Bladder cancer - Knowledge (XXG)

566:. A tumor is assigned three scores based on the extent of the primary tumor (T), its spread to nearby lymph nodes (N), and metastasis to distant sites (M). The T score represents the extent of the original tumor: Ta or Tis for tumors that are confined to the innermost layer of the bladder; T1 for tumors that extend into the bladder's connective tissue; T2 for extension into the muscle; T3 for extension through the muscle into the surrounding fatty tissue; and T4 for extension fully outside the bladder. The N score represents spread to nearby lymph nodes: N0 for no spread; N1 for spread to a single nearby lymph node; N2 for spread to several nearby lymph nodes; N3 for spread to more distant lymph nodes outside the pelvis. The M score designates spread to more distant organs: M0 for a tumor that has not spread; M1 to one that has. 1024:, where the ureters are attached to a piece of ileum that includes the valve between the small and large intestine; this valve naturally closes, allowing urine to be retained in the body rather than in an ostomy bag. The affected person empties the new urine reservoir serveral times each day by self-catheterization – passing a narrow tube through the stoma. Some can instead have the piece of ileum attached directly to the urethra, allowing the affected person to urinate through the urethra as they would pre-surgery – although without the original bladder nerves, they will no longer have the urge to urinate when the urine reservoir is full. 511: 531: 523: 1248: 2558: 454: 813: 346: 1043: 303: 707:

intermediate-risk and high-risk or provided with a numerical risk score. Risk-stratification framework is provided by American Urology Association/Society of Urological Oncology (AUA/SUO stratification), European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) risk tables and Club Urológico Español de Tratamiento Oncológico (CUETO) scoring model.

322:). Less commonly, a tumor can block the flow of urine into the bladder, causing pain along the flank of the body (between the ribs and the hips). Most people with blood in the urine do not have bladder cancer; up to 22% of those with visible haematuria and 5% with microscopic haematuria are diagnosed with the disease. Women with bladder cancer and haematuria are often misdiagnosed with 45: 1829:

tobacco) increases the risk for bladder cancer. Quitting smoking reduces the risk. Risk of bladder cancer decreases by 30% within 1–4 years and continues to decrease by 60% at 25 years after smoking cessation. However, former smokers will most likely always be at a higher risk of bladder cancer compared to people who have never smoked. Passive smoking also appears to be a risk.

949:), administered weekly for six weeks. This nearly halves the rate of tumor recurrence. Recurrence risk is further reduced by a series of "maintenance" BCG injections, given regularly for at least a year. Those whose tumors do recur may receive a second round of BCG injections. Tumors that do not respond to BCG may be treated with the alternative immune stimulants 354: 547: 539: 1282:, with the tumor and surrounding area removed, and the bladder repaired. Those with no CIS or urinary blockage may undergo TURBT to remove visible tumors, followed by chemotherapy and radiation; around two thirds of these people are permanently cured, while those whose tumors recur are treated with radical cystectomy. 2648:

Around 500,000 people are diagnosed with bladder cancer each year, and 200,000 die of the disease. This makes bladder cancer the tenth most commonly diagnosed cancer, and the thirteenth cause of cancer deaths. Bladder cancer is most common in wealthier regions of the world, where exposure to certain

2343:

After radical cystectomy, urinary and sexual function remain inferior to the general population. People who have a neobladder have better emotional function and body image compared with ones with cutaneous diversion (who need to wear a bag to collect urine over their abdomen). Social factors such as

293:

Bladder cancer, as of 2018, affected about 1.6 million people globally with 549,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths. Age of onset is most often between 65 and 84 years of age. Males are more often affected than females. In 2018, the highest rate of bladder cancer occurred in Southern and Western Europe

1274:

Radical cystectomy has a significant morbidity associated with it. About 50-65% of the people experience complication within 90 days of surgery. Mortality rates was 7% within 90 days of surgery. High volume centers have better outcomes than low volume centers. Some centers are implementing Enhanced

706:

People with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), are risk-stratified based on clinical and pathological factors so that they are treated appropriately depending on their probability of having progression and/or recurrence. People with non-muscle invasive tumors are categorized into low-risk,

2656:

Bladder cancer is much more common in men than women; around 1.1% of men and 0.27% of women develop bladder cancer. This makes bladder cancer the sixth most common cancer in men, and the seventeenth in women. When women are diagnosed with bladder cancer, they tend to have more advanced disease and

3330:

Soukup V, Čapoun O, Cohen D, Hernández V, Burger M, Compérat E, et al. (November 2018). "Risk Stratification Tools and Prognostic Models in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Critical Assessment from the European Association of Urology Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel".

1823:

is the main known contributor to urinary bladder cancer; in most populations, smoking is associated with over half of bladder cancer cases in men and one-third of cases among women, however these proportions have reduced over recent years since there are fewer smokers in Europe and North America.

2287:

People with non-muscle invasive tumors have a favorable outcome (5-year survival is 95% vs. 69% of muscle invasive bladder cancer). However, 70% of them will have a recurrence after initial treatment with 30% of them presenting with muscle invasive disease. Recurrence and progression to a higher

501:

the tumor sample based on how distinct the cancerous cells look from healthy cells. Bladder cancer is divided into either low-grade (more similar to healthy cells) or high-grade (less similar). High-grade cancer is further subdivided into "non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer" (NMIBC) or the more

1828:

and bladder cancer risk. A risk plateau at smoking about 15 cigarettes a day can be observed (meaning that those who smoke 15 cigarettes a day are approximately at the same risk as those smoking 30 cigarettes a day). Smoking in any form (cigar, cigarette, pipe, Egyptian waterpipe and smokeless

1707:

that has worsened after initial treatment when compared with continued chemotherapy. However, pembrolizumab may have only minimal effects on the rate of death resulting from treatment or the rate at which the cancer advances. Pembrolizumab may cause less serious side effects than chemotherapy.

1808:

of bladder cells. These changes can be random, or can be induced by exposure of the bladder to toxic substances such as those from consuming tobacco. The accumulation of this genetic damage disrupts the normal functioning of bladder cells, causing them to grow uncontrollably and form a tumor.

461:

Bladder tumors are classified by their appearance under the microscope, and by their cell type of origin. Over 90% of bladder tumors arise from the cells that form the bladder's inner lining, called urothelial cells or transitional cells; the tumor is then classified as urothelial cancer or

444:

Suspected tumors are removed by threading a device up the urethra in a process called "transurethral resection of bladder tumor" (TURBT). All tumors are removed, as well as a piece of the underlying bladder muscle. Removed tissue is examined by a pathologist to determine if it is cancerous.

3374:

Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden AP, Oosterlinck W, Witjes JA, Bouffioux C, Denis L, et al. (March 2006). "Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials".

2171:

low-type group and are aggressive and show metastasis at presentation, however they respond to platinum based chemotherapy. Luminal subtype can be subdivided into p53-like and luminal. p53-like tumors of luminal subtype although not as aggressive as basal type, show resistance to

2311:

involved (T3, N0) then the 5-year survival drops to 47%. In disease with lymph node spread (N+, irrespective of T stage) the 5-year survival is 31%. Locally advanced and metastatic disease drastically decreases survival, with a median survival of 3–6 months without chemotherapy.

1398:

with gemcitabine and cisplatin (PCG, triple therapy) and cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine (CMV). Response rate for cisplatin-based combination ranges from 39 to 65% and complete response is seen in 12-35% of the people. MVAC is better tolerated if it is combined with

1892:. Occupations at risk are bus drivers, rubber workers, painters, motor mechanics, leather (including shoe) workers, blacksmiths, machine setters, and mechanics. Hairdressers are thought to be at risk as well because of their frequent exposure to permanent hair dyes. 5790:

Dianatinasab, Mostafa; Wesselius, Anke; Salehi-Abargouei, Amin; Yu, Evan Y. W; Fararouei, Mohammad; Brinkman, Maree; Brandt, Piet van den; White, Emily; Weiderpass, Elisabete; Calvez-Kelm, Florence Le; Gunter, Marc J; Huybrechts, Inge; Zeegers, Maurice P. (2022).

4882: 2355:. People who are young, single and have advanced clinical disease have a high risk for getting diagnosed with a psychiatric illness post-treatment. People with psychiatric illness post treatment seem to have worse cancer specific and overall survival. 314:(haematuria) despite painless urination. This affects around 75% of people eventually diagnosed with the disease. Some instead have "microscopic haematuria" – small amounts of blood in the urine that can only be seen under a microscope during 820:

The treatment of bladder cancer depends on how deeply the tumor invades into the bladder wall. The first step is surgery, transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), which is both a diagnostic procedure and the initial treatment step.

7650: 7635: 409:

and into the bladder to visually inspect for cancerous tissue. Cystoscopy is most sensitive to papillary tumors (tumors with a finger-like shape that grow into the urine-holding part of the bladder); it is less sensitive to small, low-lying

1275:

Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) society recommendations to decrease morbidity after radical cystectomy. However, due to lack of specific evidence in urologic surgery, ERAS protocol has not been widely incorporated in urologic clinical care.

7091:

Somani BK, Gimlin D, Fayers P, N'dow J (November 2009). "Quality of life and body image for bladder cancer patients undergoing radical cystectomy and urinary diversion--a prospective cohort study with a systematic review of literature".

1350:-containing combination chemotherapy is the standard of care for metastatic bladder care. Fitness for receiving cisplatin based chemotherapy is assessed before treatment. A person is deemed unfit if anyone of the following is true. 4749:

Narayan, Vikram; Kahlmeyer, Andreas; Dahm, Philipp; Skoetz, Nicole; Risk, Michael C; Bongiorno, Connie; Patel, Neil; Hwang, Eu Chang; Jung, Jae Hung; Gartlehner, Gerald; Kunath, Frank (23 July 2018). Cochrane Urology Group (ed.).

4568:

Oing C, Rink M, Oechsle K, Seidel C, von Amsberg G, Bokemeyer C (February 2016). "Second Line Chemotherapy for Advanced and Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Vinflunine and Beyond-A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature".

4448: 1843:

Thirty percent of bladder tumors probably result from occupational exposure in the workplace to carcinogens. Occupational or circumstantial exposure to the following substances has been implicated as a cause of bladder cancer;

2199:. Tumors on the neck, anterior wall and fundus spread commonly to the internal iliac lymph nodes. From the regional lymph nodes (i.e. obturator, internal and external lymph nodes) the cancer spreads to distant sites like the 1922:

compounds has been detected in urine samples of people with schistosomiasis. N-Nitroso compounds have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis related bladder cancer. They cause alkylation DNA damage, specially

928:

NMIBC is primarily treated by surgically removing all tumors by TURBT in the same procedure used to collect biopsy tissue for diagnosis. For those with a relatively low risk of tumors recurring, a single dose of chemotherapy

5585:

Mostafa MH, Helmi S, Badawi AF, Tricker AR, Spiegelhalder B, Preussmann R (April 1994). "Nitrate, nitrite and volatile N-nitroso compounds in the urine of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni infected patients".

6054: 2319:

There are several prognostic factors which determine cancer specific survival after radical cystectomy. Factor with detrimental effect of cancer specific survival are old age, higher tumor grade and pathological stage,

1109:

for 3 to 6 months. In people with systemic infections, BCG therapy should be stopped and anti-tubercular multidrug treatment for at-least 6 months should be started. Medications that can be used for this treatment are

3903:

Shabsigh A, Korets R, Vora KC, Brooks CM, Cronin AM, Savage C, et al. (January 2009). "Defining early morbidity of radical cystectomy for patients with bladder cancer using a standardized reporting methodology".

3028:. Niederhuber, John E.,, Armitage, James O., 1946-, Doroshow, James H.,, Kastan, M. B. (Michael B.),, Tepper, Joel E.,, Preceded by: Abeloff, Martin D. (6th ed.). Philadelphia, PA. 8 January 2019. p. 1388. 4801:"Imaging studies in metastatic urogenital cancer patients undergoing systemic therapy: recommendations of a multidisciplinary consensus meeting of the Association of Urological Oncology of the German Cancer Society" 6663:

Yu EYW, Wesselius A, Mehrkanoon S, Brinkman M, van den Brandt P, White E, Weiderpass E, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Gunter M, Huybrechts I, Liedberg F, Skeie G, Tjonneland A, Riboli E, Giles GG, Milne RL, Zeegers MP (2020).

3939:

Moschini M, Simone G, Stenzl A, Gill IS, Catto J (April 2016). "Critical Review of Outcomes from Radical Cystectomy: Can Complications from Radical Cystectomy Be Reduced by Surgical Volume and Robotic Surgery?".

3859:

Johar RS, Hayn MH, Stegemann AP, Ahmed K, Agarwal P, Balbay MD, et al. (July 2013). "Complications after robot-assisted radical cystectomy: results from the International Robotic Cystectomy Consortium".

7177: 357:

Bladder tumor in FDG PET due to the high physiological FDG-concentration in the bladder, furosemide was supplied together with 200 MBq FDG. The uptake cranial to the lesion is a physiological uptake in the

422:) that accumulates in cancer cells is injected into the bladder during cystoscopy. The dye fluoresces when the cystoscope shines blue light on it, allowing for more sensitive detection of small tumors. 1443:-based chemotherapy in achieving overall and complete response. Nevertheless, nearly half of the people with metastatic disease are "unfit" for cisplatin-based therapy. In such persons a combination of 6476:

Shinagare AB, Ramaiya NH, Jagannathan JP, Fennessy FM, Taplin ME, Van den Abbeele AD (January 2011). "Metastatic pattern of bladder cancer: correlation with the characteristics of the primary tumor".

294:

followed by North America with rates of 15, 13, and 12 cases per 100,000 people. The highest rates of bladder cancer deaths were seen in Northern Africa and Western Asia followed by Southern Europe.

4752:"Pembrolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy for treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma with disease progression during or following platinum-containing chemotherapy. A Cochrane Rapid Review" 7056:

Yang LS, Shan BL, Shan LL, Chin P, Murray S, Ahmadi N, Saxena A (September 2016). "A systematic review and meta-analysis of quality of life outcomes after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer".

