1356:
963:
40:
3775:
1714:
978:
925:
949:
937:
3762:
3748:
613:. However, the strings were touched by the nails laterally and not pressed from above with the flesh of the finger such as in the violin. The lyra depicted on the Byzantine ivory casket of Museo Nazionale, Florence (900 – 1100 AD) has two strings and
809:), sculpted into a pear-shaped body. The slightly rounded body of the lyra is prolonged by a neck ending on the top in a block which is also pear-shaped or spherical. In that, are set the pegs facing and extending forward. The
1682:
297:, held upright and played by stopping the strings from the side with the fingertips and fingernails. The oldest known depiction of the instrument is on a Byzantine ivory casket, dated to circa 900–1100 AD, preserved in the
825:
instrument-making has been influenced by that of the violin. Currently, numerous models tend to integrate the shape of the scroll, the finger board and other morphology of some secondary characteristics of the violin.
77:
654:
to press them against: a method which gives the notes as clearly as the violin and remains normal in lyras both in Asia as well as on present bowed instruments in post-Byzantine regions such as the
3812:
2043:
3611:
2792:
2413:
2862:
977:
3601:
3317:
2387:
1210:
553:
From the organological point of view, the
Byzantine lyra is in fact an instrument belonging to the family of bowed lutes; however, the designation
3805:
1800:
3432:
1750:
4321:
2737:
422:, changes to the size and construction of the instrument was made. The first recorded reference to a bowed lyra is from the 9th century, by
4326:
4316:
3798:
3621:
3287:
2033:
4306:
3719:
3502:
2510:
2444:
1171:
1110:
1144:
2977:
2429:
2392:
3626:
2812:
2682:
2522:
2515:
962:
3606:
3307:
2527:
593:, terms that may be used today to refer to a general category of similar stringed instruments played with a horsehair bow.
512:. Both instruments spread further throughout the continent, birthing many bowed fiddles across Europe such as the medieval
3636:
3117:
2434:
1203:
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2602:
2476:
1694:
4231:
3687:
3616:
3507:
2787:
2466:
2382:
1228:
1163:
650:
while fingering the others by finger or fingernail alone, downwards or sidewards against the string, for there was no
574:
4035:
391:
3591:
3512:
2892:
2837:
2028:
1743:
1079:
4236:
3821:
3692:
3252:
2534:
1900:
1855:
1492:
774:, a historical Russian instrument that survived until the 19th century, is also a variant of the Byzantine lyra.
4311:
3766:
3372:
3267:
3217:
3187:
2488:
2280:
1830:
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1332:
1196:
3581:
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147:
3072:
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2505:
2223:
2048:
1860:
1646:
1519:
1514:
1272:
3952:
3532:
3482:
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3352:
3332:
2707:
2461:
2439:
2179:
2053:
1736:
1677:
1667:
1626:
1302:
924:
69:
1307:
4210:
4040:
3905:
3422:
3392:
3387:
3312:
3212:
3192:
2992:
2832:
2632:
2577:
2471:
2449:
2275:
2228:
1641:
1487:
1355:
1287:
1267:
1242:
569:
for a bowed instrument was first recorded in the 9th century, probably as an application of the term
1322:
3887:
3652:
3522:
3442:
3347:
3327:
3162:
3152:
3122:
3087:
3082:
3037:
3012:
2887:
2817:
2767:
2732:
2642:
2627:
2544:
2153:
2086:
1885:
1422:
1401:
1262:
948:
810:
618:
578:
490:' and 'lira' interchangeably when colloquially referring to bowed instruments. The Middle Eastern
39:
3714:
3682:
3537:
3402:
3357:
3242:
3197:
3127:
3077:
2962:
2917:
2617:
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2549:
2539:
2258:
2010:
1880:
1662:
1636:
1631:
1590:
1345:
794:
727:
228:
202:
93:
3836:
3672:
3667:
3562:
3452:
3447:
3412:
3367:
3362:
3277:
3257:
3232:
3147:
3102:
3097:
3022:
2942:
2857:
2852:
2807:
2802:
2757:
2722:
2717:
2702:
2687:
2647:
2498:
2345:
