Khosrow II - Knowledge (XXG)

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their god orders them to do, he said his god orders him to cut his mustache and grow his beard. After he took control of the conversation like that, he went back on-topic and asked them to come back to him the next day. When they did, he informed them that Khosrow II had been killed by his son. Badhan's men responded angrily, threatening Muhammad to tell Badhan what he is saying about Khosrow II. To that, he responded by encouraging them to write to Badhan and to also tell him that Islam and its power will reach all that Khosrow II has ever ruled over. A few days later, Badhan received confirmation from Persia that Khosrow II was dead. As a consequence, he is said to have accepted Islam, and Muhammad kept him as a ruler over his people.

1548:, who both supported this faith. Khosrow also dispensed money or gifts to Christian shrines. Khosrow's great tolerance to Christianity and friendship with the Christian Byzantines even made some Armenian writers think that Khosrow was a Christian. His positive policy toward Christians (which, however, was probably politically motivated) made him unpopular with the Zoroastrian priests, and also made Christianity greatly spread around the Sasanian Empire. During Khosrow's war with the Byzantines, Christian elites and organizations were incorporated into the Sasanian system, as part of his attempt to absorb the Byzantine realm into his expanded empire. The condition of the Christian nobility reached its pinnacle under Khosrow. 1869:"In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. From Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah, to Kisra, the great (leader/head) of the Persians. Peace be upon him, who seeks truth and expresses belief in Allah and in His Prophet and testifies that there is no god but Allah and that He has no partner, and who believes that Muhammad is His servant and Prophet. Under the Command of Allah, I invite you to Him. He has sent me for the guidance of all people so that I may warn them all of His wrath and may present the unbelievers with an ultimatum. Embrace Islam so that you may remain safe (in this life and the next). And if you refuse to accept Islam, you will be responsible for the sins of the 1743: 1053: 761: 1731: 1707: 635:

illustrious, the victor, the one who rises with the sun and who lends the night his eyesight, the one famed through his ancestors, the king who hates, the benefactor who engaged the Sasanians and saved the Iranians their kingship—to Bahram, the general of the Iranians, our friend.... We have also taken over the royal throne in a lawful manner and have upset no Iranian customs.... We have so firmly decided not to take off the diadem that we even expected to rule over other worlds, if this were possible.... If you wish your welfare, think about what is to be done."

1061: 804: 1719: 1903: 839:, where he was received honorably by the Khagan of the Turks, who was most likely Birmudha—the same Turkic prince that Bahram Chobin had defeated and captured a few years earlier during his wars against the Turks. Bahram Chobin entered his service, and was appointed as a commander in the army, achieving further military accomplishments there. Bahram Chobin became a highly popular figure after saving the Khagan from a conspiracy instigated by the latter's brother Byghu (conceivably an incorrect translation of 924: 920:, which was the traditional homeland of the Ispahbudhan. Soon, however, Khosrow changed his intentions: trying to disassociate himself from his father's murder, he decided to execute his uncles. The Sasanian monarchs' traditional mistrust of over-powerful magnates and Khosrow's personal resentment of Vinduyih's patronising manner certainly contributed to this decision. Vinduyih was soon put to death, according to a Syriac source captured while trying to flee to his brother in the East. 1263: 46: 627:, both "equally hated Hormizd". The two brothers overthrew Hormizd in a seemingly bloodless palace revolution. They had Hormizd blinded with a red-hot needle, and put Khosrow II on the throne. Sometime in the summer of 590, the two brothers then had Hormizd killed, with at least the implicit approval of Khosrow II. Nevertheless, Bahram Chobin continued his march to Ctesiphon, now with the pretext of claiming to avenge Hormizd. 1771: 1151:. He then tried to negotiate peace with Khosrow II by sending diplomats to his court. Khosrow, however, rejected their offer and said: "That kingdom belongs to me, and I shall enthrone Maurice's son, Theodosius, as emperor. , he went and took the rule without our order and now offers us our own treasure as gifts. But I shall not stop until I have him in my hands." Khosrow then had the diplomats executed. 4729: 4616: 4223: 1754: 957:. You Sasanians deceitfully gained superiority over us and usurped our right, and treated us with injustice. Your ancestor Sasan was no more than a shepherd." Vistahm's revolt, like Bahrams's shortly before, found support and spread quickly. Local magnates as well as the remnants of Bahram Chobin's armies flocked to him, especially after he married Bahram's sister 1638: 845:). Khosrow II, however, could not feel safe as long as Bahram Chobin lived, and succeeded in having him assassinated. The assassination was reportedly achieved through distribution of presents and bribes between the members of the Turkic royal family, notably the queen. What remained of Bahram Chobin's supporters went back to northern Iran and joined the 562: 870:—was the most influential of his wives, playing an important role in the royal favour that the Mesopotamian Christians enjoyed. She had a church and monastery constructed near the palace in Ctesiphon, which was used to receive a portion of the treasury for the wages of the clergy and their vestments. The Arab 1357:

were easily defended against the siege towers and engines. Another reason was that the Persians and Slavs did not have a strong enough navy to skirt the sea walls and establish a channel of communication. The lack of supplies for the Avars eventually caused them to abandon the siege. As this maneuver

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He ordered that a huge elephant be adorned and brought to the chamber. He commanded that Varaztirots' (who was called Javitean Khosrow by the king), be seated atop . And he ordered treasures scattered on the crowd. He wrote a hrovartak great satisfaction and summoned him to court with great honor

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near Ctesiphon, where he fought Khosrow's men, who were heavily outnumbered, but managed to hold Bahram Chobin's men back in several clashes. However, Khosrow's men eventually began losing their morale, and were in the end defeated by Bahram Chobin's forces. Khosrow, together with his two uncles, his

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Khosrow II, like all other Sasanian rulers, was an adherent of Zoroastrianism. Since the 5th-century, the Sasanian monarchs had been made aware of the significance of the religious minorities in the realm, and as a result tried to homogenize them into a structure of administration where according to

1000:. During the battle, Vistahm was murdered by Pariowk at Khosrow's urging (or, according to an alternative account, by his wife Gordiya). Nevertheless, Vistahm's troops managed to repel the royal army at Qumis, and it required another expedition by Smbat in the next year to finally end the rebellion. 815:

invaded Adurbadagan. Bahram Chobin tried to disrupt the force by writing a letter to Mushegh II, the letter said: "As for you Armenians who demonstrate an unseasonable loyalty, did not the house of Sasan destroy your land and sovereignty? Why otherwise did your fathers rebel and extricate themselves

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and talked to Muhammad, ordering him to accompany them back to Khosrow II. Muhammad reportedly changed the subject, made it obvious he did not like their appearance, and responded by asking why they shave their beards and leave their mustaches to grow and be that large. When they said that's what

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attitude, and wrote a message to Bahram Chobin, stressing his rightful claim to the Sasanian kingship: "Khosrow, kings of kings, ruler over the ruling, lord of the peoples, prince of peace, salvation of men, among gods the good and eternally living man, among men the most esteemed god, the highly

1700:, i.e. kingly glory. On the left side panel, a boar hunt scene is depicted, portraying Khosrow on a boat whilst aiming a bow. On the right, there is a deer hunt scene. The relief, however, is unfinished, probably due to Khosrow's setback in the later stages of the war and his eventual downfall. 1463:

Kavad shortly proceeded to have all his brothers and half-brothers executed, including the heir Mardanshah, who was Khosrow's favourite son. The murder of all his brothers, "all well-educated, valiant, and chivalrous men", stripped the Sasanian dynasty of a future competent ruler, and has been

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was taking place. Sheroe, with Aspad Gushnasp leading his army, captured Ctesiphon and imprisoned Khosrow II in the house of a certain Mehr-Sepand (also known as Maraspand). Sheroe, who had now assumed the dynastic name of Kavad II, then ordered Aspad Gushnasp to lead the charge of accusations

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from their service, fighting up until today for your country?" Bahram Chobin in his letter promised that the Armenians would become partners of the new Iranian empire ruled by a Parthian dynastic family if he accepted his proposal to betray Khosrow II. Mushegh, however, rejected the offer.

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The Iranians and the Byzantines enjoyed good relations with each other for the first eleven years. This was apparent in their management of the issues that had risen in Armenia. In the 590s, many Armenian nobles and their supporters sought asylum in Iran to avoid being conscripted for

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to stop their resistance against the Byzantines, but with no avail. He then sent a message to Maurice, and requested his help to regain the Sasanian throne, which the Byzantine emperor agreed with; in return, the Byzantines would re-gain sovereignty over the cities of

1393: 890:. The open borders between the two empires meant that nobles could freely immigrate to Iran and get promoted. However, when they showed signs of aspiring to fight the Byzantines, the Iranians worked together with the Byzantines to deal with the issue. 359:, started a risky but successful counterattack deep into Persia's heartland. Dissatisfied with the war, the feudal families of the empire supported a coup in which Khosrow II was deposed and killed by his estranged son Sheroe, who took power as 1889:(Muhammad) to him. When Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi told Muhammad how Khosrow had torn his letter to pieces, Muhammad promised the destruction of Khosrow II stating, "Even so, Allah shall destroy his kingdom." Later, Badhan's men arrived in 1570:, possibly the most vital and contested area of the Sasanian realm. As a reward for his accomplishments in the east, Smbat was appointed the leader of the military jurisdiction in the Caucasus. Furthermore, his aristocratic house–the 4863: 977:, Shaug and Pariowk. The date of Vistahm's uprising is uncertain. From his coinage, it is known that his rebellion lasted for seven years. The commonly accepted dates are ca. 590–596, but some scholars like J.D. Howard–Johnston and 1558:, is the first and only Christian nobleman that is praised by courtly historiographers, due to his rejection of the enticements of Bahram Chobin. His decision to choose Khosrow over his native Armenia, gained him a place in the 1491:

