2678:.
2630:,
1772:,
1741:.
1715:.
1689:.
1558:.
1503:^
1230:.
1128:,
1112:,
500:.”
260:;
233:,
131:,
127:,
123:,
5363:)
5355:(
5129:e
5122:t
5115:v
5002:e
4995:t
4988:v
4969:.
4958:2
4954:1
4951:+
4793:e
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4072:2
4068:1
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3575:.
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2715:.
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2524:.
1753:.
1727:.
1701:.
1646:.
1562:.
690:2
686:1
683:+
640:2
636:1
633:+
115:(
38:.
20:)
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