1038:
drugs are a type of immunosuppressive drug that aids in slowing down the growth of rapidly dividing cells. Another example of an immunosuppressive drug is
Glucocorticoids which are more specific inhibitors of lymphocyte activation. Glucocorticoids work by emulating actions of natural actions of the body's adrenal glands to help suppress the immune system, which is helpful with autoimmune diseases|, Alternatively, inhibitors of immunophilins more specifically target T lymphocyte activation, the process by which T-lymphocytes stimulate and begin to respond to a specific antigen, There is also Immunosuppressive antibodies which target steps in the immune response to prevent the body from attacking its tissues, which is a problem with autoimmune diseases, There are various other drugs that modulate immune responses and can be used to induce immune regulation. It was observed in a preclinical trial that regulation of the immune system by small immunosuppressive molecules such as vitamin D, dexamethasone, and curcumin could be helpful in preventing or treating chronic inflation. Given that the molecules are administered under a low-dose regimen and subcutaneously. A study provides a promising preclinical demonstration of the effectiveness and ease of preparation of Valrubicin-loaded immunoliposomes (Val-ILs) as a novel nanoparticle technology to target immunosuppressive cells. Val-ILs have the potential to be used as a precise and effective therapy based on targeted vesicle-mediated cell death of immunosuppressive cells.
1432:. In some ways, the relationship is symbiotic because the worms themselves need the host (humans) for survival, because this body supplies them with nutrients and a home. From another perspective, it could be reasoned that it is mutualistic, being that the above information about benefits in autoimmune disorders continues to remain true and supported. Also, some say that the worms can regulate gut bacteria. Another possibility is one of this being a parasitic relationship, arguing that the possibile rosks of anemia and other disorders outweighs the benefits, yet this is significantly less supported, with the research alluding to the mutualitic and symbiotic approach being much more likely.
1361:, allergies and asthma. While there is much to be learned about this, many researchers think that the change in the immune response is thanks to the parasites shifting to a more anti-inflammatory or regulatory system, which would in turn decrease inflammation and self inflicted immune damage as seen in Crohn's and multiple sclerosis. Specifically, MS patients saw lower relapse rates and calmer symptoms in some cases when experimenting with helminthic therapy. Hypothesized mechanisms include re-polarisation of the
1349:) have been tested for immunological diseases and allergies, and have proved beneficial on multiple fronts, yet it is not entirely understood. Scientists have found that the immune response triggered by the burrowing of hookworm larvae to pass through the lungs and blood so the production of mast cells and specific antibodies are now present. They also reduce inflammation or responses ties to autoimmune diseases, but despite this, the hookworm's effects are considered to be negative typically.
306:
7436:
180:
73:
32:
165:
7448:
1323:(OIT). OIT consists in a gradual exposure to increasing amounts of allergen can lead to the majority of subjects tolerating doses of food sufficient to prevent reaction on accidental exposure. Dosages increase over time, as the person becomes desensitized. This technique has been tested on infants to prevent peanut allergies.
1297:, lessening its severity. Allergen immunotherapy can also be referred to as allergen desensitization or hypo-sensitization. Immunotherapy may produce long-term benefits. Immunotherapy is partly effective in some people and ineffective in others, but it offers people with allergies a chance to reduce or stop their symptoms.
857:. The first FDA-approved CAR-T drug, Kymriah, used this approach. To obtain the clinical and commercial supply of this CAR-T, Novartis purchased the manufacturing plant, the distribution system and hired the production team that produced Sipuleucel-T developed by Dendreon and the Immune Response Corporation.
1300:
Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy was first introduced in 1911 through the hypothesis that people with hay fever were sensitive to pollen from grass. A process was developed to create an extract by drawing out timothy pollen in distilled water and then boiling it. This was injected into patients in
310:
The diagram above represents the process of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR), this is a method of immunotherapy, which is a growing practice in the treatment of cancer. The final result should be a production of equipped T-cells that can recognize and fight the infected cancer cells in
2374:
Järvinen R, Kaasinen E, Sankila A, Rintala E (August 2009). "Long-term efficacy of maintenance bacillus
Calmette-Guérin versus maintenance mitomycin C instillation therapy in frequently recurrent TaT1 tumours without carcinoma in situ: a subgroup analysis of the prospective, randomised FinnBladder I
869:
and persisted in peripheral blood in many people, sometimes representing levels of 75% of all CD8 T cells at 6–12 months after infusion. As of 2012, clinical trials for metastatic melanoma were ongoing at multiple sites. Clinical responses to adoptive transfer of T cells were observed in patients
1037:
Immunosuppressive drugs can be used to control the immune system with organ transplantation and with autoimmune disease. Immune responses depend on lymphocyte proliferation. Lymphocyte proliferation is the multiplication of lymphocyte cells used to fight and remember foreign invaders. Cytostatic
860:
Whether T cells are genetically engineered or not, before re-infusion, lympho-depletion of the recipient is required to eliminate regulatory T cells as well as unmodified, endogenous lymphocytes that compete with the transferred cells for homeostatic cytokines. Lymphodepletion may be achieved by
1308:
and when there is evidence of an IgE-mediated reaction that correlates with allergen symptoms. These IgE-mediated reactions can be identified via a blood IgE test or skin testing. If a specific IgE antibody is negative, there is no evidence that allergen immunotherapy will be effective for that
615:
to destroy tumours. A variety of strategies are in use or are undergoing research and testing. Randomized controlled studies in different cancers resulting in significant increase in survival and disease free period have been reported and its efficacy is enhanced by 20–30% when cell-based
3846:
Doskali M, Tanaka Y, Ohira M, Ishiyama K, Tashiro H, Chayama K, et al. (March 2011). "Possibility of adoptive immunotherapy with peripheral blood-derived CD3CD56+ and CD3+CD56+ cells for inducing antihepatocellular carcinoma and antihepatitis C virus activity".
853:. The cells are expanded non-specifically and/or stimulated. The cells are then reinfused and produce an immune response against the tumour cells. The technique has been tested on refractory stage IV metastatic melanomas and advanced
5632:
Zhen Z, Tang W, Wang M, Zhou S, Wang H, Wu Z, et al. (February 2017). "Protein
Nanocage Mediated Fibroblast-Activation Protein Targeted Photoimmunotherapy To Enhance Cytotoxic T Cell Infiltration and Tumor Control".
2629:
Kang N, Zhou J, Zhang T, Wang L, Lu F, Cui Y, et al. (August 2009). "Adoptive immunotherapy of lung cancer with immobilized anti-TCRgammadelta antibody-expanded human gammadelta T-cells in peripheral blood".
598:
Cancer treatment used to be focused on killing or removing cancer cells and tumours, with chemotherapy or surgery or radiation. These treatments can be very effective and in many cases are still used. In 2018 the
426:
work together to defend the body against cancer by targeting abnormal antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Vaccine-induced immunity to COVID-19 relies mostly on an immunomodulatory T-cell response.
5345:
Hong CH, Tang MR, Hsu SH, Yang CH, Tseng CS, Ko YC, et al. (September 2019). "Enhanced early immune response of leptospiral outer membrane protein LipL32 stimulated by narrow band mid-infrared exposure".
631:. BCG immunotherapy induces both local and systemic immune responses. The mechanisms by which BCG immunotherapy mediates tumor immunity have been widely studied, but they are still not completely understood.
3890:
Terunuma H, Deng X, Dewan Z, Fujimoto S, Yamamoto N (2008). "Potential role of NK cells in the induction of immune responses: implications for NK cell-based immunotherapy for cancers and viral infections".
642:, an anti-CD20 antibody for treatment of B cell lymphoma. Since then several monoclonal antibodies have been approved for treatment of various haematological malignancies as well as for solid tumours.
802:) that are conjugated with antigen of interest. Multiple, next-generation anti-CD40 platforms are being actively developed. Future approach may target DC subsets based on their specifically expressed
752:). This initiates a cytotoxic response against tumour cells expressing the antigen (against which the adaptive response has now been primed). The first FDA-approved cell-based immunotherapy, the
1312:
However, there are risks associated with allergen immunotherapy as it is the administration of an agent the patient is known to be highly allergic to. Patients are at increased risk of fatal
1840:
952:
human cancers, an improvement in overall survival, with an increasing group of patients benefiting long-term from these treatments, although caution remains needed for specific subgroups.