2032:. Although these could be considered as minor effects, risk reduction in the general population could still be achieved by reducing the prevalence of a number of smaller risk factor together. 433:) is also imaged for tumors that could cause blood in the urine. This is typically done by injecting a dye into the blood that the kidneys will filter into the urinary tract, then imaging by 8024: 1835:

consumption increases the risk of bladder cancer threefold, while concurrent use of opium and tobacco increases the risk of bladder cancer fivefold when compared to the general population.

2163:

Muscle invasive bladder cancer are heterogeneous in nature. In general, they can be genetically classified into basal and luminal subtypes. Basal subtype show alterations involving RB and

1642:

and has limited its use as a second line agent. Response to second-line chemotherapy occurs in 5%–20% people. Median progression free survival with second-line chemotherapy is 3–4 months.

4164:

Galsky MD, Hahn NM, Rosenberg J, Sonpavde G, Hutson T, Oh WK, et al. (June 2011). "Treatment of patients with metastatic urothelial cancer "unfit" for Cisplatin-based chemotherapy".

2661:, social and quality of care. One of the common signs of bladder cancer is hematuria and is quite often misdiagnosed as urinary tract infection in women, leading to a delay in diagnosis. 2028:

In addition to these major risk factors there are also numerous other modifiable factors that are less strongly (i.e. 10–20% risk increase) associated with bladder cancer, for example,

8054: 1255:

Most people with muscle-invasive bladder cancer are treated with radical cystectomy, which cures around half of those affected. Treating with chemotherapy prior to surgery (called "

2251:

may have an inhibitory effect on bladder tumor formation and growth, there is limited evidence to suggesting drinking tea decreases bladder cancer risk. A 2022 review found that a

5740:

Monach PA, Arnold LM, Merkel PA (January 2010). "Incidence and prevention of bladder toxicity from cyclophosphamide in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: a data-driven review".

4248:"The impact of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on chemotherapy dose intensity and cancer survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" 3262:

Chang SS, Boorjian SA, Chou R, Clark PE, Daneshmand S, Konety BR, et al. (October 2016). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/SUO Guideline".

2160:

response region. Loss of reactivity of this region to androgens is hypothesized as a cause of more aggressive tumors in women (unlike in men who have higher amount of androgen).

362:

Those suspected of having bladder cancer can undergo several tests to assess the presence and extent of any tumors. First, many undergo a physical examination that can involve a

2116:

gene has a modest increase in risk of bladder cancer. GSTM1 gene product glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) participates in the detoxification process of carcinogens such as

1372: 6940: 569:

The TNM scores are combined to determine the cancer case's stage on a scale of 0 to 4, with a higher stage representing a more extensive cancer with a poorer prognosis.

6715: 6649: 5840: 1278:

Those with certain types of lower-risk disease may instead receive bladder-sparing therapy. People with just a single tumor at the back of the bladder can undergo

941:) injected into the bladder after TURBT reduces the risk of tumor occurrence around 12%. Those with higher risk are instead treated with bladder injections of the 8017: 6433:

Choi W, Czerniak B, Ochoa A, Su X, Siefker-Radtke A, Dinney C, McConkey DJ (July 2014). "Intrinsic basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer".

4073: 3057: 382:

tumors, but detects just 1 in 8 low-grade tumors. Additional urine tests can be used to detect molecules associated with bladder cancer. Some detect the proteins

7305: 5856:"Chinese herbs containing aristolochic acid associated with renal failure and urothelial carcinoma: a review from epidemiologic observations to causal inference" 1027:

Those not well enough or unwilling to undergo radical cystectomy may instead benefit from further bladder injections of chemotherapy – mitomycin C, gemcitabine,

7584:

Teoh JY, Kamat AM, Black PC, Grivas P, Shariat SF, Babjuk M (May 2022). "Recurrence mechanisms of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer - a clinical perspective".

2344:

family, relationships, health and finances contribute significantly for determining good quality of life in people who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer.

370:, where a doctor feels the pelvic area for unusual masses that could be tumors. Severe bladder tumors often shed cells into the urine; these can be detected by 7536: 7778: 1407:(fever due to decrease in white blood cells) occurs in 10 to 14% and death due to toxicity in about 3-4%. Common side effects of MVAC include suppression of 8218: 3300: 2224:

As of 2019, there is limited high level evidence to suggest that eating vegetable and fruits decreases the risk of bladder cancer. Fruit and yellow-orange

5621:

Badawi AF (August 1996). "Molecular and genetic events in schistosomiasis-associated human bladder cancer: role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes".

6956:"Clinicopathological factors in bladder cancer for cancer-specific survival outcomes following radical cystectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6670: 7433:

Lipscomb, Victoria J. (2011). "Section XI Urogenital system. Chapter 116 Bladder. Bladder neoplasia". In Tobias, Karen M.; Johnston, Spencer A. (eds.).

1583:

Bladder cancer that is refractory or shows progression after platinum-based chemotherapy can be treated with second-line chemotherapy or immunotherapy.

2958: 2882: 8010: 3596: 5362:

Reulen RC, Kellen E, Buntinx F, Brinkman M, Zeegers MP (September 2008). "A meta-analysis on the association between bladder cancer and occupation".

1403:

and the regimen is known as dose dense MVAC regimen (DDMVAC). This combination has shown to decease all cause mortality. MVAC regimen is aggressive.

8225: 6729: 260: 3977:"Guidelines for perioperative care after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS(®)) society recommendations" 1335:

Even after surgical removal of bladder, 50% of the people with muscle invasive disease (T2-T4) develop metastatic disease within two years due to

3639: 4128: 8151: 8074: 1966: 4617: 4223: 3033: 1400: 4456: 2335:

observed in the specimen from surgery) is a predictor of survival in lymph node positive disease. Higher the density lower is the survival.

8242: 7991: 3574: 2657:

consequently a poorer prognosis. This difference in outcomes is attributed to numerous factors such as, difference in carcinogen exposure,

2860:

Heyes S.M., Prior K.N., Whitehead D., Bond M.J. Toward an Understanding of Patients' and Their Partners' Experiences of Bladder Cancer.

7665: 6078: 5043: 5026: 8313: 8208: 7545: 1788:

is used to detect and monitor bone metastasis. Treatment response is measured using the Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (

563: 2108:

gene mutations are implicated in high-grade muscle invasive tumors. Eighty nine percent of muscle invasive cancers have mutations in

8235: 8168: 8163: 8104: 8099: 7442: 5658:"Expression of bcl-2 and p53 oncoproteins in schistosomiasis-associated transitional and squamous cell carcinoma of urinary bladder" 3084: 2676:

As with most cancers, bladder cancer is more common in older people; the average person with bladder cancer is diagnosed at age 73.

1650: 1646: 5793:"Dietary fats and their sources in association with the risk of bladder cancer: A pooled analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies" 4701:

Katz H, Wassie E, Alsharedi M (September 2017). "Checkpoint inhibitors: the new treatment paradigm for urothelial bladder cancer".

4640: 4074:"Treatment of Non-Metastatic Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: AUA/ASCO/ASTRO/SUO Guideline (2017) - American Urological Association" 510: 3160: 3158: 3156: 7851: 7771: 5144:"Opium and bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the odds ratios for opium use and the risk of bladder cancer" 2117: 6864:

van der Heijden AG, Witjes JA (September 2009). "Recurrence, Progression, and Follow-Up in Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer".

4314:"Comparative effectiveness of cisplatin-based and carboplatin-based chemotherapy for treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma" 3116: 3114: 2673:, this may explain to a certain extent the gap in incidence of squamous cell cancers in areas where bladder cancer is endemic. 8282: 8119: 8094: 4927:"Quantified relations between exposure to tobacco smoking and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 89 observational studies" 4899: 2692: 2686: 1681: 1665: 1005: 4859: 550:

Lymphatic drainage of the bladder (lateral view).Tumors on the superolateral bladder wall spread to external iliac lymph nodes

8213: 8183: 8134: 8129: 8084: 8069: 7534:

Hahn NM (2022). "Chapter 86: Cancer of the Bladder and Urinary Tract". In Loscalzo J, Fauci A, Kasper D, et al. (eds.).

2195:. The location of lymphatic spread depends on the location of the tumors. Tumors on the superolateral bladder wall spread to 2141: 850:(multimodal therapy, preferred) or transurethral resection with chemoradiation (trimodal therapy, highly selected people) or 502:

aggressive "muscle-invasive bladder cancer" (MIBC) based on whether the tumor has grown into the surrounding bladder muscle.

4081: 6206:"The 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs-Part B: Prostate and Bladder Tumours" 4883:"The impact of characteristics of cigarette smoking on urinary tract cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies" 8257: 8089: 3213: 530: 522: 434: 4841: 3184: 976:

People whose tumors continue to grow are often treated with surgery to remove the bladder and surrounding organs, called

8287: 8198: 8109: 1247: 962: 7297: 5117: 4146: 1292:) with a target curative dose of 64-66 Gy. Surveillance for progression or recurrence should conducted with the aid of 8178: 8141: 8124: 7960: 7932: 7764: 2696: 1540:

Dosage and schedule of first-line chemotherapy regimens for metastatic bladder cancer in cisplatin ineligible people

970: 240: 100: 1664:

Five immunotherapy agents have been approved in the US for use in metastatic bladder cancer. They act by inhibiting

1494:

Dosage and schedule of first-line chemotherapy regimens for metastatic bladder cancer in cisplatin eligible people

1004:

wall – are all removed. Surgeons also construct a new way for urine to leave the body. The most common method is by

8262: 8158: 7887: 3061: 2196: 2192: 2022: 1703:

Pembrolizumab probably improves overall survival a little and may slightly improve quality of life for people with

1225:

at 3-months with cytology followed by once every 3-months for 2-years after that, 6 monthly for 5 years then yearly

438: 7269: 6893:"Role of consolidative surgical therapy in patients with locally advanced or regionally metastatic bladder cancer" 6386:"Genetic Alterations in the Molecular Subtypes of Bladder Cancer: Illustration in the Cancer Genome Atlas Dataset" 5220:"Arsenic in drinking water and urinary tract cancers: a systematic review of 30 years of epidemiological evidence" 3428:

Kamat AM, Hahn NM, Efstathiou JA, Lerner SP, Malmström PU, Choi W, et al. (December 2016). "Bladder cancer".

2557: 8247: 7882: 5279:"Medical follow-up for workers exposed to bladder carcinogens: the French evidence-based and pragmatic statement" 3308: 1021: 1012:(part of the small intestine) is removed and used to transport urine from the ureters to a new surgical opening ( 8318: 8277: 8188: 8146: 8114: 8064: 7676: 4605: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2316:-based chemotherapy has increased the median survival to 15-months. However, the 5-year survival is still 15%. 2200: 1435:

compared to MVAC. Efforts have been made to increase tolerance of cisplatin-based regimen by replacing it with

950: 463: 287: 172: 7243: 3976: 2833: 2307:(T1 or T2, N0) the 5-year survival is 78%. If it has spread locally around the region of the bladder with no 831:: transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) with or without intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy 8308: 8267: 8230: 8203: 8193: 7965: 7937: 7892: 5774: 3557: 3555: 3545: 2874: 2708: 2328: 1950: 1902: 1792:) into one of the following groups; response (complete or partial), stable disease and progressive disease. 1487: 395: 323: 244: 104: 4404:"Guidance on the use of bisphosphonates in solid tumours: recommendations of an international expert panel" 383: 8272: 8079: 8059: 8049: 4103: 3474: 3008: 3006: 2241: 2204: 2105: 1087: 453: 6666:"Grain and dietary fiber intake and bladder cancer risk: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies" 5697:

Shokeir AA (January 2004). "Squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder: pathology, diagnosis and treatment".

4211: 542:

Lymph nodes in the pelvis. Bladder cancer commonly spreads to obturator and internal iliac (not labelled)

8252: 6934: 6709: 6643: 5834: 1942: 1931: 1036: 415: 7374:"The effect of smoking on the male excess of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis and geographical analyses" 7352: 7350: 7337: 7335: 2922: 282:. Surgical options may include transurethral resection, partial or complete removal of the bladder, or 3975:

Cerantola Y, Valerio M, Persson B, Jichlinski P, Ljungqvist O, Hubner M, et al. (December 2013).

1228:

CT/MR urography and CT/MRI of abdomen and pelvis at baseline, CT/MR urography 1-2 yearly for 10 years

812: 7846: 7818: 6300: 6256:"Pooled analysis and meta-analysis of glutathione S-transferase M1 and bladder cancer: a HuGE review" 5959: 5231: 5155: 4979: 3410: 2904: 2764: 2188: 2109: 1915: 1357: 1123: 1067: 467: 17: 6007:"Modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer: a systematic review of meta-analyses" 2167:

and luminal type show changes in FGFR3 and KDM6A genes. Basal subtype are subdivided into basal and

1712:

Dosage and schedule of second-line immunotherapy regimens for metastatic bladder cancer(in PD-L1+).

345: 7866: 7654: 7491:

Dyrskjøt L, Hansel DE, Efstathiou JA, Knowles MA, Galsky MD, Teoh J, Theodorescu D (October 2023).

6205: 4966:

Letašiová S, Medve'ová A, Šovčíková A, Dušinská M, Volkovová K, Mosoiu C, Bartonová A (June 2012).

2256: 2153: 2129: 2125: 1404: 1256: 1020:

worn outside the body, which can be emptied regularly by the wearer. Alternatively, one can have a

855: 847: 491: 363: 4246:

Lyman GH, Dale DC, Culakova E, Poniewierski MS, Wolff DA, Kuderer NM, et al. (October 2013).

