1027:
1015:
52:
953:(poison storage). BMW and the M Division had strongly denied that the car was even a possibility since the initial stages of its development. A world exclusive feature in the February 2010 issue of BMW Car Magazine, however, revealed that the M8 prototype still exists in its entirety. The car was unveiled to journalists for the first time on July 2, 2010, at the BMW Museum in Munich. The only public showing of the car happened on August 17, 2012, during 'The Legends of the Autobahn' car show held in Carmel, California. The car was specially shipped from Germany for the appearance.
529:
878:
569:
561:
498:
490:
457:
633:
913:
868:
The 840Ci (4.0/4.4 L V8) models were equipped with a 5-speed automatic transmission or a 6-speed manual transmission. The 850i/850Ci (V12) models each use either a 4-speed automatic transmission or a 6-speed manual transmission, a 5-speed automatic transmission was fitted from mid-1994. The high
447:
BMW pulled the 8 Series from the North
American market in 1997, having sold 6,920 cars. BMW continued production for other markets until 1999 having sold 30,609 in all markets. The base price for an entry-level 8 series in the early 1990s started in the US$ 70,000 range, which is US$ 163,250 in 2023.
430:
to be 3 kg (6.6 lb) lighter than that of the preceding 6 Series (E24). However the production 8 Series was significantly heavier when completed due to the large engine and added luxury items—a source of criticism from those who wanted BMW to concentrate on the driving experience. Some
948:
The project was eventually scrapped because BMW decided that there was no market for a high performance variant of the 8 Series primarily because of the on-going economic recession of the 1990s. The only prototype ever produced (one that was reportedly not even safe for normal road usage) was locked
944:
Other modifications include bodywork modifications such as a new front bumper, new wing mirrors, more flared wheel arches and a vent in the bonnet. The car's kerb weight was reduced to less than 1450 kilograms by making elements of the car glass reinforced plastic (such as the bonnet, doors and boot
940:
The car was given two intakes by its rear arches for engine and differential oil cooling. It was also given a wider track via a wider drive axle as well as uprated front brakes. The interior was completely stripped, with bucket seats and additional gauges for oil pressure, oil temperature, and water
928:
engine, with modifications including a displacement increase to 6064 cc, dual overhead camshafts for each cylinder bank, individual throttle bodies with roller valves, four valves per cylinder, carbon fibre intake manifolds and continuously variable valve timing. As a result, it was estimated
903:
The 8 Series had been planned from the start with a convertible version in mind. Although the 850i Cabrio was developed to production readiness, it never went into production. At a relatively late date it was decided that this model was unlikely to recover the cost of putting it into production. A
551:
V12 engine in the 850Ci, the new engine being from the newly launched E38 750i. Thus, cars with 850Ci badging used both the M70 and M73 engines, with those built before 10/94 using the older E32-type M70. As the displacement of the M73 increased to 5.4-litres and the compression ratio went up, the
597:
The 850CSi's modified suspension included stiffer springs and dampers that reduced the car's ride height. The recirculating ball steering ratio was dropped 15% over the standard E31 setup. The model also sported staggered throwing star wheels. The front and rear bumpers were reshaped for improved
520:, though European cars were given the option of a 6-speed manual transmission. The only external features distinguishing the V8 model from the V12 models were the quad round exhausts, which were square in the V12 models. The 840Ci stayed in production until May 1999.
1003:
V12 engine bored out to 5.7 litres along with a modified intake, crankshaft, camshafts and a stainless steel exhaust system as well as a 6-speed manual gearbox. The modified engine produced 306 kW (416 hp). The carbon-fibre bonnet had cooling vents and a
610:), upgraded and ventilated brakes with floating front discs, rear differential oil cooler, engine oil cooler, two-tone interior, sports seats, and reshaped mirrors. In the United States, the cars instead received "BMW Motorsport" writing on the doorhandles.
1046:
NĂĽrburgring endurance championship. It is based on an 840i, but now has an E39 M5 5.0-litre V8, which has 414 kW (555 hp) and 472 lbâ‹…ft (640 Nâ‹…m) torque, and a six-speed gearbox from the same car.