5729:
5397:
Chang HY, Li MH, Huang TC, Hsu CL, Tsai SR, Lee SC, et al. (February 2015). "Quantitative proteomics reveals middle infrared radiation-interfered networks in breast cancer cells".
3058:
688:, squamous cell cancer, cutaneous lymphoma, and superficial malignant melanoma. Injection immunotherapy ("intralesional" or "intratumoural") uses mumps, candida, the HPV vaccine or
4698:
3625:
Queirolo P, Boutros A, Tanda E, Spagnolo F, Quaglino P (December 2019). "Immune-checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of metastatic melanoma: a model of cancer immunotherapy".
83:
759:
is one example of this approach. The Immune
Response Corporation (IRC) developed this immunotherapy and licensed the technology to Dendreon, which obtained FDA clearance.
887:
and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies are the two types of checkpoint inhibitors currently available to patients. The approval of anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (
3969:
Ojo-Amaize EA, Conley EJ, Peter JB (January 1994). "Decreased natural killer cell activity is associated with severity of chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome".
3077:
3115:
795:
3586:
1500:
7051:
1861:
Martino A, Casetti R, Poccia F (January 2007). "Enhancement of BCG-induced Th1 immune response through Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell activation with non-peptidic drugs".
6605:
5722:
4128:
Qian Y, Dupps WJ, Meisler DM, Jeng BH (2010). "Epithelial
Debridement for Epithelial Basement Membrane Abnormalities Associated with Endothelial Disorders".
5100:"Necator americanus infection: a possible cause of altered dendritic cell differentiation and eosinophil profile in chronically infected individuals"
1832:
5715:
862:
5151:"Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: mechanisms underlying helminth modulation of dendritic cell function"
740:, causing them to display the antigen. Upon transfusion into the person, these activated cells present the antigen to the effector lymphocytes (
7386:
7373:
5987:
5743:
763:
4004:
Kida K, Isozumi R, Ito M (December 2000). "Killing of human Herpes virus 6-infected cells by lymphocytes cultured with interleukin-2 or -12".
3138:"CD8+ T cell immunity against a tumor/self-antigen is augmented by CD4+ T helper cells and hindered by naturally occurring T regulatory cells"
6658:
4324:
4112:
3554:
975:
646:
431:
3062:
7175:
6633:
5702:
5697:
4690:
3285:"Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens"
474:
Immunomodulators are the active agents of immunotherapy. They are a diverse array of recombinant, synthetic, and natural preparations.
7378:
3187:"Removal of homeostatic cytokine sinks by lymphodepletion enhances the efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-specific CD8+ T cells"
4071:
4047:
6808:
6803:
5064:
791:
685:
611:"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation." Cancer immunotherapy attempts to stimulate the
283:
263:
59:
201:
194:
4454:
Cooles FA, Isaacs JD (August 2010). "Treating to re-establish tolerance in inflammatory arthritis - lessons from other diseases".
1083:
reduces or eliminates the need for lifelong immunosuppression and attendant side effects. It has been tested on transplantations,
967:). Antibodies against these receptors have been evaluated in clinical studies, but have not yet been approved for widespread use.
732:, are harvested from the person needing the immunotherapy. These cells are then either pulsed with an antigen or tumour lysate or
6887:
6294:
5910:
5200:"Parasites represent a major selective force for interleukin genes and shape the genetic predisposition to autoimmune conditions"
2331:
Buck HW, Guth KJ (October 2003). "Treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (primarily low grade) with imiquimod 5% cream".
1732:"SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern partially escape humoral but not T-cell responses in COVID-19 convalescent donors and vaccinees"
6481:
892:
7222:
6820:
6539:
6517:
5585:"Improved micro-distribution of antibody-photon absorber conjugates after initial near infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT)"
3440:"T cells isolated from patients with checkpoint inhibitor-resistant melanoma are functional and can mediate tumor regression"
45:
5888:
3107:
244:
144:
1076:
into transplant recipients. The transfer of regulatory immune cells has the potential to inhibit the activity of effector.
7190:
4768:
Correale J, Farez M (February 2007). "Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis".
3578:
3391:"Efficacy of adoptive cell transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes after lymphopenia induction for metastatic melanoma"
838:
811:
216:
116:
7426:
2537:"Combination of apigenin treatment with therapeutic HPV DNA vaccination generates enhanced therapeutic antitumor effects"
652:
from the blood and expanding in vitro against a tumour antigen before reinjecting the cells with appropriate stimulatory
7217:
6613:
6370:
6133:
5848:
1492:
1441:
956:
4860:
Reddy A, Fried B (January 2009). "An update on the use of helminths to treat Crohn's and other autoimmunune diseases".
91:
7259:
7130:
7066:
7034:
6982:
6279:
6261:
4165:"Valrubicin-loaded immunoliposomes for specific vesicle-mediated cell death in the treatment of hematological cancers"
1456:
544:
1054:. Loss of T-cell tolerance then unleashes B-cells and other immune effector cells on to the target tissue. The ideal
895:) antibodies for human use has already resulted in significant improvements in disease outcomes for various cancers.
223:
123:
5434:"Near infrared photoimmunotherapy using a fiber optic diffuser for treating peritoneal gastric cancer dissemination"
3085:
6815:
6228:
5968:
1526:
Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA (December 2017). "De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting".
190:
102:
87:
7319:
7309:
7004:
6940:
6663:
6628:
6007:
5948:
1064:
therapies seek to reset the immune system so that the body stops mistakenly attacking its own organs or cells in
906:, subsequent preclinical research showed their important role in the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance.
884:
849:(TCR) gene that is specialised to recognise tumour antigens. The virus integrates the receptor into the T cells'
318:
Then in a lab setting the gene that encodes for the specific antigen receptors are incorporated into the T-cells.
2053:
Pettenati C, Ingersoll MA (October 2018). "Mechanisms of BCG immunotherapy and its outlook for bladder cancer".
7137:
6999:
6874:
6728:
5843:
5833:
5249:"Cohabitation in the Intestine: Interactions among Helminth Parasites, Bacterial Microbiota, and Host Immunity"
991:
336:
230:
130:
1951:"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce broad CD4+ T cell responses that recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants and HCoV-NL63"
7324:
7242:
7108:
6638:
6436:
6312:
6143:
6081:
5915:
5883:
5534:"Spatially selective depletion of tumor-associated regulatory T cells with near-infrared photoimmunotherapy"
865:
chemotherapy, to which total body irradiation may be added for greater effect. Transferred cells multiplied
729:
20:
955:
The next generation of checkpoint inhibitors targets other receptors such as lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (
909:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are approved to treat some patients with a variety of cancer types, including
7468:
6911:
6696:
6446:
6319:
5925:
5782:
5772:
1386:
1276:
826:
803:
698:
212:
112:
5098:
Fujiwara RT, Cançado GG, Freitas PA, Santiago HC, Massara CL, Dos Santos
Carvalho O, et al. (2009).
2147:
Hoos A (April 2016). "Development of immuno-oncology drugs - from CTLA4 to PD1 to the next generations".
1046:
The body naturally does not launch an immune system attack on its own tissues. Models generally identify
7347:
7232:
6864:
6733:
6241:
6148:
6067:
4163:
Georgievski A, Bellaye PS, Tournier B, Choubley H, Pais de Barros JP, Herbst M, et al. (May 2024).
3185:
Gattinoni L, Finkelstein SE, Klebanoff CA, Antony PA, Palmer DC, Spiess PJ, et al. (October 2005).
2808:
Andersson H, Nyesiga B, Hermodsson T, Enell Smith K, Hägerbrand K, Lindstedt M, et al. (May 2024).
2290:
van Seters M, van
Beurden M, ten Kate FJ, Beckmann I, Ewing PC, Eijkemans MJ, et al. (April 2008).
6491:
3332:
Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Robbins PF, Yang JC, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, et al. (October 2002).
3136:
Antony PA, Piccirillo CA, Akpinarli A, Finkelstein SE, Speiss PJ, Surman DR, et al. (March 2005).
2722:
Di
Lorenzo G, Buonerba C, Kantoff PW (May 2011). "Immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer".
1304:
Allergen
Immunotherapy is indicated for people who are extremely allergic or who cannot avoid specific
798:) and targeting the DCs with antibodies to C-type lectin receptors or agonistic antibodies (e.g., anti-
5485:"Cancer cell-selective in vivo near infrared photoimmunotherapy targeting specific membrane molecules"
4903:
Laclotte C, Oussalah A, Rey P, Bensenane M, Pluvinage N, Chevaux JB, et al. (December 2008). "".