Due to Kavad's actions, his reign is seen as a turning point in Sasanian history, and has been argued by some scholars as playing a key role in the fall of the Sasanian Empire. The overthrow and death of Khosrow culminated in a

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in marriage and insulting Persian women. Afterwards the central government took over the defense of the western frontiers to the desert, and the buffer state of the Lakhmids vanished. This ultimately facilitated the Muslim

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in 604, and recaptured lost territory in the north, which made the Sasanian–Byzantine borders go back to the pre-591 frontier before Khosrow gave Maurice territory in return for military aid against

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of 30 nobles, thereafter fled to Byzantine territory, while Ctesiphon fell to Bahram Chobin. Bahram Chobin declared himself king of kings in the summer of 590, asserting that the first Sasanian king

2995: 1742: 692:'s millennium, chaos and destructive wars with the Hephthalites/Huns and the Romans occurs and then a savior would appear. Indeed, the Sasanians had misidentified Zoroaster's era with that of the 1812:)–was also restored on his coins. According to Shayegan, Khosrow's adoption of the title was "undoubtedly a consequence of his Byzantine policy," and was signifying a resurrection of the ancient 696:(312 BC), which put Bahram Chobin's life almost at the end of Zoroaster's millennium, he was therefore hailed by many as the promised savior Kay Bahram Varjavand. Bahram was to re-establish the 1476:

reportedly criticized and scolded Kavad for his barbaric actions, which made him filled with remorse. With the support of the Iranian nobles, Kavad then made peace with the Byzantine emperor

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in 602, ostensibly to avenge the murder of his ally Maurice. Persian forces captured much of the Byzantine Empire's territories, earning Khosrow II the epithet "the Victorious". A

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in February, where Khosrow was re-proclaimed king. Shortly after this, Khosrow sent one of his Iranian supporters, Mahbodh, to capture Ctesiphon, which he managed to accomplish.

1730: 961:. Vistahm repelled several loyalist efforts to subdue him, and he soon held sway in the entire eastern and northern quadrants of the Iranian realm, a domain stretching from the 788:

and Martyropolis quickly defected to them, and Bahram Chobin's commander Zatsparham was defeated and killed. One of Bahram Chobin's other commanders, Bryzacius, was captured in

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Map of the Roman-Sasanian frontier during Late Antiquity, including the 591 border that was established between the two empires after Khosrow II's victory over Bahram Chobin.

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With Khosrow's rule now restored, his aim was to now consolidate his grip over his realm, which included showing tolerance and support to his Christian subjects. His wife

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Islamic tradition further states that Khosrow II tore up Muhammad's letter saying, "A pitiful slave among my subjects dares write his name before mine" and commanded

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Christians. Khosrow favored the Monophysites, and ordered all his subjects to adhere to Monophysitism, perhaps under the influence of Shirin and the royal physician

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fell to the Sasanians, threatening a naval assault on Constantinople. Such was the despair in Constantinople that Heraclius considered moving the government to

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carved in a cliff. The ayvan is split into an upper and lower section; the upper section depicts a divine investiture scene, with the Zoroastrian divinities

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throne, Khosrow launched an offensive against Constantinople: ostensibly to avenge Maurice's death, but his aim clearly included the annexation of as much

988:, Khosrow sent several armies against his uncle, but failed to achieve a decisive result: Vistahm and his followers retreated to the mountainous region of 1496:, with the most powerful members of the nobility gaining full autonomy and starting to create their own government. The hostilities between the Persian ( 1047: 700:

and commenced a new millennium of dynastic rule. He started minting coins, where he is on the front imitated as an exalted figure, bearded and wearing a

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in central Iran. Smbat, with the aid of an Iranian prince named Datoyean, repelled the Turko-Hephthalites from Iran, and plundered their domains in

992:, while several Armenian contingents of the royal army rebelled and defected to Vistahm. Finally, Khosrow called upon the services of the Armenian 6113: 5736: 4583: 1508:) noble-families were also resumed, which split up the wealth of the nation. The civil war finally ended when Khosrow's eight year old grandson, 6479: 6474: 6346: 793: 6053: 4655: 4592: 4567: 4548: 4484: 4443: 4344: 4304: 4262: 4185: 4141: 1718: 583:, and due to his noble status and great military knowledge, was joined by his soldiers and many others. He then appointed a new governor for 1692:. The lower section depicts Khosrow II on horseback, wearing full body armor, whilst holding a lance and shield. His head is encircled by a 5771: 5716: 5658: 5169: 321: 6292: 6103: 1865:, along with a letter in which Khosrow was asked to preach the religion of Islam. The account as transmitted by Muslim tradition reads: 1274:, from a plaque on a 12th-century French cross. This is only allegorical, as Khosrau II never actually submitted in person to Heraclius. 708:

flanked by two attendants. Regardless, many nobles and priests still chose to side with the inexperienced and less dominant Khosrow II.

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Khosrow restored the practice of erecting rock reliefs, after an absence of nearly three centuries, the last one being erected under

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to execute Khosrow. However, after the regicide of his father, Kavad also proceeded to have Mihr Hormozd killed. Khosrow's daughters

364: 329: 6484: 4679: 4602: 4402: 4365: 4108: 1924: 5862: 1512:, ascended the throne. The young king, however, inherited a disintegrating empire, which was dealt its last blow in 651 during the 4985: 4268: – a primary source containing detailed information about the early reign of Khosrow II and his relationship with the Romans. 6069: 6037: 792:

and had his nose and ears cut off, and was thereafter sent to Khosrow, where he was killed. Khosrow II and the Byzantine general

1120:. After having reclaimed lost territory, Khosrow withdrew from the battlefield and handed military operations to Shahrbaraz and 6021: 5989: 5981: 5973: 1009: 1174:

in 618. The Byzantines could offer but little resistance, as they were torn apart by internal dissensions, and pressed by the

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constructed. However, this did not help the Zoroastrian church, which was in a heavy decline during his reign. According to

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The Iranian Expanse: Transforming Royal Identity through Architecture, Landscape, and the Built Environment, 550 BCE–642 CE

505:, were to have a profound influence in Khosrow II's early life. Khosrow's paternal grandfather was the famed Sasanian shah 312:, which began five years after his execution. He lost his throne, then recovered it with the help of the Byzantine emperor 6509: 6142: 5153: 5020:

Piras, Andrea (2022). "Apocalyptic Imagery and Royal Propaganda in Khosrow II's Letter to the Byzantine Emperor Maurice".

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Baca-Winters, Keenan. "From Rome to Iran: Identity and Xusro II." PhD. diss., University of California, Irvine, 2015.

2754: 1987: 1980: 780:, who was also raising an army in Armenia. After some time, Khosrow, along with the Byzantine commander of the south, 772:

and prepared to invade Bahram Chobin's territories in Mesopotamia, while Vistahm and Vinduyih were raising an army in

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The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature

946: 494: 6437: 1972: 1919: 1878: 1585:, the Zoroastrian church under Khosrow "was noted for its devotion to luxury more than its devotion to thought." 1513: 1453:, which would usually shout the name of the reigning shah, shouted the name of Sheroe instead, which indicated a 309: 1793:("he has increased"), making the full inscription thus read as: "Khosrow, he has increased the royal splendor" ( 6423: 5146: 4802: 1438: 1235: 1215: 949:) heritage: "You are not worthier to rule than I am. Indeed, I am more deserving on account of my descent from 803: 1760:

This folio from Walters manuscript W.659 depicts Mount Bistun and the carvings of Khusraw, Shirin, and Farhad.

1230:, where Smbat is said to have killed their king in single combat. Khosrow then gave Smbat the honorific title 619:

Meanwhile, Hormizd tried to come to terms with his brothers-in-law Vistahm and Vinduyih, who according to the

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who had rebelled against Khosrow. Heraclius then began sacking several cities and temples, including the

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Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran

4433: 4388: 1914: 1902: 1601:. Before Khosrow II there were many other Sasanian kings that showed particular interest in music, like 1549: 1533:

and (notably) Christians had accepted the concept of Iran and considered themselves part of the nation.

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After the capture of Dastagird, the son of Khosrow, Sheroe, was released by the feudal families of the

720: 923: 6464: 6207: 4986:"The Letters of Shahrbarāz and Middle Persian Historiography on the Last Great War of Late Antiquity" 4786: 2969: 2904: 2031: 1968: 1944: 1121: 846: 490: 224: 532:. During his stay there, he served as the governor of the kingdom, and managed to put an end to the 6469: 6459: 6428: 6192: 5933: 5903: 5786: 5781: 5538: 2772: 2048: 1299: 954: 820: 1262: 6306: 6045: 5923: 5867: 5826: 5037: 5008: 4951: 4751: 4376: 2557: 1956: 1563: 1207: 1109: 993: 811:

At the same time a force of 8,000 Iranians under Vistahm and Vinduyih and 12,000 Armenians under

733: 624: 390: 371: 4782: 1672:, Khosrow mimicked and magnified the rock relief of Shapur III. His relief, known as the "Great 1566:

likewise led an illustrious career under Khosrow, rising to the office of frontier commander of

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The battles between Heraclius and Khosrow are depicted in a famous early Renaissance fresco by

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A State of Mixture: Christians, Zoroastrians, and Iranian Political Culture in Late Antiquity

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East Rome, Sasanian Persia And the End of Antiquity: Historiographical And Historical Studies

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where their Slavic and Avar allies were located, due to heavy guarding of the strait by the

1227: 1223: 1211: 1148: 1085: 945:, Vistahm sent a letter to Khosrow announcing his claim to the throne through his Parthian ( 917: 631: 584: 325: 276: 4435:

he Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

4299:. Volume 3 Part 1. The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods. Cambridge University Press. 1060: 6418: 6314: 6005: 5918: 5761: 5751: 5558: 5173: 5138: 5057: 4314: 3008: 2974: 2964: 1850: 1582: 1480:, which made the Byzantines regain all their lost territories, their captured soldiers, a 1434: 1418: 1406: 1330: 1291: 1175: 1171: 1125: 927: 675: 620: 613: 565: 537: 463: 286: 63: 4843: 4518:

Morony, M. (1980). "Kisra". In C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; B. Lewis; C. Pellat (eds.).

