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turbulence flow. Klebanoff identified an important aspect of the bypass transition. In an experiment using hot wires, he studied flow over a flat plate that was subjected to a 0.3% free-stream turbulence level. At this moderate free-stream turbulence level, he observed a velocity perturbation signal
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In bypass transition flow, the pre-transitional flow structures are different from those of very low turbulence free-stream flow. Through various laboratory experiments and computational studies, it has been observed that low frequency streaky flow structures are present in the laminar boundary
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The bypass transition scenario was first observed experimentally by P. S. Klebanoff, during his experiments in elevated
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mode, bypassing some of the pre-transitional events that typically occur in a natural laminar–turbulent transition.
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Kenndal, James M. (1998). "Experiments on
Boundary Layer Receptivity to Free stream Turbulence".
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Morkovin M. V., Reshotko E., Herbert T. 1994. "Transition in open flow systems—a reassessment".
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Examples of events preceding natural transitions include the generation of two-dimensional
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The path from receptivity to laminar-turbulent transition as illustrated by
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layers. These streaky structures are called
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may be too technical for most readers to understand
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145:Pre-transitional flow structures
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112:one through some secondary
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237:Journal of Fluid Mechanics
168:Tollmien-Schlichting waves
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