457:

Histopathology of urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Transurethral biopsy. H&E stain

437:. Those whose kidneys are not functioning well enough to filter the dye may instead be scanned by 7942: 7403: 6846: 6458: 6236: 6119: 5722: 5387: 4726: 4683: 4384: 4189: 4006: 3885: 3453: 3356: 3051: 2252: 2183:

The most common sites for bladder cancer metastases are the lymph nodes, bones, lung, liver, and

1954: 1865: 1428: 1309: 1279: 1098: 1075: 1059: 977: 515: 419: 311: 236: 128: 73: 6803: 1949:

mutations accounting for 32% and the combination of the two accounting for 13%. Other causes of

6730:"Final Update Summary: Bladder Cancer in Adults: Screening - US Preventive Services Task Force" 1856:(azo dyes manufacturing, foundry fumes, rubber industry, cigarette smoke and cancer research), 7914: 7716: 7687: 7601: 7572: 7541: 7522: 7479: 7438: 7395: 7225: 7158: 7109: 7073: 7038: 7007:"Lymph node density as a prognostic variable in node-positive bladder cancer: a meta-analysis" 6987: 6922: 6838: 6785: 6697: 6631: 6580: 6493: 6450: 6415: 6366: 6277: 6228: 6186: 6111: 6036: 5987: 5928: 5887: 5822: 5757: 5714: 5679: 5638: 5603: 5567: 5526: 5477: 5428: 5379: 5310: 5259: 5183: 5099: 5048: 5007: 4948: 4904: 4842:"Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org" 4822: 4781: 4718: 4675: 4613: 4586: 4550: 4501: 4425: 4376: 4335: 4277: 4219: 4181: 4055: 3998: 3957: 3921: 3877: 3804: 3753: 3704: 3445: 3392: 3348: 3279: 3039: 3029: 2352: 1980: 1785: 1704: 1285: 1105:) because of BCG should be treated with triple tubercular therapy, with one of the drug being 487: 411: 283: 232: 136: 124: 57: 5656:

Chaudhary KS, Lu QL, Abel PD, Khandan-Nia N, Shoma AM, el Baz M, et al. (January 1997).

4521:"Vinflunine in the treatment of advanced urothelial cancer: clinical evidence and experience" 1976:

High consumption of animal fat and dietary cholesterol increases bladder cancer risk in men.

8002: 7823: 7756: 7593: 7564: 7512: 7504: 7471: 7462:

Ahmadi H, Duddalwar V, Daneshmand S (June 2021). "Diagnosis and Staging of Bladder Cancer".

7385: 7215: 7148: 7140: 7101: 7065: 7028: 7018: 6977: 6967: 6912: 6904: 6873: 6830: 6775: 6767: 6687: 6679: 6621: 6611: 6570: 6560: 6527: 6485: 6442: 6405: 6397: 6356: 6346: 6267: 6254:

Engel LS, Taioli E, Pfeiffer R, Garcia-Closas M, Marcus PM, Lan Q, et al. (July 2002).

6220: 6176: 6168: 6103: 6026: 6018: 5977: 5967: 5918: 5877: 5867: 5812: 5804: 5749: 5706: 5669: 5630: 5595: 5557: 5516: 5508: 5467: 5459: 5418: 5371: 5300: 5290: 5249: 5239: 5173: 5163: 5089: 5079: 5068:"Secondhand smoking increases bladder cancer risk in nonsmoking population: a meta-analysis" 5038: 4997: 4987: 4938: 4894: 4812: 4771: 4763: 4710: 4667: 4578: 4540: 4532: 4491: 4415: 4402:

Aapro M, Abrahamsson PA, Body JJ, Coleman RE, Colomer R, Costa L, et al. (March 2008).

4366: 4325: 4267: 4259: 4173: 4045: 4037: 3988: 3949: 3913: 3869: 3794: 3784: 3743: 3735: 3694: 3686: 3437: 3384: 3340: 3271: 2716: 2276: 2097: 2007: 1042: 993: 379: 302: 221: 205: 5027:"Cigarette smoking and bladder cancer in men: a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies" 5025:

Brennan P, Bogillot O, Cordier S, Greiser E, Schill W, Vineis P, et al. (April 2000).

4799:

Heidenreich A, Albers P, Classen J, Graefen M, Gschwend J, Kotzerke J, et al. (2010).

2096:

and the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene, both of which play a role in the

7952: 7906: 7861: 2704: 2304: 2137: 2088:

genes may be associated with some cases of bladder cancer. Deletions of parts or whole of

1984: 1907: 1873: 1853: 1849: 1475: 1336: 1106: 958: 574: 471: 319: 318:– pain while urinating, or no symptoms at all (their tumors are detected during unrelated 264: 209: 7841: 6137: 4800: 4312:

Galsky MD, Chen GJ, Oh WK, Bellmunt J, Roth BJ, Petrioli R, et al. (February 2012).

7517: 7492: 5963: 5948:"Obesity and risk of bladder cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of 15 cohort studies" 5235: 5159: 4983: 2299:

dissection is dependent on the pathological stage. If the disease has not spread to the

2259:

and plant-based oils decrease bladder cancer risk in women. Higher consumption of total

7970: 7856: 7795: 7791: 7153: 7128: 7033: 7006: 6982: 6955: 6917: 6892: 6780: 6755: 6692: 6665: 6626: 6599: 6575: 6548: 6410: 6385: 6384:

Choi W, Ochoa A, McConkey DJ, Aine M, Höglund M, Kim WY, et al. (September 2017).

6361: 6334: 6181: 6156: 6031: 6006: 5982: 5947: 5923: 5906: 5882: 5855: 5817: 5792: 5472: 5447: 5305: 5278: 5254: 5219: 5178: 5143: 5094: 5067: 5002: 4967: 4776: 4751: 4545: 4520: 4272: 4247: 4050: 4025: 3799: 3772: 3748: 3723: 3699: 3674: 2712: 2561: 1988: 1885: 1801: 1607: 1595: 1197:

at 3-months with cytology followed by once every 3–6 months for 5-years and then yearly

1131: 1127: 555: 498: 475: 371: 334: 248: 108: 6834: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3441: 1083: 8302: 7803: 5710: 5674: 5657: 5634: 5521: 5496: 4371: 4354: 2260: 2025:(EBRT) for prostate cancer have a higher risk of developing invasive bladder cancer. 1673: 1483: 1468: 1071: 966: 279: 256: 160: 145: 7727: 7659: 7407: 6850: 6600:"Dietary patterns and risk of bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 6462: 6123: 5726: 5391: 4730: 4687: 4388: 4193: 4010: 3457: 3360: 2940: 2799: 1039:

of pembrolizumab. Around 1 in 5 people with NMIBC will eventually progress to MIBC.

8034: 6240: 6157:"Exploring molecular genetics of bladder cancer: lessons learned from mouse models" 4767: 3889: 2173: 2149: 2089: 2000: 1881: 1689: 1635: 1464: 1456: 1452: 1379: 1325: 1264: 1139: 954: 946: 275: 271: 156: 7105: 6771: 4658:

Konala VM, Adapa S, Aronow WS (February 2019). "Immunotherapy in Bladder Cancer".

3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 7744: 7681: 7129:"Systematic Review: Depression and Anxiety Prevalence in Bladder Cancer Patients" 7069: 6877: 6401: 6224: 6005:

Al-Zalabani AH, Stewart KF, Wesselius A, Schols AM, Zeegers MP (September 2016).

5972: 5405:

Guha N, Steenland NK, Merletti F, Altieri A, Cogliano V, Straif K (August 2010).

5168: 4671: 3917: 3873: 3388: 3301:"Bladder Cancer: Non-Muscle Invasive Guideline - American Urological Association" 52:

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. The white in the bladder is contrast.

8173: 7833: 7711: 5346: 5329: 5202: 4992: 2670: 2650: 2331:

and positive soft tissue margin. Lymph node density (positive lymph nodes/total

2264: 2145: 1911: 1658: 1654: 1631: 1619: 1611: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1408: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1317: 1268: 1135: 1094: 1055: 942: 938: 930: 893: 390:

that tend to be elevated in the urine of those with bladder cancer; some detect

367: 115: 7733: 7730: 7597: 7508: 6616: 5562: 5545: 4582: 4296: 3993: 3275: 3131: 3129: 2092:

is common in bladder cancer. Low grade cancer are known to harbor mutations in

1194:

Intravesical chemotherapy for 1 year OR Intravesical BCG for 1 year (preferred)

7739: 7692: 7475: 7023: 6972: 6532: 6515: 6107: 6022: 5599: 5375: 5295: 4714: 3953: 3773:"Managing the adverse events of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy" 3344: 3043: 2665:

can only partially explain this higher rates in men in western hemisphere. In

2332: 2324: 2321: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2225: 2208: 2184: 2133: 2093: 1996: 1992: 1869: 1857: 1693: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1603: 1591: 1395: 1367: 1297: 1119: 1115: 1032: 1017: 981: 934: 917: 865: 851: 843: 559: 470:(from a rarer cell in the bladder lining), particularly common in places with 402: 375: 315: 252: 141: 44: 6908: 5345:

Humans, IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to (2012).

4536: 4177: 2765:"Bladder Cancer Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version - National Cancer Institute" 2699:, which arises from the epithelial cells that line the bladder. Less often, 7722: 7644: 7568: 6565: 6446: 6351: 5463: 5423: 5406: 5328:

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans (2012).

5244: 5201:

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans (2012).

4925:

van Osch FH, Jochems SH, van Schooten FJ, Bryan RT, Zeegers MP (June 2016).

4496: 4479: 4420: 4403: 4355:"Gemcitabine chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic bladder carcinoma" 4330: 4313: 4263: 2313: 1919: 1845: 1825: 1824:

There is an almost linear relationship between smoking duration (in years),

1677: 1599: 1479: 1432: 1416: 1347: 1313: 1260: 1111: 1102: 1079: 1063: 1028: 883: 213: 167: 78: 7605: 7576: 7526: 7483: 7399: 7229: 7162: 7113: 7077: 7042: 6991: 6926: 6842: 6789: 6701: 6683: 6635: 6584: 6497: 6454: 6419: 6370: 6281: 6232: 6190: 6115: 6094:

Zhang X, Zhang Y (September 2015). "Bladder Cancer and Genetic Mutations".

6040: 5991: 5932: 5891: 5826: 5761: 5718: 5571: 5481: 5432: 5383: 5314: 5263: 5187: 5103: 5052: 5044:

10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000415)86:2<289::aid-ijc21>3.0.co;2-m

5011: 4952: 4908: 4826: 4785: 4722: 4679: 4590: 4554: 4505: 4429: 4380: 4339: 4281: 4185: 4059: 4002: 3961: 3925: 3881: 3808: 3757: 3708: 3449: 3396: 3352: 3283: 1586:

The most commonly used second-line chemotherapy is single-agent regimes of

329:

People with advanced disease may have pelvic or bony pain, lower-extremity

6333:

Marks P, Soave A, Shariat SF, Fajkovic H, Fisch M, Rink M (October 2016).

5872: 5683: 5642: 5607: 5530: 7975: 7787: 6272: 6255: 5084: 4943: 4926: 3739: 2658: 2233: 2157: 1969:

have stated that there is strong evidence that drinking water containing

1918:

state in the bladder wall resulting in tissue fibrosis. Higher levels of

1889: 1685: 1424: 1329: 1321: 1305: 1051: 989: 62: 7555:

Lenis AT, Lec PM, Chamie K (November 2020). "Bladder Cancer: A Review".

7127:

Vartolomei L, Ferro M, Mirone V, Shariat SF, Vartolomei MD (July 2018).

6489: 5512: 2669:, men are more prone to do field work and are exposed to infection with 1178:

at 3-months followed by cystoscopy at 12-months, then yearly for 5-years

353: 7220: 7203: 7144: 6172: 4041: 3789: 2662: 2348: 2168: 2029: 1970: 1928: 1924: 1861: 1820: 1817: 1781: 1587: 1293: 1233:

T1G3/High grade, Lymphovascular invasion, Presence of variant histology

483: 406: 228: 217: 120: 82: 66: 7627: 7390: 7373: 5808: 5753: 5446:

Harling M, Schablon A, Schedlbauer G, Dulon M, Nienhaus A (May 2010).

4900:

10.1002/1097-0142(20000801)89:3<630::AID-CNCR19>3.0.CO;2-Q

4817: 3690: 3257: 3255: 2255:

has a protective effect on bladder cancer risk. Higher consumption of

1518:

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (240μg/m SC) - day 4-10

1251:

Surgical reconstruction (neobladder) of the bladder following removal.

7639: 6204:

Humphrey PA, Moch H, Cubilla AL, Ulbright TM, Reuter VE (July 2016).

2700: 2666: 2237: 2229: 2164: 2077: 2057: 2049: 1789: 1639: 1439:-based chemotherapy. However, cisplatin-based therapy is superior to 1420: 1412: 1301: 1046:

Attenuated strain of M. bovis used in the treatment of bladder cancer

1001: 997: 985: 430: 426: 201: 6514:

Mao Y, Hedgire S, Prapruttam D, Harisinghani M (16 September 2014).

1910:) may cause bladder cancer, particularly of the squamous cell type. 374:, where cells are collected from a urine sample, and viewed under a 2279:

for bladder cancer in people without symptoms is effective or not.

546: 538: 6821:

Kaufman DS, Shipley WU, Feldman AS (July 2009). "Bladder cancer".

5946:

Sun JW, Zhao LG, Yang Y, Ma X, Wang YY, Xiang YB (24 March 2015).

2959:"Survival statistics for bladder cancer - Canadian Cancer Society" 2556: 2113: 2061: 2053: 2041: 1946: 1877: 1832: 1697: 1669: 1460: 1246: 1041: 1013: 1009: 907: 903: 811: 545: 537: 529: 521: 509: 479: 452: 398:

to detect cancerous cells more sensitively than regular cytology.

387: 352: 344: 330: 301: 6335:"Female with bladder cancer: what and why is there a difference?" 2993: 2991: 2989: 1953:

of the bladder include chronic catheterizations in people with a

1710: 1538: 1492: 1144: 1142:

therefore, it should not be a part of anti-tubercular treatment.

709: 274:. It may include some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, 7670: 6082: 2364:

Top countries by new cases of bladder cancer per 100,000 (2018)

2121: 2085: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2045: 2010: 2004: 1935: 1289: 868:

or chemoradiation or observation depending on treatment response

391: 8006: 7760: 7356: 7341: 6756:"Current clinical trials in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer" 6547:

Shankar PR, Barkmeier D, Hadjiiski L, Cohan RH (October 2018).