4499: 1770: 402:, who becomes his queen after a lengthy courtship strewn with mishaps and difficulties. 367:

in the empire and the reversal of all Sasanian gains in the war against the Byzantines.

4250: 4195: 4132: 2034:. All these persons except Shahriyar would later become the monarch of Iran during the 1598: 1350: 1326: 985: 832: 828: 737: 704:-shaped crown with two crescents of the moon, whilst the reverse shows the traditional 697: 682: 655: 592: 439: 424: 411: 385: 235: 203: 1345:

experts, were unable to transport their troops and equipment to the other side of the

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The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius: A History of the Church from AD 431 to AD 594

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push its outbreak later, in 594/5, to coincide with the Armenian Vahewuni rebellion.

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Frye, R. N. (1983). "Chapter 4: The political history of Iran under the Sasanians".

1838:), refrained from using the title, seemingly in order distance themselves from him. 1748:

Drawing of an unfinished rock relief on the right side panel, depicting a deer hunt.

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was able to take the field with a powerful force. In 624, he advanced into northern

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against the deposed shah. Khosrow, however, dismissed all accusations one by one.

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In 622, despite the major progress the Sasanians were making in the area of the

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At the news of his brother's murder, Vistahm rose in open revolt. According to

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Martindale, John Robert; Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin; Morris, J., eds. (1992).

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Bahram Chobin, however, ignored his warning—a few days later, he reached the

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paintings depict events in his life, like his battles or his assassination.

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Foss, Clive (1975). "The Persians in Asia Minor and the End of Antiquity".

1955:. Khosrow also had two cousins from the Ispahbudhan family whom were named 4763:

Schindel, Nikolaus (2013). "Sasanian Coinage". In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.).

1637: 1449:. On the night of 25 February, the night-watch of the Sasanian capital of 1084:

Toward the beginning of his reign, Khosrow II had good relations with the

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described as a "mad rampage" and "reckless". Three days later he ordered

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failed, Shahrbaraz' forces were defeated, and he withdrew his army from

5913: 5877: 5872: 5811: 5741: 5628: 5478: 5418: 5398: 5378: 4513:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 272. 4317:(1984). "The reforms of Chosroes Anushirvan ('Of the Immortal soul')". 3000: 2328: 2040: 1948: 1846: 1802: 1786: 1697: 1685: 1646: 1622: 1618: 1501: 1414: 1381:(near Ctesiphon), without offering resistance. Heraclius then captured 1310: 1017: 1013: 966: 958: 931: 908: 903: 875: 785: 745: 740:. Furthermore, Iran was required to stop intervening in the affairs of 660: 597: 521: 502: 432: 337: 198: 171: 2038:. Khosrow had a sister named Mirhran, who was married to the Sasanian 796:

then penetrated deeper into Bahram's territory, seizing Dara and then

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The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Volume III: A.D. 527–641

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The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars (Part II, 363–630 AD)

3495: 2011: 1890: 1689: 1650: 1614: 1245: 1187: 1166:

was carried away in triumph. Soon afterwards, Shahin marched through

1144: 1113: 1093: 1026: 863: 841: 797: 749: 729: 517: 447: 399: 176: 3102: 3100: 898:

After his victory, Khosrow rewarded his uncles with high positions:

764:

Illustration of the forces of Bahram Chobin and Khosrow II fighting.

4133:

He Did Not Fear: Xusro Parviz, King of Kings of the Sasanian Empire

823:, forcing him to flee with 4,000 men eastwards. He marched towards 454:. His name in combination with the epithet "Parviz" is attested in 6398: 6393: 5857: 5588: 5528: 4154: 3395: 3393: 2564: 1960: 1901: 1886: 1882: 1769: 1673: 1636: 1469: 1392: 1261: 1179: 1059: 1051: 989: 969:

in the west. He even campaigned in the east, where he subdued two

922: 802: 789: 759: 642: 579:

disgraced and dismissed. Bahram, infuriated by Hormizd's actions,

560: 541: 4177:

The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam

1577:

Khosrow also paid attention to the Zoroastrians, and had various

324:

of the Middle East; much of his reign was spent in wars with the

6403: 1975:. However, this is most likely wrong since Kavad's mother was a 1870: 1530: 1030: 962: 827:, where he defeated a pursuing army as well as an army led by a 398:

tells the story of his love for the originally Aramean princess

294: 290: 285:, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great 5654: 5142: 4791:"Armmenia and Iran iv. Iranian influences in Armenian Language" 4498: 3365: 3363: 3302: 3300: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 4577:

Nicholson, Oliver; Canepa, Matthew; Daryaee, Touraj (2018).

1641:

A divine investiture scene, with the Zoroastrian divinities

1525:

legal principles, all would be treated straightforwardly as

423:

variant of his name used by scholars; his original name was

297:, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year. 262: 4736:

Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity".

3263: 3261: 3259: 516:), whilst his paternal grandmother was the daughter of the 316:, and, a decade later, went on to emulate the feats of the 4337:

The Roman Eastern Frontier and the Persian Wars AD 363–628

3900: 3898: 3896: 3199: 3197: 3027:

Also spelled "King of Kings of Iranians and non-Iranians".

2996:

Non-Muslim interactants with Muslims during Muhammad's era

1736:

Rock relief on the left side panel, depicting a boar hunt.

4811:. London et al.: Encyclopaedia Iranica. pp. 514–522. 4674:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. 4360:. New York and London: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). 3946:"Chapter 42: The Events of the Seventh Year of Migration" 3687: 3685: 1154:

In 613 and 614, General Shahrbaraz besieged and captured

540:. Furthermore, Khosrow II also served as the governor of 524:. Khosrow is first mentioned in the 580s, when he was at 4912:"Kayāniān vii. Kauui Haosrauuah, Kay Husrōy, Kay Ḵosrow" 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3796: 3794: 1613:. Notable musicians during the reign of Khosrow II were 1574:–was made the pillar of Sasanian authority in the area. 1170:, defeating the Byzantines numerous times; he conquered 612:) and his family following the latter's conquest of the 438:("he who has good fame"). The name is transliterated in 4711:

The Seven Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World

3852: 3850: 3848: 711:

In order to get the attention of the Byzantine emperor

595:

was based on acceptance that the halo of kingship, the

4993:

Journal of Late Antique, Islamic and Byzantine Studies

4738:

ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity

4233:

From Oxus to Euphrates: The World of Late Antique Iran

3811: 3809: 3106: 1234:("the Joy or Satisfaction of Khosrow"), while his son 719:, and sent a message to the Sasanian occupied city of 3992: 3990: 3592: 3380: 3378: 3318: 1536:

During his reign there was constant conflict between

1488:

and other relics that were lost in Jerusalem in 614.

587:, and afterwards set out for the Sasanian capital of 3508: 3506: 3504: 1712:

The relief stone of Khosrow II during the coronation

1076:' army and the Persians under Khosrow II. Fresco by 26: 6386: 6365: 6284: 6253: 6184: 6177: 6126: 6096: 5961: 5886: 5845: 5804: 5795: 5727: 5690: 2018:. Khosrow also had other children whom were named: 1857:Transliteration: Kisra) was a Persian king to whom 1369:in 627, Heraclius defeated the Iranian army at the 1147:and killed him, crowning himself as Emperor of the 231: 219: 209: 197: 185: 159: 140: 127: 123: 113: 105: 97: 87: 77: 69: 58: 23: 1104:territory as was feasible. Khosrow II, along with 878:and its surroundings, could now openly convert to 858:Domestic affairs and relations with the Byzantines 681:Bahram Chobin tried to support his cause with the 466:, writing around the year 800) and in Armenian as 4125:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 1124:. The Sasanian armies then invaded and plundered 776:under the observation of the Byzantine commander 3411: 1971:, who later fought against the Arabs during the 1849:tradition tells a story in which Khosrow II (in 6495:People of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 4354:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2002). 4335:Greatrex, Geoffrey; Lieu, Samuel N. C. (2005). 4201:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire 3939: 3937: 3560: 3471: 3079: 1867: 1377:. Khosrow II fled from his favorite residence, 1250: 1182:, who were invading the Empire from across the 647:Bahram Chobin fighting Sasanian loyalists near 351:of Constantinople in 626 was unsuccessful, and 6355:Two Years Eight Months and Twenty-Eight Nights 4257:, 1846. Reprinted 2008. Evolution Publishing, 3928: 3715: 3703: 3250: 1108:and his other best generals, quickly captured 5666: 5154: 4230:Daryaee, Touraj; Rezakhani, Khodadad (2016). 3130: 784:, invaded Mesopotamia. During this invasion, 575:In 590, Hormizd IV had his prominent general 548:sometime before his accession to the throne. 280: 8: 6300:The Thousand-and-Second Tale of Scheherazade 4075: 4063: 4039: 3761: 3652: 3628: 3604: 3536: 3459: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3399: 3369: 3354: 3342: 3306: 3291: 3215: 1781:Khosrow, during his second reign, added the 1437:family, the Armenian faction represented by 1253:and pomp. died in the 28th year of reign . 1033:, less than a decade after Khosrow's death. 678:, and that he now was restoring their rule. 5709:The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night 4012: 2982:, an African migration myth that historian 16:Shah of the Sasanian Empire from 590 to 628 6181: 5965: 5801: 5673: 5659: 5651: 5161: 5147: 5139: 5048: 4929:: A Reassessment of Sasanian Rock Reliefs" 4453:Landau-Tasseron, Ella (15 December 1996). 4097:al-Raheeq al-Makhtoom, "The Sealed Nectar" 1270:being vanquished by the Byzantine Emperor 1258:Byzantine counter-offensive and resurgence 20: 4927:Looking through The Two Eyes of the Earth 4829:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (15 December 2004b). 4795:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 4–5 4543:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. 4479:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4148:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1rp8c11b 4051: 3676: 3330: 3267: 1190:and several other islands in the eastern 4822:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XII, Fasc. 5 4808:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5 4119:Al-Tabari, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Jarir 3916: 3904: 3616: 3238: 3203: 3188: 3147: 1906:Capital with depiction of Khosrau II at 902:became treasurer and first minister and 601:, was given to the first Sasanian shah, 5737:Abu al-Husn and His Slave-Girl Tawaddud 4969:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 7 4868:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 2 4584:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 4381:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 3 3800: 3159: 3091: 3039: 3020: 1702: 819:Bahram Chobin was then defeated at the 304:(reigned 579–590), and the grandson of 6490:One Thousand and One Nights characters 6347:The Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor 3996: 3887: 3664: 1986:Khosrow married three times: first to 1967:, a Sasanian nobleman from one of the 1042:Initial Iranian invasion and dominance 835:. Constantly troubled, he crossed the 4848:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition 4418:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition 4121:(1985–2007). Ehsan Yar-Shater (ed.). 3856: 3839: 3785: 3742: 3640: 3572: 3512: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2903: 2901: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2762: 2753: 2742: 2731: 2720: 2718: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2574: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2453: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 1617:(Khosrow's favorite court musician), 882:without angering the Sasanian court. 557:Overthrow of Hormizd IV and accession 7: 5772:The Sisters Envious of Their Cadette 5717:Le livre des mille nuits et une nuit 4650:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. 4280:. Oxford University Press: 721–747. 3944:Subhani, Ja'far (27 December 2012). 3868: 3827: 3815: 3727: 3548: 3483: 3118: 3107:Nicholson, Canepa & Daryaee 2018 1593:Khosrow II's reign was considered a 1589:Music during the reign of Khosrow II 1529:, i.e. "man/woman of the country". 255: 27: 6293:Recollections of the Arabian Nights 4893:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran 4765:The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Iran 4587:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4558:Mubarakpuri, Safiur-Rahman (2009). 3773: 3691: 3593:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992 3524: 3384: 3319:Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992 3279: 1854: 1401:illustration of Khosrow II's arrest 489:and an unnamed noblewoman from the 281: 5121:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran 5094:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran 4923:Soudavar, Abolala (January 2012). 4870:. pp. 180–182. Archived from 4521:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. V 4159:. University of California Press. 37:King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran 14: 4500:"Chosroes s.v. Chosroes II" 4103:. Riyadh: Darussalam publishers. 2002:. Then to Gordiya, the sister of 1947:noblewoman who was the sister of 1206:In ca. 606/607, Khosrow recalled 1048:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 1037:Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 1029:' invasion and conquest of Lower 715:(r. 582–602), Khosrow II went to 6505:Governors of the Sasanian Empire 4727: 4614: 4221: 1963:. He had a brother-in-law named 1753: 1741: 1729: 1724:Equestrian statue of Khosrow II. 1717: 1705: 1004:Abolition of the Lakhmid dynasty 748:, effectively ceding control of 674:) had usurped the throne of the 44: 5982:The Adventures of Prince Achmed 4984:Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2022). 4671:Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium 4644:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). 4412:Howard-Johnston, James (2010). 1842:Khosrow II in Islamic tradition 1833: 1822: 1807: 1777:of Khosrow II, minted in 625/6. 1663: 1088:. However, when in 602 Emperor 669: 607: 511: 5747:Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves 4740:. Edinburgh University Press. 4581:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 4541:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest 4093:al-Mubarakpuri, Saif-ur-Rahman 3004:Khosrow's highly admired horse 2986:argued was based on Khosrow II 1863:Abdullah ibn Hudhafah as-Sahmi 1339:siege of Constantinople in 626 349:siege of the Byzantine capital 1: 6480:7th-century Sasanian monarchs 6475:6th-century Sasanian monarchs 6143:Scooby-Doo! in Arabian Nights 5066: 5022:Journal of Persianate Studies 4958:– via www.soudavar.com. 4910:Skjærvø, Prods Oktor (2000). 4891:. In Potts, Daniel T. (ed.). 4889:"Sasanian political ideology" 4296:The Cambridge History of Iran 4274:The English Historical Review 2036:Sasanian civil war of 628-632 1562:, the national epic of Iran. 984:As Vistahm began to threaten 479: 131: 6373:Stories (Burton translation) 6323:The Eighth Voyage of Sindbad 4948:10.1080/00210862.2011.595976 4816:Shahbazi, A. Shapur (2004). 4689:Rapp, Stephen H. Jr (2014). 4629:. Univ of California Press. 4101:Islamic University of Medina 3412:Daryaee & Rezakhani 2016 1801:–missing since the reign of 1520:Religious policy and beliefs 1238:received the honorific name 1092:was murdered by his General 1056:Sasanian territories in 620s 1008:In 600, Khosrow II executed 874:, a client state located at 345:a war against the Byzantines 263: 151:28 February 628 (aged 57–58) 53:of Khosrow II, minted in 611 5863:Ma'n ibn Za'ida al-Shaybani 5757:The Fisherman and the Jinni 5683:One Thousand and One Nights 5643:usurpers or rival claimants 4895:. Oxford University Press. 4887:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2013). 4805:(1988). "Bahram VI Cobin". 4767:. Oxford University Press. 