2333:
2238:
2213:
2194:
1995:
1990:
1775:
1688:
1524:
1444:
1396:
1375:
1338:
1167:
1106:
936:
687:
636:
614:
542:
509:
290:
54:
4270:
3704:
3586:
3542:
3527:
3517:
3497:
3472:
3377:
3337:
3292:
3207:
3172:
3167:
3157:
3137:
3062:
3057:
3052:
2997:
2952:
2947:
2912:
2897:
2872:
2847:
2842:
2822:
2797:
2772:
2762:
2712:
2677:
2657:
2652:
2637:
2622:
2612:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2377:
2248:
2174:
2133:
2075:
1970:
1940:
1767:
1380:
1312:
1257:
1252:
751:
691:
667:
486:
between
Eurasia and Africa; European writers in the 11th and 12th centuries used the terms '
286:
114:
1925:
4275:
4265:
4045:
3724:
3662:
3596:
3557:
3492:
3487:
3477:
3437:
3417:
3342:
3302:
3297:
3272:
3247:
3222:
3142:
3132:
3092:
3047:
3032:
3027:
3007:
2982:
2932:
2922:
2907:
2877:
2782:
2727:
2697:
2692:
2672:
2662:
2597:
2424:
2372:
2305:
2290:
2218:
2204:
2096:
1930:
1865:
1795:
1672:
1585:
1370:
1297:
1292:
1247:
1219:
534:
356:
294:
164:
629:. The lyras of Novgorod (1190 AD) are closer morphologically to the present bowed lyras (
476:
the lyra is widely considered be the ancestor of many modern
European bowed instruments.
1138:
581:
to the new bowed string instrument. The
Byzantine lyra is sometimes informally called a
4050:
3778:
3731:
3699:
3677:
3631:
3552:
3462:
3427:
3407:
3397:
3322:
3282:
3237:
3202:
3182:
3177:
3112:
3067:
3017:
3002:
2987:
2957:
2937:
2902:
2882:
2827:
2752:
2747:
2667:
2362:
2328:
2295:
2233:
2101:
1845:
1432:
954:
854:
786:
747:
711:
695:
679:
562:
505:
427:
423:
377:
279:
271:
173:
154:
106:
821:
is probably the most widely used surviving form of the
Byzantine lyra, except that in
4300:
4000:
3709:
3457:
3262:
3227:
3107:
3042:
2972:
2967:
2867:
2777:
2742:
2456:
2397:
2340:
2310:
2285:
2270:
2243:
2128:
2123:
1975:
1965:
1915:
1895:
1807:
1790:
1780:
1600:
1595:
1569:
1317:
1095:
882:
838:
802:
763:
647:
386:
169:
1073:
601:
The
Byzantine lyra had rear tuning pegs set in a flat peg similarly to the medieval
4285:
4142:
3752:
2493:
2367:
2253:
2164:
2148:
2113:
2023:
1950:
1835:
1610:
1536:
1529:
483:
670:
survives in many post-Byzantine regions until the present day even closely to its
561:) constitute of a terminological survival relating to the performing method of an
410:
The most likely origin of the
Byzantine lyra is with the long-necked, pear-shaped
4030:
3970:
2355:
2169:
2118:
2091:
2018:
1785:
1557:
1327:
983:
Different types of Cretan lyra in the Museum of Greek Folk
Instruments in Athens
898:
894:
842:
818:
778:
759:
707:
655:
651:
626:
539:
524:
419:
326:
282:
813:
is also carved with a shallower arch and has two small semi-circular, D-shaped
430:(d. 911); in his lexicographical discussion of instruments, he cites the lyra (
44:
Earliest known depiction of lyra in a
Byzantine ivory casket (900 – 1100 AD). (
4200:
3924:
2300:
2265:
2000:
1955:
1427:
1120:
866:
743:
719:
640:
497:
338:
17:
625:
and as a distinct and attached piece, however this might be due to stylistic
4280:
4226:
4205:
4152:
4101:
3937:
3895:
3790:
3657:
1985:
1817:
1502:
1466:
1461:
1449:
1417:
862:
814:
806:
790:
767:
671:
643:
622:
480:
330:
317:(and most of the historical territories of the Byzantine Empire), including
314:
64:
Byzantine lyra, lira, lūrā, Rum Kemençe, medieval fiddle, pear-shaped rebec
4177:
4162:
4157:
4106:
4096:
4086:
4066:
3965:
3960:
3910:
3877:
3862:
2108:
2070:
1905:
1683:
Museum of
Ancient Greek, Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Musical Instruments
1564:
1454:
1437:
969:
735:
606:
529:
492:
415:
368:
364:
346:
302:
298:
239:
139:
129:
4172:
4167:
4081:
3975:
3942:
3900:
3872:
3844:
1910:
1870:
1850:
1482:
902:
782:
723:
471:
455:
411:
399:
360:
351:
334:
310:
198:
124:
4122:
4091:
4076:
4071:
3867:
2184:
1920:
1875:
1840:
1825:
1507:
1277:
878:
858:
798:
703:
699:
602:
545:
that many consider to be the predecessor of the contemporary violin.
