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which will necessarily mean scanning some foreground-contaminated portions of the sky. It was installed (with initial configuration) at the pole in
January 2015. It was upgraded for the 2015-2016 Austral summer season to a full 2560 detector configuration. BICEP3 is also a prototype for the BICEP Array.
442:
in 2005 for a three-season observing run. Immediately after deployment of BICEP1, the team, which now included
Caltech postdoctoral fellows John Kovac and Chao-Lin Kuo, among others, began work on BICEP2. The telescope remained the same, but new detectors were inserted into BICEP2 using a completely
1020:
BICEP3 consists of a single telescope with the same 2560 detectors (observing at 95 GHz) as the five-telescope Keck array, but a 68 cm aperture, providing roughly twice the optical throughput of the entire Keck array. One consequence of the large focal plane is a larger 28° field of view,
1065:
The Keck array is being succeeded by the BICEP array, which consists of four BICEP3-like telescopes on a common mount, operating at 30/40, 95, 150 and 220/270 GHz. Installation began between the 2017 and 2018 observing seasons. It is scheduled to be fully installed by the 2020 observing season.
2340:
Ahmed, Z.; Amiri, M.; Benton, S.J.; Bock, J.J.; Bowens-Rubin, R.; Buder, I.; Bullock, E.; Connors, J.; Filippini, J.P.; Grayson, J.A.; Halpern, M.; et al. (2014). "BICEP3: A 95GHz refracting telescope for degree-scale CMB polarization". In
Holland, Wayne S.; Zmuidzinas, Jonas (eds.).
1069:
According to the project website: "BICEP Array will measure the polarized sky in five frequency bands to reach an ultimate sensitivity to the amplitude of IGW of Ď(r) < 0.005" and "This measurement will be a definitive test of slow-roll models of inflation, which generally predict a
632:
team in
September 2014, eventually accepted in 2016, provided the most accurate measurement yet of dust, concluding that the signal from dust is the same strength as that reported from BICEP2. On January 30, 2015, a joint analysis of BICEP2 and
467:
of the CMB. A pair of detectors constitutes one polarization-sensitive pixel. The instrument, a prototype for future instruments, was first described in
Keating et al. 2003 and started observing in January 2006 and ran until the end of 2008.
392:
915:
In
October 2018, the first results from the Keck Array (combined with BICEP2 data) were announced, using observations up to and including the 2015 season. These yielded an upper limit on cosmological B-modes of
2146:
Keck Array, BICEP2 Collaborations (11 October 2018). "BICEP2 / Keck Array x: Constraints on
Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and New BICEP2/Keck Observations through the 2015 Season".
896:
of 2010â11; another two started observing in 2012. All of the receivers observed at 150 GHz until 2013, when two of them were converted to observe at 100 GHz. Each polarimeter consists of a
455:
The first BICEP instrument (known during development as the "Robinson gravitational wave background telescope") observed the sky at 100 and 150 GHz (3 mm and 2 mm wavelength) with an
1013:
Once the Keck array was completed in 2012, it was no longer cost-effective to continue to operate BICEP2. However, using the same technique as the Keck array to eliminate the large liquid helium
443:
different technology: a printed circuit board on the focal plane that could filter, process, image, and measure radiation from the cosmic microwave background. BICEP2 was deployed to the
2751:
2592:
515:(TES) bolometer array of 512 sensors (256 pixels) operating at 150 GHz, this 26 cm aperture telescope replaced the BICEP1 instrument, and observed from 2010 to 2012.
2214:
BICEP/Keck
Collaboration; Ade, P. A. R.; Ahmed, Z.; Amiri, M.; Barkats, D.; Thakur, R. Basu; Bischoff, C. A.; Beck, D.; Bock, J. J.; Boenish, H.; Bullock, E. (2021-10-04).
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2612:
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999:
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940:
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2105:
2078:
1434:
1410:
1386:
1362:
1338:
2683:
2200:
2055:
1876:
Planck
Collaboration (2016). "Planck intermediate results. XXX. The angular power spectrum of polarized dust emission at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes".
1645:
275:
850:
Immediately next to the BICEP telescope at the Martin A. Pomerantz
Observatory building at the South Pole was an unused telescope mount previously occupied by the
2761:
408:
2797:
313:. The Keck Array started observations in 2012 and BICEP3 has been fully operational since May 2016, with the BICEP Array beginning installation in 2017/18.