7473:
7314:
7207:
7153:
7081:
7071:
6763:
6618:
6431:
6408:
6098:
5642:
5355:
3345:
3334:"Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes"
2965:
1913:
1466:
1451:
1373:
response and modulation of dendritic cell function. The helminths downregulate the pro-inflammatory T
1084:
1022:
941:
930:
879:
593:
1561:
Conforti L (February 2012). "The ion channel network in T lymphocytes, a target for immunotherapy".
7401:
7391:
7357:
6962:
6413:
6400:
6382:
6236:
6047:
5681:
4813:"A proof of concept study establishing Necator americanus in Crohn's patients and reservoir donors"
1055:
1051:
1014:
979:
635:
419:
3934:
See DM, Tilles JG (1996). "alpha-Interferon treatment of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome".
3758:"Autologous immune enhancement therapy in recurrent ovarian cancer with metastases: a case report"
3389:
Pilon-Thomas S, Kuhn L, Ellwanger S, Janssen W, Royster E, Marzban S, et al. (October 2012).
689:
7125:
7120:
7029:
7009:
6643:
6486:
6451:
6305:
6271:
5821:
5379:
4885:
4793:
4672:
4556:
4338:
4289:
4240:
4029:
3916:
3872:
3756:
Manjunath SR, Ramanan G, Dedeepiya VD, Terunuma H, Deng X, Baskar S, et al. (January 2012).
2790:
2747:
2704:
2655:
2611:
2356:
2172:
2078:
1471:
1421:
1354:
1350:
1320:
1065:
1006:
807:
779:
51:
3481:"Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA-4 Therapies in Cancer: Mechanisms of Action, Efficacy, and Limitations"
2952:
Morgan RA, Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Hughes MS, Yang JC, Sherry RM, et al. (October 2006).
1358:
4631:
MacGinnitie AJ, Rachid R, Gragg H, Little SV, Lakin P, Cianferoni A, et al. (March 2017).
3234:
Dummer W, Niethammer AG, Baccala R, Lawson BR, Wagner N, Reisfeld RA, et al. (July 2002).
2675:"PROVENGE (Sipuleucel-T) in prostate cancer: the first FDA-approved therapeutic cancer vaccine"
7411:
7352:
7212:
7165:
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4471:
4436:
4387:
4330:
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4307:
Stolp J, Zaitsu M, Wood KJ (2019). "Immune
Tolerance and Rejection in Organ Transplantation".
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3908:
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2070:
2035:
1980:
1931:
1896:
Sahin U, Muik A, Derhovanessian E, Vogler I, Kranz LM, Vormehr M, et al. (October 2020).
1878:
1814:
1763:
1730:
Geers D, Shamier MC, Bogers S, den Hartog G, Gommers L, Nieuwkoop NN, et al. (May 2021).
1709:
1668:
1619:
1578:
1543:
1073:
926:
899:
681:
677:
395:
7406:
7342:
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7019:
6854:
6768:
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5826:
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5496:
5455:
5445:
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5170:
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4951:
4912:
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4832:
4824:
4777:
4740:
4732:
4654:
4644:
4603:
4587:
4538:
4525:
Durham SR, Walker SM, Varga EM, Jacobson MR, O'Brien F, Noble W, et al. (August 1999).
4463:
4426:
4418:
4377:
4369:
4312:
4271:
4224:
4184:
4176:
4137:
4100:
4013:
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2548:
2509:
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2431:
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2015:
1970:
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1609:
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1316:, local reaction at the site of injection, or life-threatening systemic allergic reactions.
1158:
1080:
1069:
1061:
1026:
934:
745:
741:
604:
423:
5707:
4811:
Croese J, O'neil J, Masson J, Cooke S, Melrose W, Pritchard D, et al. (January 2006).
3982:
3438:
Andersen R, Borch TH, Draghi A, Gokuldass A, Rana MA, Pedersen M, et al. (July 2018).
2098:"Rituximab in B-Cell Hematologic Malignancies: A Review of 20 Years of Clinical Experience"
237:
137:
7452:
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7269:
7113:
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6869:
6846:
6691:
6668:
6052:
6017:
5893:
5838:
4260:"The immune tolerance network: a new paradigm for developing tolerance-inducing therapies"
3283:
Dudley ME, Yang JC, Sherry R, Hughes MS, Royal R, Kammula U, et al. (November 2008).
1461:
1425:
1290:
1088:
1018:
1010:
922:
846:
717:
399:. Immunotherapy is under preliminary research for its potential to treat various forms of
5198:
Fumagalli M, Pozzoli U, Cagliani R, Comi GP, Riva S, Clerici M, et al. (June 2009).
3009:
Hunder NN, Wallen H, Cao J, Hendricks DW, Reilly JZ, Rodmyre R, et al. (June 2008).
982:, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, epithelial cells and other relevant immune cells are expanded
406:
Cell-based immunotherapies are effective for some cancers. Immune effector cells such as
5646:
5359:
4189:
4164:
3733:
3706:
3349:
2969:
2096:
Salles G, Barrett M, Foà R, Maurer J, O'Brien S, Valente N, et al. (October 2017).
1917:
7440:
7304:
7237:
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6841:
6833:
6711:
6706:
6653:
6377:
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6113:
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6027:
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5433:
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5224:
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5175:
5150:
5126:
5099:
5075:
5040:
5013:
4988:
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4939:
4837:
4812:
4659:
4632:
4608:
4431:
4406:
4382:
4357:
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3333:
3309:
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2003:
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1731:
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1638:
1406:
1394:
1378:
949:
918:
799:
753:
628:
501:
455:
415:
5483:
Mitsunaga M, Ogawa M, Kosaka N, Rosenblum LT, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H (November 2011).
5056:
3260:
3235:
1539:
327:
After a certain time period, the engineered T-cells are infused back into the patient.
7462:
7185:
7142:
7101:
6994:
6935:
6648:
6199:
6168:
6012:
5789:
5383:
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4955:
4745:
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4017:
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2615:
2344:
1402:
1398:
1362:
1286:
1223:
914:
612:
497:
493:
451:
447:
389:. Immunotherapies designed to elicit or amplify an immune response are classified as
386:
315:
T-cells (represented by objects labeled as 't') are removed from the patient's blood.
4889:
4575:
4560:
4342:
4293:
4244:
4215:
Rayner F, Isaacs JD (December 2018). "Therapeutic tolerance in autoimmune disease".
4033:
3920:
3876:
3638:
2954:"Cancer regression in patients after transfer of genetically engineered lymphocytes"
2659:
2360:
2176:
2082:
1781:
Rizk JG, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Mehra MR, Lavie CJ, Rizk Y, Forthal DN (September 2020).
1428:. Helminths' relationship to humans as hosts should be classified as mutualistic or
7396:
7334:
7096:
7076:
7024:
6972:
6923:
6723:
6673:
6284:
6057:
5855:
5698:
Cancer Research Institute Annual International Cancer Immunotherapy Symposia Series
4797:
4676:
2794:
2751:
898:
Although these molecules were originally discovered as molecules playing a role in
756:
737:
733:
624:
608:
558:
554:
488:
5600:
5532:
Sato K, Sato N, Xu B, Nakamura Y, Nagaya T, Choyke PL, et al. (August 2016).
4736:
2826:
2809:
2708:
2691:
2674:
1874:
810:. Another potential approach is the generation of genetically engineered DCs from
305:
5654:
5550:
5116:
4591:
4422:
4316:
3860:
3406:
2388:
2258:
1614:
1597:
342:
7289:
7091:
7014:
6989:
6738:
6718:
6623:
6583:
6421:
5878:
5794:
5777:
4543:
4526:
3683:
3153:
3011:"Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1"
1999:
1413:
1313:
987:
854:
702:
649:
620:
600:
550:
179:
7435:
5004:
4649:
4493:
4467:
4373:
4180:
4141:
3723:
1799:
1748:
1704:
1687:
1574:
7227:
7202:
7170:
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6906:
6753:
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6337:
6163:
6123:
5995:
5450:
4916:
4873:
3947:
3904:
2735:
2513:
2208:
2114:
2066:
1926:
1897:
1654:
1417:
842:
815:
665:
562:
524:
513:
435:
411:
407:
5264:
5149:
Carvalho L, Sun J, Kane C, Marshall F, Krawczyk C, Pearce EJ (January 2009).