4539:Morony, Michael G. (2005). 4320:The History of Ancient Iran 4153:Canepa, Matthew P. (2018). 4025:Ibn Kathir, Ismail (1367). 1290:, where he was welcomed by 1222:, who had raided as far as 1132:, and in 608 advanced into 1096:(602–610), who usurped the 996:, who engaged Vistahm near 853:Consolidation of the empire 365:a civil war and interregnum 330:struggling against usurpers 191: 6531: 4708:Rawlinson, George (2004). 4623:Payne, Richard E. (2015). 4286:10.1093/ehr/XC.CCCLVII.721 1305:In 626 Heraclius captured 1214:and sent him to repel the 1202:Turko-Hephthalite invasion 1045: 912:of the East, encompassing 888:Maurice's Balkan campaigns 849:(590/1–596 or 594/5–600). 688:belief that by the end of 552:Rebellion of Bahram Chobin 495:Seven Great Houses of Iran 409: 300:Khosrow II was the son of 6438:The Thief and the Cobbler 6243:Mârouf, savetier du Caire 6054:A Thousand and One Nights 5968: 5641: 5183: 5127: 5118: 5110: 5100: 5091: 5083: 5051: 5034:10.1163/18747167-bja10018 4608:Europe, 476–918, Volume 1 4330:– via fordham.edu/. 3976:, vol. II, pp. 295, 296; 3959:– via Al-Islam.org. 3131:Schmitt & Bailey 1986 2874: 2872: 2864: 2862: 2842: 2840: 2832: 2830: 2822: 2820: 2812: 2810: 2791: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2760: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2740: 2738: 2729: 2727: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2626: 2624: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2580: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2429: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2356: 2320: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2247: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2215: 2203: 2201: 2149: 2147: 2135: 2133: 1973:Muslim invasion of Persia 1920:History of the True Cross 1649:each giving Khosrow II a 1325:and attempted to capture 1313:). Later that same year, 768:In 591, Khosrow moved to 43: 34: 6485:Leaders ousted by a coup 5005:10.3366/jlaibs.2022.0005 4204:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 4174:Crawford, Peter (2013). 4123:The History of Al-Ṭabarī 3919:, pp. 806, 812–813. 3537:Greatrex & Lieu 2005 3450:, pp. 132–133, 135. 3343:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 3307:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 3292:Greatrex & Lieu 2002 1439:Varaztirots II Bagratuni 1282:, the Byzantine Emperor 1248:describes the event as: 1236:Varaztirots II Bagratuni 591:. The legitimacy of the 6339:Arabian Nights and Days 5899:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 4510:Encyclopædia Britannica 4375:Hansman, J. F. (1986). 4136:. Gorgias Press, 2019. 1939:Khosrow was the son of 1923:cycle in the church of 1552:, a prominent Armenian 1355:walls of Constantinople 1070:Battle of Nineveh (627) 965:river to the region of 478:Khosrow II was born in 310:Muslim conquest of Iran 6218:Der Barbier von Bagdad 5701:Les mille et une nuits 4963:Tafazzoli, A. (1987). 4579:"Khosrow I Anoshirvan" 4397:. Ashgate Publishing. 4389:Howard-Johnston, James 4130:Baca-Winters, Keenan. 3980:, vol. II, p. 81; and 1910: 1881:, his vassal ruler of 1875: 1861:had sent a messenger, 1816:. His two successors, 1778: 1688:each giving Khosrow a 1654: 1402: 1367:Third Perso-Turkic War 1275: 1255: 1081: 1057: 938: 880:Nestorian Christianity 808: 765: 651: 581:responded by rebelling 572: 431:, itself derived from 320:, conquering the rich 250:in classical sources; 4916:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4862:Shahbazi, A. (1989). 4842:Shahbazi, A. (2005). 4835:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4432:Kia, Mehrdad (2016). 3595:, pp. 1363–1364. 2992:, Ruler of Alexandria 2047:, and later bore him 1925:San Francesco, Arezzo 1915:Piero della Francesca 1905: 1773: 1640: 1550:Mushegh II Mamikonian 1514:Arab conquest of Iran 1409:, which included the 1396: 1373:and advanced towards 1265: 1242:("Eternal Khosrow"). 1078:Piero della Francesca 1063: 1055: 979:Parvaneh Pourshariati 951:Darius, son of Darius 926: 906:received the post of 813:Mushegh II Mamikonian 806: 763: 646: 564: 271:), commonly known as 101:591 – 25 February 628 6510:Shahnameh characters 6070:The Thief of Baghdad 6038:The Thief of Baghdad 5949:Zubaidah bint Ja'far 4874:on 22 September 2013 4756:10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8 4459:Encyclopædia Iranica 4027:Al Bidaya Wal Nihaya 3561:Howard-Johnston 2006 3472:Landau-Tasseron 1996 3438:, pp. 132, 134. 3080:Howard-Johnston 2010 2970:Behistun Inscription 2905:Farrukhzad Khosrow V 2032:Farrukhzad Khosrow V 1990:, a daughter of the 1969:seven Parthian clans 1795:Khūsrōkhwarrah abzōt 1122:Shahin Vahmanzadegan 1068:illustration of the 847:rebellion of Vistahm 630:Khosrow then took a 507:Khosrow I Anushirvan 491:House of Ispahbudhan 485:; he was the son of 6378:Works influenced by 6193:Le calife de Bagdad 6022:The Thief of Bagdad 5990:The Thief of Bagdad 5974:The Thief of Bagdad 5904:Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf 5787:Ahmed and Paribanou 5539:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 4824:. pp. 466–467. 4803:Shahbazi, A. Shapur 4797:. pp. 445–465. 4560:When The Moon Split 4383:. pp. 277–278. 3929:al-Mubarakpuri 2002 3776:, pp. 284–285. 3716:Al-Tabari 1985–2007 3704:Al-Tabari 1985–2007 3694:, pp. 255–256. 3631:, pp. 152–153. 3607:, pp. 153–154. 3462:, pp. 136–137. 3426:, pp. 131–132. 3402:, pp. 133–134. 3357:, pp. 128–129. 3251:Al-Tabari 1985–2007 3241:, pp. 180–182. 3191:, pp. 514–522. 3162:, pp. 277–278. 3150:, pp. 466–467. 2773:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 2049:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 1447:Kanārangīyān family 1389:Overthrow and death 1353:. Furthermore, the 821:Battle of Blarathon 752:to the Byzantines. 536:and make it into a 6307:New Arabian Nights 6046:Baghdad Gaja Donga 5924:Ibrahim al-Mawsili 5868:Sayf ibn Dhi Yazan 5827:Old Man of the Sea 4844:"Sasanian dynasty" 4666:Kaegi, Walter Emil 3984:, vol. XX, p. 389. 3972:, vol. I, p. 360; 2899:(629–630, 631–632) 2558:Mah-Adhur Gushnasp 2354:Unnamed noblewoman 1957:Mah-Adhur Gushnasp 1911: 1779: 1655: 1564:Smbat IV Bagratuni 1403: 1385:and plundered it. 1276: 1208:Smbat IV Bagratuni 1082: 1058: 939: 866:—a Christian from 809: 766: 652: 625:Joshua the Stylite 573: 396:Khosrow and Shirin 391:Khosrow and Shirin 372:Persian literature 6515:Executed monarchs 6500:Caucasian Albania 6447: 6446: 6280: 6279: 6122: 6121: 6014:La Rosa di Bagdad 5957: 5956: 5837:Sinbad the Sailor 5767:Sinbad the Sailor 5648: 5647: 5633: 5623: 5613: 5603: 5593: 5583: 5573: 5563: 5553: 5543: 5533: 5523: 5513: 5503: 5493: 5483: 5473: 5463: 5453: 5443: 5433: 5423: 5413: 5403: 5393: 5383: 5373: 5363: 5353: 5343: 5333: 5323: 5313: 5303: 5293: 5283: 5273: 5263: 5253: 5243: 5233: 5223: 5213: 5203: 5193: 5178: 5137: 5136: 5128:Succeeded by 5101:Succeeded by 4864:"Bestām O Bendôy" 4714:. Gorgias Press. 4657:978-1-84511-645-3 4594:978-0-19-866277-8 4569:978-603-500-060-4 4550:978-15-93333-15-7 4486:978-0-521-20160-5 4445:978-1-61069-391-2 4346:978-1-134-75646-9 4306:978-0-521-20092-9 4263:978-1-889758-88-6 4236:. H&S Media. 4187:978-1-84884-612-8 4180:. Pen and Sword. 4142:978-1-4632-3927-5 4076:Pourshariati 2008 4064:Pourshariati 2008 4040:Pourshariati 2008 3762:Pourshariati 2008 3653:Pourshariati 2008 3629:Pourshariati 2008 3605:Pourshariati 2008 3460:Pourshariati 2008 3448:Pourshariati 2008 3436:Pourshariati 2008 3424:Pourshariati 2008 3400:Pourshariati 2008 3370:Pourshariati 2008 3355:Pourshariati 2008 3216:Pourshariati 2008 2956: 2955: 1943:, and an unnamed 1929:Persian miniature 1814:Achaemenid Empire 1546:Gabriel of Sinjar 1527:mard / zan ī šahr 1494:chaotic civil war 1484:, along with the 1423:Rostam Farrokhzad 1421:and his two sons 1371:Battle of Nineveh 1329:with the help of 1296:Rostam Farrokhzad 1143:revolted against 1098:Roman (Byzantine) 894:Revolt of Vistahm 538:Sasanian province 534:Kingdom of Iberia 530:Caucasian Albania 528:, the capital of 446:(Χοσρόης) and in 419:"Khosrow" is the 357:allied with Turks 343:Khosrow II began 261: 241: 240: 6522: 6182: 6159:Thief of Baghdad 6030:Baghdad Thirudan 5966: 5934:Ja'far ibn Yahya 5929:Ishaq al-Mawsili 5802: 5777:The Three Apples 5675: 5668: 5661: 5652: 5634: 5631: 5624: 5621: 5614: 5611: 5604: 5601: 5594: 5591: 5584: 5581: 5574: 5571: 5564: 5561: 5554: 5551: 5544: 5541: 5534: 5531: 5524: 5521: 5514: 5511: 5504: 5501: 5494: 5491: 5484: 5481: 5474: 5471: 5464: 5461: 5459:Bahram VI Chobin 5454: 5451: 5444: 5441: 5434: 5431: 5424: 5421: 5414: 5411: 5404: 5401: 5394: 5391: 5384: 5381: 5374: 5371: 5364: 5361: 5354: 5351: 5344: 5341: 5334: 5331: 5324: 5321: 5314: 5311: 5304: 5301: 5294: 5291: 5284: 5281: 5274: 5271: 5264: 5261: 5254: 5251: 5244: 5241: 5234: 5231: 5224: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5204: 5201: 5194: 5191: 5176: 5163: 5156: 5149: 5140: 5111:Preceded by 5084:Preceded by 5079: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5058:Sasanian dynasty 5049: 5045: 5028:(1–2): 178–195. 