1202:
558:
539:
384:
601:
findings was reported; the accepted and reviewed version of the discovery paper contains an appendix discussing the possible production of the signal by
208:
2585:
609:
data, this is considered the most likely explanation for the detected signal by many scientists. For example, on June 5, 2014 at a conference of the
2852:
2832:
1100:
142:
1582:
Peter A. R. Ade; R W Aikin; Denis Barkats; et al. (19 June 2014). "Detection of B-mode polarization at degree angular scales by BICEP2".
361:
64:
2837:
2673:
344:
The purpose of the BICEP experiment is to measure the polarization of the cosmic microwave background. Specifically, it aims to measure the
2720:
2578:
1002:
2216:"Improved Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves using Planck, WMAP, and BICEP/Keck Observations through the 2018 Observing Season"
2862:
905:
851:
1743:
617:
argued that the B-mode polarization detected by BICEP2 could instead be the result of light emitted from dust between the stars in our
447:
in 2009 to begin its three-season observing run which yielded the detection of B-mode polarization in the cosmic microwave background.
547:
427:
1935:
2822:
867:
439:
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2877:
420:
1712:
37:
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2887:
412:
1307:
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610:
531:
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92:
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2601:
1458:
1454:
1145:
1090:
863:
271:
1878:
1798:
2698:
1234:
2967:
2643:
2560:
388:
353:
279:
870:, the James and Nelly Kilroy Foundation and the Barzan Foundation. The Keck Array project was originally led by
2847:
648:
BICEP2 has combined their data with the Keck Array and Planck in a joint analysis. A March 2015 publication in
1994:
1584:
1014:
886:
882:
650:
551:
396:
2648:
1992:
BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck Collaborations (2015). "Joint Analysis of BICEP2/Keck Array and Planck Data".
463:. It had an array of 98 detectors (50 at 100 GHz and 48 at 150 GHz), which were sensitive to the
2756:
1308:"W.M. Keck Foundation Gift to Enable Caltech and JPL Scientists to Research the Universe's Violent Origin"
909:
858:
was built to take advantage of this larger telescope mount. This project was funded by $ 2.3 million from
512:
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2194:
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333:
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2013:
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606:
605:. In part because the large value of the tensor to scalar ratio, which contradicts limits from the
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2003:
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969:
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349:
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1001:(at 95% confidence level) based on BICEP/Keck 2018 observation season combined with Planck and
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240:
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2174:
2029:
1619:
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after foreground subtraction). However, on 19 June 2014, lowered confidence in confirming the
438:, and William Holzapfel began the construction of the BICEP1 telescope which deployed to the
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2343:
Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy VII
1430:
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146:
1534:
Millimeter, Submillimeter, and Far-Infrared Detectors and Instrumentation for Astronomy V
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2017:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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of the CMB. The experiments have had five generations of instrumentation, consisting of
195:
121:
2327:
1931:
1739:
1230:
1198:
893:
527:
460:
1479:
912:
cooled to 250 mK, giving a total of 2560 detectors, or 1280 dual-polarization pixels.
511:
The second-generation instrument was BICEP2. Featuring a greatly improved focal-plane
2961:
2475:
2314:
2265:
2041:
1978:
1837:
1690:
1659:
Ade, P. A. R.; et al. (2014). "BICEP2. II. Experiment and Three-year Data Set".
1514:
665:
614:
535:
435:
2492:
2186:
1698:
1561:
1017:, a much larger telescope has been installed on the original BICEP telescope mount.
2380:
2249:
2170:
2025:
1959:
Cowen, Ron (30 January 2015). "Gravitational waves discovery now officially dead".
1917:
1717:
1607:
871:
431:
404:
53:
1909:
1829:
1796:
Planck Collaboration (2014). "Planck 2013 results. XVI. Cosmological parameters".
481:
1315:
878:
642:
602:
2467:
2430:
2415:
1272:
2867:
2857:
2566:
Keck winter-over (2010-current) Robert Schwarz (12 winters at the South Pole).
1970:
444:
357:
129:
2561:
BICEP2 winter-over (2009â2012) Steffen Richter (9 winters at the South Pole).
1615:
1529:
107:
94:
2892:
2074:
1105:
1080:
618:
178:
2536:
2511:
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2178:
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1623:
1631:
236:
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2715:
2703:
2400:
2101:
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1110:
625:
430:
in 2002. In collaboration with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, physicists
364:. All three instruments have mapped the same part of the sky, around the
337:
249:
2372:
1713:"Gravitational waves: Have US scientists heard echoes of the big bang?"