4989:"Perspectives of People with Multiple Sclerosis About Helminth Immunotherapy"
4599:
4149:
3300:
1713:
1058:
would target the specific T-cell clones co-ordinating the autoimmune attack.
7299:
6778:
6103:
5811:
5806:
5739:
5583:
Nagaya T, Nakamura Y, Sato K, Harada T, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H (June 2016).
5432:
Nagaya T, Okuyama S, Ogata F, Maruoka Y, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H (May 2019).
4828:
4276:
4259:
3497:
3456:
3439:
3357:
2977:
2553:
1429:
903:
721:
661:
653:
639:
508:
459:
439:
355:
321:
Thus producing the CAR receptors (labeled as c) on the surface of the cells.
5662:
5618:
5569:
5518:
5469:
5418:
5375:
5331:
5282:
5233:
5184:
5135:
5084:
5022:
4973:
4924:
4881:
4846:
4789:
4754:
4668:
4617:
4552:
4505:
4475:
4440:
4391:
4334:
4285:
4236:
4198:
4025:
3912:
3868:
3832:
3791:
3742:
3691:
3656:
3564:
3516:
3465:
3424:
3375:
3318:
3269:
3236:"T cell homeostatic proliferation elicits effective antitumor autoimmunity"
3220:
3171:
3044:
2995:
2938:
2905:"Adoptive cell transfer: a clinical path to effective cancer immunotherapy"
2884:
2835:
2786:
2743:
2700:
2651:
2607:
2599:
2572:
2521:
2486:
2445:
2396:
2352:
2317:
2276:
2227:
2168:
2133:
2074:
2039:
1984:
1935:
1882:
1818:
1767:
1672:
1623:
1582:
1547:
324:
The newly modified T-cells are then further harvested and grown in the lab.
4104:
3990:
3955:
3026:
2643:
2410:
Davidson HC, Leibowitz MS, Lopez-Albaitero A, Ferris RL (September 2009).
944:
as they showed for the first time in many years of research in metastatic
7282:
7197:
6773:
6758:
6748:
6701:
6246:
6042:
6022:
5816:
5759:
5215:
4095:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2007-12-31).
3202:
2308:
2291:
1686:
Li Y, McBride DW, Tang Y, Doycheva D, Zhang JH, Tang Z (September 2023).
1446:
1412:
Co-evolution with helminths has shaped some of the genes associated with
1342:
1331:
1305:
1294:
945:
910:
830:
783:
771:
706:
462:, synthetic cytosine phosphate-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides and
443:
3823:
3806:
3647:
2866:
2160:
841:
are created by harvesting T cells and then infecting the T cells with a
364:
7086:
6957:
6210:
5767:
4938:
Zaccone P, Fehervari Z, Phillips JM, Dunne DW, Cooke A (October 2006).
2765:"Sipuleucel-T: APC 8015, APC-8015, prostate cancer vaccine--Dendreon".
2500:
Eggermont AM, Schadendorf D (June 2009). "Melanoma and immunotherapy".
2020:
1688:"Immunotherapy as a treatment for Stroke: Utilizing regulatory T cells"
1282:
725:
692:
669:
657:
574:
382:
350:
101:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
5410:
5313:
4781:
4633:"Omalizumab facilitates rapid oral desensitization for peanut allergy"
3773:
3546:
2903:
Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP, Yang JC, Morgan RA, Dudley ME (April 2008).
2292:"Treatment of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia with topical imiquimod"
1966:
1596:
Wang S, Zimmermann S, Parikh K, Mansfield AS, Adjei AA (August 2019).
790:
targeting approaches comprise administering specific cytokines (e.g.,
7294:
6859:
6512:
6108:
4458:. Pharmacotherapy: Concepts of Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatments.
3251:
1047:
960:
888:
850:
749:
463:
400:
5500:
2920:
3805:
Li Y, Zhang T, Ho C, Orange JS, Douglas SD, Ho WZ (December 2004).
1293:) treat allergic symptoms, immunotherapy can reduce sensitivity to
6523:
6035:
4311:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1899. pp. 159–180.
2241:
Simpson RJ, Bigley AB, Agha N, Hanley PJ, Bollard CM (July 2017).
1169:
1164:
1142:
964:
537:
533:
517:
4358:"Moving to tolerance: clinical application of T regulatory cells"
3670:
Moyers JT, Glitza Oliva IC (2021). "Immunotherapy for Melanoma".
2477:
2460:
6507:
5976:
5873:
2243:"Mobilizing Immune Cells With Exercise for Cancer Immunotherapy"
1334:
1176:
1130:
995:
870:
with metastatic melanoma resistant to multiple immunotherapies.
834:
cultivates autologous, extracted T cells for later transfusion.
775:
673:
529:
393:
while immunotherapies that reduce or suppress are classified as
5711:
5298:"Helminths and the microbiota: parts of the hygiene hypothesis"
4072:"Lymphocyte Proliferation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
4048:"Lymphocyte Proliferation - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
616:
immunotherapy is combined with conventional treatment methods.
16:
Activation or suppression of the immune system to treat disease
5692:
1136:
660:. Topical immunotherapy utilizes an immune enhancement cream (
619:
One of the oldest forms of cancer immunotherapy is the use of
173:
66:
25:
1353:
has been investigated as a treatment for relapsing remitting
3707:"Targeting LAG-3, TIM-3, and TIGIT for cancer immunotherapy"
3533:
Haanen JB, Robert C (2015). "Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors".
1598:"Current Diagnosis and Management of Small-Cell Lung Cancer"
5703:
The story behind immunotherapy's innovative cellular voyage
4527:"Long-term clinical efficacy of grass-pollen immunotherapy"
4356:
McMurchy AN, Bushell A, Levings MK, Wood KJ (August 2011).
3807:"Natural killer cells inhibit hepatitis C virus expression"
1319:
A promising approach to treat food allergies is the use of
786:
combinations, and injecting them back to the patients. The
656:. The cells then destroy the tumour cells that express the
3579:"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors - National Cancer Institute"
4987:
Donkers SJ, Kirkland MC, Charabati M, Osborne LC (2020).
4691:"Oral immunotherapy for peanut allergy in young children"
3078:"Cancer patient recovers after injection of immune cells"
1252:
Tolerogenic dendritic cells, liposomes and nanoparticles
986:
and then re-infused. The therapy has been tested against
2810:"Next-generation CD40 agonists for cancer immunotherapy"
1493:"Immunotherapy | Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center"
1250:
Subcutaneous, intradermal, transmucosal (oral, inhaled)
959:), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (
1898:"COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and T
1637:
Riley RS, June CH, Langer R, Mitchell MJ (March 2019).
1389:(TNF-α), while promoting the production of regulatory T
963:), and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (
98:
5693:
International Society for Biological Therapy of Cancer
5348:
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology. B, Biology
7424:
4576:"Allergen immunotherapy: an updated review of safety"
705:
and other cancers, with greatest success achieved in
627:
and later was found to be useful in the treatment of
573:
cytosine phosphate-guanosine, oligodeoxynucleotides,
5247:
Reynolds LA, Finlay BB, Maizels RM (November 2015).
4580:
Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology
4210:
4208:
1949:
Woldemeskel BA, Garliss CC, Blankson JN (May 2021).
1072:. A recent therapeutic approach is the infusion of
638:
in cancer therapy was first introduced in 1997 with
7366:
7258:
7050:
6899:
6886:
6791:
6682:
6604:
6576:
6562:
6548:
6532:
6500:
6462:
6391:
6353:
6346:
6328:
6260:
6227:
6220:
6184:
6177:
6089:
6080:
5967:
5864:
5758:
5751:
4456:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
4258:Rotrosen D, Matthews JB, Bluestone JA (July 2002).
2192:"Monoclonal Antibodies for the Treatment of Cancer"
349:
335:
298:
3108:"Updated: Novartis buys Dendreon New Jersey plant"
818:-loaded DCs for inducing better clinical outcome.
466:are involved in clinical and preclinical studies.
3705:Cai L, Li Y, Tan J, Xu L, Li Y (September 2023).
2461:"Extracorporeal photoimmunotherapy-photopheresis"
695:injections to treat warts (HPV induced tumours).
1639:"Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy"
713:Dendritic cell-based pump-priming or vaccination
5034:
5032:
4500:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
4487:
4485:
4407:"Prospects for therapeutic tolerance in humans"
3479:Seidel JA, Otsuka A, Kabashima K (2018-03-28).