487:
381:
342:
318:
252:
243:
193:
766:
communities, that existed (or still exist) around the shores of the
4147:
3932:
2402:
2350:
2038:
1960:
1890:
1759:
1497:
1188:
822:
771:
739:
610:
514:
466:
460:
373:
322:
217:
212:
134:
4241:
3854:
2189:
1980:
678:(i.e. lyra of the Polis, or City, referring to Constantinople) (
570:
447:
443:
434:) as the 'typical' instrument of the Byzantines, along with the
183:
102:
3794:
2567:
1732:
1192:
646:
and provision for three strings. The middle string served as a
418:-like, plucked stringed instrument; however, with the use of a
309:). Modern variants of the lyra are still played throughout the
829:
The modern variants of the lyra are tuned in various ways:
762:(Greek: ποντιακή λύρα; Turkish: Karadeniz kemençe) in the
1728:
1031:
1160:
On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments
4258:
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4193:
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4135:
4115:
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3835:
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2411:
2321:
2203:
2144:
2066:
2044:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
2009:
1939:
1816:
1766:
1655:
1619:
1578:
1545:
1475:
1410:
1389:
1363:
1235:
913:, a fifth and a fourth) on the Classical Kemenche.
92:
84:
68:
60:
53:
1094:
532:, among others. A notable example is the Italian
508:, likely through continued Arab presence in the
718:) and the one used in the Greek islands of the
307:Museo Nazionale, Florence, Coll. Carrand, No.26
857:higher than RE rather than a fifth lower) in
777:Similarly to the lyras found at Novgorod, the
3806:
1744:
1204:
8:
32:
1097:The Oxford Companion to Musical Instruments
1027:
1025:
1023:
805:are manufactured from a single wood block (
4190:
4020:
4013:
3850:
3832:
3813:
3799:
3791:
2564:
1813:
1751:
1737:
1729:
1211:
1197:
1189:
1052:
1050:
2388:Music technology (electronic and digital)
1042:
694:: Klasik kemençe or Armudî kemençe) from
999:
997:
1014:
993:
920:
1056:
1003:
289:. In its popular form, the lyra was a
31:
1926:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
146:
7:
617:body with long and narrow neck. The
500:lap-fiddles, like the Indo-Nepalese
1072:Arkenberg, Rebecca (October 2002),
3602:Classical and art music traditions
2034:History of lute-family instruments
1851:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
25:
1093:Baines, Anthony (November 1992),
559:Greek: λύρα ~ lūrā, English: lyre
285:string musical instrument in the
3774:
3773:
3760:
3746:
3318:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2793:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2393:Sound recording and reproduction
1846:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
1713:
1712:
1354:
1137:Encyclopædia Britannica (2009),
976:
961:
947:
935:
923:
565:instrument. The use of the term
465:which sees its ancient roots in
287:Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire
38:
3622:Jazz and popular music glossary
496:was probably inspired by early
70:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
2863:Federated States of Micronesia
1145:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
639:and 40 cm long; they had
293:instrument with three to five
1:
1906:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
1826:Afghan classical music—Klasik
1158:Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990),
1119:Butler, Paul (October 2003),
313:and in areas surrounding the
144:Serbo-Croatian pronunciation:
4322:European musical instruments
3767:Record production portal
3612:Cultural and regional genres
1871:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
1695:School of Ecclesiastic Music
1032:Encyclopædia Britannica 2009
631:
528:), and the Scando-Icelandic
458:). Together with the Arabic
2383:Music technology (electric)
1921:Thai classical music—Piphat