1311:
1276:
534:), a result reported by the four co-principal investigators of BICEP2:
372:
283:
2565:
1553:
1506:
17:
2741:
1203:"Detection of Waves in Space Buttresses Landmark Theory of Big Bang"
2450:
2232:
2161:
2008:
27:
Series of cosmic microwave background experiments at the South Pole
2907:
2812:
2355:
1892:
1812:
1673:
1598:
320:
134:
95, 150, 220 GHz (3.2, 2.0, 1.4 mm)
2897:
2766:
1174:
2574:
1856:
1028:
2431:"Design and Performance of the First BICEP Array Receiver"
1771:"Cosmic inflation: Confidence lowered for Big Bang signal"
1273:"BICEP: Robinson Gravitational Wave Background Telescope"
371:
The institutions involved in the various instruments are
641:
announced that the signal can be entirely attributed to
561:. The reported detection was of B-modes at the level of
51:
Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization
2429:
Schillaci, Alessandro; et al. (17 February 2020).
1141:
264:
Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization
2281:"Squeezing down the Theory Space for Cosmic Inflation"
881:, each very similar to the BICEP2 design, but using a
518:
Reports stated in March 2014 that BICEP2 had detected
2396:"BICEP: From the South Pole to the beginning of time"
2330:
Zeeshan Ahmed KIPAC, Stanford University 08 June 2015
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1070:
gravitational-wave signal above approximately 0.01."
981:
948:
922:
1113:, space-based CMB B-mode polarization search project
2785:
2729:
2691:
2682:
2626:
2512:"Hunting Season for Primordial Gravitational Waves"
975:In October 2021, new results were announced giving
559:
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
557:An announcement was made on 17 March 2014 from the
540:
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
385:
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
173:
160:
138:
128:
86:
78:
60:
47:
1532:. In Holland, Wayne S.; Zmuidzinas, Jonas (eds.).
993:
960:
934:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
2493:"BICEP Array - Caltech Observational Cosmology"
2328:Updates from the BICEP/Keck Array Collaboration
1744:"Astronomers Hedge on Big Bang Detection Claim"
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1164:
1162:
1119:, balloon-based CMB B-mode polarization project
1936:"Study Confirms Criticism of Big Bang Finding"
1480:"BICEP: a large angular scale CMB polarimeter"
1225:
1223:
1193:
1191:
409:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2586:
2487:
2485:
1171:"NASA Technology Views Birth of the Universe"
1135:
1133:
677:The main properties of the BICEP instruments
654:set a limit on the tensor-to-scalar ratio of
504:Keck Array at Martin A. Pomerantz Observatory
8:
2128:. kateinantarctica.wordpress.com. 2014-12-14
892:The first three started observations in the
215:
42:The BICEP2 detector array under a microscope
30:
2602:Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB)
2199:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2106:HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics
2079:HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics
2054:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1644:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1435:HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics
1411:HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics
1387:HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics
1363:HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics
1339:HarvardâSmithsonian Center for Astrophysics
2688:
2593:
2579:
2571:
2416:"BICEP3 - Caltech Observational Cosmology"
194:
165:
151:
120:
69:
52:
36:
29:
2983:Astronomical experiments in the Antarctic
2535:
2449:
2354:
2304:
2231:
2160:
2096:
2094:
2007:
1891:
1853:"What's behind the Big Bang controversy?"
1811:
1672:
1597:
980:
947:
942:(95% confidence level), which reduces to
921:
282:of the CMB; in particular, measuring the
1530:"The BICEP2 CMB polarization experiment"
675:
2978:Cosmic microwave background experiments
2069:
2067:
2065:
1407:"Collaboration â Keck Array South Pole"
1129:
664:The BICEP2 affair forms the subject of
426:The series of experiments began at the
2192:
2047:
1637:
1101:Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor
900:(to minimise systematics) cooled by a
143:cosmic microwave background experiment
419:(BICEP2, Keck Array and BICEP3); and
7:
1493:. Vol. 4843. pp. 284â295.
1478:Keating, Brian; et al. (2003).
1335:"Instrument â Keck Array South Pole"
2349:. Vol. 9153. pp. 91531N.
1528:Ogburn, R. W.; et al. (2010).
1383:"Collaboration â BICEP2 South Pole"
852:Degree Angular Scale Interferometer
2438:Journal of Low Temperature Physics
1540:. Vol. 7741. p. 77411G.
885:rather than a large liquid helium
548:California Institute of Technology
428:California Institute of Technology
25:
868:Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
440:Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station
362:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
65:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
2510:Rini, Mateo (October 30, 2020).
1033:
877:The Keck Array consists of five
497:
480:
356:of the CMB. BICEP operates from
235:
224:Location of BICEP and Keck Array
214:
207:
2279:Meerburg, Daniel (2021-10-04).
766:
421:Case Western Reserve University
159:
2250:10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.151301
2171:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.221301
2026:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.101301
1608:10.1103/PHYSREVLETT.112.241101
1485:. In Fineschi, Silvano (ed.).