2849:Sabado RL, Balan S, Bhardwaj N (January 2017).
1783:"Pharmaco-Immunomodulatory Therapy in COVID-19"
446:are licensed for medical use. Others including
5041:"Human hookworm infection in the 21st century"
4637:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
4264:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
3528:
3526:
2535:Chuang CM, Monie A, Wu A, Hung CF (May 2009).
1301:increasing doses to help alleviate symptoms.
1095:Approaches to therapeutic tolerance induction
97:Please review the contents of the article and
5723:
3672:Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
1416:expression and immunological disorders, such
8:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2502:Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
978:use a person's own peripheral blood-derived
891:) and anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (
623:, which was originally to vaccinate against
4940:"Parasitic worms and inflammatory diseases"
3061:. Cancer Research Institute. Archived from
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6896:
6350:
6224:
6181:
6086:
5755:
5730:
5716:
5708:
4492:Persaud Y, Memon RJ, Savliwala MN (2024).
1521:
1519:
1517:
476:
304:
5608:
5559:
5549:
5508:
5459:
5449:
5321:
5272:
5223:
5174:
5125:
5115:
5074:
5012:
4963:
4836:
4744:
4721:"Immune responses in hookworm infections"
4658:
4648:
4607:
4542:
4430:
4381:
4275:
4188:
3822:
3781:
3732:
3722:
3646:
3506:
3496:
3455:
3414:
3365:
3308:
3259:
3210:
3161:
3034:
2985:
2928:
2874:
2825:
2690:
2562:
2552:
2476:
2435:
2307:
2266:
2217:
2207:
2123:
2113:
2029:
2019:
1974:
1925:
1833:"Immunomodulators and Their Side Effects"
1808:
1798:
1757:
1747:
1703:
1662:
1613:
1187:Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
603:in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to
284:Learn how and when to remove this message
264:Learn how and when to remove this message
4905:Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique
2586:Pawlita M, Gissmann L (April 2009). "".
2412:"Immunotherapy for head and neck cancer"
1281:Immunotherapy can also be used to treat
1093:
778:+ cells, activating them with different
7431:
6804:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
5977:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
5039:Brooker S, Bethony J, Hotez PJ (2004).
4574:James C, Bernstein DI (February 2017).
3059:"2008 Symposium Program & Speakers"
1725:
1723:
1484:
766:are mainly based on antigen loading on
7387:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
7279:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
2333:Journal of Lower Genital Tract Disease
1200:Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation
948:, which is considered one of the most
295:
200:Please improve this article by adding
3240:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1955:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
976:Autologous immune enhancement therapy
565:), BCG vaccine, & Covid vaccines
442:and cellular membrane fractions from
432:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
7:
6634:Compartmental models in epidemiology
5204:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
4217:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
3983:10.1093/clinids/18.Supplement_1.S157
3711:Journal of Hematology & Oncology
3191:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2851:"Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy"
2814:Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy
1285:. While allergy treatments (such as
940:These therapies have revolutionized
4719:Loukas A, Prociv P (October 2001).
4695:National Institutes of Health (NIH)
4531:The New England Journal of Medicine
3893:International Reviews of Immunology
3015:The New England Journal of Medicine
2673:Cheever MA, Higano CS (June 2011).
2588:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
2296:The New England Journal of Medicine
2247:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews
360:
4405:Baker KF, Isaacs JD (March 2014).
2459:Dani T, Knobler R (January 2009).
2428:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.02.009
2004:"Immunotherapy for bladder cancer"
14:
4731:(4): 689–703, table of contents.
2724:Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology
2375:study with a 20-year follow-up".
686:vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia
668:, causing the recipient's killer
385:by activating or suppressing the
41:This article has multiple issues.
7446:
7434:
7383:Economics of Infectious Diseases
5368:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111560
5167:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03008.x
5104:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
4993:International Journal of MS Care
4956:10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00879.x
4229:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.09.008
4018:10.1046/j.1442-200x.2000.01315.x
2779:10.2165/00126839-200607030-00006
2345:10.1097/00128360-200310000-00011
2002:, Allchorne P, Green JS (2015).
1091:and other autoimmune disorders.
720:can be stimulated to activate a
178:
163:
71:
30:
5680:Langreth R (12 February 2009).
4701:from the original on 2023-07-12
4411:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
4364:. Advances in Transplantation.
3639:10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.001
3589:from the original on 2023-10-22
3118:from the original on 2023-06-07
2008:Research and Reports in Urology
1843:from the original on 2023-04-08
1503:from the original on 2019-10-19
49:or discuss these issues on the
7392:Infectious disease informatics
7223:Transmission-based precautions
5538:Science Translational Medicine
3608:"Immunotherapy By Cancer Type"
2149:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1643:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
839:Genetically engineered T cells
812:induced pluripotent stem cells
99:add the appropriate references
19:For the academic journal, see
1:
6809:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
6584:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
5945:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
5601:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.003
5589:Journal of Controlled Release
5057:10.1016/S0065-308X(04)58004-1
4737:10.1128/CMR.14.4.689-703.2001
4725:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
4097:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2827:10.1080/14712598.2024.2357714
2692:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3126
2541:Journal of Biomedical Science
1875:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.070
1540:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1
1226:to expand regulatory T cells
1068:or accepts foreign tissue in
728:. Dendritic cells, a type of
202:secondary or tertiary sources
6371:Aerosol-generating procedure
6149:Silent/Subclinical infection
5849:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
5655:10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04150
5551:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6843
5399:Journal of Proteome Research
5296:Loke P, Lim YA (June 2015).
5117:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000399
4592:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000335
4423:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000029
4317:10.1007/978-1-4939-8938-6_12
3971:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3936:Immunological Investigations
3861:10.1097/CJI.0b013e3182048c4e
3811:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
3407:10.1097/CJI.0b013e31826e8f5f
3289:Journal of Clinical Oncology
3076:Highfield R (18 June 2008).
2632:Cancer Biology & Therapy
2389:10.1016/j.eururo.2009.04.009
2259:10.1249/JES.0000000000000114
1615:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.034
1442:Biological response modifier
545:Immunomodulatory imide drugs
7035:Vaccine-preventable disease
6983:Monoclonal antibody therapy
4544:10.1056/NEJM199908123410702
3684:10.1007/978-3-030-79308-1_3
3154:10.4049/jimmunol.174.5.2591
1457:Interleukin-2 immunotherapy
1387:tumor necrosis factor-alpha
1002:Suppression immunotherapies
762:The current approaches for
396:suppression immunotherapies
391:activation immunotherapies,
84:reliable medical references
7490:
7176:Respiratory source control
5005:10.7224/1537-2073.2019-044
4650:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.010
4468:10.1016/j.berh.2010.01.007
4374:10.1016/j.smim.2011.04.001
4181:10.1038/s41419-024-06715-5
4142:10.17925/eor.2010.04.01.70
4130:European Ophthalmic Review
3724:10.1186/s13045-023-01499-1
3627:Seminars in Cancer Biology
3535:Progress in Tumor Research
2190:Pento JT (November 2017).