1876:Japanese court music—Gagaku
1164:University of Chicago Press
575:stringed musical instrument
504:, before later arriving in
479:The lyra spread widely via
4343:
2029:History of the harpsichord
1916:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
1182:Les ancetres du violon v.1
1080:Metropolitan Museum of Art
4327:Greek musical instruments
4317:Early musical instruments
3822:Greek musical instruments
3740:
2574:
1856:Chinese traditional music
1703:
1493:Byzantine Musical Symbols
1352:
1226:
1180:Grillet, Laurent (1901),
877:, with the second LA an
731:
715:
683:
275:
232:
223:
206:
99:
46:Museo Nazionale, Florence
37:
4307:Bowed string instruments
2738:Central African Republic
2281:Computational musicology
1831:Andalusi classical music
3627:Music genres and styles
1931:Western classical music
1901:Persian classical music
1283:Joseph the Hymnographer
1103:Oxford University Press
789:and the Greek lyras of
674:form. Examples are the
3607:Classical music genres
2683:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2224:Doctor of Musical Arts
2049:History of the trumpet
1861:Indian classical music
1647:Thrasyvoulos Stanitsas
1520:Hagiopolitan Octoechos
1515:Neobyzantine Octoechos
1273:Theophanes the Branded
755:
3433:São Tomé and Príncipe
3308:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3288:Republic of the Congo
2054:History of the violin
1678:Monastery of Stoudios
1627:Greek Byzantine Choir
469:instruments like the
3503:United Arab Emirates
2276:Cognitive musicology
1707:*also music theorist
1642:Konstantinos Pringos
1488:72 equal temperament
1288:Joseph the Confessor
1268:Theodore the Studite
1243:Romanos the Melodist
758:) in Italy, and the
686:) also known as the
621:is depicted without
442:(probably a type of
3653:Aesthetics of music
3468:Trinidad and Tobago
2603:Antigua and Barbuda
2087:Band (rock and pop)
2011:Musical instruments
1886:Lao classical music
1263:Stephen the Sabaite
1075:Renaissance Violins
579:classical antiquity
333:(Karpathian lyra),
148:[lijɛritsa]
94:Related instruments
34:
3715:Musical instrument
3683:Music and politics
2813:Dominican Republic
2561:By sovereign state
1881:Korean court music
1841:Azerbaijani Mugham
1637:Iakovos Nafpliotis
1632:Nikodimos Kabarnos
1591:Solon Hadjisolomos
1346:Janus Plousiadenos
1303:Nikephoros Ethikos
1125:, Personal website
853:, where SOL is a
698:, used in today's
4294:
4293:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4131:
4130:
3984:
3983:
3919:
3918:
3788:
3787:
3673:Music and fashion
3668:Music and emotion
3570:
3569:
2838:Equatorial Guinea
2334:A-side and B-side
2239:Music archaeology
2214:Bachelor of Music
2062:
2061:
1996:Psychedelic music
1991:Progressive music
1911:Scottish Ceòl Mór
1726:
1725:
1689:Only-begotten Son
1606:Miloš Velimirović
1525:Papadic Octoechos
1397:Paschal troparion
1376:George Pachymeres
1339:Manuel Chrysaphes
1229:List of composers
1122:The rebec project
930:Bulgarian gadulka
688:Classical kemence
587:pear-shaped rebec
543:string instrument
538:, a 15th-century
510:Iberian Peninsula
428:Ibn Khurradadhbih
260:
259:
80:sounded by a bow)
55:String instrument
27:String instrument
16:(Redirected from
4334:
4271:Greek folk music
4191:
4021:
4014:
3851:
3833:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3792:
3777:
3776:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:Music portal
3751:
3750:
3749:
3705:Music technology
3693:Environmentalism
3646:Related articles
3253:Papua New Guinea
3118:Marshall Islands
2565:
2511:Central American
2249:Music psychology
2134:Backing vocalist
1971:Electronic music
1814:
1768:History of music
1753:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1716:
1715:
1381:Manuel Bryennios
1358:
1342:
1313:John Koukouzelis
1308:Gregorios Glykys
1258:Cosmas of Maiuma
1253:John of Damascus
1213:
1206:
1199:
1190:
1185:
1176:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1060:
1054:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1001:
980:
968:A lijerica from
965:
951:
939:
927:
837:, i. e. by
733:
717:
685:
668:Byzantine empire
666:The lyra of the
277:
234:
225:
208:
155:Lira (Calabrian)
150:
145:
78:Necked bowl lute
42:
35:
21:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4312:Byzantine music
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4276:Byzantine music
4266:Music of Greece
4246:
4215:
4182:
4127:
4111:
4055:
4046:Macedonian lyra
4005:
3980:
3947:
3915:
3882:
3849:
3824:
3819:
3789:
3784:
3761:
3759:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3663:Fictional music
3641:
3566:
3373:Solomon Islands
3218:North Macedonia
2570:
2556:
2418:
2416:regional genres
2415:
2407:
2373:Record producer
2317:
2306:Sociomusicology
2291:Ethnomusicology
2219:Master of Music
2199:
2158:
2140:
2097:All-female band
2080:
2058:
2005:
1942:
1935:
1891:Mandé art music
1866:Byzantine music
1812:
1762:
1757:
1727:
1722:
1699:
1673:Cappella Romana
1651:
1615:
1586:Enrica Follieri
1574:
1541:
1471:
1406:
1385:
1371:Michael Psellos
1359:
1350:
1337:
1298:Constantine VII
1293:Leo VI the Wise
1248:Andrew of Crete
1231:
1222:
1220:Byzantine music
1217:
1179:
1174:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1055:
1048:
1041:
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1002:
995:
991:
984:
981:
972:
966:
957:
952:
943:
940:
931:
928:
919:
893:, i. e. a
664:
605:and unlike the
599:
597:Characteristics
583:medieval fiddle
551:
535:lira da braccio
408:
357:North Macedonia
165:Lira da braccio
143:
75:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4194:Membranophones
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4051:Calabrian lira
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3996:Byzantine lyra
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3892:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3841:
3839:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3770:
3756:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3732:Women in music
3729:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3720:Classification
3712:
3707:
3702:
3700:Music festival
3697:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3680:
3678:Music industry
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Western Sahara
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3508:United Kingdom
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2788:Czech Republic
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2523:North American
2520:
2519:
2518:
2516:South American
2513:
2506:Latin American
2503:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Middle Eastern
2469:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2421:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Audio engineer
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:New musicology
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2102:Rhythm section
2099:
2094:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1553:Byzantine lyra
1549:
1547:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1433:Byzantine Rite
1430:
1425:
1420:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1323:Joannes Glykys
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1172:
1155:
1134:
1116:
1111:
1090:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1043:Arkenberg 2002
1035:
1019:
1007:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
982:
975:
973:
967:
960:
958:
955:Calabrian lira
953:
946:
944:
941:
934:
932:
929:
922:
918:
915:
855:perfect fourth
787:Calabrian Lira
756:lira Calabrese
748:Calabrian lira
742:in Serbia and
696:Constantinople
663:
660:
598:
595:
550:
547:
522:(and eventual
520:silverbasharpa
518:, the Swedish
506:Western Europe
407:
404:
378:Calabrian lira
264:Byzantine lyra
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
237:
215:
210:
196:
191:
181:
167:
162:
159:Lira Calabrese
152:
137:
132:
127:
122:
119:Armudî kemençe
103:Classical lyra
97:
96:
90:
89:
88:9th century AD
86:
82:
81:
72:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
51:
50:
43:
33:Byzantine lyra
26:
24:
18:Byzantine Lyra
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4339:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4041:Politiki lyra
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3781:
3780:
3771:
3769:
3768:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3710:Music therapy
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3513:United States
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3073:Liechtenstein
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Guinea-Bissau
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2414:Cultural and
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2341:Extended play
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2311:Zoomusicology
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Ecomusicology
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:Biomusicology
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Music history
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Improvisation
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:Lead vocalist
2127:
2126:
2125:
2124:Military band
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Hip hop music
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Country music
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Ottoman music
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1601:Oliver Strunk
1599:
1597:
1596:Peter Jeffery
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1333:John Laskaris
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Xenos Korones
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1173:0-226-42548-7
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:0-19-311334-1
1108:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1059:, p. 109
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1017:, p. 124
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
979:
974:
971:
964:
959:
956:
950:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
916:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
803:Mount Olympus
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
729:
725:
721:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:πολίτικη λύρα
681:
677:
676:Politiki lyra
673:
669:
661:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:
641:semi-circular
638:
635:): they were
634:
633:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
596:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:ancient Greek
560:
556:
548:
546:
544:
541:
537:
536:
531:
527:
526:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
482:
477:
475:
473:
468:
464:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:
387:politiki lyra
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
273:
269:
265:
254:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
235:
230:
226:
219:
216:
214:
211:
204:
200:
197:
195:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
175:
171:
170:Lyra (Cretan)
168:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
120:
116:
112:
111:Πολίτικη Λύρα
108:
104:
101:
100:
98:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4286:Greek dances
4143:Askomandoura
3995:
3772:
3758:
3744:
3533:Vatican City
3483:Turkmenistan
3383:South Africa
3353:Sierra Leone
3333:Saudi Arabia
2708:Burkina Faso
2368:Record label
2254:Music school
2114:Concert band
2024:Angular harp
1951:Circus music
1836:Arabic music
1687:
1668:Protopsaltes
1611:Egon Wellesz
1552:
1530:Nana (echos)
1181:
1159:
1148:, retrieved
1139:
1127:, retrieved
1121:
1096:
1085:22 September
1083:, retrieved
1074:
1038:
1015:Kartomi 1990
1010:
942:Cretan lyra
910:
906:
890:
886:
874:
870:
850:
846:
834:
830:
828:
776:
764:Pontic Greek
