174:
1387:, also a Byzantine dependency. Thus the extent of effective Byzantine control in the Caucasus reached its zenith historically. Also, unlike previous truces and peace treaties, which had usually involved the Byzantines making monetary payments either for peace, for the return of occupied territories, or as a contribution towards the defence of the Caucasus passes, no such payments were included on this occasion, marking a major shift in the balance of power. Emperor Maurice was even in a position to overcome his predecessor's omissions in the
1209:(r. 590–628). Bahram pressed on with his revolt regardless and the defeated Khosrow was soon forced to flee for safety to Byzantine territory, while Bahram took the throne as Bahram VI, marking the first interruption of the Sassanid dynasty's rule since their empire's foundation. With support from Maurice, Khosrow set out to regain the throne, winning the support of the main Persian army at Nisibis and returning Martyropolis to his Byzantine allies. Early in 591, an army sent by Bahram was defeated by Khosrow's supporters near Nisibis, and
48:
1041:
forces under al-Mundhir III failed to make progress, while the
Persians under Adarmahan mounted a devastating campaign in Mesopotamia. Maurice and al-Mundhir blamed each other for these difficulties, and their mutual recriminations led to al-Mundhir's arrest in the following year on suspicion of treachery, triggering war between Byzantines and Ghassanids and marking the beginning of the end of the Ghassanid kingdom.
849:; the Persians soon retook the city but shortly afterwards it was captured again by combined Armenian and Byzantine forces and direct hostilities between Byzantines and Persians began. Despite frequent revolts in the 5th century, during the earlier wars of the 6th century the Armenians had largely remained loyal to their Sassanid overlords, unlike their neighbours and fellow Christians in Iberia and
1247:
1115:
145:
785:. It was part of an intense sequence of wars between these two empires which occupied the majority of the 6th and early 7th centuries. It was also the last of the many wars between them to follow a pattern in which fighting was largely confined to frontier provinces and neither side achieved any lasting occupation of enemy territory beyond this border zone. It preceded
857:). By joining the Iberians, Lazi, and Byzantines in a coalition of the region's Christian peoples, the Armenians dramatically shifted the balance of power in the Caucasus, helping Byzantine forces to carry the war deeper into Persian territory than had previously been possible on this front: throughout the war, Byzantine forces were able to invade as far as
1040:
was put in charge of the situation in
Armenia, where he succeeded in convincing most of the rebel leaders to return to Sassanid allegiance, although Iberia remained loyal to the Byzantines. The following year, an ambitious campaign along the Euphrates by Byzantine forces under Maurice and Ghassanid
991:
of the East; pillaging the undefended city of
Melitene as they fled, his army suffered further heavy losses as they crossed the Euphrates under Byzantine attack. Khosrow was reportedly so shaken by this fiasco and his own narrow escape that he established a law forbidding any of his successors from
1205:, Bahram was contemptuously dismissed by Hormizd IV. The general, enraged at this humiliation, raised a revolt which soon gained the support of much of the Sassanid army. Alarmed by his advance, in 590 members of the Persian court overthrew and killed Hormizd, raising his son to the throne as
801:
of 562, tensions mounted at all points of intersection between the two empires' spheres of influence, as had happened before when war broke out in the 520s. In 568–569, the
Byzantines were engaged in ultimately abortive negotiations (cf. the embassy of
672:
665:
1084:
in 584 led to the fragmentation of the
Ghassanid kingdom, which reverted to a loose tribal coalition and never regained its former power. In 588, a mutiny by unpaid Byzantine troops against their new commander,
1036:(r. 579–590) broke off the negotiations. In 580, the Ghassanids scored yet another victory over the Lakhmids, while Byzantine raids again penetrated east of the Tigris. However, around this time the future
658:
1395:. However, this situation was soon dramatically overturned, as the alliance between Maurice and Khosrow helped trigger a new war only eleven years later, with catastrophic results for both empires.