862:, as well as funding from the
532:primordial gravitational waves
413:University of British Columbia
1:
1455:"NSF Award Abstract #0230438"
1142:"BICEP2 2014 Results Release"
611:American Astronomical Society
2808:Arcminute Microkelvin Imager
2394:Briggs, D. (10 March 2015).
1879:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1799:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1169:Clavin, W. (17 March 2014).
2883:Mobile Anisotropy Telescope
2843:Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope
2803:Atacama Cosmology Telescope
1910:10.1051/0004-6361/201425034
1830:10.1051/0004-6361/201321591
1459:National Science Foundation
1235:"Ripples From the Big Bang"
1146:National Science Foundation
1091:Atacama Cosmology Telescope
864:National Science Foundation
825:
742:
705:
637:data was published and the
272:cosmic microwave background
164:0.25 m (9.8 in)
3004:
2613:Discovery of CMB radiation
2468:10.1007/s10909-020-02394-6
1691:10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/62
994:{\displaystyle r<0.036}
278:. They aim to measure the
2665:
2618:Timeline of CMB astronomy
2608:
1971:10.1038/nature.2015.16830
1769:Amos, J. (19 June 2014).
1661:The Astrophysical Journal
1042:This section needs to be
961:{\displaystyle r<0.06}
935:{\displaystyle r<0.07}
809:
803:
800:
785:
779:
776:
765:
712:
709:
704:
389:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
317:Purpose and collaboration
246:
233:
202:
35:
2848:Cosmic Background Imager
2654:SunyaevâZeldovich effect
1851:Urry, M. (5 June 2014).
1487:Polarimetry in Astronomy
550:; and Clem Pryke of the
241:Related media on Commons
2220:Physical Review Letters
2075:"Keck Array South Pole"
1995:Physical Review Letters
1902:2016A&A...586A.133P
1822:2014A&A...571A..16P
1585:Physical Review Letters
1140:Staff (17 March 2014).
910:transition edge sensors
887:cryogenic storage dewar
883:pulse tube refrigerator
666:a book by Brian Keating
651:Physical Review Letters
552:University of Minnesota
397:University of Minnesota
2537:10.1103/Physics.13.164
2306:10.1103/Physics.14.135
1431:"BICEP3 Collaboration"
1359:"BICEP1 Collaboration"
995:
962:
936:
513:transition edge sensor
487:BICEP2 telescope near
341:
48:Alternative names
2988:Inflation (cosmology)
2497:cosmology.caltech.edu
1934:(22 September 2014).
1086:Inflation (cosmology)
996:
963:
937:
860:W. M. Keck Foundation
639:European Space Agency
417:University of Toronto
381:University of Chicago
334:accelerated expansion
324:
82:Antarctic Treaty area
2928:South Pole Telescope
2672:image (2018) of the
1096:South Pole Telescope
979:
968:in combination with
946:
920:
898:refracting telescope
589:) at the level of 7
546:; Jamie Bock of the
489:South Pole Telescope
366:south celestial pole
139:Telescope style
2973:Physics experiments
2828:BICEP (1,2,3,Array)
2528:2020PhyOJ..13..164R
2460:2020JLTP..199..976S
2365:2014SPIE.9153E..1NA
2347:Proceedings of SPIE
2297:2021PhyOJ..14..135M
2242:2021PhRvL.127o1301A
2018:2015PhRvL.114j1301B
1683:2014ApJ...792...62B
1546:2010SPIE.7741E..1GO
1538:Proceedings of SPIE
1499:2003SPIE.4843..284K
1491:Proceedings of SPIE
678:
578:, disfavouring the
544:Stanford University
524:gravitational waves
403:(all experiments);
401:Stanford University
326:Gravitational waves
104: /
32:
2923:Simons Observatory
2659:Thomson scattering
2649:SachsâWolfe effect
2373:10.1117/12.2057224
1940:The New York Times
1749:The New York Times
1239:The New York Times
1207:The New York Times
991:
958:
932:
676:
645:in the Milky Way.
542:; Chao-Lin Kuo of
457:angular resolution
377:Cardiff University
352:component) of the
342:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2639:Diffusion damping
2126:"MAPO Open House"
1554:10.1117/12.857864
1507:10.1117/12.459274
1233:(24 March 2014).
1201:(17 March 2014).
1063:
1062:
906:focal-plane array
902:pulse tube cooler
848:
847:
393:CEA Grenoble (FR)
257:
256:
16:(Redirected from
2995:
2968:Radio telescopes
2943:Very Small Array
2689:
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2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2453:
2444:(3â4): 976â984.