716:κρητική λύρα
675:
665:
662:In use today
630:
600:
590:
586:
582:
566:
558:
554:
552:
533:
523:
519:
513:
501:
491:
484:trade routes
478:
470:
459:
454:(probably a
451:
439:
435:
431:
409:
395:
385:
367:
350:
306:
267:
263:
261:
246:
227:
221:
187:
177:
158:
118:
110:
45:
29:
4036:Pontic lyra
4031:Cretan lyra
3971:Water organ
3637:Terminology
3617:Instruments
3423:Switzerland
3393:South Sudan
3388:South Korea
3313:Saint Lucia
3268:Philippines
3213:North Korea
3193:New Zealand
3188:Netherlands
2993:Ivory Coast
2833:El Salvador
2578:Afghanistan
2545:Micronesian
2346:Compilation
2259:Composition
2154:Composition
2119:Disc jockey
2092:Backup band
2019:Arched Harp
1776:Prehistoric
1663:Akolouthiai
1558:Cretan lyra
1546:Instruments
1328:John Kladas
1150:20 February
1057:Baines 1992
1004:Butler 2003
899:major sixth
895:minor third
881:lower), in
843:Cretan lyra
819:Cretan lyra
779:Cretan lyra
760:Pontic lyra
708:Cretan lyra
656:Cretan lyra
652:fingerboard
637:pear-shaped
632:see gallery
627:abstraction
615:pear-shaped
549:Terminology
525:nyckelharpa
498:South Asian
426:geographer
392:Pontic lyra
327:Cretan lyra
291:pear-shaped
188:terminology
61:Other names
4301:Categories
4220:Idiophones
4201:Tambourine
4187:Percussion
3953:Percussion
3523:Uzbekistan
3443:Tajikistan
3348:Seychelles
3328:San Marino
3163:Mozambique
3153:Montenegro
3123:Mauritania
3088:Madagascar
3083:Luxembourg
3038:Kyrgyzstan
3013:Kazakhstan
2818:East Timor
2768:Costa Rica
2733:Cape Verde
2643:Bangladesh
2628:Azerbaijan
2550:Polynesian
2540:Melanesian
2322:Production
2301:Organology
2266:Musicology
2001:Soul music
1956:Folk music
1941:Vernacular
1620:Performers
1445:Koinonikon
1428:Cherubikon
1066:References
867:Dodecanese
815:soundholes
811:soundboard
744:Montenegro
720:Dodecanese
644:soundholes
623:soundholes
619:soundboard
450:) and the
339:Montenegro
157:(Italian:
74:321.321–71
4281:Nisiotika
4227:Koudounia
4206:Toubeleki
4153:Tsampouna
4102:Tambouras
3938:Pan flute
3896:Epigonion
3658:Album era
3538:Venezuela
3403:Sri Lanka
3358:Singapore
3243:Palestine
3198:Nicaragua
3128:Mauritius
3078:Lithuania
2963:Indonesia
2918:Guatemala
2618:Australia
2608:Argentina
2528:Caribbean
2482:Southeast
2207:and study
2205:Education
2195:Technique
2076:Ensembles
1986:Pop music
1818:Art music
1796:Religious
1503:Octoechos
1467:Sticheron
1462:Troparion
1450:Kontakion
1418:Aposticha
1402:Octoechos
1364:Theorists
1236:Composers
901:) on the
887:MI–SOL–MI
863:Karpathos
847:LA–RE–SOL
841:) on the
831:LA–RE–SOL
807:monoblock
795:Macedonia
791:Karpathos
768:Black Sea
728:Bulgarian
672:archetype
481:Byzantine
438:(organ),
365:Dalmatian
331:Karpathos
315:Black Sea
229:Ukrainian
222:Russian:
203:Bulgarian
85:Developed
4259:See also
4178:Souravli
4163:Karamuza
4158:Floghera
4123:Santouri
4107:Thaboura
4097:Psaltery
4087:Mandolin
4067:Bouzouki
3989:Medieval
3966:Crotalum
3961:Cochilia
3911:Trigonon
3878:Phorminx
3863:Barbiton
3779:Category
3592:Timeline
3563:Zimbabwe
3453:Thailand
3448:Tanzania
3413:Suriname
3368:Slovenia
3363:Slovakia
3278:Portugal
3258:Paraguay
3233:Pakistan
3148:Mongolia
3103:Maldives
3098:Malaysia
3023:Kiribati
2943:Honduras
2858:Ethiopia
2853:Eswatini
2808:Dominica
2803:Djibouti
2758:Colombia
2723:Cameroon
2718:Cambodia
2703:Bulgaria
2688:Botswana
2648:Barbados
2535:Oceanian
2489:European
2445:Southern
2378:Sampling
2175:Notation
2109:Big band
2071:Musician
1801:Biblical
1718:Category
1579:Scholars
1565:Thaboura
1455:Akathist
1438:Kathisma
1129:10 March
970:Dalmatia
907:LA–RE–LA
871:LA–LA–MI
865:and the
736:Bulgaria
591:kemanche
530:talharpa
440:shilyani
416:bouzouki
390:and the
369:lijerica
347:Bulgaria
303:Florence
299:Bargello
280:medieval
278:) was a
140:Lijerica
130:Kemenche
4237:Trigono
4211:Tympano
4173:Mantura
4168:Lalitsa
4082:Mandola
4060:Plucked
4001:Organon
3976:Sistrum
3943:Salpinx
3906:Sambuca
3901:Magadis
3873:Kithara
3845:Pandura
3829:Ancient