359:
1268:
1136:
393:
945:
In 575, the
Byzantines managed to settle their differences with the Ghassanids; this renewal of their alliance at once bore dramatic fruit as the Ghassanids sacked the Lakhmid capital at
1089:, seemed to offer the Sassanids a chance for a breakthrough, but the mutineers themselves repulsed the ensuing Persian offensive; after a subsequent defeat at Tsalkajur, the Byzantines
1073:. During the mid-580s, the war continued inconclusively through raids and counter-raids, punctuated by abortive peace talks; the one significant clash was a Byzantine victory at the
1307:
Having played a vital role in restoring
Khosrow II to the throne, the Byzantines were left in a dominant position in their relations with Persia. Khosrow not only returned Dara and
992:
leading an army in person, unless to face another monarch also campaigning in person. The
Byzantines exploited Persian disarray by raiding deep into Caucasian Albania and
352:
1311:
in exchange for
Maurice's assistance, but also agreed to a new partition of the Caucasus by which the Sassanids handed over to the Byzantines many cities, including
919:
The fall of Dara, the main
Byzantine stronghold in Mesopotamia, reportedly drove Justin II to insanity, and control of the Byzantine Empire passed to his wife
1855:
345:
905:
and a number of other cities. They were only pushed away from Syria proper by a bumbling Byzantine defence near Antioch. To make matters worse, in 572 the
1185:
fell to the Persians through the treachery of an officer named Sittas and Byzantine attempts to retake it failed, although the Byzantines won a battle at
1004:, wintering in Persian territory and continuing their attacks into the summer of 577. Khosrow now sued for peace, but a victory in Armenia by his general
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639:
982:
202:
916:; as a result of the unsuccessful attempt on his life, al-Mundhir severed his alliance with the Byzantines, leaving their desert frontier exposed.
881:
and were apparently on the point of capturing this, the chief bulwark of the Persian frontier defences, when the abrupt dismissal of their general
398:
1221:
led a combined army of Byzantine and Persian troops from Mesopotamia into Azerbaijan to confront Bahram, while a second Byzantine army under the
1016:
In 578, the truce in Mesopotamia came to an end and the main focus of the war shifted to that front. After Persian raids in Mesopotamia, the new
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435:
1218:
769:
under Persian hegemony, although other events also contributed to its outbreak. The fighting was largely confined to the southern Caucasus and
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232:
1800:
1795:
1744:
1714:
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In 589, the course of the war was abruptly transformed. In spring, the Byzantine pay dispute was settled, bringing an end to the mutiny, but
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set out on what was to be his last campaign and one of his most ambitious, staging a long-range strike through the Caucasus into
845:
Early in 572, the Armenians under Vardan II Mamikonian defeated the Persian governor of Armenia and captured his headquarters at
541:
420:
227:
1272:
1198:
1140:
1097:. During this year, a group of prisoners taken at the fall of Dara 15 years earlier reportedly escaped from their prison in
1081:
563:
1392:
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882:
430:
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913:
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403:
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39:
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In Mesopotamia, however, the war began disastrously for the Byzantines. After a victory at Sargathon in 573, they
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578:
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445:
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212:
52:
Map of the Byzantine–Sasanian frontier, including the long-standing borders of 387 and the Byzantine gains of 591
933:
for a one-year truce, and later in the year extended this to five years, secured by an annual payment of 30,000
1835:
1070:
949:. In the same year, Byzantine forces took advantage of the favourable situation in the Caucasus to campaign in
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was subsequently taken for Khosrow by Mahbodh. Having restored Dara to Byzantine control, Khosrow and the
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later. Meanwhile, in the Caucasus, Byzantine and Iberian offensives were repulsed by the Persian general
696:
1050:
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573:
501:
408:
1308:
1182:
1094:
1193:, who had recently been transferred from the Central Asian front where he had brought a war with the
1032:. Khosrow again sought peace in 579, but died before an agreement could be reached and his successor
924:
551:
937:. However, these truces applied only to the Mesopotamian front; in the Caucasus, the war continued.
1226:
1061:(r. 574–582). The advantage gained at Constantina was lost later in the year when his successor as
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846:
741:
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568:
252:
1074:
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731:
17:
1233:
they decisively defeated Bahram, restoring Khosrow II to power and bringing the war to an end.
280:
1761:
1740:
1710:
1686:
1662:
1652:
1352:
1320:
1021:
950:
906:
858:
839:
834:, clients of the Byzantines; and in 570, the Byzantines made a secret agreement to support an
830:, launched raids on Byzantine territory, although on both occasions they were defeated by the
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595:
583:
489:
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217:
122:
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led to a disorderly retreat. Taking advantage of Byzantine confusion, Sassanid forces under
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302:
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271:
149:
114:
1757:
The Emperor Maurice and his Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare
758:
330:
178:
118:
1700:
1194:
929:
619:
1739:. Vol. III: A.D. 527–641. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
838:
rebellion against the Sassanids, which began in 571, accompanied by another revolt in
1830:
1825:
1820:
1779:
1376:
1190:
1066:
1057:
in which the latter was killed, Maurice was acclaimed emperor following the death of
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479:
326:
222:
1676:
1661:. New York, New York and London, United Kingdom: Routledge (Taylor & Francis).