576:
As a top-of-the-range variant of the 8 Series, the 850CSi took over from the prototype M8 variant. The 850CSi used the same engine as the 850i, which was tuned so significantly that BMW assigned it a new engine code:
929:
the M8 would achieve a top speed of 320 km/h (199 mph), power output is 471 kW (640 PS) and its torque is 650 Nâ‹…m (479 lbfâ‹…ft). A common misconception is that this engine powered the
598:
aerodynamic performance. Four round stainless steel exhaust tips replaced the square tips found on other models. The 6-speed manual gearbox was the only transmission option. In Europe, all 850CSi's came with
890:
The 830i was a prototype that did not reach production. As the potential entry-level model, the 830i was to use the 3-litre V8 with 160 kW (215 hp) from the 530i and 730i, known internally as the
443:
Sales of the 8 Series were affected by the global recession of the early 1990s, the
Persian Gulf War, and energy price spikes. As a result, plans for the high performance M8 variant were dropped in 1991.
960:. Aside from sporting an M-tuned engine (as identified by the S prefix instead of the M prefix that a non-M tuned engine would bear), the car's VIN identifies the car as being built by BMW Motorsport (a
945:
lid), using carbon fibre wheels and removing the rear seats from the car. The windows were made of Lexan. The oil reservoir was moved to the trunk of the car; oil pipes went through the roof of the car.
895:. Eighteen cars were produced, thirteen of which had an automatic gearbox fitted. The model was dropped in favour of the 840Ci and almost all of the 18 cars were dismantled; one car is in a BMW museum.
372:(IAA) in early September 1989. The 8 Series was designed to move beyond the market of the original 6 Series. The 8 Series had substantially improved performance, as well as a far higher purchase price.
368:
Development of the 8 Series began in July 1981, with the design phase reaching completion in 1986, although the launch was delayed due to still-strong 6 Series sales. The 8 Series debuted at the
1042:
The 8 Series is a very rare car to see in any form of motorsport. One of the most successful examples was built by
Wagenstetter Motorsport however, and, until recently, was raced in the
588:
fuel injection, a capacity increase to 5,576 cc (5.6 L) and power increase to 280 kW (381 PS) at 5,300 rpm and 550 Nâ‹…m (406 lbfâ‹…ft) of torque at 4,000 rpm.
1008:
for improved engine cooling. Performance figures included a 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) acceleration time of 5.8 seconds and a top speed of 300 km/h (186 mph).
1870:
1823:
1640:
509:
V8 engine having a power output of 210 kW (286 PS) and was produced from mid-1993 to late 1995. From mid-1995, production phased in the newer 4.4-litre
787:
2241:
1355:
1297:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
613:
Production ended in late 1996 because the S70 engine could not be modified to comply with new emission regulations without substantial re-engineering.
624:
produced two 8 Series variants, the B12 5.0 and the B12 5.7. There have also been aftermarket conversions to change it to a drop-top convertible.
1863:
1026:
1014:
540:
V12 engine having a power output of 220 kW (300 PS). It was available with either a 4-speed automatic or a 6-speed manual gearbox.
143:
1332:
1254:
2261:
2236:
1538:
941:
temperature. The M8 was given a B-pillar to retain structural rigidity as well as having its pop up headlights deleted from the car.
1886:
1879:
1856:
1143:
360:
in 1990, it was not a direct successor, but a new model class with a substantially higher price and performance than the 6 Series.
1317:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
2271:
2266:
213:
1687:
383:
tools, still unusual at the time, to design the car's all-new body. Combined with wind tunnel testing, the resulting car had a
1801:
1831:
51:
1648:
1709:
1447:
1324:
1304:
1589:
937:
used in the McLaren F1 was not based on the prototype 48-valve V12 used in the M8, and was a completely new design.
86:
2226:
968:
prefix). Per BMW's own protocol, the 850CSi as marketed was essentially a de-tuned version of the putative M8.
231:
1352:
991:
V12 (shared with the E32 B12 5.0) producing 257 kW (350 hp) and mated to an automatic transmission.
1221:
2256:
1757:
2251:
1236:"Convert German Marks (DEM) and United States Dollars (USD): Currency Exchange Rate Conversion Calculator"
517:
222:
2231:
420:
380:
1106:
528:
369:
1662:
1422:
1397:
1372:
1222:"BMW 8 Series (E31) buyer's guide: What to pay and what to look for | Classic & Sports Car"
599:
408:
32:
This article is about the first-generation BMW 8 Series. For general BMW 8 Series information, see
513:
V8 engine, which had better fuel economy and more torque, though power output remained unchanged.