4881:

Zeegers MP, Tan FE, Dorant E, van Den Brandt PA (August 2000).

4147:"EAU Guidelines: Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer" 3846: 3561: 3546:"Treatment of Bladder Cancer, Based on Stage and Other Factors" 3532: 3520: 3164: 3105: 2980: 2564:

death from bladder cancer per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.

711:

AUA risk stratification for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer

290:

in the United States is 77%, Canada is 75%, and Europe is 68%.

5066:

Yan H, Ying Y, Xie H, Li J, Wang X, He L, et al. (2018).

2248: 2152:

have shown to increase the risk for bladder cancer. PSCA gene

2101: 2081: 1939: 1805: 7005:

Ku JH, Kang M, Kim HS, Jeong CW, Kwak C, Kim HH (June 2015).

2244:

have been identified as having a possibly protective effect.

1784:

is used to monitor lung, liver, and lymph node metastases. A

1263:-containing drug combination (gemcitabine plus cisplatin; or 1200:

CT/MR urography and CT/MRI of abdomen and pelvis at baseline

1181:

CT/MR urography and CT/MRI of abdomen and pelvis at baseline

890:

Metastatic disease but unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy

239:, and exposure to certain chemicals. The most common type is 5364:

Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. Supplementum

4968:"Bladder cancer, a review of the environmental risk factors" 4519:

Gerullis H, Wawroschek F, Köhne CH, Ecke TH (January 2017).

2112:

and histone modifying genes. Deletion of both copies of the

7372:

Hemelt M, Yamamoto H, Cheng KK, Zeegers MP (January 2009).

6754:

Siddiqui MR, Grant C, Sanford T, Agarwal PK (August 2017).

5218:

Saint-Jacques N, Parker L, Brown P, Dummer TJ (June 2014).

1378:

People who are deemed fit receive platinum based regimens;

1300:

and urine cytology. Side effects of chemoradiation include

965:("Anktiva", a combination of immunostimulant proteins), or 2649:

carcinogens is highest. It is also common in places where

2275:

As of 2019 there is insufficient evidence to determine if

1653:) mutations and fail standard platinum based chemotherapy 1354:

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 2

5497:"Relationship between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer" 5142:

Afshari M, Janbabaei G, Bahrami MA, Moosazadeh M (2017).

4026:"Bladder Preservation for Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer" 3135: 3120: 1271:, and cisplatin) improves survival an addition 5 to 10%. 900:

Metastatic disease with contraindication for chemotherapy

7437:. London: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1990–1992. 6954:

Zhang L, Wu B, Zha Z, Qu W, Zhao H, Yuan J (July 2019).

4606:"Section VI. Chemotherapy for Metastatic Bladder Cancer" 4212:"Section VI. Chemotherapy for Metastatic Bladder Cancer" 3675:"Complications of intravesical bacillus calmette-guérin" 2128:) is associated with increased risk for bladder cancer. 1455:. In people who are not eligible for any platinum based 738:

Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential

27:

Urinary system cancer that begins in the urinary bladder

6549:"A pictorial review of bladder cancer nodal metastases" 5907:"Bladder cancer after radiotherapy for prostate cancer" 5775:"Diet, nutrition, physical activity and bladder cancer" 4641:"Erdafitinib Effective Against Advanced Bladder Cancer" 4295:

Gilligan TD, Steele GS, Zietman AL, Kantoff PW (2003).

2247:

While it is suggested that the polyphenol compounds in

1427:. In contrast, the GC regimen has shown lower rates of 7204:"Melancholia and cancer: The bladder cancer narrative" 7178:"Psychiatric disorders worsen bladder cancer survival" 3822: 3123:, "Urine Cytology and Other Urine-Based Tumor Markers. 2864:

2020;43(5):E254-E263. doi:10.1097/NCC.0000000000000718

1945:. Mutations of p53 are detected in 73% of the tumors, 1205:

Recurrent tumors with history of previous chemotherapy

5905:

Suriano F, Altobelli E, Sergi F, Buscarini M (2013).

5495:

Mostafa MH, Sheweita SA, O'Connor PJ (January 1999).

4353:

Shelley MD, Cleves A, Wilt TJ, Mason MD (July 2011).

2347:

A high percentage of people with bladder cancer have

2267:

is associated with a reduced risk of bladder cancer.

754:

High grade Ta, bigger than 3 cm (or multifocal)

310:

The most common symptom of bladder cancer is visible

7617: 5785: 5783: 5448:"Bladder cancer among hairdressers: a meta-analysis" 4205: 4203: 3660: 3411:"EAU Guidelines: Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer" 2905:"EAU Guidelines: Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer" 1661:

has shown a response rate of 40% in these patients.

1090:, infectious vasculitis and disseminated infection. 914:

Squamous cell carcinoma or adenocarcinoma of bladder

8042: 7984: 7951: 7923: 7905: 7875: 7832: 7811: 7802: 7702: 7621: 6598:Dianatinasab, M., Forozani, E., Akbari, A. (2022). 2800:"Cancer of the Urinary Bladder - Cancer Stat Facts" 727:

Low grade solitary Ta tumor, smaller than 3 cm

187: 179: 166: 151: 135: 114: 96: 88: 72: 56: 37: 5407:"Bladder cancer risk in painters: a meta-analysis" 4480:"Evolving Treatment of Advanced Urothelial Cancer" 2120:found in cigarette smoke. Similarly, mutations in 1872:(dye manufacturing), magenta (dye manufacturing), 1394:with cisplatin (GC). Alternative regimens include 1373:New York Heart Association Class III heart failure 741:Solitary low grade Ta tumor, bigger than 3 cm 5550:Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute 3722:Shah S, Carter-Monroe N, Atta MG (October 2015). 3523:, "TURBT and En Bloc Resection of Bladder Tumor". 1987:has been shown to cause urothelial carcinoma and 1016:) in the abdomen. Urine drains passively into an 872:Stage IVB (locally advanced; unresectable tumors) 824:Treatment strategies for bladder cancer include: 482:-producing gland cells). The remaining cases are 326:, delaying appropriate diagnosis and treatment. 7367: 7365: 3823:"Uroweb - European Association of Urology (EAU)" 3015:, "Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Workup". 1957:and history of treatment with cyclophosphamide. 1191:Primary tumor with history of chemotherapy 6308:World Cancer Research Fund : International 1566:Carboplatin (4.5 × ) - day 1 and every 3 weeks 405:, wherein a flexible camera is threaded up the 7326: 5351:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 5334:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 5207:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 3597:"Continent Urinary Diversion (Internal Pouch)" 3147: 2997: 1526:Gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m IV) - day 1,8,15 1411:, fever due to decrease in white blood cells, 801:Any high grade prostatic urethral involvement 8018: 7772: 6939:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 3673:Macleod LC, Ngo TC, Gonzalgo ML (July 2014). 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3167:, "Tissue-Based Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer". 2288:disease stage have a less favorable outcome. 8: 6714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5839:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3575:"Surgery to Remove the Bladder (Cystectomy)" 3079: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 1884:resin hardening agents (plastics industry), 1556:Atezolizumab (Atezolizumab 1200 mg IV) 1146:Treatment and follow-up after primary TURBT 945:(a live bacterial vaccine, usually used for 730:Recurrence within 1 year, Low grade Ta tumor 6295: 6293: 6291: 2653:infection is common, such as North Africa. 2140:(also present in cigarette smoke). Various 1563:Gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m IV) - day 1,8 1474:People with bone metastasis should receive 864:: cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by 378:. Cytology can detect around two thirds of 8025: 8011: 8003: 7808: 7779: 7765: 7757: 7618: 7537:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 7298:"WHO Disease and injury country estimates" 6671:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 3295: 3293: 3056:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2191:draining bladder cancer are obturator and 1222:Intravesical BCG for 3 year (as tolerated) 43: 34: 7516: 7389: 7219: 7152: 7032: 7022: 6981: 6971: 6916: 6779: 6691: 6625: 6615: 6574: 6564: 6531: 6409: 6360: 6350: 6271: 6180: 6155:Ahmad I, Sansom OJ, Leung HY (May 2012). 6030: 5981: 5971: 5922: 5881: 5871: 5816: 5673: 5561: 5520: 5471: 5422: 5304: 5294: 5253: 5243: 5177: 5167: 5093: 5083: 5042: 5001: 4991: 4942: 4898: 4816: 4775: 4544: 4495: 4419: 4370: 4329: 4271: 4049: 3992: 3798: 3788: 3747: 3698: 1482:to prevent skeletal related events (e.g. 988:, and nearby genital organs – in men the 744:Any recurrent tumor or any high grade Ta 259:. Staging of the cancer is determined by 8055:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 4862:. American Cancer Society. 12 March 2024 3087:. American Cancer Society. 12 March 2024 2362: 2211:lesions are not seen in bladder cancer. 1571:Pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks 571: 227:Risk factors for bladder cancer include 224:that line the bladder become malignant. 5452:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 5411:Occupational and Environmental Medicine 4756:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4443: 4441: 4439: 3679:Canadian Urological Association Journal 3642:. Cancer Reseaerch UK. 25 November 2024 3469: 3467: 3216:. Cancer Research UK. 22 September 2022 3187:. Cancer Research UK. 22 September 2024 3136:Ahmadi, Duddalwar & Daneshmand 2021 3121:Ahmadi, Duddalwar & Daneshmand 2021 2729: 1507:Methotrexate (30 mg/m IV) - day 1 554:Each bladder cancer case is assigned a 220:, and low back pain. It is caused when 7202:Correa AF, Smaldone MC (August 2018). 6932: 6891:Tyson MD, Chang SS, Keegan KA (2016). 6707: 6641: 6509: 6507: 6478:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 6328: 6326: 6324: 5832: 5777:. wcrf.org. Retrieved 27 October 2022. 4744: 4742: 4740: 3771:Decaestecker K, Oosterlinck W (2015). 3724:"Granulomatous interstitial nephritis" 3599:. Cancer Research UK. 24 November 2022 3577:. Cancer Research UK. 11 November 2022 3548:. American Cancer Society. 1 May 2024. 3049: 1973:increases the risk of bladder cancer. 1967:American Institute for Cancer Research 1670:programmed cell-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) 1666:programmed cell-death protein 1 (PD-1) 1602:). Other single-agent regimes include 1512:Doxorubicin (30 mg/m IV) - day 2 573:Bladder cancer TNM scores, stage, and 494:), both of which are relatively rare. 7308:from the original on 11 November 2009 6734:www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org 4931:International Journal of Epidemiology 4920: 4918: 3640:"Bladder Reconstruction (Neobladder)" 3475:"NCCN Bladder cancer guidelines 2018" 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 1682:programmed cell-death ligand 1 (PD-1) 1509:Vinblastine (3 mg/m IV) - day 2 1451:(GemCarbo) can be used as first line 1401:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 1070:, bladder contraction, mycobacterial 774:Any BCG failure in high grade tumors 761:High grade Ta, smaller than 3 cm 349:Bladder wall thickening due to cancer 18:BCG as a treatment for bladder cancer 7: 7420: 5546:"Bladder cancer and schistosomiasis" 4129:"UpToDate: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy" 3626: 3508: 3246: 3234: 3012: 2923:"Bladder Cancer - Stages and Grades" 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 1521:Repeat every 2 weeks for 3–4 cycles 1515:Cisplatin (70 mg/m IV) - day 2 1050:Side effects of BCG therapy include 957:that makes bladder cells produce an 414:(CIS). CIS detection is improved by 394:of tumor-associated genes; some use 8152:Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease 6553:Translational Andrology and Urology 6339:Translational Andrology and Urology 6079:Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man 5277:Clin B, Pairon JC (November 2014). 4449:"Bladder Cancer Treatment Regimens" 4298:Chemotherapy for Metastatic Disease 4024:Mirza A, Choudhury A (April 2016). 3849:, "Perioperative Systemic Therapy". 3535:, "Intravesical Therapy for NMIBC". 1328:, increased risk of infections and 1288:is via external bean radiotherapy ( 1138:. BCG strains are not sensitive to 5854:Yang HY, Chen PC, Wang JD (2014). 5118:"Health Risks of Secondhand Smoke" 3237:, "Staging and Outcomes by Stage". 1647:fibroblast growth factor receptors 1532:Repeat every 4 weeks for 4 cycles 924:Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer 564:American Joint Committee on Cancer 25: 7812:Glandular and epithelial neoplasm 4104:"Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer" 2885:from the original on 14 July 2017 1529:Cisplatin (70 mg/m) - day 2 7852:Clear-cell sarcoma of the kidney 6260:American Journal of Epidemiology 6096:Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics 6011:European Journal of Epidemiology 5711:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2004.04588.x 5675:10.1046/j.1464-410x.1997.30717.x 4660:American Journal of Therapeutics 4455:. 1 January 2019. Archived from 4372:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10341.x 2685:This section is an excerpt from 2118:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 980:. The bladder, several adjacent 7378:International Journal of Cancer 6516:"Imaging of Pelvic Lymph Nodes" 6161:Disease Models & Mechanisms 5797:International Journal of Cancer 5031:International Journal of Cancer 4612:. Academic Press. p. 530. 4525:Therapeutic Advances in Urology 4218:. Academic Press. p. 527. 3777:Research and Reports in Urology 2693:Bladder cancer in cats and dogs 2687:Bladder cancer in cats and dogs 2142:single-nucleotide polymorphisms 751:Low grade Ta, multifocal tumors 7992:Malignant fibrous histiocytoma 7540:(21st ed.). McGraw Hill. 5072:Cancer Management and Research 4768:10.1002/14651858.CD012838.pub2 3383:(3): 466–5, discussion 475–7. 1991:. Aristolochic acid activates 1243:Muscle-invasive bladder cancer 1: 7106:10.1016/j.urology.2009.05.087 6835:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60491-8 6804:"Bladder Cancer - Statistics" 6772:10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.06.043 5860:BioMed Research International 5544:Zaghloul MS (December 2012). 5501:Clinical Microbiology Reviews 4860:"What Causes Bladder Cancer?" 3442:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30512-8 1734:Atezolizumab 1200 mg IV 534:Advanced bladder cancer (M1b) 486:(from the bladder muscle) or 7327:Lenis, Lec & Chamie 2020 7070:10.1016/j.suronc.2016.05.027 6878:10.1016/j.eursup.2009.06.010 6866:European Urology Supplements 6402:10.1016/j.eururo.2017.03.010 6225:10.1016/j.eururo.2016.02.028 5973:10.1371/journal.pone.0119313 5635:10.1016/0304-3835(96)04284-x 5169:10.1371/journal.pone.0178527 4672:10.1097/MJT.0000000000000934 4484:Journal of Oncology Practice 4166:Journal of Clinical Oncology 3918:10.1016/j.eururo.2008.07.031 3874:10.1016/j.eururo.2013.01.010 3629:, "Muscle-Invasive Disease". 3389:10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.031 3148:Lenis, Lec & Chamie 2020 3108:, "Diagnosis and Screening". 2998:Lenis, Lec & Chamie 2020 1800:Bladder cancer is caused by 1760:every 2 weeks for 12 months 1236:Consider radical cystectomy 1210:Intravesical BCG for 1 year 963:nogapendekin alfa inbakicept 792:Any lymphovascular invasion 715: 435:computed tomography scanning 251:. Diagnosis is typically by 155:Surgery, radiation therapy, 7961:Transitional cell carcinoma 7933:Transitional cell carcinoma 7464:Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 7244:"Bladder cancer statistics" 4993:10.1186/1476-069X-11-S1-S11 3026:Abeloff's clinical oncology 2697:transitional cell carcinoma 2132:helps in detoxification of 1390:, with cisplatin (MVAC) or 1078:, mycobacterial pneumonia, 1022:continent urinary diversion 971:immune checkpoint inhibitor 902:: checkpoint inhibitors if 858:(in highly selected people) 241:transitional cell carcinoma 200:is any of several types of 101:Transitional cell carcinoma 8335: 7888:Juxtaglomerular cell tumor 7598:10.1038/s41585-022-00578-1 7509:10.1038/s41572-023-00468-9 7248:World Cancer Research Fund 6911:(inactive 29 April 2024). 6617:10.1186/s12889-022-12516-2 5662:British Journal of Urology 5563:10.1016/j.jnci.2012.08.002 4583:10.1016/j.juro.2015.06.115 3994:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.09.014 3276:10.1016/j.juro.2016.06.049 3214:"Stages of bladder cancer" 3085:"Tests for Bladder Cancer" 2983:, "Clinical Presentation". 2945:World Cancer Research Fund 2875:"Bladder Cancer Treatment" 2834:"Bladder Cancer Factsheet" 2684: 2197:external iliac lymph nodes 2193:internal iliac lymph nodes 2023:external beam radiotherapy 1765:Avelumab 10 mg/kg IV 1749:Pembrolizumab 200 mg 1741:Nivolumab 3 mg/kg IV 1551:Pembrolizumab (in PD-L1+) 953:(sold as "Adstiladrin", a 439:magnetic resonance imaging 306:Location of bladder cancer 8314:Health effects of tobacco 7883:Renal medullary carcinoma 7476:10.1016/j.hoc.2021.02.004 7302:World Health Organization 7277:Global Cancer Observatory 7176:David E (February 2017). 7024:10.1186/s12885-015-1448-x 6973:10.1186/s12885-019-5924-6 6533:10.1007/s40134-014-0070-z 6520:Current Radiology Reports 6108:10.1007/s12013-015-0574-z 6055:"Cancer Genetics Browser" 6023:10.1007/s10654-016-0138-6 5376:10.1080/03008880802325192 5296:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1155 4715:10.1007/s12032-017-1029-8 4645:National Cancer Institute 3954:10.1016/j.euf.2016.03.001 3345:10.1016/j.euf.2018.11.005 3185:"Types of Bladder Cancer" 2879:National Cancer Institute 2841:Global Cancer Observatory 1776:Surveillance and response 1757:Durvalumab 10 mg/kg 1548:Gemcitabine + Carboplatin 1235: 1227: 1219: 1214: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1185: 1175: 1163:Cystoscopy (surveillance) 904:programmed death ligand 1 874:: palliative radiotherapy 466:. Around 5% of cases are 425:The upper urinary tract ( 270:Treatment depends on the 51: 42: 8226:Motor vehicle collisions 6909:10.14440/bladder.2016.89 5742:Arthritis and Rheumatism 4805:Urologia Internationalis 4537:10.1177/1756287216677903 4178:10.1200/JCO.2011.34.8433 3511:, "Early-Stage Disease". 2201:common iliac lymph nodes 1983:present in many Chinese 1680:, and are inhibitors of 1545:Atezolizumab (in PD-L1+) 1502:Gemcitabine + Cisplatin 951:nadofaragene firadenovec 856:neoadjuvant chemotherapy 848:neoadjuvant chemotherapy 474:. Up to 2% of cases are 464:transitional cell cancer 324:urinary tract infections 288:five-year survival rates 231:, family history, prior 183:549,000 new cases (2018) 173:Five-year survival rates 123:, family history, prior 7966:Squamous-cell carcinoma 7938:Squamous-cell carcinoma 7893:Renal medullary fibroma 7569:10.1001/jama.2020.17598 6566:10.21037/tau.2018.08.25 6447:10.1038/nrurol.2014.129 6435:Nature Reviews. Urology 6352:10.21037/tau.2016.03.22 6301:"Bladder Cancer Report" 6142:Genetics Home Reference 5600:10.1093/carcin/15.4.619 5464:10.1136/oem.2009.050195 5424:10.1136/oem.2009.051565 5245:10.1186/1476-069X-13-44 4497:10.1200/JOP.2017.022137 4478:Sridhar SS (May 2017). 3728:Clinical Kidney Journal 3564:, "Radical Cystectomy". 2709:squamous cell carcinoma 2329:lymphovascular invasion 1951:squamous cell carcinoma 1903:Schistosoma haematobium 1488:spinal cord compression 1166:Imaging (surveillance) 1084:granulomatous nephritis 1080:granulomatous hepatitis 1008:, where a piece of the 816:Flow chart of treatment 526:Stage N1 bladder cancer 396:fluorescence microscopy 261:transurethral resection 245:squamous cell carcinoma 105:squamous cell carcinoma 8075:Cardiovascular disease 4571:The Journal of Urology 4453:Cancer Therapy Advisor 3942:European Urology Focus 3333:European Urology Focus 3264:The Journal of Urology 2645: 2303:and is limited to the 2242:cruciferous vegetables 2205:paraaortic lymph nodes 1866:aliphatic hydrocarbons 1848:(dyes manufacturing), 1610:(approved in Europe), 1363:Grade ≥ 2 hearing loss 1252: 1093:Local infection (i.e. 1088:interstitial nephritis 1047: 817: 783:Any variant histology 764:Any carcinoma in situ 551: 543: 535: 527: 519: 458: 359: 350: 307: 243:. Other types include 8253:Risky sexual behavior 8037:of medical conditions 4421:10.1093/annonc/mdm442 4331:10.1093/annonc/mdr156 4264:10.1093/annonc/mdt226 3060:) CS1 maint: others ( 2560: 2232:and those containing 1943:tumor suppressor gene 1876:(dye manufacturing), 1839:Occupational exposure 1606:, a third generation 1579:Second line treatment 1250: 1045: 1037:intravenous injection 815: 549: 541: 533: 525: 513: 497:The pathologist also 456: 416:blue light cystoscopy 384:bladder tumor antigen 356: 348: 305: 8243:Periodontal diseases 7847:Mesoblastic nephroma 7819:Renal cell carcinoma 7357:Dyrskjøt et al. 2023 7342:Dyrskjøt et al. 2023 6684:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa215 5224:Environmental Health 5085:10.2147/CMAR.S175062 4972:Environmental Health 3847:Dyrskjøt et al. 2023 3562:Dyrskjøt et al. 2023 3533:Dyrskjøt et al. 2023 3521:Dyrskjøt et al. 2023 3436:(10061): 2796–2810. 