5016: 4990: 4972: 4959: 4933: 4919: 4906: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4838: 4825: 4812: 4798: 4778: 4759: 4732: 4731: 4725: 4704: 4685: 4661: 4640: 4619: 4618: 4612: 4598: 4573: 4554: 4535: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4449: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4408: 4384: 4371: 4350: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4310: 4289: 4247: 4226: 4225: 4219: 4191: 4170: 4126: 4114: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4016: 4013:Mubarakpuri 2009 4010: 4004: 3994: 3985: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3941: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3891: 3885: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3579: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3388: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3192: 3186: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3028: 3025: 2059: 2058: 1856: 1837: 1835: 1826: 1824: 1811: 1809: 1797:). The title of 1757: 1745: 1733: 1721: 1709: 1667: 1665: 1337:allies. In this 1240:Javitean Khosrow 1228:eastern Khorasan 1212:Sasanian Armenia 1149:Byzantine Empire 872:Lakhmids/Nasrids 673: 671: 632:carrot and stick 611: 609: 515: 513: 497:. Her brothers, 484: 481: 326:Byzantine Empire 284: 283: 266: 260:romanized: 259: 257: 150: 148: 136: 133: 48: 30: 29: 21: 6530: 6529: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6450: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6382: 6361: 6315:Slaves of Sleep 6276: 6249: 6173: 6118: 6092: 6006:Baghdad Ka Chor 5953: 5919:Harun al-Rashid 5882: 5873:Shaddad ibn 'Ad 5841: 5791: 5762:Hassan of Basra 5752:The Ebony Horse 5723: 5686: 5679: 5649: 5644: 5637: 5627: 5617: 5607: 5597: 5587: 5577: 5567: 5559:Farrukh Hormizd 5557: 5547: 5537: 5527: 5517: 5507: 5497: 5487: 5477: 5467: 5457: 5447: 5437: 5427: 5417: 5407: 5397: 5387: 5377: 5367: 5357: 5347: 5337: 5327: 5317: 5307: 5297: 5287: 5277: 5267: 5257: 5247: 5237: 5227: 5217: 5207: 5197: 5187: 5179: 5174:Sasanian Empire 5167: 5133: 5124: 5116: 5106: 5097: 5089: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5061: 5054: 5019: 4988: 4983: 4980: 4978:Further reading 4975: 4962: 4936:Iranian Studies 4931: 4922: 4909: 4903: 4886: 4877: 4875: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4841: 4828: 4815: 4801: 4781: 4775: 4762: 4748: 4735: 4726: 4722: 4707: 4701: 4688: 4682: 4664: 4658: 4643: 4637: 4622: 4613: 4601: 4595: 4576: 4570: 4557: 4551: 4538: 4532: 4517: 4493: 4487: 4472: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4446: 4431: 4422: 4420: 4411: 4405: 4387: 4374: 4368: 4353: 4347: 4334: 4325: 4323: 4313: 4307: 4292: 4271: 4244: 4229: 4220: 4216: 4196:Daryaee, Touraj 4194: 4188: 4173: 4167: 4152: 4117: 4111: 4091: 4087: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4011: 4007: 3995: 3988: 3974:Tarikh-i Tabari 3970:Tabaqat-i Kubra 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3894: 3886: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3741: 3737: 3726: 3722: 3718:, v. 5: p. 399. 3714: 3710: 3706:, v. 5: p. 398. 3702: 3698: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3639: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3582: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3531: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3391: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3266: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3237: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3105: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3009:Ganj-e Badavard 2975:Behistun Palace 2965:Babai the Great 2961: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2775: 2766: 2746: 2735: 2724: 2523: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2317: 2088: 2077: 2057: 2014:, who bore him 2006:, who bore him 1998:, who bore him 1979:princess named 1937: 1900: 1844: 1832: 1821: 1806: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1749: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1725: 1722: 1713: 1710: 1662: 1635: 1591: 1583:Richard N. Frye 1522: 1419:Farrukh Hormizd 1407:Sasanian Empire 1391: 1292:Farrukh Hormizd 1260: 1204: 1050: 1044: 1039: 1006: 994:Smbat Bagratuni 896: 860: 855: 758: 668: 641: 614:Parthian Empire 606: 559: 554: 510: 482: 476: 464:Pseudo-Juansher 460:K‛asre Ambarvez 417: 408: 388:'s (1141–1209) 322:Roman provinces 181: 152: 146: 144: 134: 64:Sasanian Empire 54: 25: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6528: 6526: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6452: 6451: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6390: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6351: 6343: 6335: 6327: 6319: 6311: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6278: 6277: 6275: 6274: 6266: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6239: 6230: 6222: 6214: 6205: 6197: 6188: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6151:Arabian Nights 6147: 6139: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6086:Arabian Nights 6082: 6074: 6066: 6062:Arabian Nights 6058: 6050: 6042: 6034: 6026: 6018: 6010: 6002: 5998:Arabian Nights 5994: 5986: 5978: 5969: 5963: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5721: 5713: 5705: 5696: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5625: 5615: 5605: 5595: 5585: 5575: 5565: 5555: 5545: 5535: 5525: 5515: 5505: 5495: 5485: 5475: 5465: 5455: 5445: 5435: 5425: 5415: 5405: 5395: 5385: 5375: 5365: 5355: 5345: 5335: 5325: 5315: 5305: 5295: 5285: 5275: 5265: 5255: 5245: 5235: 5225: 5215: 5205: 5195: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5099: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5017: 4999:(1–2): 65–93. 4979: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4965:"Asfād Jošnas" 4960: 4920: 4907: 4902:978-0190668662 4901: 4884: 4859: 4839: 4826: 4813: 4799: 4779: 4774:978-0199733309 4773: 4760: 4747:978-1474400305 4746: 4733: 4721:978-1593331719 4720: 4705: 4700:978-1472425522 4699: 4686: 4680: 4662: 4656: 4641: 4636:978-0520961531 4635: 4620: 4599: 4593: 4574: 4568: 4562:. Darussalam. 4555: 4549: 4536: 4530: 4515: 4505:Chisholm, Hugh 4491: 4485: 4470: 4450: 4444: 4429: 4409: 4403: 4385: 4372: 4366: 4351: 4345: 4332: 4311: 4305: 4290: 4269: 4253:, translator, 4251:Edward Walford 4248: 4243:978-1780835778 4242: 4227: 4215:978-0857716668 4214: 4192: 4186: 4171: 4166:978-0520964365 4165: 4150: 4144: 4128: 4115: 4109: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4078:, p. 205. 4068: 4066:, p. 236. 4056: 4052:Shahbazi 2004b 4044: 4042:, p. 179. 4032: 4017: 4005: 3986: 3978:Tarikh-i Kamil 3962: 3933: 3931:, p. 417. 3921: 3909: 3907:, p. 837. 3892: 3890:, p. 361. 3873: 3871:, p. 172. 3861: 3859:, p. 168. 3844: 3842:, p. 200. 3832: 3830:, p. 171. 3820: 3818:, p. 166. 3805: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3764:, p. 219. 3754: 3735: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3681: 3679:, p. 743. 3677:Tafazzoli 1987 3669: 3657: 3655:, p. 173. 3645: 3643:, p. 140. 3633: 3621: 3609: 3597: 3580: 3565: 3553: 3551:, p. 725. 3541: 3539:, p. 197. 3529: 3527:, p. 223. 3517: 3500: 3488: 3486:, p. 330. 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3389: 3387:, p. 242. 3374: 3372:, p. 129. 3359: 3347: 3345:, p. 174. 3335: 3333:, p. 509. 3331:Rawlinson 2004 3323: 3321:, p. 251. 3311: 3309:, p. 173. 3296: 3294:, p. 172. 3284: 3282:, p. 241. 3272: 3270:, p. 178. 3268:Rezakhani 2017 3255: 3253:, v. 5: p. 49. 3243: 3220: 3208: 3206:, p. 810. 3193: 3164: 3152: 3135: 3123: 3121:, p. 341. 3111: 3096: 3084: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3019: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3006: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2939:Kavad Gushnasp 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2770: 2768: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2056: 2053: 1936: 1933: 1917:, part of the 1899: 1896: 1843: 1840: 1836: 628–630 1825: 628–628 1810: 459–484 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1704: 1666: 383–388 1634: 1631: 1590: 1587: 1521: 1518: 1441:, and finally 1390: 1387: 1365:Following the 1362:later in 628. 1351:Byzantine navy 1327:Constantinople 1266:Sassanid King 1259: 1256: 1203: 1200: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1012:, King of the 1005: 1002: 895: 892: 859: 856: 854: 851: 757: 756:Return to Iran 754: 698:Arsacid Empire 672: 224–242 656:Nahrawan Canal 640: 637: 610: 224–242 593:House of Sasan 558: 555: 553: 550: 514: 531–579 475: 472: 468:Aprouēž Xosrov 425:Middle Persian 410:Main article: 407: 404: 386:Nizami Ganjavi 363:. This led to 273:Khosrow Parviz 256:𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩 252:Middle Persian 239: 238: 236:Zoroastrianism 233: 229: 228: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 204:House of Sasan 201: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 169: 163: 161: 157: 156: 142: 138: 137: 129: 125: 124: 121: 120: 115: 111: 110: 107: 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 56: 55: 49: 41: 40: 32: 31: 28:𐭧𐭥𐭮𐭫𐭥𐭣𐭩 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6527: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6364: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6265:Op. 35 (1888) 6264: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6180: 6176: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5844: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5822:Badroulbadour 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5671: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5640: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5606: 5600: 5599:Yazdegerd III 5596: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5556: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5516: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5380: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5276: 5270: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5196: 5190: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5175: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5115: 5114:Bahram Chobin 5109: 5105: 5104:Bahram Chobin 5096: 5095: 5088: 5082: 5077: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5050: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4928: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4885: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4787:Bailey, H. W. 4784: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4712: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4693:. Routledge. 