2141:
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316:
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108:
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1192:
1139:
1133:
582:
138:
93:
1735:
1311:
1291:
384:
1359:
987:
The B12 5.0 was built from 1990 to 1994 based on the BMW E31 850i with an Alpina-modified
568:
560:
543:
Around the time of the introduction of the 840Ci in Autumn 1993, the 850i was renamed the
1542:
590:
497:
125:
489:
2220:
412:
376:
1235:
2189:
2184:
2149:
2116:
2094:
2062:
2029:
2010:
357:
333:
329:
113:
33:
603:
1758:"BMW Bringing M8 Prototype and Zagato Coupe Study to The Legends of the Autobahn"
1713:
536:
The 850i was the first model of the 8 Series launched in 1990 with the 5.0-litre
1564:
411:
on a road car. It was one of the first vehicles to be fitted with an electronic
288:
505:
The 840Ci was offered with two different engines. The first used the 4.0-litre
977:
930:
607:
594:
recorded a 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time for the 850CSi of 5.9 seconds.
578:
349:
1005:
345:
254:
117:
456:
632:
379:
were spent on total development (2019 USD nearly $ 900 million). BMW used
585:
432:
341:
131:
1779:
1063:
1000:
988:
956:
Although the M8 was never produced, the 850CSi was also tuned by BMW's
934:
925:
921:
892:
869:
performance 850CSi model only came with a 6-speed manual transmission.
770:
746:
722:
696:
672:
636:
548:
537:
510:
506:
427:
353:
201:
192:
182:
174:
164:
17:
999:
The B12 5.7 was available from 1992, based on the BMW 850CSi with the
415:
throttle. The 8 Series was one of BMW's first cars, together with the
2201:
2179:
2172:
1614:
621:
416:
397:
238:
155:
1268:
1255:"Everything You Need to Know Before Buying an Original BMW 8-Series"
853:
combined: 15 miles per US gallon (16 L/100 km; 18 mpg
818:
combined: 15 miles per US gallon (16 L/100 km; 18 mpg
846:
highway: 19 miles per US gallon (12 L/100 km; 23 mpg
811:
highway: 19 miles per US gallon (12 L/100 km; 23 mpg
2165:
957:
912:
911:
876:
631:
567:
559:
527:
496:
488:
455:
1516:
1084:
839:
city: 12 miles per US gallon (20 L/100 km; 14 mpg
804:
city: 14 miles per US gallon (17 L/100 km; 17 mpg
1852:
1043:
337:
67:
1802:"Extremely Low Mileage Alpina B12 5.7 Is Extremely Expensive"
407:
The 8 Series offered the first V12 engine mated to a 6-speed
1362:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved 2012-10-28.
1641:"The Confusing History of the Greatest V12 BMW Never Built"
572:
850CSi- front (with revised front bumper and wing mirrors)
431:
of the car's weight may have been due to its pillar-less "
1216:
1214:
790:
estimates for cars equipped with automatic transmission:
904:
prototype in red resides in the BMW Museum in Munich.
552:
power output increased to 240 kW (326 PS).
1824:"Motorsport's rare BMW's; M5, 6-Series and 8-Series"
312:
302:
297:
287:
279:
271:
263:
253:
248:
212:
154:
149:
137:
124:
107:
102:
92:
81:
73:
63:
58:
44:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1135:Designing Motion: Automotive Designers 1989to 1990
924:competitor equipped with a special version of the
532:850i, rear view (showing square quad exhaust tips)
881:850i Cabrio Prototype, as seen in the BMW Museum
1541:. Bmwblog.com. 26 December 2011. Archived from
1864:
1495:"US EPA Ratings for 1997 BMW 850Ci automatic"
1473:"US EPA Ratings for 1997 BMW 840Ci automatic"
1424:The BMW 8 series Coupés, 850CSi, 850Ci, 840Ci
788:United States Environmental Protection Agency
396:=0.29, a major improvement from the previous
8:
352:engine. Whilst it did supplant the original
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
547:. From October 1994, BMW installed the new
1871:
1857:
1849:
642:
464:The production totals for each model are:
50:
41:
1353:Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800-2012
293:1,855–1,975 kg (4,090–4,354 lb)
1898:
1565:"BMW 8 Series - Vin/Chassis Information"
474:850i / 850Ci with the M70 engine: 20,072
435:" body style which lacked a "B" pillar.
1333:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
1055:
1010:
564:850CSi- rear (with revised rear bumper)
516:The 840Ci was available with a 5-speed
283:1,330–1,341 mm (52.4–52.8 in)
1912:
1909:
1906:
920:The M8 was originally envisioned as a
777:280 kW (381 PS; 375 hp)
753:240 kW (326 PS; 322 hp)
729:220 kW (300 PS; 296 hp)
703:210 kW (286 PS; 282 hp)
679:210 kW (286 PS; 282 hp)
1901:
1331:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
7:
1712:. Bmwcarmagazine.com. Archived from
1373:"BMW M70B50 V12-Zylinder-Ottomotor"
426:CAD modelling allowed the 8 Series
1448:"Drive Flashback: 1994 BMW 850CSi"
1446:Simanaitis, Dennis (23 May 2014).