1800:10.1007/s40265-020-01367-z
1749:10.1126/sciimmunol.abj1750
1705:10.1016/j.hest.2023.02.003
1575:10.1016/j.clim.2011.11.009
1274:
1209:Regulatory T cell therapy
971:Immune enhancement therapy
877:
845:that contains a copy of a
591:
583:Activation immunotherapies
18:
7320:Global Health Initiatives
7310:Evolutionary epidemiology
7005:Post-exposure prophylaxis
6941:Antimicrobial stewardship
6664:Multiplicity of infection
6629:Basic reproduction number
6405:Percutaneous inoculation
5889:Host–pathogen interaction
5451:10.1007/s10120-018-0871-5
4917:10.1016/j.gcb.2008.04.030
4874:10.1007/s00436-008-1297-5
3948:10.3109/08820139609059298
3905:10.1080/08830180801911743
3612:Cancer Research Institute
3583:National Cancer Institute
2736:10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.72
2514:10.1016/j.hoc.2009.03.009
2209:10.21873/anticanres.12040
2115:10.1007/s12325-017-0612-x
2067:10.1038/s41585-018-0055-4
1927:10.1038/s41586-020-2814-7
1655:10.1038/s41573-018-0006-z
1249:
1237:
1228:
1202:
361:
303:
90:or relies too heavily on
7138:Protective sequestration
7000:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
6291:Generational difference
5844:Horizontal gene transfer
5834:Antimicrobial resistance
5265:10.4049/jimmunol.1501432
5045:Advances in Parasitology
4006:Pediatrics International
3849:Journal of Immunotherapy
3762:Case Reports in Oncology
3395:Journal of Immunotherapy
3301:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.5449
2679:Clinical Cancer Research
1260:Altered peptide ligands
1235:Microbiome manipulation
992:chronic fatigue syndrome
822:T-cell adoptive transfer
7325:Microbial phylogenetics
7243:Wastewater surveillance
6764:Geographic distribution
6639:Critical community size
6437:Surgical site infection
6285:Iatrogenic/Medical care
6204:Microbial translocation
6200:Endogenous reactivation
6195:Normal flora overgrowth
6144:Opportunistic infection
5916:Opportunistic infection
4829:10.1136/gut.2005.079129
4494:"Allergy Immunotherapy"
4309:Immunological Tolerance
4277:10.1067/mai.2002.124258
3498:10.3389/fonc.2018.00086
3358:10.1126/science.1076514
2978:10.1126/science.1129003
2554:10.1186/1423-0127-16-49
2465:Frontiers in Bioscience
2055:Nature Reviews. Urology
1602:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1074:regulatory immune cells
1033:Immunosuppressive drugs
804:C-type lectin receptors
730:antigen-presenting cell
424:cytotoxic T lymphocytes
21:Immunotherapy (journal)
7397:Microbial bioterrorism
7020:efficacy/effectiveness
6428:Surgical intervention
6320:Breakthrough infection
5942:Genetic predisposition
5926:Susceptible individual
5773:Germ theory of disease
4362:Seminars in Immunology
3977:(Suppl 1): S157–S159.
2909:Nature Reviews. Cancer
2600:10.1055/s-0029-1220219
2594:(Suppl 2): S100–S102.
1277:Allergen immunotherapy
1271:Allergen immunotherapy
1121:Monoclonal Antibodies
827:Adoptive cell transfer
699:Adoptive cell transfer
189:relies excessively on
7233:Universal precautions
6191:Endogenous overgrowth
6043:Poultry and livestock
5253:Journal of Immunology
4862:Parasitology Research
4105:10.1201/9780203833445
4076:www.sciencedirect.com
4052:www.sciencedirect.com
3485:Frontiers in Oncology
3457:10.1093/annonc/mdy139
3142:Journal of Immunology
3027:10.1056/NEJMoa0800251
2644:10.4161/cbt.8.16.8950
1212:Non-antigen specific
1070:organ transplantation
1050:at the centre of the
874:Checkpoint inhibitors
636:monoclonal antibodies
7335:Genomic reassortment
7315:Genetic epidemiology
7154:Health communication
7082:Flattening the curve
7072:Disease surveillance
6855:Systemic/Generalized
6619:Animal disease model
6099:Asymptomatic carrier
5216:10.1084/jem.20082779
3203:10.1084/jem.20050732
3114:. 20 December 2012.
3088:on 12 September 2008
2773:(3): 197–201. 2006.
2309:10.1056/NEJMoa072685
1528:The Lancet. Oncology
1467:Microtransplantation
1452:Checkpoint inhibitor
1393:2 cytokines such as
1327:Helminthic therapies
1117:Non-antigen specific
1085:rheumatoid arthritis
1017:or reduces a normal
1009:dampens an abnormal
980:natural killer cells
942:cancer immunotherapy
931:head and neck cancer
880:Checkpoint inhibitor
770:-generated DCs from
764:DC-based vaccination
724:response towards an
718:Dendritic cells (DC)
594:Cancer immunotherapy
420:natural killer cells
381:is the treatment of
7402:Pandemic prevention
7358:Viral phylodynamics
7339:Re-emerging disease
7228:Travel restrictions
6432:Postoperative wound
6401:Blood-borne disease
6383:Respiratory droplet
6295:Vertical/Congenital
6280:Nosocomial/Hospital
6237:Spillover infection
5647:2017NanoL..17..862Z
5360:2019JPPB..19811560H
5302:Parasite Immunology
4944:Parasite Immunology
4770:Annals of Neurology
3824:10.1189/jlb.0604372
3350:2002Sci...298..850D
2970:2006Sci...314..126M
2867:10.1038/cr.2016.157
2508:(3): 547–64, ix–x.
2196:Anticancer Research
2161:10.1038/nrd.2015.35
2102:Advances in Therapy
1918:2020Natur.586..594S
1902:1 T cell responses"
1563:Clinical Immunology
1474:in vitro or in vivo
1096:
1056:tolerogenic therapy
1052:autoimmune response
1015:autoimmune diseases
808:chemokine receptors
742:CD4+ helper T cells
701:has been tested on
553:and its analogues (
7348:Selection pressure
6644:Force of infection
6272:Contagious disease
6207:Endogenous seeding
6104:Chain of infection
6028:Injection drug use
5939:Vaccination status
5822:Case fatality rate
5740:infectious disease
4175:(15(5):328): 328.
3444:Annals of Oncology
2021:10.2147/RRU.S63447
1736:Science Immunology
1472:Photoimmunotherapy
1422:ulcerative colitis
1355:multiple sclerosis
1351:Helminthic therapy
1347:Necator americanus
1321:oral immunotherapy
1190:Non-myeloablative
1094:
1066:autoimmune disease
1007:Immune suppression
645:The extraction of
430:Therapies such as
379:biological therapy
7422:
7421:
7412:Tropical medicine
7353:Synthetic biology
7254:
7253:
7213:Social distancing
7166:Outbreak response
6787:
6786:
6614:Agent-based model
6600:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6139:Natural reservoir
6129:Infectious period
6119:Incubation period
6076:
6075:
6032:Natural disaster
6001:Tropical diseases
5984:Biodiversity loss
5921:Risk of infection
5911:Microbiome health
5904:Immunosuppression
5682:"Cancer Miracles"
5544:(352): 352ra110.
5495:(12): 1685–1691.
5411:10.1021/pr5011873
5314:10.1111/pim.12193
4911:(12): 1064–1074.
4782:10.1002/ana.21067
4643:(3): 873–881.e8.
4326:978-1-4939-8936-2
4114:978-0-203-83344-5
3774:10.1159/000337319
3556:978-3-318-05589-4
3547:10.1159/000437178
3344:(5594): 850–854.
3295:(32): 5233–5239.
3021:(25): 2698–2703.
2964:(5796): 126–129.
2685:(11): 3520–3526.
2638:(16): 1540–1549.
2471:(14): 4769–4777.
2302:(14): 1465–1473.
2202:(11): 5935–5939.
2108:(10): 2232–2273.
1967:10.1172/JCI149335
1912:(7830): 594–599.
1793:(13): 1267–1292.
1692:Brain Hemorrhages
1534:(12): e731–e741.
1268:
1267:
1215:Antigen-specific
1029:organs or cells.
900:T cell activation
682:basal cell cancer
678:actinic keratoses
664:) which produces
580:
579:
372:
371:
351:OPS-301 code
294:
293:
286:
274:
273:
266:
248:
172:
171:
148:
64:
7481:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7439:
7438:
7430:
7407:Tropical disease
7343:Reverse zoonosis
7330:One Health Model
7159:Health education
7148:Community health
7067:Cordon sanitaire
7040:Ring vaccination
7010:Repurposed drugs
6897:
6816:Gastrointestinal
6659:Machine learning
6463:Gastrointestinal
6414:Intravenous line
6351:
6265:/Cross-infection
6252:Reverse zoonosis
6225:
6182:
6087:
6068:War and conflict
5936:Nutrition status
5899:Immunodeficiency
5756:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5709:
5689:
5667:
5666:
5629:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5563:
5553:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5512:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5405:(2): 1250–1262.
5394:
5388:
5387:
5342:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5276:
5259:(9): 4059–4066.
5244:
5238:
5237:
5227:
5210:(6): 1395–1408.
5195:
5189:
5188:
5178:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5119:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5078:
5036:
5027:
5026:
5016:
4984:
4978:
4977:
4967:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4857:
4851:
4850:
4840:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4748:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4662:
4652:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4611:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4546:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4434:
4402:
4396:
4395:
4385:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4279:
4255:
4249:
4248:
4212:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4125:
4119:
4118:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4068:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3942:(1–2): 153–164.
3931:
3925:
3924:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3826:
3817:(6): 1171–1179.
3802:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3736:
3726:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3650:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3500:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3450:(7): 1575–1581.