3165:Dyrskjøt et al. 2023 3106:Dyrskjøt et al. 2023 2981:Dyrskjøt et al. 2023 2642: more than 16.5 2189:sentinel lymph nodes 2110:chromatin remodeling 1932:transition mutations 1916:chronic inflammatory 1358:Creatinine clearance 1154:Other considerations 1068:ureteral obstruction 514:Diagram showing the 492:neuroendocrine cells 468:squamous cell cancer 7867:Metanephric adenoma 7497:Nat Rev Dis Primers 6490:10.2214/AJR.10.5036 6059:cancer.sanger.ac.uk 5964:2015PLoSO..1019313S 5873:10.1155/2014/569325 5513:10.1128/CMR.12.1.97 5236:2014EnvHe..13...44S 5160:2017PLoSO..1278527A 4984:2012EnvHe..11S..11L 3138:, pp. 532–533. 2680:Veterinary medicine 2576: less than 1.5 2365: 2257:monounsaturated fat 2130:N-acetyltransferase 2126:N-acetyltransferase 2021:People who undergo 1868:in drinking water, 1852:(rubber industry), 1713: 1541: 1495: 1405:Febrile neutropenia 1257:neoadjuvant therapy 1160:Immunotherapy (BCG) 1147: 896:-based chemotherapy 886:-based chemotherapy 840:Stage II/Stage IIIA 829:Non-muscle invasive 712: 702:Risk stratification 577: 364:digital rectal exam 272:stage of the cancer 218:pain with urination 212:. Symptoms include 131:, certain chemicals 83:pain with urination 8209:Metabolic syndrome 7943:Inverted papilloma 7703:External resources 7435:Veterinary Surgery 7270:"Greece Factsheet" 7221:10.1002/cncr.31402 7145:10.3233/BLC-180181 6273:10.1093/aje/kwf018 6173:10.1242/dmm.008888 5911:Reviews in Urology 4944:10.1093/ije/dyw044 4408:Annals of Oncology 4318:Annals of Oncology 4252:Annals of Oncology 4042:10.3233/BLC-150025 3981:Clinical Nutrition 3790:10.2147/RRU.S63448 3740:10.1093/ckj/sfv053 2646: 2363: 2293:radical cystectomy 2253:Mediterranean diet 2187:. The most common 1985:herbal medications 1955:spinal cord injury 1780:Contrast enhanced 1711: 1696:are inhibitors of 1626:. Side effects of 1539: 1493: 1429:neutropenic sepsis 1343:Metastatic disease 1280:partial cystectomy 1253: 1145: 1099:epididymo-orchitis 1076:reactive arthritis 1060:epididymo-orchitis 1048: 978:radical cystectomy 918:radical cystectomy 880:Metastatic disease 866:radical cystectomy 852:partial cystectomy 844:radical cystectomy 818: 710: 572: 552: 544: 536: 528: 520: 459: 420:hexaminolevulinate 401:Many also undergo 360: 351: 312:blood in the urine 308: 298:Signs and symptoms 237:bladder infections 214:blood in the urine 129:bladder infections 92:65 to 84 years old 79:Blood in the urine 8296: 8295: 8283:Teenage pregnancy 8169:Domestic violence 8164:Diabetes mellitus 8000: 7999: 7915:Ureteral neoplasm 7901: 7900: 7754: 7753: 7563:(19): 1980–1991. 7423:, "Introduction". 7391:10.1002/ijc.23856 7359:, "Introduction". 7344:, "Epidemiology". 7214:(15): 3080–3083. 7058:Surgical Oncology 6760:Urologic Oncology 6604:BMC Public Health 5809:10.1002/ijc.33970 5754:10.1002/art.25061 5699:BJU International 5283:BMC Public Health 4818:10.1159/000318985 4619:978-0-12-809939-1 4459:on 29 August 2021 4359:BJU International 4225:978-0-12-809939-1 3691:10.5489/cuaj.1411 3035:978-0-323-56815-9 2555: 2554: 1981:aristolochic acid 1773: 1772: 1705:urothelial cancer 1576: 1575: 1537: 1536: 1286:Radiation therapy 1240: 1239: 805: 804: 719:Intermediate risk 699: 698: 518:of bladder cancer 488:small-cell cancer 412:carcinoma in situ 284:urinary diversion 233:radiation therapy 204:arising from the 195: 194: 137:Diagnostic method 125:radiation therapy 32:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8326: 8214:Mental disorders 8027: 8020: 8013: 8004: 7824:Renal oncocytoma 7809: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7758: 7619: 7609: 7580: 7551: 7530: 7520: 7493:"Bladder cancer" 7487: 7449: 7448: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7393: 7369: 7360: 7354: 7345: 7339: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7317: 7315: 7313: 7294: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7283: 7274: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7250:. 22 August 2018 7240: 7234: 7233: 7223: 7199: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7173: 7167: 7166: 7156: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7088: 7082: 7081: 7053: 7047: 7046: 7036: 7026: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6985: 6975: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6938: 6930: 6920: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6829:(9685): 239–49. 6818: 6812: 6811: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6783: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6713: 6705: 6695: 6678:(5): 1252–1266. 6660: 6654: 6653: 6647: 6639: 6629: 6619: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6578: 6568: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6511: 6502: 6501: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6413: 6390:European Urology 6381: 6375: 6374: 6364: 6354: 6330: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6314: 6305: 6297: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6213:European Urology 6210: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6138:"Bladder cancer" 6134: 6128: 6127: 6091: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6034: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5985: 5975: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5926: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5885: 5875: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5830: 5820: 5787: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5765: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5677: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5565: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5524: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5426: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5298: 5274: 5268: 5267: 5257: 5247: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5198: 5192: 5191: 5181: 5171: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5114: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5087: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4995: 4978:(Suppl 1): S11. 4963: 4957: 4956: 4946: 4922: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4820: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4779: 4746: 4735: 4734: 4703:Medical Oncology 4698: 4692: 4691: 4666:(3): e334–e337. 4655: 4649: 4648: 4647:. 9 August 2019. 4637: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4548: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4499: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4445: 4434: 4433: 4423: 4399: 4393: 4392: 4374: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4333: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4275: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4133:www.uptodate.com 4125: 4119: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4080:. Archived from 4070: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4021: 4015: 4014: 3996: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3906:European Urology 3900: 3894: 3893: 3862:European Urology 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3802: 3792: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3751: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3702: 3670: 3664: 3661:Teoh et al. 2022 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3549: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3471: 3462: 3461: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3377:European Urology 3371: 3365: 3364: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3311:on 7 August 2020 3307:. Archived from 3297: 3288: 3287: 3259: 3250: 3249:, "Figure 86-2". 3244: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3181: 3168: 3162: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3081: 3066: 3065: 3055: 3047: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2995: 2984: 2978: 2967: 2966: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2947:. 24 April 2018. 2941:"Bladder cancer" 2937: 2931: 2930: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2871: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2838: 2830: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2796: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2761: 2717:rhabdomyosarcoma 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2562:Age-standardized 2366: 2098:MAPK/ERK pathway 2008:tumor suppressor 2003:mutation in the 1864:and chlorinated 1714: 1542: 1496: 1310:loss of appetite 1148: 1124:fluoroquinolones 1000:and part of the 994:seminal vesicles 969:("Keytruda", an 713: 593:5-year survival 578: 222:epithelial cells 47: 35: 21: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8319:Types of cancer 8299: 8298: 8297: 8292: 8038: 8031: 8001: 7996: 7980: 7947: 7919: 7897: 7871: 7862:Cystic nephroma 7828: 7798: 7796:genital systems 7785: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7698: 7697: 7630: 7616: 7583: 7554: 7548: 7533: 7490: 7461: 7458: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7432: 7431: 7427: 7419: 7415: 7371: 7370: 7363: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7333: 7329:, p. 1980. 7325: 7321: 7311: 7309: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7186: 7184: 7175: 7174: 7170: 7126: 7125: 7121: 7090: 7089: 7085: 7055: 7054: 7050: 7004: 7003: 6999: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6931: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6820: 6819: 6815: 6810:. 25 June 2012. 6802: 6801: 6797: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6706: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6640: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6513: 6512: 6505: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6332: 6331: 6322: 6312: 6310: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6289: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6154: 6153: 6149: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6093: 6092: 6088: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5958:(3): e0119313. 5945: 5944: 5940: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5831: 5789: 5788: 5781: 5773: 5769: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5348:2-NAPHTHYLAMINE 5344: 5343: 5339: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5204:4-AMINOBIPHENYL 5200: 5199: 5195: 5154:(6): e0178527. 5141: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5024: 5023: 5019: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4865: 4863: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4839: 4838: 4834: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4762:(7): CD012838. 4748: 4747: 4738: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4604:Keam B (2018). 4603: 4602: 4598: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4447: 4446: 4437: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4258:(10): 2475–84. 4245: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4210:Keam B (2018). 4209: 4208: 4201: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4112: 4110: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4084:on 23 July 2020 4072: 4071: 4067: 4023: 4022: 4018: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3685:(7–8): E540-4. 3672: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3645: 3643: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3594: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3492: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3465: 3427: 3426: 3422: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3314: 3312: 3299: 3298: 3291: 3261: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3211: 3200: 3190: 3188: 3183: 3182: 3171: 3163: 3154: 3150:, p. 1982. 3146: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3069: 3048: 3036: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3004: 3000:, p. 1981. 2996: 2987: 2979: 2970: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2929:. 25 June 2012. 2921: 2920: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2881:. 5 June 2017. 2873: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2818: 2808: 2806: 2798: 2797: 2784: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2762: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2705:urinary bladder 2690: 2682: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2361: 2341: 2339:Quality of life 2291:Survival after 2285: 2273: 2228:, particularly 2222: 2217: 2181: 2179:Pathophysiology 2154:promoter region 2138:aromatic amines 2038: 2019: 1963: 1914:eggs induces a 1908:schistosomiasis 1900:Infection with 1898: 1874:ortho-toluidine 1850:4-aminobiphenyl 1841: 1815: 1798: 1778: 1645:In people with 1581: 1476:bisphosphonates 1345: 1337:micrometastasis 1267:, vinblastine, 1245: 1132:aminoglycosides 1107:fluoroquinolone 996:; in women the 959:immunostimulant 926: 835:Muscle invasive 810: 704: 575:5-year survival 562:defined by the 508: 472:schistosomiasis 451: 418:, where a dye ( 343: 320:medical imaging 300: 265:medical imaging 257:tissue biopsies 210:urinary bladder 146:tissue biopsies 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8332: 8330: 8322: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8309:Bladder cancer 8301: 8300: 8294: 8293: 8291: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8228: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8144: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8077: 8072: 8070:Binge drinking 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8007: 7998: 7997: 7995: 7994: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7979: 7978: 7973: 7971:Adenocarcinoma 7968: 7963: 7957: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7946: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7917: 7911: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7857:Angiomyolipoma 7854: 7849: 7844: 7838: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7815: 7813: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7748: 7747: 7745:Bladder cancer 7736: 7719: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7684: 7673: 7662: 7647: 7631: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622:Classification 7615: 7614:External links 7612: 7611: 7610: 7592:(5): 280–294. 7581: 7552: 7547:978-1264268504 7546: 7531: 7488: 7470:(3): 531–541. 7457: 7454: 7451: 7450: 7443: 7425: 7413: 7361: 7346: 7331: 7319: 7289: 7261: 7235: 7194: 7182:www.healio.com 7168: 7139:(3): 319–326. 7133:Bladder Cancer 7119: 7100:(5): 1138–43. 7083: 7048: 6997: 6946: 6883: 6872:(7): 556–562. 6856: 6813: 6795: 6766:(8): 516–527. 6746: 6721: 6655: 6590: 6559:(5): 804–813. 6539: 6503: 6468: 6425: 6396:(3): 354–365. 6376: 6345:(5): 668–682. 6320: 6287: 6246: 6219:(1): 106–119. 6196: 6147: 6129: 6086: 6071: 6046: 5997: 5938: 5897: 5846: 5779: 5767: 5732: 5689: 5648: 5623:Cancer Letters 5613: 5588:Carcinogenesis 5577: 5536: 5487: 5438: 5397: 5370:(218): 64–78. 5354: 5337: 5331:CHLORNAPHAZINE 5320: 5269: 5210: 5193: 5134: 5122:www.cancer.org 5109: 5058: 5017: 4958: 4914: 4873: 4851: 4832: 4791: 4736: 4693: 4650: 4632: 4618: 4610:Bladder Cancer 4596: 4560: 4511: 4490:(5): 309–315. 4470: 4435: 4394: 4345: 4304: 4287: 4238: 4224: 4216:Bladder Cancer 4199: 4172:(17): 2432–8. 