25:
2242:Vehicles with four-wheel steering
1639:Orlove, Raphael (8 August 2018).
604:AHK - Aktive Hinterachs-Kinematik
480:850CSi with the S70 engine: 1,510
1688:"BMW M8, Unrivaled and Unveiled"
1663:"BMW Classic - Recherche-Client"
1025:
1013:
477:850Ci with the M73 engine: 1,218
471:840Ci with the M62 engine: 3,075
468:840Ci with the M60 engine: 4,728
1710:"Issue 188 Of BMW Car Magazine"
780:550 Nâ‹…m (406 lbfâ‹…ft)
756:490 Nâ‹…m (361 lbfâ‹…ft)
732:450 Nâ‹…m (332 lbfâ‹…ft)
706:420 Nâ‹…m (310 lbfâ‹…ft)
682:400 Nâ‹…m (295 lbfâ‹…ft)
328:is the first generation of the
340:from 1990 to 1999 as a 2-door
144:Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive
1:
1885:— BMW cars: 1980s to 2000s —
949:away by BMW in the company's
581:. The modifications included
267:4,780 mm (188.2 in)
259:2,685 mm (105.7 in)
1690:. BMWblog. 13 September 2010
1325:American Antiquarian Society
1305:American Antiquarian Society
275:1,854 mm (73.0 in)
1804:. BMWblog. 21 November 2017
1138:. Birkhäuser. p. 122.
964:prefix) instead of BMW AG (
2288:
2198:
2196:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2103:
2098:
2016:
2014:
1738:. Bmwblog.com. 3 July 2010
1736:"Exclusive Photos: BMW M8"
1590:"The BMW M8 E31 Prototype"
1427:. BMW AG. 1994. p. 35
1107:"Dingolfing Plant History"
975:
31:
2262:Cars discontinued in 1999
2237:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
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1760:. CarScoops. 24 July 2012
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1132:Caspers, Markus (2017).
77:February 1990 – May 1999
2272:Cars introduced in 1990
2267:Cars introduced in 1989
1111:www.bmwgroup-plants.com
27:BMW luxury grand tourer
1539:"Review: BMW 8 Series"
1269:"Shipments by country"
917:
882:
640:
573:
565:
533:
518:automatic transmission
502:
494:
461:
460:Interior (850i manual)
344:, powered by either a
1828:germancarmagazine.com
915:
880:
635:
571:
563:
531:
500:
492:
459:
1032:Alpina B12 5.7 Coupé
1020:Alpina B12 5.0 Coupé
370:Frankfurt Motor Show
98:Klaus Kapitza (1986)
1834:on 16 February 2009
1716:on 13 February 2010
1651:on 5 December 2021.
1545:on 14 December 2018
606:, Active rear axle
600:four-wheel steering
409:manual transmission
1667:bmw-grouparchiv.de
1402:bmw-grouparchiv.de
1398:"BMW 850CSi (E31)"
1377:bmw-grouparchiv.de
1358:2012-08-22 at the
918:
883:
836:Fuel type: Premium
801:Fuel type: Premium
641:
574:
566:
534:
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495:
462:
317:BMW 8 Series (G15)
307:BMW 6 Series (E24)
45:BMW 8 Series (E31)
2214:
2213:
2209:
2208:
1889:
1883:
1497:. Fueleconomy.gov
1475:. Fueleconomy.gov
1257:. September 2020.
1085:"Models overview"
784:
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395:
375:Over 1.5 billion
322:
321:
227:5-speed automatic
16:(Redirected from
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1899:
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1830:. Archived from
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1193:"Specifications"
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1173:. 22 August 2008
1171:www.carfolio.com
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591:Road & Track
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385:drag coefficient
289:Curb weight
103:Body and chassis
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1360:Wayback Machine
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1292:McCusker, J. J.