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to a successful conclusion. However, after he was defeated by the Byzantines under
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before withdrawing. On the way home, he was intercepted and severely defeated near
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1734:
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1324:
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73:
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over his recent nemesis Justinian stiffened his resolve and the war continued.
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Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992).
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of Armenia John Mystacon staged a pincer movement from the north. At the
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1024:, mounted raids on both sides of the Tigris, captured the fortress of
27:
War between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire
1658:
The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)
1384:
1230:
850:
337:
257:
974:
778:
912:(r. 565-578) had ordered the assassination of the Ghassanid king
1344:
1001:
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782:
161:
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341:
1340:
1240:
1108:
765:. It was triggered by pro-Byzantine revolts in areas of the
1080:
The arrest by the Byzantines of al-Mundhir's successor
1682:
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 1
961:, where Persian armies had not been since the time of
810:
for an alliance against Persia; in 570, the Sassanids
1685:. Washington, District of Columbia: Dumbarton Oaks.
953:
and secure hostages from the native tribes. In 576,
889:(r. 531–579) swiftly counter-attacked and encircled
787:
a much more wide-ranging and dramatic final conflict
1760:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
1101:and fought their way back to Byzantine territory.
822:as a client state; in 570 and 571, the Sassanids'
1379:became Byzantine dependencies. Also, the city of
897:. At the same time, a smaller Persian army under
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1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1410:
1736:The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire
1709:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Clarendon Press.
1275:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1143:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
673:
659:
651:
360:
346:
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29:
1295:Learn how and when to remove this message
1163:Learn how and when to remove this message
773:, although it also extended into eastern
1069:, was defeated on the river Nymphios by
33:Byzantine–Persian War over Armenia
1502:
1500:
1403:
927:. The new regents agreed to pay 45,000
1518:
973:were thwarted, but he managed to sack
965:(r. 240–270). His attempts to attack
7:
1706:The History of Theophylact Simocatta
1273:adding citations to reliable sources
1141:adding citations to reliable sources
1856:Military history of ancient Armenia
100:is restored to the Sasanian throne
25:
755:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591
18:Byzantine–Sassanid War of 572–591
1245:
1113:
172:
143:
46:
1:
1703:; Whitby, Mary, eds. (1986).
1177:Sasanian civil war of 589–591
996:, launching raids across the
940:
893:, capturing the city after a
797:Less than a decade after the
757:was a war fought between the
470:Campaign of Severus Alexander
127:Sasanian civil war of 589–591
1801:580s in the Byzantine Empire
1796:570s in the Byzantine Empire
814:, expelling the Byzantines'
268:Al-Mundhir IV ibn al-Mundhir
1049:In 582, after a victory at
865:) and even wintered there.
564:Julian's Persian expedition
542:Perso-Roman wars of 337–361
1872:
1355:, including the cities of
1351:. The western part of the
1174:
1012:War returns to Mesopotamia
789:in the early 7th century.
431:Trajan's Parthian campaign
399:Pompeian–Parthian invasion
144:
941:Khosrow I's last campaign
818:allies and restoring the
759:Sasanian Empire of Persia
692:
446:Parthian war of Caracalla
394:Caesar's planned invasion
379:
188:
136:
56:
45:
37:
1841:Armenia in the Roman era
1754:Whitby, Michael (1988).
1635:Whitby & Whitby 1986
1631:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1619:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1607:Whitby & Whitby 1986
1603:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1591:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1579:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1567:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1555:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1543:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1531:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1507:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1492:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1480:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1461:, pp. 146–149, 150.
1459:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1447:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1435:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1423:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
1411:Greatrex & Lieu 2002
208:Al-Mundhir ibn al-Harith
1059:Tiberius II Constantine
901:ravaged Syria, sacking
799:Fifty-Year Peace Treaty
603:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
436:Lucius Verus' campaigns
179:Sasanian Persian Empire
165:Sasanian supporters of
40:Byzantine–Sasanian wars
421:Mark Antony's campaign
189:Commanders and leaders
683:Byzantine–Persian War
426:Armenian War of 58–63
1651:Greatrex, Geoffrey;
1605:, pp. 167–169;
1269:improve this section
1137:improve this section
925:Tiberius Constantine
121:and western half of
1791:6th century in Iran
1786:Roman–Sasanian Wars
1593:, pp. 166–167.