4156: 4138: 4120: 4108:www.cancer.org 4095: 4078:www.auanet.org 4065: 4036:(2): 151–163. 4030:Bladder Cancer 4016: 3967: 3931: 3895: 3851: 3839: 3814: 3763: 3714: 3665: 3663:, p. 280. 3653: 3631: 3610: 3588: 3566: 3551: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3490: 3463: 3420: 3402: 3366: 3339:(3): 479–489. 3322: 3305:www.auanet.org 3289: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3198: 3169: 3152: 3140: 3125: 3110: 3098: 3067: 3034: 3017: 3002: 2985: 2968: 2950: 2932: 2914: 2896: 2866: 2853: 2816: 2782: 2769:www.cancer.gov 2728: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2713:adenocarcinoma 2691: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2360: 2357: 2340: 2337: 2327:, presence of 2284: 2281: 2272: 2269: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2180: 2177: 2037: 2034: 2018: 2015: 1989:kidney failure 1962: 1959: 1906:(bilharzia or 1897: 1894: 1890:coal-tar pitch 1886:chlornaphazine 1854:2-naphtylamine 1840: 1837: 1814: 1811: 1802:genetic damage 1797: 1794: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1768:every 2 weeks 1762: 1754: 1752:every 3 weeks 1746: 1744:every 2 weeks 1738: 1736:every 3 weeks 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1638:, fatigue and 1608:vinca alkaloid 1596:nab-paclitaxel 1580: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1560: 1558:every 3 weeks 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1535: 1534: 1523: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1490:, bone pain). 1431:and grade 3/4 1376: 1375: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1360:< 60 mL/min 1355: 1344: 1341: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1128:clarithromycin 925: 922: 921: 920: 911: 897: 887: 877: 876: 875: 869: 862:Stage IIIB/IVA 859: 832: 809: 806: 803: 802: 799: 797: 794: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 781: 779: 776: 775: 772: 769: 766: 765: 762: 759: 756: 755: 752: 749: 746: 745: 742: 739: 735: 734: 733:High grade T1 731: 728: 724: 723: 720: 717: 703: 700: 697: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 680: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 663: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 646: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 629: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 612: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 595: 594: 591: 588: 585: 582: 507: 504: 476:adenocarcinoma 450: 449:Classification 447: 372:urine cytology 342: 339: 299: 296: 286:. The typical 249:adenocarcinoma 198:Bladder cancer 193: 192: 191:200,000 (2018) 189: 185: 184: 181: 177: 176: 170: 164: 163: 153: 149: 148: 139: 133: 132: 118: 112: 111: 109:adenocarcinoma 98: 94: 93: 90: 86: 85: 76: 70: 69: 60: 54: 53: 49: 48: 40: 39: 38:Bladder cancer 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8331: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8258:Schizophrenia 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8028: 8023: 8021: 8016: 8014: 8009: 8008: 8005: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7958: 7956: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7777: 7775: 7770: 7768: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7746: 7742: 7741: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7725: 7724: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7672: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7607: 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7446: 7444:9780323263375 7440: 7436: 7429: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7414: 7409: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7353: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7323: 7320: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7290: 7278: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7198: 7195: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7120: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7087: 7084: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7064:(3): 281–97. 7063: 7059: 7052: 7049: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6998: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6947: 6942: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6887: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6860: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6817: 6814: 6809: 6805: 6799: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6747: 6735: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6717: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6667: 6659: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6591: 6586: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6540: 6534: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6484:(1): 117–22. 6483: 6479: 6472: 6469: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6441:(7): 400–10. 6440: 6436: 6429: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6309: 6302: 6296: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6266:(2): 95–109. 6265: 6261: 6257: 6250: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6200: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6167:(3): 323–32. 6166: 6162: 6158: 6151: 6148: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6072: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6017:(9): 811–51. 6016: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5998: 5993: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5917:(3): 108–12. 5916: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5847: 5842: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5708: 5705:(2): 216–20. 5704: 5700: 5693: 5690: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5649: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5629:(2): 123–38. 5628: 5624: 5617: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5594:(4): 619–25. 5593: 5589: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5507:(1): 97–111. 5506: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5417:(8): 568–73. 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5355: 5350: 5349: 5341: 5338: 5333: 5332: 5324: 5321: 5316: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5273: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5197: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5135: 5123: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5105: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5078:: 3781–3791. 5077: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5037:(2): 289–94. 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4937:(3): 857–70. 4936: 4932: 4928: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4874: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4795: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4621: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4577:(2): 254–63. 4576: 4572: 4564: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4414:(3): 420–32. 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4365:(2): 168–79. 4364: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4324:(2): 406–10. 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4291: 4288: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4239: 4227: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4109: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3987:(6): 879–87. 3986: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3935: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3912:(1): 164–74. 3911: 3907: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3840: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3734:(5): 516–23. 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3641: 3635: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3576: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3476: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3367: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3323: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3270:(4): 1021–9. 3269: 3265: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2963:www.cancer.ca 2960: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2863: 2862:Cancer Nurs.. 2857: 2854: 2842: 2835: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2805: 2801: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2771:. 11 May 2020 2770: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2636: 15–16.5 2630: 13.5–15 2624: 12–13.5 2618: 10.5–12 2570: no data 2563: 2559: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2261:dietary fiber 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040:Mutations in 2035: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1979:Ingestion of 1977: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1860:(analgesic), 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1723:Pembrolizumab 1722: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1674:Pembrolizumab 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1657:can be used. 1656: 1652: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1497: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1471:can be used. 1470: 1469:Pembrolizumab 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1332:and fatigue. 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1242: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:osteomyelitis 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1006:ileal conduit 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 974: 972: 968: 967:pembrolizumab 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 923: 919: 915: 912: 909: 905: 901: 898: 895: 891: 888: 885: 881: 878: 873: 870: 867: 863: 860: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 838: 837: 836: 833: 830: 827: 826: 825: 822: 814: 807: 800: 798: 796: 795: 791: 789: 787: 786: 782: 780: 778: 777: 773: 770: 768: 767: 763: 760: 758: 757: 753: 750: 748: 747: 743: 740: 737: 736: 732: 729: 726: 725: 721: 718: 714: 708: 701: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 681: 677: 674: 671: 668: 665: 664: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 647: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 630: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 613: 609: 606: 603: 600: 597: 596: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 579: 576: 570: 567: 565: 561: 558:based on the 557: 548: 540: 532: 524: 517: 512: 505: 503: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 455: 448: 446: 442: 440: 436: 432: 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 355: 347: 340: 338: 336: 332: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 304: 297: 295: 291: 289: 285: 281: 280:immunotherapy 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 225: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 171: 169: 165: 162: 161:immunotherapy 158: 154: 150: 147: 143: 140: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 119: 117: 113: 110: 106: 102: 99: 95: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: 75: 71: 68: 64: 61: 59: 55: 50: 46: 41: 36: 30: 19: 8288:Tuberculosis 8199:Malnutrition 8043:Health topic 8035:epidemiology 7924: 7842:Wilms' tumor 7738: 7721: 7710: 7686: 7675: 7664: 7649: 7634: 7589: 7586:Nat Rev Urol 7585: 7560: 7556: 7535: 7500: 7496: 7467: 7463: 7434: 7428: 7416: 7384:(2): 412–9. 7381: 7377: 7322: 7310:. Retrieved 7301: 7292: 7280:. Retrieved 7276: 7264: 7252:. Retrieved 7247: 7238: 7211: 7207: 7197: 7185:. Retrieved 7181: 7171: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7097: 7093: 7086: 7061: 7057: 7051: 7014: 7010: 7000: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6935:cite journal 6900: 6896: 6886: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6826: 6822: 6816: 6807: 6798: 6763: 6759: 6749: 6737:. Retrieved 6733: 6724: 6710:cite journal 6675: 6669: 6658: 6644:cite journal 6607: 6603: 6593: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6523: 6519: 6481: 6477: 6471: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6393: 6389: 6379: 6342: 6338: 6311:. Retrieved 6307: 6263: 6259: 6249: 6216: 6212: 6199: 6164: 6160: 6150: 6141: 6132: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6074: 6062:. Retrieved 6058: 6049: 6014: 6010: 6000: 5955: 5951: 5941: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5835:cite journal 5803:(1): 44–55. 5800: 5796: 5770: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5702: 5698: 5692: 5668:(1): 78–84. 5665: 5661: 5651: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5556:(4): 151–9. 5553: 5549: 5539: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5458:(5): 351–8. 5455: 5451: 5441: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5347: 5340: 5330: 5323: 5286: 5282: 5272: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5203: 5196: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5125:. Retrieved 5121: 5112: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5034: 5030: 5020: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4934: 4930: 4893:(3): 630–9. 4890: 4886: 4876: 4864:. Retrieved 4854: 4845: 4840:Llewelyn R. 4835: 4808: 4804: 4794: 4759: 4755: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4623:. Retrieved 4609: 4599: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4531:(1): 28–35. 4528: 4524: 4514: 4487: 4483: 4473: 4461:. Retrieved 4457:the original 4452: 4411: 4407: 4397: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4321: 4317: 4307: 4301:. BC Decker. 4297: 4290: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4229:. Retrieved 4215: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4150: 4141: 4132: 4123: 4111:. Retrieved 4107: 4098: 4086:. Retrieved 4082:the original 4077: 4068: 4033: 4029: 4019: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3948:(1): 19–29. 3945: 3941: 3934: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3842: 3830:. Retrieved 3826: 3817: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3731: 3727: 3717: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3656: 3646:17 September 3644:. Retrieved 3634: 3603:17 September 3601:. Retrieved 3591: 3581:16 September 3579:. Retrieved 3569: 3540: 3528: 3516: 3481:. Retrieved 3433: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3336: 3332: 3325: 3313:. Retrieved 3309:the original 3304: 3267: 3263: 3242: 3230: 3218:. Retrieved 3189:. Retrieved 3143: 3101: 3089:. Retrieved 3025: 3020: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2887:. Retrieved 2878: 2869: 2861: 2856: 2844:. Retrieved 2840: 2807:. Retrieved 2803: 2773:. Retrieved 2768: 2675: 2655: 2647: 2612: 9–10.5 2359:Epidemiology 2346: 2342: 2318: 2290: 2286: 2274: 2265:whole grains 2246: 2223: 2182: 2174:chemotherapy 2162: 2150:chromosome 8 2090:chromosome 9 2039: 2027: 2020: 2001:transversion 1978: 1975: 1964: 1901: 1899: 1882:polyurethane 1842: 1831: 1816: 1799: 1779: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1740: 1735: 1717:Atezolizumab 1702: 1690:atezolizumab 1663: 1644: 1636:constipation 1585: 1582: 1570: 1565: 1562: 1557: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1473: 1465:Atezolizumab 1463:expression, 1457:chemotherapy 1453:chemotherapy 1380:methotrexate 1377: 1346: 1334: 1326:constipation 1298:cystoscopies 1284: 1277: 1273: 1265:methotrexate 1254: 1215: 1187:Intermediate 1186: 1171: 1157:Chemotherapy 1140:pyrazinamide 1092: 1049: 1026: 984:, the lower 975: 955:gene therapy 947:tuberculosis 927: 913: 899: 889: 879: 871: 861: 839: 834: 828: 823: 819: 771:Low grade T1 705: 568: 553: 496: 460: 443: 424: 400: 361: 328: 309: 292: 276:chemotherapy 269: 226: 197: 196: 157:chemotherapy 116:Risk factors 29: 8179:Hepatitis D 8174:Hepatitis C 8142:Chikungunya 7876:by location 7834:Mixed tumor 7712:MedlinePlus 7456:Works cited 7312:11 November 7187:27 November 6739:13 November 6102:(1): 65–9. 