3435:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3369:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3252:10.1172/JCI15175
3231:
3225:
3224:
3214:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3148:(5): 2591–2601.
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3084:. Archived from
3073:
3067:
3066:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2900:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2767:Drugs in R&D
2762:
2756:
2755:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2694:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2556:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2480:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2377:European Urology
2371:
2365:
2364:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2270:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2211:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2117:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2033:
2023:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1929:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1869:(6): 1023–1029.
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1742:(59): eabj1750.
1727:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1617:
1608:(8): 1599–1622.
1593:
1587:
1586:
1558:
1552:
1551:
1523:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1489:
1383:interferon-gamma
1247:Peptide therapy
1243:Antigen specific
1097:
1081:immune tolerance
1062:Immune tolerance
1042:Immune tolerance
935:Hodgkin lymphoma
605:James P. Allison
477:
470:Immunomodulators
365:edit on Wikidata
345:
308:
296:
289:
282:
269:
262:
258:
255:
249:
247:
206:
182:
174:
167:
166:
158:
155:
149:
147:
106:
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
7489:
7488:
7484:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7479:
7478:
7459:
7458:
7457:
7447:
7445:
7433:
7425:
7423:
7418:
7362:
7275:Antigenic shift
7270:Antigenic drift
7261:
7250:
7114:Barrier nursing
7062:Contact tracing
7053:
7046:
6891:
6889:
6882:
6793:
6783:
6684:
6678:
6669:Serial interval
6588:
6572:
6563:Cervico-vaginal
6558:
6549:Trans-placental
6544:
6528:
6496:
6458:
6394:Vascular system
6393:
6387:
6342:
6330:
6324:
6264:
6256:
6216:
6173:
6091:
6072:
5963:
5894:Immune response
5860:
5839:Drug resistance
5783:Infectious dose
5747:
5736:
5679:
5676:
5671:
5670:
5631:
5630:
5626:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5501:10.1038/nm.2554
5489:Nature Medicine
5482:
5481:
5477:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5396:
5395:
5391:
5344:
5343:
5339:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5246:
5245:
5241:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5067:
5038:
5037:
5030:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4950:(10): 515–523.
4937:
4936:
4932:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4704:
4702:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4508:
4491:
4490:
4483:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4327:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4162:
4161:
4157:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4115:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4080:
4078:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4054:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3557:
3532:
3531:
3524:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2921:10.1038/nrc2355
2902:
2901:
2892:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2061:(10): 615–625.
2052:
2051:
2047:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1462:Immunostimulant
1438:
1392:
1376:
1370:
1366:
1329:
1291:corticosteroids
1279:
1273:
1150:Non-depleting:
1089:type 1 diabetes
1044:
1035:
1019:immune response
1011:immune response
1004:
973:
923:cervical cancer
885:Anti-PD-1/PD-L1
882:
876:
847:T cell receptor
837:Alternatively,
824:
715:
596:
590:
585:
483:Example agents
472:
416:dendritic cells
368:
341:
331:
330:
290:
279:
278:
277:
270:
259:
253:
250:
213:"Immunotherapy"
207:
205:
199:
195:primary sources
183:
168:
164:
159:
153:
150:
113:"Immunotherapy"
107:
96:
92:primary sources
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7487:
7485:
7477:
7476:
7471:
7461:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7443:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7414:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7381:
7376:
7370:
7368:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7305:Emergent virus
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7286:
7285:
7277:
7272:
7266:
7264:
7256:
7255:
7252:
7251:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7240:
7238:Vector control
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7181:N95 respirator
7173:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7140:
7135:
7134:
7133:
7123:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7054:pharmaceutical
7048:
7047:
7045:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6944:
6943:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6921:
6916:
6915:
6914:
6903:
6901:
6900:Pharmaceutical
6894:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6851:Cardiovascular
6849:
6844:
6839:
6836:
6831:
6830:Nervous system
6828:
6825:
6824:
6823:
6813:
6812:
6811:
6806:
6797:
6795:
6789:
6788:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6699:
6694:
6688:
6686:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6654:Infection rate
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6608:
6602:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6564:
6560:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6497:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6478:
6477:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6426:
6425:
6424:
6419:
6416:
6411:
6409:Injection site
6403:
6397:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6378:Dental aerosol
6375:
6374:
6373:
6363:
6357:
6355:
6348:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6300:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6262:Human-to-human
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6231:
6222:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6159:Super-spreader
6156:
6154:Superinfection
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6063:Vector control
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5992:Climate zones
5990:
5988:Climate change
5985:
5982:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5959:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5870:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5831:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5804:
5802:Quorum sensing
5799:
5798:
5797:
5787:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5770:
5764:
5762:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5675:
5674:External links
5672:
5669:
5668:
5641:(2): 862–869.
5624:
5575:
5524:
5475:
5444:(3): 463–472.
5438:Gastric Cancer
5424:
5389:
5337:
5288:
5239:
5190:
5141:
5090:
5065:
5028:
4979:
4930:
4895:
4868:(2): 217–221.
4852:
4823:(1): 136–137.
4803:
4760:
4711:
4697:. 2022-02-07.
4682:
4623:
4566:
4537:(7): 468–475.
4517:
4481:
4462:(4): 497–511.
4446:
4417:(2): 219–227.
4397:
4368:(4): 304–313.
4348:
4325:
4299:
4250:
4223:(3): 558–562.
4204:
4169:Cell Death Dis
4155:
4120:
4113:
4087:
4063:
4039:
4012:(6): 631–636.
3996:
3961:
3926:
3882:
3855:(2): 129–138.
3838:
3797:
3768:(1): 114–118.
3748:
3697:
3662:
3617:
3599:
3585:. 2019-09-24.
3570:
3555:
3522:
3471:
3430:
3401:(8): 615–620.
3381:
3324:
3275:
3246:(2): 185–192.
3226:
3197:(7): 907–912.
3177:
3128:
3099:
3068:
3065:on 2008-10-15.
3050:
3001:
2944:
2915:(4): 299–308.
2890:
2841:
2820:(5): 351–363.
2800:
2757:
2730:(9): 551–561.
2714:
2665:
2621:
2578:
2527:
2492:
2451:
2422:(9): 747–751.
2402:
2383:(2): 260–265.
2366:
2339:(4): 290–293.
2323:
2282:
2253:(3): 163–172.
2233:
2182:
2155:(4): 235–247.
2139:
2088:
2045:
1990:
1941:
1899:
1888:
1853:
1837:www.cancer.org
1824:
1773:
1719:
1698:(3): 147–153.
1678:
1649:(3): 175–196.
1629:
1588:
1569:(2): 105–106.
1553:
1513:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1426:celiac disease
1390:
1379:interleukin-12
1374:
1368:
1364:
1339:Trichuris suis
1328:
1325:
1287:antihistamines
1275:Main article:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:Myeloablative
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1003:
1000:
972:
969:
929:, lung cancer
919:bladder cancer
878:Main article:
875:
872:
823:
820:
754:cancer vaccine
714:
711:
629:bladder cancer
592:Main article:
589:
586:
584:
581:
578:
577:
571:
567:
566:
548:
541:
540:
527:
521:
520:
511:
505:
504:
491:
485:
484:
481:
471:
468:
370:
369:
362:
359:
358:
353:
347:
346:
339:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
309:
301:
300:
292:
291:
272:
271:
186:
184:
177:
170:
169:
162:
160:
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7486:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7469:Immunotherapy
7467:
7466:
7464:
7454:
7444:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7428:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7257:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7218:Sterilization
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7186:Surgical mask
7184:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7143:Public health
7141:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7129:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7049:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7017:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6995:Phage therapy
6993:
6991:
6988:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6978:Immunotherapy
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6942:
6939:
6938:
6937:
6936:Antimicrobial
6934:
6930:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6885:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6829:
6827:Genitourinary
6826:
6822:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6814:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6790:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:in population
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6649:Herd immunity
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6585:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6575:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6547:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6533:Genitourinary
6531:
6525:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6476:
6475:Contamination
6473:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6443:Vector-borne
6442:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6229:Cross-species
6226:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6170:
6169:Window period
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6134:Latent period
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6013:Deforestation
6011:
6009:
6006:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5958:Stress levels
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5791:
5790:Pathogenicity
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5750:
5745:
5741:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5721:
5719:
5714:
5713:
5710:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5673:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5628:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5528:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5428:
5425:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5393:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5341:
5338:
5333:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5308:(6): 314–23.