1581:, pp. 163–166.
1569:, pp. 162–163.
1557:, pp. 160–162.
1545:, pp. 158–160.
1533:, pp. 153–158.
1521:, pp. 378–383.
1494:, pp. 151–153.
1449:, pp. 142–145.
1425:, pp. 138–142.
1413:, pp. 135–138.
1227:Battle of Blarathon
1105:Civil War in Persia
1091:won another victory
1053:over Adarmahan and
458:Roman–Sasanian wars
383:Roman–Parthian Wars
253:Musel II Mamikonian
1653:Lieu, Samuel N. C.
1470:persianempire.info
1075:Battle of Solachon
371:Roman–Persian Wars
1851:Maurice (emperor)
1846:Wars of Khosrow I
1746:978-0-521-20160-5
1716:978-0-19-822799-1
1692:978-0-88402-214-5
1637:, pp. 72–78.
1609:, pp. 44–49.
1353:Kingdom of Iberia
1305:
1304:
1297:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1000:against northern
951:Caucasian Albania
907:Byzantine emperor
840:Kingdom of Iberia
820:Himyarite Kingdom
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16:(Redirected from
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1063:magister militum
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988:magister militum
895:four-month siege
763:Byzantine Empire
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1836:Byzantine Syria
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1726:Further reading
1723:
1717:
1701:Whitby, Michael
1699:
1693:
1675:
1669:
1655:, eds. (2002).
1650:
1646:
1641:
1633:, p. 170;
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781:, and northern
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1816:590s conflicts
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1811:580s conflicts
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1806:570s conflicts
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1621:, p. 166.
1611:
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1509:, p. 153.
1496:
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1482:, p. 136.
1472:
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1451:
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1437:, p. 149.
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640:War of 602–628
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635:War of 572–591
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620:Anastasian War
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610:War of 421–422
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404:Cilician Gates
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1767:0-19-822945-3
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1698:
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1683:
1678:
1677:Shahîd, Irfan
1674:
1670:
1668:0-415-14687-9
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1398:
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1391:by extensive
1390:
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1383:was given to
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1314:
1310:
1299:
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1274:
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1264:
1263:
1259:
1254:This section
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1201:on the river
1200:
1196:
1192:
1191:Bahram Chobin
1188:
1184:
1178:
1167:
1164:
1156:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1122:This section
1120:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:John Mystacon
1065:of the East,
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:of the East,
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
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956:
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948:
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884:
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876:
868:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:clients, the
825:
821:
817:
813:
812:invaded Yemen
809:
805:
800:
792:
790:
788:
784:
780:
776:
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764:
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743:
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566:
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553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
532:Carrhae (296)
530:
528:
527:3rd Ctesiphon
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
497:Nisibis (252)
495:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:Nisibis (235)
473:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
462:
461:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
441:2nd Ctesiphon