4692: 4687: 4683: 4681:0-521-81459-6 4677: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4603:Oman, Charles 4600: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4524:. E.J.Brill. 4523: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4495:Meyer, Eduard 4492: 4488: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4471: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4430: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4404:0-86078-992-6 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4369: 4367:0-415-14687-9 4363: 4359: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4339:. Routledge. 4338: 4333: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4217: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4110:1-59144-071-8 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982:Biharul Anwar 3979: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3917:Shayegan 2013 3913: 3910: 3906: 3905:Schindel 2013 3901: 3899: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3803:, p. 56. 3802: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3779: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3670: 3667:, p. 92. 3666: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3617:Soudavar 2012 3613: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3566: 3563:, p. 33. 3562: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3530: 3526: 3521: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3414:, p. 43. 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3239:Shahbazi 1989 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3218:, p. 96. 3217: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3204:Shayegan 2013 3200: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3189:Shahbazi 1988 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3153: 3149: 3148:Shahbazi 2004 3144: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3024: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2984:Leo Frobenius 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2915: 2906: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2801: 2799: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2745: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2696: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2608: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2559: 2522: 2510: 2507: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2487: 2485: 2459: 2457: 2456: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2437: 2427: 2401: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2368: 2345: 2330: 2316: 2300: 2297: 2285: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2245: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2186: 2184: 2118: 2116: 2076: 2060: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2004:Bahram Chobin 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1852: 1848: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1819: 1815: 1804: 1800: 1799:King of Kings 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785:GDH, meaning 1784: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1739: 1732: 1727: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1660: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1588: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1510:Yazdegerd III 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1482:war indemnity 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1400: 1397:17th-century 1395: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:siege warfare 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1300:Adur Gushnasp 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1257: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118:Bahram Chobin 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:anachronistic 1062: 1054: 1049: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:Al-Nu'man III 1003: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 953:, who fought 952: 948: 944: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 919: 915: 911: 910: 905: 901: 893: 891: 889: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 857: 852: 850: 848: 844: 843: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 814: 805: 801: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 778:John Mystacon 775: 771: 762: 755: 753: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 684: 679: 677: 666: 662: 659:wives, and a 657: 650: 645: 638: 636: 633: 628: 626: 622: 617: 615: 604: 600: 599: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 577:Bahram Chobin 571: 567: 563: 556: 551: 549: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 508: 504: 500: 496: 493:, one of the 492: 488: 473: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 434: 430: 426: 422: 416: 414: 405: 403: 401: 397: 393: 392: 387: 383: 382: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 341: 339: 335: 334:Bahram Chobin 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 292: 288: 278: 274: 270: 265: 253: 249: 245: 237: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 215: 212: 208: 205: 202: 200: 196: 193: 190: 188: 184: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 164: 162: 158: 155: 143: 139: 130: 126: 122: 119: 116: 112: 109:Bahram Chobin 108: 104: 100: 96: 93: 92:Bahram Chobin 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 65: 61: 57: 52: 47: 42: 39: 38: 33: 22: 19: 6436: 6429: 6409:Magic carpet 6353: 6345: 6337: 6329: 6321: 6313: 6305: 6268: 6262:Scheherazade 6260: 6241: 6233: 6224: 6216: 6208: 6199: 6191: 6165: 6157: 6149: 6141: 6133: 6084: 6076: 6068: 6060: 6052: 6044: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5988: 5980: 5972: 5938: 5853:Hatim al-Tai 5832:Scheherazade 5715: 5707: 5699: 5692:Translations 5681: 5499:Ardashir III 5468: 5448: 5359:Yazdegerd II 5119: 5092: 5078:February 628 5075: 5063: 5056: 5025: 5021: 4996: 4992: 4968: 4942:(1): 29–58. 4939: 4935: 4926: 4915: 4892: 4876:. Retrieved 4872:the original 4867: 4851:. Retrieved 4847: 4834: 4821: 4818:"Hormozd IV" 4807: 4794: 4764: 4737: 4710: 4690: 4670: 4646: 4625: 4611:. Macmillan. 4607: 4582: 4559: 4540: 4520: 4508: 4475: 4462:. Retrieved 4458: 4438:. ABC-CLIO. 4434: 4421:. Retrieved 4417: 4393: 4380: 4356: 4336: 4324:. Retrieved 4319: 4294: 4277: 4273: 4254: 4232: 4200: 4176: 4155: 4131: 4122: 4096: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4026: 4020: 4008: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3955:13 September 3953:. Retrieved 3949: 3924: 3912: 3864: 3835: 3823: 3801:Daryaee 2014 3788:, p. 2. 3781: 3769: 3757: 3738: 3723: 3711: 3699: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3600: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3498:, chapter 24 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3314: 3287: 3275: 3246: 3211: 3160:Hansman 1986 3155: 3126: 3114: 3092:Skjærvø 2000 3087: 3023: 3003: 2980:Kisra legend 2520: 2039: 1985: 1938: 1918: 1912: 1908:Taq-e Bostan 1876: 1868: 1845: 1829:Ardashir III 1794: 1790: 1780: 1678:barrel vault 1670:Taq-e Bostan 1656: 1633:Rock reliefs 1592: 1579:fire temples 1576: 1553: 1535: 1526: 1523: 1505: 1497: 1490: 1466:Mihr Hormozd 1462: 1454: 1413: 1404: 1364: 1317:advanced on 1304: 1294:and his son 1277: 1251: 1244: 1239: 1232:Khosrow Shun 1231: 1220:Hephthalites 1205: 1186:. In 622/3, 1184:Danube River 1153: 1138: 1083: 1007: 983: 940: 934:, minted at 907: 897: 884: 861: 840: 831:nobleman at 818: 810: 767: 738:Martyropolis 721:Martyropolis 710: 702:crenellation 680: 653: 629: 618: 596: 574: 477: 467: 459: 451: 443: 435: 428: 418: 412: 395: 389: 379: 374:such as the 370:In works of 369: 342: 299: 272: 268: 247: 243: 242: 35: 18: 6465:570s births 6432:(franchise) 6414:Open sesame 6331:Dunyazadiad 6273:(1918–1919) 6211:(Cherubini) 6167:1001 Nights 6162:(2000–2001) 6138:(1993–1997) 5782:Abou Hassan 5720:(1926–1932) 5712:(1885–1888) 5704:(1704–1717) 5632:(pretender) 5622:(pretender) 5612:(pretender) 5549:Azarmidokht 5519:Khosrow III 5422:(498/9–531) 5412:(496–498/9) 5369:Hormizd III 5319:Yazdegerd I 5289:Ardashir II 5269:Adur Narseh 5053:Khosrow II 4783:Schmitt, R. 4414:"Kosrow II" 4315:Frye, R. N. 4015:, p. . 