3688:Warfare
3587:Outline
3543:Vietnam
3528:Vanuatu
3518:Uruguay
3498:Ukraine
3473:Tunisia
3378:Somalia
3338:Senegal
3293:Romania
3208:Nigeria
3173:Namibia
3168:Myanmar
3158:Morocco
3138:Moldova
3063:Liberia
3058:Lesotho
3053:Lebanon
2998:Jamaica
2978:Ireland
2953:Iceland
2948:Hungary
2913:Grenada
2898:Germany
2893:Georgia
2873:Finland
2848:Estonia
2843:Eritrea
2823:Ecuador
2798:Denmark
2773:Croatia
2763:Comoros
2713:Burundi
2678:Bolivia
2658:Belgium
2653:Belarus
2638:Bahrain
2633:Bahamas
2623:Austria
2613:Armenia
2593:Andorra
2588:Algeria
2583:Albania
2462:Central
2430:Central
2425:African
1808:Secular
1791:Martial
1781:Ancient
1656:Related
1570:Organon
1483:Petasti
1390:Liturgy
1184:, Paris
917:Gallery
903:gadulka
861:and on
783:Gadulka
752:Italian
732:Гъдулка
724:gadulka
692:Turkish
589:, or a
585:, or a
573:of the
502:sarangi
472:sarangi
456:bagpipe
452:salandj
424:Persian
412:pandura
406:History
400:Armenia
396:kemençe
361:Croatia
352:gadulka
335:Albania
311:Balkans
295:strings
207:Гъдулка
199:Gadulka
125:Pandura
115:Turkish
4232:Stamna
4116:Struck
4092:Oudola
4077:Laouto
4072:Guitar
4017:String
4010:Modern
3868:Chelys
3837:String
3597:Albums
3558:Zambia
3493:Uganda
3488:Tuvalu
3478:Turkey
3438:Taiwan
3418:Sweden
3343:Serbia
3303:Rwanda
3298:Russia
3273:Poland
3248:Panama
3223:Norway
3143:Monaco
3133:Mexico
3093:Malawi
3048:Latvia
3033:Kuwait
3028:Kosovo
3008:Jordan
2983:Israel
2933:Guyana
2923:Guinea
2908:Greece
2888:Gambia
2878:France
2783:Cyprus
2728:Canada
2698:Brunei
2693:Brazil
2673:Bhutan
2663:Belize
2598:Angola
2569:
2499:Nordic
2494:Balkan
2329:Single
2234:Method
2185:Lyrics
2149:Theory
1508:Nenano
1476:Theory
1278:Kassia
1170:
1109:
897:and a
879:octave
859:Thrace
839:fifths
817:. The
799:Thrace
785:, the
781:, the
770:. The
746:, the
738:, the
722:, the
706:, the
704:Greece
700:Turkey
603:fiddle
488:fiddle
467:Indian
436:urghun
398:) and
382:Turkey
343:Serbia
319:Greece
253:Violin
247:الرباب
244:Arabic
194:Fiddle
4242:Zilia
4148:Gaida
4024:Bowed
3933:Aulos
3632:Songs
3582:Index
3575:Lists
3553:Yemen
3463:Tonga
3428:Syria
3408:Sudan
3398:Spain
3323:Samoa
3283:Qatar
3238:Palau
3203:Niger
3183:Nepal
3178:Nauru
3113:Malta
3068:Libya
3018:Kenya
3003:Japan
2988:Italy
2958:India
2938:Haiti
2903:Ghana
2883:Gabon
2828:Egypt
2753:China
2748:Chile
2668:Benin
2477:South
2457:Asian
2440:North
2403:Remix
2398:Cover
2356:Remix
2170:Genre
2039:Nafir
1961:Blues
1943:music
1786:Dance
1760:Music
1498:Echos
1423:Canon
1411:Forms
989:Notes
911:a–d–a
891:e–g–e
883:Drama
875:a–a–e
851:a–d–g
835:a–d–g
823:Crete
772:gudok
740:gusle
734:) in
712:Greek
680:Greek
648:drone
611:rebec
607:rabāb
540:bowed
515:rebec
493:rabāb
461:rebab
384:(the
376:(the
374:Italy
349:(the
323:Crete
283:bowed
272:Greek
240:Rabāb
233:гудок
224:гудок
218:Gudok
213:Gusle
174:Greek
135:Cello
107:Greek
4136:Wind
3925:Wind
3888:Harp
3855:Lyre
3725:Folk
3458:Togo
3263:Peru
3228:Oman
3108:Mali
3043:Laos
2973:Iraq
2968:Iran
2868:Fiji
2778:Cuba
2743:Chad
2467:East
2450:West
2435:East
2351:Live
2190:Song
2165:Form
1981:Jazz
1537:Ison
1168:ISBN
1152:2009
1140:lira
1131:2009
1107:ISBN
1087:2006
849:(or
833:(or
801:and
702:and
609:and
571:lyre
567:lyra
555:lyra
448:lyre
444:harp
432:lūrā
414:, a
276:λύρα
268:lira
262:The
184:Lyre
178:Λύρα
2229:PhD
577:of
446:or
420:bow
394:or
380:),
372:),
355:),
329:),
301:in
266:or
105:, (
4303::
1166:,
1162:,
1143:,
1105:,
1101:,
1078:,
1049:^
1022:^
996:^
905:;
885:;
869:;
845:;
797:,
793:,
754::
730::
714::
682::
658:.
402:.
359:,
345:,
341:,
337:,
321:,
274::
231::
205::
176::
117::
113:,
109::
3814:e
3807:t
3800:v
1752:e
1745:t
1738:v
1341:*
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
909:(
889:(
873:(
750:(
726:(
710:(
690:(
557:(
474:—
463:—
363:(
325:(
305:(
270:(
249:)
242:(
236:)
220:(
209:)
201:(
190:)
186:(
180:)
172:(
161:)
151:)
142:(
121:)
76:(
48:)
20:)
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