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
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384:
378:
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363:
358:
356:
351:
349:
344:
343:
340:
332:
328:
327:Bahram Chobin
323:
318:
313:
308:
306:
300:
295:
290:
288:
282:
277:
275:
269:
264:
261:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
223:John Mystacon
219:
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209:
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196:
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83:
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71:
68:
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63:
60:
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55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1756:
1735:
1705:
1681:
1657:
1626:
1614:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1487:
1475:
1466:
1454:
1442:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1309:Martyropolis
1306:
1291:
1282:
1267:Please help
1255:
1222:
1217:of the East
1214:
1183:Martyropolis
1180:
1159:
1150:
1135:Please help
1123:
1095:Martyropolis
1079:
1062:
1048:
1017:
1015:
986:
944:
934:
928:
918:
872:
869:Fall of Dara
844:
796:
754:
752:
737:Martyropolis
682:
634:
601:
600:
574:Maiozamalcha
512:Dura-Europos
456:
455:
381:
304:
286:
273:
137:Belligerents
1519:Shahîd 1995
1333:Vardkesavan
1325:Valarsakert
1313:Tigranokert
1028:and sacked
998:Caspian Sea
806:) with the
771:Mesopotamia
727:Constantina
625:Iberian War
557:2nd Singara
547:1st Singara
502:Barbalissos
465:Mesopotamia
414:Mt Gindarus
409:Amanus Pass
317:Izadgushasp
228:Philippicus
158:Mamikonians
105:Territorial
74:Mesopotamia
1780:Categories
1644:References
1285:March 2023
1207:Khosrow II
1187:Sisauranon
1175:See also:
1153:March 2023
1071:Kardarigan
1055:Tamkhosrau
1051:Constantia
1038:Khosrow II
1034:Hormizd IV
1006:Tamkhosrow
994:Azerbaijan
875:laid siege
863:Azerbaijan
832:Ghassanids
685:of 572–591
615:War of 440
569:Pirisabora
312:Kardarigan
299:Tamkhosrau
238:Khosrow II
167:Khosrow II
154:Ghassanids
125:after the
113:gives the
111:Khosrow II
98:Khosrow II
1399:Citations
1393:campaigns
1317:Manzikert
1256:does not
1237:Aftermath
1211:Ctesiphon
1124:does not
1099:Khuzestan
1082:al-Nu'man
1045:Stalemate
983:Justinian
975:Sebasteia
955:Khosrow I
935:nomismata
930:nomismata
910:Justin II
899:Adarmahan
887:Khosrow I
804:Zemarchus
742:Blarathon
717:Sebasteia
697:Sargathon
630:Lazic War
596:Bagrevand
579:Ctesiphon
294:Adarmahan
281:Khorianes
263:Khosrow I
203:Justinian
195:Justin II
93:Byzantine
1679:(1995).
1373:Mtskheta
1195:Göktürks
1077:in 586.
979:Melitene
971:Caesarea
963:Shapur I
959:Anatolia
861:(modern
836:Armenian
828:Lakhmids
816:Aksumite
808:Gokturks
775:Anatolia
767:Caucasus
761:and the
732:Solachon
722:Melitene
322:Fariburz
248:Vinduyih
183:Lakhmids
117:most of
78:Caucasus
69:Location
38:Part of
1389:Balkans
1365:Dmanisi
1357:Ardahan
1349:Zarisat
1337:Yerevan
1329:Bagaran
1321:Baguana
1277:removed
1262:sources
1199:Romanus
1145:removed
1130:sources
1087:Priscus
1030:Singara
1026:Aphumon
1022:Maurice
883:Marcian
879:Nisibis
859:Albania
855:Colchis
702:Nisibis
589:Samarra
584:Maranga
507:Antioch
490:Misiche
485:Resaena
451:Nisibis
389:Carrhae
305:†
287:†
274:†
243:Vistahm
218:Maurice
199:Marcian
107:changes
95:victory
64:572–591
1764:
1743:
1713:
1689:
1665:
1385:Lazica
1381:Cytaea
1377:Tontio
1375:, and
1369:Lomsia
1347:, and
1231:Ganzak
1219:Narses
1203:Araxes
985:, the
921:Sophia
903:Apamea
851:Lazica
712:Apamea
537:Satala
517:Edessa
301:
283:
270:
258:Apsich
233:Narses
123:Iberia
89:Result
1229:near
779:Syria
552:Amida
480:Hatra
213:Cours
82:Syria
1831:590s
1826:580s
1821:570s
1762:ISBN
1741:ISBN
1711:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1663:ISBN
1361:Lori
1345:Kars
1260:any
1258:cite
1128:any
1126:cite
1002:Iran
969:and
947:Hira
923:and
891:Dara
847:Dvin
824:Arab
783:Iran
753:The
707:Dara
162:Huns
61:Date
1341:Ani
1271:by
1139:by
1093:at
981:by
877:to
1782::
1499:^
1371:,
1367:,
1363:,
1359:,
1343:,
1339:,
1335:,
1331:,
1327:,
1323:,
1319:,
1315:,
842:.
777:,
80:,
76:,
1770:.
1749:.
1719:.
1695:.
1671:.
1298:)
1292:(
1287:)
1283:(
1279:.
1265:.
1166:)
1160:(
1155:)
1151:(
1147:.
1133:.
853:(
674:e
667:t
660:v
361:e
354:t
347:v
324:,
319:,
314:,
309:,
296:,
291:,
278:,
265:,
255:,
250:,
245:,
240:,
235:,
230:,
225:,
220:,
215:,
210:,
205:,
20:)
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