5307:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5243:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5142:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5094:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5068:
5066:9780120317585
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5024:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4934:
4931:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4907:(in French).
4906:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:(2): 97–108.
4775:
4771:
4764:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4518:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4401:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4121:
4116:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4088:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3899:(3): 93–110.
3898:
3894:
3886:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
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3117:
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3112:Fierce Pharma
3109:
3103:
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3087:
3083:
3082:The Telegraph
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2590:(in German).
2589:
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2416:Oral Oncology
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2017:
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1994:
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1377:1 cytokines,
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985:
981:
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962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:breast cancer
912:
907:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
881:
873:
871:
868:
864:
863:myeloablative
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
835:
833:
832:
828:
821:
819:
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813:
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789:
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777:
773:
769:
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663:
659:
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648:
643:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
617:
614:
613:immune system
610:
606:
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582:
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569:
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549:
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531:
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441:
437:
433:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
397:
392:
388:
387:immune system
384:
380:
376:
375:Immunotherapy
366:
357:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
338:
334:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
313:
307:
302:
299:Immunotherapy
297:
288:
285:
276:
268:
265:
257:
246:
243:
239:
236:
232:
229:
225:
222:
218:
215: –
214:
210:
209:Find sources:
203:
197:
196:
192:
187:This article
185:
181:
176:
175:
161:
157:
146:
143:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115: –
114:
110:
109:Find sources:
104:
100:
94:
93:
89:
85:
80:This article
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
7126:Notification
7097:Hand washing
7092:Food hygiene
7077:Disinfection
6977:
6973:Immunization
6924:Anthelmintic
6912:prophylactic
6800:Respiratory
6724:Hyperendemic
6674:WAIFW matrix
6329:Environment-
6082:Transmission
6058:Urbanization
5856:Host tropism
5752:Determinants
5738:Concepts in
5685:
5638:
5635:Nano Letters
5634:
5627:
5592:
5588:
5578:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5492:
5488:
5478:
5441:
5437:
5427:
5402:
5398:
5392:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5305:
5301:
5291:
5256:
5252:
5242:
5207:
5203:
5193:
5161:(1): 28–34.
5158:
5154:
5144:
5107:
5103:
5093:
5048:
5044:
4999:(1): 43–51.
4996:
4992:
4982:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4703:. Retrieved
4694:
4685:
4640:
4636:
4626:
4586:(1): 55–59.
4583:
4579:
4569:
4534:
4530:
4520:
4509:. Retrieved
4497:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4414:
4410:
4400:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4308:
4302:
4270:(1): 17–23.
4267:
4263:
4253:
4220:
4216:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4096:
4090:
4079:. Retrieved
4075:
4066:
4055:. Retrieved
4051:
4042:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3852:
3848:
3841:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3648:2318/1717353
3630:
3626:
3620:
3611:
3602:
3591:. Retrieved
3582:
3573:
3538:
3534:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3120:. Retrieved
3111:
3102:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3081:
3071:
3063:the original
3053:
3018:
3014:
3004:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2912:
2908:
2861:(1): 74–95.
2858:
2854:
2844:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2478:10.2741/3566
2468:
2464:
2454:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2011:
2007:
1993:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1909:
1905:
1891:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1845:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1739:
1735:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1531:
1527:
1505:. Retrieved
1496:
1487:
1411:
1385:(IFN-γ) and
1346:
1338:
1330:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1280:
1251:
1242:
1149:
1124:
1116:
1107:
1102:
1078:
1060:
1048:CD4+ T-cells
1045:
1036:
1027:transplanted
1005:
983:
974:
954:
939:
927:colon cancer
908:
897:
883:
866:
859:
836:
829:
825:
787:
767:
761:
757:Sipuleucel-T
746:CD8+ T cells
744:, cytotoxic
738:viral vector
716:
697:
690:trichophytin
644:
633:
625:tuberculosis
618:
609:Tasuku Honjo
597:
559:pomalidomide
555:lenalidomide
489:Interleukins
473:
429:
405:
394:
390:
378:
374:
373:
280:
275:
260:
251:
241:
234:
227:
220:
208:
188:
151:
141:
134:
127:
120:
108:
88:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
7474:Virotherapy
7379:Eradication
7290:Biosecurity
7015:Vaccination
6990:Inoculation
6968:Drug safety
6963:Combination
6890:and Control
6838:Soft tissue
6792:Anatomical
6759:Seasonality
6739:Mesoendemic
6719:Holoendemic
6712:Farr's laws
6624:Attack rate
6422:Animal bite
6418:Insect bite
6354:Respiratory
5981:Air quality
5969:Environment
5879:Comorbidity
5795:Attack rate
5778:Infectivity
5110:(3): e399.
5051:: 197–288.
3633:: 290–297.
3092:22 December
1414:interleukin
1314:anaphylaxis
1125:Depleting:
1021:to prevent
998:infection.
988:hepatitis C
950:immunogenic
855:skin cancer
814:and use of
734:transfected
672:to destroy
650:lymphocytes
634:The use of
621:BCG vaccine
601:Nobel Prize
551:thalidomide
514:Interferons
436:interferons
412:macrophages
408:lymphocytes
82:needs more
7463:Categories
7262:infections
7203:Sanitation
7171:Quarantine
7030:resistance
6948:Antiseptic
6929:Ascaricide
6919:Antifungal
6907:Antibiotic
6888:Prevention
6821:Intestinal
6754:Prevalence
6734:Inequality
6683:Occurrence
6482:Breastmilk
6366:Bioaerosol
6338:Sapronosis
6313:Horizontal
6185:Endogenous
6164:Viral load
6124:Index case
5354:: 111560.
5155:Immunology
4705:2022-06-06
4511:2024-05-10
4498:StatPearls
4081:2024-05-10
4057:2024-05-10
3717:(1): 101.
3678:: 81–111.
3593:2020-08-24
3122:2021-12-09
1847:2021-06-06
1507:2017-07-27
1479:References
843:retrovirus
816:neoantigen
666:interferon
563:apremilast
525:Chemokines
460:chemokines
458:, various
311:the body.
254:April 2018
224:newspapers
191:references
154:April 2018
124:newspapers
46:improve it
7374:Discovery
7300:Disease X
7260:Emerging
7208:Screening
7109:Isolation
6953:Antiviral
6779:Twindemic
6729:Incidence
6606:Modelling
6569:Perinatal
6501:Cutaneous
6392:Linked to
6302:Perinatal
6221:Exogenous
6213:formation
5955:Pregnancy
5812:Endotoxin
5807:Virulence
5384:198191485
4600:1528-4050
4150:1756-1795
4136:(1): 70.
3541:: 55–66.
2616:206295083
2547:(1): 49.
2014:: 65–79.
1714:2589-238X
1497:mskcc.org
1430:symbiotic
1381:(IL-12),
1309:patient.
1306:allergens
1295:allergens
1283:allergies
1222:Low dose
1079:Creating
1023:rejection
904:apoptosis
782:ligands,
772:monocytes
722:cytotoxic
662:imiquimod
654:cytokines
640:rituximab
509:Cytokines
440:imiquimod
434:(G-CSF),
52:talk page
7453:Medicine
7283:EARS-Net
7198:Safe sex
7150:services
7121:Lockdown
6892:measures
6794:location
6774:Syndemic
6769:Sporadic
6749:Pandemic
6744:Outbreak
6702:Epidemic
6555:Prenatal
6447:Mosquito
6331:to-human
6306:Neonatal
6299:Prenatal
6247:Zoonosis
6092:concepts
6023:Humidity
6008:Commerce
5884:Diabetes
5817:Exotoxin
5663:28027646
5619:27059723
5570:27535621
5519:22057348
5470:30171392
5419:25556991
5376:31336216
5332:25869420
5283:26477048
5234:19468064
5185:19120496
5136:19308259
5085:15603764
5023:32123528
4974:16965287
4925:18619749
4890:19279688
4882:19050918
4847:16344586
4790:17230481
4755:11585781
4699:Archived
4669:27609658
4618:27906697
4561:14629112
4553:10441602
4506:30570988
4476:20732648
4441:24378931
4392:21620722
4343:58542057
4335:30649772
4294:30884739
4286:12110811
4245:53034800
4237:30348449
4199:38734740
4190:11088660
4034:11297558
4026:11192519
3921:27557213
3913:18437601
3877:26385818
3869:21304407
3833:15339939
3792:22666198
3743:37670328
3734:10478462
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