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2426:
2420:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2405:
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2011:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1956:
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1867:
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1815:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1742:(19 June 2014).
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1709:
1703:
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1601:
1579:
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1372:
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1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1331:
1320:
1319:
1314:. Archived from
1304:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1269:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1227:
1218:
1217:
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407:(BICEP1 and 2);
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615:David Spergel
613:, astronomer
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536:John M. Kovac
533:
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436:Brian Keating
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113:-89.999722; 0
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72:
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59:
55:
50:
46:
39:
34:
19:
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2541:. Retrieved
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2410:
2399:
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2223:
2219:
2209:
2195:cite journal
2152:
2148:
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2120:
2109:. Retrieved
2082:. Retrieved
2050:cite journal
1999:
1993:
1987:
1960:
1954:
1943:. Retrieved
1939:
1926:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1846:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1774:
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1747:
1734:
1723:. Retrieved
1721:. 2014-03-14
1718:The Guardian
1716:
1707:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1640:cite journal
1589:
1583:
1533:
1523:
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1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1449:
1438:. Retrieved
1425:
1414:. Retrieved
1401:
1390:. Retrieved
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1353:
1342:. Retrieved
1316:the original
1280:. Retrieved
1242:. Retrieved
1238:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:
1178:. Retrieved
1149:. Retrieved
1068:
1064:
1054:January 2022
1051:
1043:
1019:
1012:
974:
914:
891:
879:polarimeters
876:
872:Andrew Lange
855:
849:
796:2480 (1240)
777:150 GHz
753:150 GHz
729:150 GHz
716:100 GHz
663:
656:
649:
647:
623:
594:
584:
563:
556:
522:-modes from
519:
517:
510:
465:polarisation
454:
432:Andrew Lange
425:
405:UC San Diego
370:
354:polarization
345:
343:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
284:
280:polarization
267:
263:
259:
258:
2684:Experiments
2543:10 November
1932:Overbye, D.
1740:Overbye, D.
1231:Overbye, D.
1199:Overbye, D.
1025:BICEP Array
842:2560 (1280)
836:95 GHz
814:95 GHz
603:cosmic dust
311:BICEP Array
276:experiments
111: /
87:Coordinates
79:Location(s)
2962:Categories
2878:LSPE/STRIP
2873:Keck Array
2868:GroundBIRD
2858:COSMOSOMAS
2752:LSPE/SWIPE
2451:2002.05228
2233:2110.00483
2162:1810.05216
2132:2018-03-22
2111:2014-03-14
2084:2014-03-14
2009:1502.00612
1945:2014-09-22
1862:2014-06-06
1782:2014-06-20
1755:2014-06-20
1725:2014-03-14
1464:2014-03-26
1440:2014-03-14
1416:2014-03-14
1392:2014-03-14
1368:2014-03-14
1344:2014-03-14
1282:2022-10-07
1125:References
856:Keck Array
820:992 (496)
807:1488 (744)
783:1488 (744)
767:Keck Array
694:Resolution
682:Instrument
672:Keck Array
445:South Pole
358:Antarctica
336:after the
309:, and the
303:Keck Array
268:Keck Array
266:) and the
189:/keckarray
130:Wavelength
96:89°59â˛59âłS
2918:Saskatoon
2893:POLARBEAR
2747:BOOMERanG
2476:204954127
2356:1407.5928
2315:239251554
2266:238253204
2042:218078264
1979:124938210
1893:1409.5738
1838:118349591
1813:1303.5076
1674:1403.4302
1667:(1): 62.
1632:Q27012172
1616:0031-9007
1599:1403.3985
1515:122838031
1106:POLARBEAR
1081:Cosmology
759:500 (250)
691:Frequency
659:< 0.12
619:Milky Way
360:, at the
330:inflation
293:(or just
99:0°00â˛00âłE
2938:Tenerife
2737:Archeops
2716:RELIKT-1
2704:LiteBIRD
2401:BBC News
2258:34678017
2187:56174788
2179:30547645
2102:"BICEP3"
2034:25815919
1776:BBC News
1699:18486247
1628:Wikidata
1624:24996078
1562:29118984
1244:24 March
1212:17 March
1180:17 March
1151:18 March
1111:LiteBIRD
1074:See also
626:preprint
621:galaxy.
530:(called
411:(NIST),
348:-modes (
338:Big Bang
183:.harvard
161:Diameter
2913:QUIJOTE
2730:Balloon
2668:4-year
2627:Effects
2524:Bibcode
2522:: 164.
2516:Physics
2456:Bibcode
2381:7249387
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