6064:21 November 5748:(1): 9–21. 5127:21 November 4846:Radiopaedia 4811:(1): 1–10. 4709:(10): 170. 4625:27 November 4463:26 November 4231:27 November 4113:27 November 4088:20 November 3868:(1): 52–7. 3483:25 November 2695:usually is 2671:Schistosoma 2651:schistosome 2606: 7.5–9 2600: 6–7.5 2594: 4.5–6 2588: 3–4.5 2582: 1.5–3 2474:Netherlands 2333:lymph nodes 2295:and pelvic 2240:fruits and 2148:present on 2134:carcinogens 2094:RAS pathway 1999:and causes 1912:Schistosoma 1659:Erdafitinib 1655:erdafitinib 1632:neutropenia 1620:Oxaliplatin 1612:Gemcitabine 1449:gemcitabine 1445:carboplatin 1441:carboplatin 1437:carboplatin 1409:bone marrow 1392:gemcitabine 1388:doxorubicin 1384:vinblastine 1318:mouth sores 1269:doxorubicin 1259:") using a 1136:doxycycline 1095:prostatitis 1056:prostatitis 982:lymph nodes 943:BCG vaccine 939:gemcitabine 931:mitomycin C 894:carboplatin 368:pelvic exam 235:, frequent 127:, frequent 89:Usual onset 8303:Categories 8263:Snakebites 8159:Depression 8105:esophageal 8100:colorectal 7740:Patient UK 7688:DiseasesDB 7282:9 November 7254:9 November 7011:BMC Cancer 6966:(1): 716. 6960:BMC Cancer 6903:(2): e26. 6808:Cancer.Net 6313:9 November 5866:: 569325. 3832:7 November 3783:: 157–63. 3315:30 October 3044:1089396489 2927:Cancer.Net 2846:8 November 2809:30 October 2724:References 2353:depression 2325:metastasis 2322:lymph node 2309:lymph node 2301:lymph node 2297:lymph node 2226:vegetables 2215:Prevention 2209:lymph node 2207:. Skipped 2185:peritoneum 1997:urothelium 1993:peroxidase 1858:phenacetin 1826:pack years 1726:Durvalumab 1694:durvalumab 1628:Vinflunine 1624:Ifosfamide 1616:Pemetrexed 1604:Vinflunine 1592:Paclitaxel 1396:paclitaxel 1368:neuropathy 1366:Grade ≥ 2 1120:ethambutol 1116:rifampicin 1033:valrubicin 1018:ostomy bag 961:protein), 935:epirubicin 910:) positive 722:High risk 560:TNM system 403:cystoscopy 380:high-grade 376:microscope 335:flank pain 316:urinalysis 253:cystoscopy 142:Cystoscopy 8248:Pneumonia 8236:childhood 7728:radio/711 7723:eMedicine 7503:(1): 58. 7421:Hahn 2022 6610:(1): 73. 5230:(1): 44. 3627:Hahn 2022 3509:Hahn 2022 3247:Hahn 2022 3235:Hahn 2022 3220:29 August 3191:26 August 3052:cite book 3013:Hahn 2022 2314:Cisplatin 2283:Prognosis 2277:screening 2271:Screening 2146:PSCA gene 1920:N-nitroso 1896:Infection 1846:benzidine 1786:bone scan 1729:Avelumab 1720:Nivolumab 1678:nivolumab 1600:Docetaxel 1484:fractures 1480:denosumab 1459:and have 1433:mucositis 1417:mucositis 1348:Cisplatin 1314:hair loss 1261:cisplatin 1103:balanitis 1064:balanitis 1029:docetaxel 884:cisplatin 808:Treatment 341:Diagnosis 180:Frequency 175:~77% (US) 168:Prognosis 152:Treatment 58:Specialty 8278:Syphilis 8189:HIV/AIDS 8147:Dementia 8120:prostate 8115:lymphoma 8095:cervical 8065:Bed bugs 7976:Melanoma 7734:med/3022 7731:med/2344 7606:35361927 7577:33201207 7527:37884563 7518:11218610 7484:33958149 7408:28518800 7400:18792102 7306:Archived 7304:. 2009. 7230:29660788 7163:30112443 7114:19773042 7078:27566035 7043:26027955 6992:31324162 6927:28261632 6851:40417997 6843:19520422 6790:28778250 6702:32778880 6636:35016647 6585:30456183 6498:21178055 6463:24723395 6455:24960601 6420:28365159 6371:27785424 6282:12117698 6233:26996659 6191:22422829 6124:14316154 6116:27352265 6081:(OMIM): 6041:27000312 5992:25803438 5952:PLOS ONE 5933:24223022 5892:25431765 5827:35182086 5762:20039416 5727:10487371 5719:14690486 5572:23159285 5482:20447989 5433:20647380 5392:30510231 5384:18815919 5315:25377503 5289:: 1155. 5264:24889821 5188:28586371 5148:PLOS ONE 5104:30288109 5053:10738259 5012:22759493 4953:27097748 4909:10931463 4827:20693823 4786:30036453 4731:22280860 4723:28864844 4688:73472390 4680:30839322 4591:26410730 4555:28042310 4506:28489981 4430:17906299 4389:26003400 4381:21718430 4340:21543626 4282:23788754 4194:33263969 4186:21555688 4060:27376137 4011:24108744 4003:24189391 3962:28723446 3926:18675501 3882:23380164 3809:26605208 3758:26413275 3709:25210559 3458:29104789 3450:27345655 3397:16442208 3361:53722156 3353:30470647 3284:27317986 3091:8 August 2883:Archived 2659:genetics 2234:selenium 2158:androgen 2036:Genetics 1870:auramine 1686:Avelumab 1630:include 1425:vomiting 1330:bleeding 1322:diarrhea 1306:vomiting 1294:CT scans 1052:cystitis 990:prostate 716:Low risk 516:T stages 484:sarcomas 331:swelling 74:Symptoms 63:Oncology 8268:Suicide 8231:Obesity 8204:Measles 8194:Leprosy 8135:ovarian 8130:stomach 8085:bladder 8033:Global 7953:Urethra 7925:Bladder 7792:urinary 7790:of the 7682:D001749 7154:6087432 7094:Urology 7034:4450458 7017:: 447. 6983:6642549 6918:5336315 6897:Bladder 6781:5556973 6693:7657329 6627:8753903 6576:6212631 6411:5764190 6362:5071204 6241:3756845 6182:3339826 6032:5010611 5983:4372289 5960:Bibcode 5924:3821989 5883:4241283 5818:9303525 5684:9043502 5643:8697435 5608:8149471 5531:9880476 5473:2981018 5306:4230399 5255:4088919 5232:Bibcode 5179:5460843 5156:Bibcode 5095:6159806 5003:3388449 4980:Bibcode 4777:6513246 4546:5167074 4273:3841419 4051:4927909 3890:7369962 3800:4630183 3749:4581373 3700:4137021 2889:18 July 2703:of the 2663:Smoking 2525:Germany 2491:Belgium 2457:Albania 2440:Hungary 2423:Denmark 2389:Lebanon 2375:Overall 2372:Country 2349:anxiety 2305:bladder 2230:carrots 2169:claudin 2156:has an 2030:obesity 1995:in the 1971:arsenic 1934:in the 1929:Adenine 1925:Guanine 1862:arsenic 1821:smoking 1818:Tobacco 1813:Smoking 1804:to the 1588:Taxanes 1002:vaginal 986:ureters 601:Tis/Ta 506:Staging 427:ureters 407:urethra 229:smoking 208:of the 206:tissues 121:Smoking 67:urology 8273:Stroke 8184:Herpes 8090:breast 8080:Cancer 8060:Autism 8050:Asthma 7907:Ureter 7804:Kidney 7788:Tumors 7717:000486 7671:109800 7604: 7575: 7544: 7525: 7515: 7482: 7441: 7406: 7398: 7228: 7208:Cancer 7161: 7151: 7112: 7076: 7041: 7031: 6990: 6980: 6925: 6915: 6849: 6841: 6823:Lancet 6788: 6778: 6700: 6690: 6634: 6624: 6583: 6573: 6526:(11). 6496: 6461: 6453: 6418: 6408: 6369: 6359: 6280: 6239: 6231: 6189: 6179: 6122: 6114: 6083:109800 6039: 6029: 5990: 5980: 5931: 5921: 5890: 5880: 5825: 5815: 5760: 5725: 5717: 5682: 5641: 5606: 5570: 5529: 5519: 5480: 5470: 5431: 5390: 5382: 5313: 5303: 5262: 5252: 5186: 5176: 5102: 5092: 5051: 5010: 5000: 4951: 4907: 4887:Cancer 4866:2 July 4825: 4784: 4774: 4729: 4721: 4686: 4678: 4616: 4589: 4553: 4543: 4504: 4428: 4387: 4379: 4338: 4280: 4270: 4222: 4192: 4184: 4151:Uroweb 4058: 4048: 4009: 4001: 3960: 3924: 3888: 3880: 3827:Uroweb 3807: 3797: 3756: 3746: 3707: 3697: 3456: 3448: 3430:Lancet 3415:Uroweb 3395: 3359: 3351: 3282: 3042: 3032: 2909:Uroweb 2775:4 June 2701:cancer 2667:Africa 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2598: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2406:Greece 2381:Women 2238:citrus 2165:NFE2L2 2078:CREBBP 2058:ARID1A 2050:PIK3CA 1796:Causes 1790:RECIST 1640:anemia 1622:, and 1499:DDMVAC 1421:nausea 1419:, and 1413:sepsis 1302:nausea 1134:, and 998:uterus 689:Any N 686:Any T 669:Any T 581:Stage 499:grades 490:(from 478:(from 431:kidney 358:colon. 202:cancer 188:Deaths 8219:child 8110:liver 7985:Other 7404:S2CID 7273:(PDF) 6847:S2CID 6459:S2CID 6304:(PDF) 6237:S2CID 6209:(PDF) 6120:S2CID 5723:S2CID 5522:88908 5388:S2CID 4727:S2CID 4684:S2CID 4385:S2CID 4190:S2CID 4007:S2CID 3886:S2CID 3478:(PDF) 3454:S2CID 3357:S2CID 2837:(PDF) 2715:, or 2542:Spain 2508:Italy 2136:like 2114:GSTM1 2062:KMT2D 2054:KDM6A 2042:FGFR3 2017:Other 1947:BCL-2 1878:epoxy 1833:Opium 1698:PD-L1 1461:PD-L1 1035:– or 1031:, or 1014:stoma 1010:ileum 937:, or 908:PD L1 854:plus 846:plus 672:N1-3 556:stage 480:mucus 388:NMP22 333:, or 278:, or 255:with 144:with 97:Types 8125:skin 7794:and 7693:1427 7677:MeSH 7666:OMIM 7655:9-CM 7602:PMID 7573:PMID 7557:JAMA 7542:ISBN 7523:PMID 7480:PMID 7439:ISBN 7396:PMID 7314:2009 7284:2019 7256:2019 7226:PMID 7189:2019 7159:PMID 7110:PMID 7074:PMID 7039:PMID 6988:PMID 6941:link 6923:PMID 6839:PMID 6786:PMID 6741:2019 6716:link 6698:PMID 6650:link 6632:PMID 6581:PMID 6494:PMID 6451:PMID 6416:PMID 6367:PMID 6315:2019 6278:PMID 6229:PMID 6187:PMID 6112:PMID 6066:2019 6037:PMID 5988:PMID 5929:PMID 5888:PMID 5864:2014 5841:link 5823:PMID 5758:PMID 5715:PMID 5680:PMID 5639:PMID 5604:PMID 5568:PMID 5527:PMID 5478:PMID 5429:PMID 5380:PMID 5311:PMID 5260:PMID 5184:PMID 5129:2019 5100:PMID 5049:PMID 5008:PMID 4949:PMID 4905:PMID 4868:2024 4823:PMID 4782:PMID 4760:2018 4719:PMID 4676:PMID 4627:2019 4614:ISBN 4587:PMID 4551:PMID 4502:PMID 4465:2019 4426:PMID 4377:PMID 4336:PMID 4278:PMID 4233:2019 4220:ISBN 4182:PMID 4115:2019 4090:2019 4056:PMID 3999:PMID 3958:PMID 3922:PMID 3878:PMID 3834:2019 3805:PMID 3754:PMID 3705:PMID 3648:2024 3605:2024 3583:2024 3485:2019 3446:PMID 3393:PMID 3349:PMID 3317:2019 3280:PMID 3222:2024 3193:2024 3093:2024 3062:link 3058:link 3040:OCLC 3030:ISBN 2891:2017 2848:2019 2811:2019 2804:SEER 2777:2020 2369:Rank 2351:and 2263:and 2220:Diet 2203:and 2122:NAT2 2104:and 2086:TSC1 2084:and 2074:KRAS 2070:TERT 2066:HRAS 2046:TP53 2011:gene 2005:TP53 1965:The 1961:Diet 1938:and 1936:HRAS 1880:and 1692:and 1676:and 1651:FGFR 1598:and 1467:and 1447:and 1423:and 1290:EBRT 1216:High 1151:Risk 992:and 678:36% 661:50% 644:70% 627:90% 610:96% 429:and 392:mRNA 366:and 263:and 247:and 7660:188 7651:ICD 7645:C67 7636:ICD 7594:doi 7565:doi 7561:324 7513:PMC 7505:doi 7472:doi 7386:doi 7382:124 7216:doi 7212:124 7149:PMC 7141:doi 7102:doi 7066:doi 7029:PMC 7019:doi 6978:PMC 6968:doi 6913:PMC 6905:doi 6874:doi 6831:doi 6827:374 6776:PMC 6768:doi 6688:PMC 6680:doi 6676:112 6622:PMC 6612:doi 6571:PMC 6561:doi 6528:doi 6486:doi 6482:196 6443:doi 6406:PMC 6398:doi 6357:PMC 6347:doi 6268:doi 6264:156 6221:doi 6177:PMC 6169:doi 6104:doi 6027:PMC 6019:doi 5978:PMC 5968:doi 5919:PMC 5878:PMC 5868:doi 5813:PMC 5805:doi 5801:151 5750:doi 5707:doi 5670:doi 5631:doi 5627:105 5596:doi 5558:doi 5517:PMC 5509:doi 5468:PMC 5460:doi 5419:doi 5372:doi 5301:PMC 5291:doi 5250:PMC 5240:doi 5174:PMC 5164:doi 5090:PMC 5080:doi 5039:doi 4998:PMC 4988:doi 4939:doi 4895:doi 4813:doi 4772:PMC 4764:doi 4711:doi 4668:doi 4579:doi 4575:195 4541:PMC 4533:doi 4492:doi 4416:doi 4367:doi 4363:108 4326:doi 4268:PMC 4260:doi 4174:doi 4046:PMC 4038:doi 3989:doi 3950:doi 3914:doi 3870:doi 3795:PMC 3785:doi 3744:PMC 3736:doi 3695:PMC 3687:doi 3438:doi 3434:388 3385:doi 3341:doi 3272:doi 3268:196 2707:is 2378:Men 2249:tea 2144:in 2102:p53 2082:RB1 1940:p53 1927:to 1806:DNA 1668:or 1478:or 1172:Low 1112:INH 973:). 695:5% 692:M1 675:M0 658:M0 655:N0 652:T3 641:M0 638:N0 635:T2 624:M0 621:N0 618:T1 607:M0 604:N0 386:or 8305:: 7743:: 7726:: 7715:: 7691:: 7680:: 7669:: 7658:: 7643:: 7640:10 7600:. 7590:19 7588:. 7571:. 7559:. 7521:. 7511:. 7499:. 7495:. 7478:. 7468:35 7466:. 7402:. 7394:. 7380:. 7376:. 7364:^ 7349:^ 7334:^ 7300:. 7275:. 7246:. 7224:. 7210:. 7206:. 7180:. 7157:. 7147:. 7135:. 7131:. 7108:. 7098:74 7096:. 7072:. 7062:25 7060:. 7037:. 7027:. 7015:15 7013:. 7009:. 6986:. 6976:. 6964:19 6962:. 6958:. 6937:}} 6933:{{ 6921:. 6899:. 6895:. 6868:. 6845:. 6837:. 6825:. 6806:. 6784:. 6774:. 6764:35 6762:. 6758:. 6732:. 6712:}} 6708:{{ 6696:. 6686:. 6674:. 6668:. 6646:}} 6642:{{ 6630:. 6620:. 6608:22 6606:. 6602:. 6579:. 6569:. 6555:. 6551:. 6522:. 6518:. 6506:^ 6492:. 6480:. 6457:. 6449:. 6439:11 6437:. 6414:. 6404:. 6394:72 6392:. 6388:. 6365:. 6355:. 6341:. 6337:. 6323:^ 6306:. 6290:^ 6276:. 6262:. 6258:. 6235:. 6227:. 6217:70 6215:. 6211:. 6185:. 6175:. 6163:. 6159:. 6140:. 6118:. 6110:. 6100:73 6098:. 6057:. 6035:. 6025:. 6015:31 6013:. 6009:. 5986:. 5976:. 5966:. 5956:10 5954:. 5950:. 5927:. 5915:15 5913:. 5909:. 5886:. 5876:. 5862:. 5858:. 5837:}} 5833:{{ 5821:. 5811:. 5799:. 5795:. 5782:^ 5756:. 5746:62 5744:. 5721:. 5713:. 5703:93 5701:. 5678:. 5666:79 5664:. 5660:. 5637:. 5625:. 5602:. 5592:15 5590:. 5566:. 5554:24 5552:. 5548:. 5525:. 5515:. 5505:12 5503:. 5499:. 5476:. 5466:. 5456:67 5454:. 5450:. 5427:. 5415:67 5413:. 5409:. 5386:. 5378:. 5368:42 5366:. 5309:. 5299:. 5287:14 5285:. 5281:. 5258:. 5248:. 5238:. 5228:13 5226:. 5222:. 5182:. 5172:. 5162:. 5152:12 5150:. 5146:. 5120:. 5098:. 5088:. 5076:10 5074:. 5070:. 5047:. 5035:86 5033:. 5029:. 5006:. 4996:. 4986:. 4976:11 4974:. 4970:. 4947:. 4935:45 4933:. 4929:. 4917:^ 4903:. 4891:89 4889:. 4885:. 4844:. 4821:. 4809:85 4807:. 4803:. 4780:. 4770:. 4758:. 4754:. 4739:^ 4725:. 4717:. 4707:34 4705:. 4682:. 4674:. 4664:29 4662:. 4643:. 4608:. 4585:. 4573:. 4549:. 4539:. 4527:. 4523:. 4500:. 4488:13 4486:. 4482:. 4451:. 4438:^ 4424:. 4412:19 4410:. 4406:. 4383:. 4375:. 4361:. 4357:. 4334:. 4322:23 4320:. 4316:. 4276:. 4266:. 4256:24 4254:. 4250:. 4214:. 4202:^ 4188:. 4180:. 4170:29 4168:. 4149:. 4131:. 4106:. 4076:. 4054:. 4044:. 4032:. 4028:. 4005:. 3997:. 3985:32 3983:. 3979:. 3956:. 3944:. 3920:. 3910:55 3908:. 3884:. 3876:. 3866:64 3864:. 3825:. 3803:. 3793:. 3779:. 3775:. 3752:. 3742:. 3730:. 3726:. 3703:. 3693:. 3681:. 3677:. 3613:^ 3554:^ 3493:^ 3466:^ 3452:. 3444:. 3432:. 3413:. 3391:. 3381:49 3379:. 3355:. 3347:. 3335:. 3303:. 3292:^ 3278:. 3266:. 3254:^ 3201:^ 3172:^ 3155:^ 3128:^ 3113:^ 3070:^ 3054:}} 3050:{{ 3038:. 3005:^ 2988:^ 2971:^ 2961:. 2943:. 2925:. 2907:. 2877:. 2839:. 2819:^ 2802:. 2785:^ 2767:. 2732:^ 2711:, 2551:6 2548:27 2545:15 2539:10 2534:6 2531:26 2528:15 2517:6 2514:27 2511:15 2500:6 2497:27 2494:16 2483:8 2480:26 2477:16 2466:6 2463:27 2460:16 2449:9 2446:27 2443:17 2432:8 2429:29 2426:18 2415:4 2412:40 2409:21 2398:9 2395:40 2392:25 2236:, 2106:RB 2100:. 2080:, 2076:, 2072:, 2068:, 2064:, 2060:, 2056:, 2052:, 2048:, 2044:, 2013:. 1888:, 1782:CT 1700:. 1688:, 1684:. 1672:. 1634:, 1618:, 1614:, 1594:, 1486:, 1415:, 1386:, 1382:, 1339:. 1324:, 1320:, 1316:, 1312:, 1308:, 1304:, 1296:, 1130:, 1126:, 1122:, 1118:, 1114:, 1101:, 1097:, 1086:, 1082:, 1074:, 1066:, 1062:, 1058:, 1054:, 933:, 916:: 892:: 882:: 842:: 683:4 666:3 649:3 632:2 615:1 598:0 590:M 587:N 584:T 441:. 337:. 267:. 216:, 159:, 107:, 103:, 81:, 65:, 8026:e 8019:t 8012:v 7780:e 7773:t 7766:v 7653:- 7638:- 7628:D 7608:. 7596:: 7579:. 7567:: 7550:. 7529:. 7507:: 7501:9 7486:. 7474:: 7447:. 7410:. 7388:: 7316:. 7286:. 7258:. 7232:. 7218:: 7191:. 7165:. 7143:: 7137:4 7116:. 7104:: 7080:. 7068:: 7045:. 7021:: 6994:. 6970:: 6943:) 6929:. 6907:: 6901:3 6880:. 6876:: 6870:8 6853:. 6833:: 6792:. 6770:: 6743:. 6718:) 6704:. 6682:: 6652:) 6638:. 6614:: 6587:. 6563:: 6557:7 6536:. 6530:: 6524:2 6500:. 6488:: 6465:. 6445:: 6422:. 6400:: 6373:. 6349:: 6343:5 6317:. 6284:. 6270:: 6243:. 6223:: 6193:. 6171:: 6165:5 6144:. 6126:. 6106:: 6068:. 6043:. 6021:: 5994:. 5970:: 5962:: 5935:. 5894:. 5870:: 5843:) 5829:. 5807:: 5764:. 5752:: 5729:. 5709:: 5686:. 5672:: 5645:. 5633:: 5610:. 5598:: 5574:. 5560:: 5533:. 5511:: 5484:. 5462:: 5435:. 5421:: 5394:. 5374:: 5317:. 5293:: 5266:. 5242:: 5234:: 5190:. 5166:: 5158:: 5131:. 5106:. 5082:: 5055:. 5041:: 5014:. 4990:: 4982:: 4955:. 4941:: 4911:. 4897:: 4870:. 4848:. 4829:. 4815:: 4788:. 4766:: 4733:. 4713:: 4690:. 4670:: 4629:. 4593:. 4581:: 4557:. 4535:: 4529:9 4508:. 4494:: 4467:. 4432:. 4418:: 4391:. 4369:: 4342:. 4328:: 4284:. 4262:: 4235:. 4196:. 4176:: 4153:. 4135:. 4117:. 4092:. 4062:. 4040:: 4034:2 4013:. 3991:: 3964:. 3952:: 3946:2 3928:. 3916:: 3892:. 3872:: 3836:. 3811:. 3787:: 3781:7 3760:. 3738:: 3732:8 3711:. 3689:: 3683:8 3650:. 3607:. 3585:. 3487:. 3460:. 3440:: 3417:. 3399:. 3387:: 3363:. 3343:: 3337:6 3319:. 3286:. 3274:: 3224:. 3195:. 3095:. 3064:) 3046:. 2965:. 2911:. 2893:. 2850:. 2813:. 2779:. 2719:. 2689:. 2522:9 2505:8 2488:7 2471:5 2454:5 2437:4 2420:3 2403:2 2386:1 2124:( 1649:( 1590:( 929:( 906:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index