3997:Morony 1980 3950:The Message 3888:Canepa 2018 3745:, pp. 3665:Morony 2005 2764:Khosrow III 2733:Azarmidokht 2055:Family tree 2024:Azarmidokht 1945:Ispahbudhan 1682:Ahura Mazda 1676:", is in a 1643:Ahura Mazda 1609:, and even 1572:Bagratunids 1538:Monophysite 1474:Azarmidokht 1456:coup d'état 1411:Ispahbudhan 1288:Adurbadagan 1198:in Africa. 975:Transoxiana 973:princes of 971:Hephthalite 782:Comentiolus 774:Adurbadagan 686:apocalyptic 683:Zoroastrian 546:Mesopotamia 421:New Persian 318:Achaemenids 277:New Persian 248:Chosroes II 225:Ispahbudhan 106:Predecessor 78:Predecessor 6470:628 deaths 6460:Khosrow II 6454:Categories 6419:Roc (rukh) 6285:Literature 6201:Abu Hassan 6135:Alif Laila 6127:Television 5939:Khosrow II 5887:Historical 5797:Characters 5619:Bahram VII 5579:Khosrow IV 5569:Hormizd VI 5509:Shahrbaraz 5469:Khosrow II 5449:Khosrow II 5439:Hormizd IV 5299:Shapur III 5259:Hormizd II 5239:Bahram III 5189:Ardashir I 5087:Hormizd IV 5070: 570 4831:"HORMOZĀN" 4531:9004060561 4423:9 November 3999:, p. 3857:Payne 2015 3840:Payne 2015 3786:Payne 2015 3743:Kaegi 2003 3730:, p. 3641:Kaegi 2003 3575:, p. 3573:Kaegi 2003 3513:Meyer 1911 3035:References 2896:Borandukht 2744:Mardanshah 2521:Khosrow II 2336:594/5–600) 2332:(590/1–596 2315:Hormizd IV 2045:Shahrbaraz 2020:Borandukht 2016:Mardanshah 2010:. Then to 1941:Hormizd IV 1775:Gold dinar 1659:Shapur III 1611:Ardashir I 1607:Bahram Gur 1595:golden age 1486:True Cross 1431:Shahrbaraz 1427:Farrukhzad 1315:Shahrbaraz 1280:Aegean Sea 1268:Khosrau II 1164:True Cross 1162:, and the 1130:Asia Minor 1106:Shahrbaraz 1086:Byzantines 1080:, ca. 1452 1046:See also: 914:Tabaristan 837:Oxus river 770:Constantia 706:fire altar 665:Ardashir I 603:Ardashir I 570:Hormizd IV 487:Hormizd IV 483: 570 474:Background 436:Haosrauuah 302:Hormizd IV 282:خسرو پرویز 244:Khosrow II 227:noblewoman 214:Hormizd IV 135: 570 82:Hormizd IV 60:Shahanshah 51:Gold dinar 24:Khosrow II 6226:La statue 6097:Templates 5909:Al-Ma'mun 5894:Abu Nuwas 5846:Legendary 5805:Fictional 5609:Peroz III 5602:(632–651) 5592:(631–632) 5582:(630–636) 5572:(630–632) 5562:(630–631) 5552:(630–631) 5502:(628–630) 5482:(591–596) 5472:(591–628) 5462:(590–591) 5442:(579–590) 5432:(531–579) 5429:Khosrow I 5402:(488–496) 5392:(484–488) 5382:(459–484) 5372:(457–459) 5362:(438–457) 5352:(420–438) 5329:Shapur IV 5322:(399–420) 5312:(388–399) 5309:Bahram IV 5302:(383–388) 5292:(379–383) 5282:(309–379) 5279:Shapur II 5262:(303–309) 5252:(293–303) 5232:(274–293) 5229:Bahram II 5222:(271–274) 5212:(270–271) 5209:Hormizd I 5202:(240–270) 5192:(224–242) 5177:(224–651) 5042:251787417 5013:263274105 4956:154699256 4878:13 August 4464:8 January 3869:Frye 1983 3828:Frye 1983 3816:Frye 1983 3728:Oman 1893 3549:Foss 1975 3484:Frye 1984 3119:Rapp 2014 2914:Shahriyar 2787:Anoshagan 2755:Javanshir 2736:(630–631) 2524:(590–628) 2318:(579–590) 2078:(531–579) 2075:Khosrow I 2028:Shahriyar 2008:Javanshir 1992:Byzantine 1977:Byzantine 1603:Khosrow I 1560:Shahnameh 1542:Nestorian 1478:Heraclius 1451:Ctesiphon 1399:Shahnameh 1383:Dastagird 1379:Dastagird 1375:Ctesiphon 1347:Bosphorus 1323:Bosphoros 1319:Chalcedon 1284:Heraclius 1272:Heraclius 1160:Jerusalem 1141:Heraclius 1134:Chalcedon 1102:Byzantine 1074:Heraclius 1022:al-Ḥurqah 955:Alexander 868:Khuzestan 694:Seleucids 690:Zoroaster 649:Ctesiphon 589:Ctesiphon 381:Shahnameh 353:Heraclius 306:Khosrow I 246:(spelled 192:See below 154:Ctesiphon 147:628-02-28 114:Successor 98:2nd reign 88:Successor 70:1st reign 6424:Shahrokh 6302:" (1845) 6295:" (1830) 6236:(Lecocq) 6234:Ali-Baba 6209:Ali Baba 6114:Ali Baba 5817:Ali Baba 5489:Kavad II 5349:Bahram V 5219:Bahram I 5199:Shapur I 5131:Kavad II 5125:591–628 4853:30 March 4789:(1986). 4668:(2003). 4605:(1893). 4497:(1911). 4455:"Ḏū Qār" 4391:(2006). 4377:"Arbela" 4198:(2014). 4127:40 vols. 4095:(2002). 3774:Kia 2016 3692:Kia 2016 3525:Kia 2016 3385:Kia 2016 3280:Kia 2016 2990:Muqawqis 2959:See also 2722:Kavad II 2344:Vinduyih 2089:(† 580s) 2000:Kavad II 1994:emperor 1965:Hormuzan 1953:Vinduyih 1859:Muhammad 1818:Kavad II 1783:ideogram 1555:nakharar 1502:Parthian 1443:Kanadbak 1360:Anatolia 1307:Lazistan 1302:temple. 1196:Carthage 1168:Anatolia 1156:Damascus 1139:In 610, 1072:between 1014:Lakhmids 943:Dinawari 918:Khorasan 900:Vinduyih 825:Nishapur 750:Lazistan 676:Arsacids 585:Khorasan 499:Vinduyih 456:Georgian 444:Chosroes 376:Ferdowsi 361:Kavad II 332:such as 287:Sasanian 232:Religion 223:Unnamed 118:Kavad II 6430:Aladdin 6387:Related 6270:Aladdin 6104:Aladdin 5914:Baibars 5878:Solomon 5812:Aladdin 5742:Aladdin 5729:Stories 5629:Narsieh 5479:Vistahm 5419:Kavad I 5399:Kavad I 5379:Peroz I 5339:Khosrow 5172:of the 4507:(ed.). 4326:7 March 4085:Sources 3751:189–190 3001:Shabdiz 2944:Tamahij 2922:Unknown 2917:(† 628) 2747:(† 628) 2552:Mirhran 2359:Jushnas 2329:Vistahm 2323:Unknown 2041:spahbed 1996:Maurice 1949:Vistahm 1927:. Many 1847:Islamic 1803:Peroz I 1787:xwarrah 1766:Coinage 1698:xwarrah 1686:Anahita 1647:Anahita 1623:Sarkash 1619:Bamshad 1445:of the 1433:of the 1415:spahbed 1321:on the 1311:Colchis 1090:Maurice 1027:Caliphs 1018:Al-Hira 967:Ardabil 959:Gordiya 947:Arsacid 932:Vistahm 928:Drachma 909:spahbed 904:Vistahm 876:al-Hira 829:Karenid 786:Nisibis 746:Armenia 730:Carrhae 713:Maurice 661:retinue 623:writer 598:xwarrah 566:Drachma 522:Khazars 520:of the 503:Vistahm 433:Avestan 413:Khosrow 338:Vistahm 314:Maurice 269:Khosrau 172:Gordiya 160:Consort 62:of the 6358:(2015) 6350:(1991) 6342:(1979) 6334:(1972) 6326:(1964) 6318:(1939) 6310:(1882) 6246:(1914) 6238:(1887) 6229:(1861) 6221:(1858) 6213:(1833) 6204:(1811) 6196:(1800) 6185:Operas 6170:(2011) 6154:(2000) 6146:(1994) 6109:Sinbad 6089:(2015) 6081:(1991) 6078:Ajooba 6073:(1978) 6065:(1974) 6057:(1969) 6049:(1968) 6041:(1961) 6033:(1960) 6025:(1952) 6017:(1949) 6009:(1946) 6001:(1942) 5993:(1940) 5985:(1926) 5977:(1924) 5944:Shirin 5409:Jamasp 5389:Balash 5249:Narseh 5170:Rulers 5074: 5040: 5011: 4954: 4899: 4771: 4754: 4744: 4718: 4697: 4678: 4654: 4633: 4591: 4566: 4547: 4528: 4483: 4442: 4401: 4364: 4343: 4303: 4261: 4240: 4212: 4208:–240. 4184: 4163: 4140: 4107: 3496:Sebeos 2794:Bistam 2087:Shapur 2012:Shirin 1935:Family 1898:In art 1891:Medina 1879:Badhan 1851:Arabic 1827:) and 1690:diadem 1668:). At 1651:diadem 1627:Nagisa 1625:, and 1615:Barbad 1568:Gorgan 1506:Pahlav 1500:) and 1498:Parsig 1435:Mihran 1335:Slavic 1246:Sebeos 1224:Spahan 1192:Aegean 1188:Rhodes 1145:Phocas 1114:Edessa 1094:Phocas 864:Shirin 842:yabghu 798:Mardin 794:Narses 742:Iberia 621:Syriac 542:Arbela 526:Partaw 518:khagan 448:Arabic 429:Husraw 415:(word) 400:Shirin 355:, now 289:king ( 220:Mother 210:Father 177:Shirin 6399:Ifrit 6394:Ghoul 6366:Lists 6254:Other 6178:Music 5962:Films 5858:Khidr 5589:Boran 5542:(630) 5532:(630) 5529:Boran 5522:(630) 5512:(630) 5492:(628) 5452:(590) 5342:(420) 5332:(420) 5272:(309) 5242:(293) 5076:Died: 5064:Born: 5038:S2CID 5009:S2CID 4989:(PDF) 4952:S2CID 4932:(PDF) 4752:JSTOR 4503:. In 3015:Notes 2908:(631) 2776:(630) 2767:(630) 2725:(628) 2565:Narsi 2547:Kavad 1988:Maria 1981:Maria 1961:Narsi 1887:Hijaz 1883:Yemen 1791:abzōt 1674:Ayvan 1599:music 1470:Boran 1216:Turko 1210:from 1180:Slavs 1176:Avars 1172:Egypt 1126:Syria 998:Qumis 990:Gilan 986:Media 833:Qumis 790:Mosil 726:Amida 717:Syria 639:Fight 452:Kisra 440:Greek 293:) of 264:Husrō 199:House 187:Issue 167:Maria 6404:Jinn 5098:590 4897:ISBN 4880:2013 4855:2014 4769:ISBN 4742:ISBN 4716:ISBN 4695:ISBN 4676:ISBN 4652:ISBN 4631:ISBN 4589:ISBN 4564:ISBN 4545:ISBN 4526:ISBN 4481:ISBN 4466:2012 4440:ISBN 4425:2013 4399:ISBN 4362:ISBN 4341:ISBN 4328:2020 4301:ISBN 4259:ISBN 4238:ISBN 4210:ISBN 4182:ISBN 4161:ISBN 4138:ISBN 4105:ISBN 3957:2023 2030:and 1959:and 1951:and 1871:Magi 1855:كسرى 1694:halo 1684:and 1645:and 1540:and 1531:Jews 1472:and 1425:and 1333:and 1331:Avar 1178:and 1158:and 1128:and 1112:and 1110:Dara 1031:Iraq 963:Oxus 916:and 744:and 736:and 734:Dara 501:and 406:Name 384:and 336:and 328:and 295:Iran 291:shah 267:and 141:Died 128:Born 5030:doi 5001:doi 4944:doi 4282:doi 4001:185 3747:178 3732:212 1597:in 1064:An 1016:of 936:Ray 930:of 568:of 544:in 458:as 450:as 442:as 378:'s 73:590 6456:: 5067:c. 5036:. 5026:14 5024:. 5007:. 4995:. 4991:. 4967:. 4950:. 4940:45 4938:. 4934:. 4914:. 4866:. 4846:. 4833:. 4820:. 4793:. 4785:; 4750:. 4457:. 4416:. 4379:. 4278:90 4276:. 4265:. 4099:. 3989:^ 3948:. 3936:^ 3895:^ 3876:^ 3847:^ 3808:^ 3793:^ 3749:, 3684:^ 3583:^ 3577:88 3503:^ 3392:^ 3377:^ 3362:^ 3299:^ 3258:^ 3223:^ 3196:^ 3167:^ 3138:^ 3099:^ 3042:^ 2334:or 2051:. 2026:, 2022:, 1983:. 1873:." 1853:: 1834:r. 1823:r. 1808:r. 1664:r. 1629:. 1621:, 1605:, 1516:. 1429:. 1136:. 732:, 728:, 670:r. 608:r. 512:r. 480:c. 470:. 427:, 340:. 279:: 258:, 254:: 132:c. 6298:" 6291:" 5674:e 5667:t 5660:v 5162:e 5155:t 5148:v 5044:. 5032:: 5015:. 5003:: 4997:1 4971:. 4946:: 4925:" 4918:. 4905:. 4882:. 4857:. 4837:. 4777:. 4758:. 4724:. 4703:. 4684:. 4660:. 4639:. 4597:. 4572:. 4553:. 4534:. 4489:. 4468:. 4448:. 4427:. 4407:. 4370:. 4349:. 4309:. 4288:. 4284:: 4246:. 4218:. 4206:1 4190:. 4169:. 4113:. 4054:. 4029:. 4003:. 3619:. 3515:. 3474:. 3133:. 3109:. 3094:. 3082:. 1831:( 1820:( 1805:( 1661:( 1653:. 1504:( 1309:( 1218:- 667:( 605:( 509:( 462:( 275:( 149:) 145:(

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