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237:6-speed Manual
230:6-speed Manual
208:
126:Body style
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2019:
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1329:1800–present:
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1098:
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377:Deutsche Marks
365:
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320:
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135:
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122:
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105:
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2265:
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2255:
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2252:Grand tourers
2250:
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2240:
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2163:
2158:
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2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:7 Series
2115:
2114:
2110:
2101:
2096:
2095:6 Series
2093:
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2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2063:5 Series
2061:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2030:3 Series
2028:
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2023:
2012:
2009:
2008:
1916:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1884:
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1594:www.bmw-m.com
1591:
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1519:. www.e31.net
1518:
1517:"www.e31.net"
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1064:"www.e31.net"
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1028:
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982:
979:
972:Alpina models
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
954:
952:
946:
942:
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936:
932:
927:
923:
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872:
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864:Transmissions
863:
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451:
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429:
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413:drive-by-wire
410:
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394:
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53:
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39:Motor vehicle
35:
30:
19:
2232:BMW vehicles
2156:
1902:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1827:
1818:
1806:. Retrieved
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1752:
1740:. Retrieved
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:the original
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1666:
1657:
1649:the original
1644:
1634:
1622:. Retrieved
1618:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1593:
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1543:the original
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1489:
1477:. Retrieved
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:
1441:
1429:. Retrieved
1423:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1401:
1392:
1380:. Retrieved
1376:
1367:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1316:
1296:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1263:
1230:
1201:. Retrieved
1196:
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1170:
1161:
1149:. Retrieved
1134:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1058:
1041:
998:
986:
965:
961:
955:
950:
947:
943:
939:
919:
902:
889:
867:
785:
761:
737:
711:
687:
663:
620:
617:Other models
612:
596:
589:
586:Motronic 1.7
575:
544:
542:
535:
515:
504:
501:840Ci- front
463:
446:
442:
425:
406:
392:
388:
374:
367:
334:grand tourer
330:BMW 8 Series
325:
323:
214:Transmission
200:
191:
183:
173:
165:
114:Grand tourer
64:Manufacturer
34:BMW 8 Series
29:
1838:14 February
1764:5 September
1672:28 February
1619:www.e31.net
1599:12 February
1501:17 December
1479:17 December
1457:21 December
1338:29 February
1309:1700–1799:
1289:1634–1699:
1203:20 February
1199:. BMW. 1996
1117:24 December
951:Giftschrank
899:850i Cabrio
493:840Ci- rear
423:rear axle.
419:, to use a
364:Development
303:Predecessor
239:Getrag 560G
232:Getrag 420G
2257:2+2 coupés
2221:Categories
1786:5 December
1780:"850CSi @"
1624:7 February
1569:8Coupe.com
1382:7 February
1275:5 December
1177:5 December
1091:5 December
1051:References
1038:Motorsport
1001:BMW S70B56
978:Alpina B12
958:M division
931:McLaren F1
855:‑imp
848:‑imp
841:‑imp
820:‑imp
813:‑imp
806:‑imp
774:V12 engine
750:V12 engine
726:V12 engine
639:V12 engine
608:Kinematics
421:multi-link
332:. It is a
298:Chronology
249:Dimensions
150:Powertrain
87:Dingolfing
74:Production
2192:>>
2144:>>
2111:>>
2057:>>
2024:>>
1782:. E31.net
1720:20 August
1271:. E31.net
1167:"BMW 840"
1087:. E31.net
1006:NACA duct
700:V8 engine
676:V8 engine
404:'s 0.39.
336:built by
313:Successor
255:Wheelbase
223:automatic
85:Germany:
2190:Z4 (E89)
2185:Z4 (E85)
2166:Z Series
2150:8 Series
2011:1 Series
1882:previous
1645:Jalopnik
1574:10 March
1356:Archived
1314:(1992).
1294:(1997).
1113:. BMW AG
358:6 Series
221:4-speed
94:Designer
82:Assembly
59:Overview
1890: »
1880:«
1808:16 June
1694:16 June
1549:22 June
1523:22 June
1431:13 July
1407:13 July
1151:18 June
995:B12 5.7
989:BMW M70
983:B12 5.0
922:Ferrari
766:1992–96
742:1992–99
718:1990–94
692:1995–99
668:1992–96
658:Torque
628:Engines
524:850i/Ci
433:hardtop
428:unibody
326:BMW E31
130:2-door
18:BMW E31
2247:Coupés
1913:2000s
1910:1990s
1907:1980s
1903:Series
1742:7 July
1142:
933:. The
916:BMW M8
893:M60B30
829:850Ci:
794:840Ci:
769:5.6 L
762:850CSi
745:5.4 L
721:5.0 L
712:850i,
695:4.4 L
671:4.0 L
652:Engine
622:Alpina
579:S70B56
556:850CSi
549:M73B54
538:M70B50
511:M62B44
507:M60B40
452:Models
402:635CSi
398:BMW M6
356:based
280:Height
264:Length
202:S70B56
199:5.6 L
193:M73B54
190:5.4 L
184:M70B50
181:5.0 L
175:M62B44
172:4.4 L
166:M60B40
163:4.0 L
156:Engine
139:Layout
1321:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
935:S70/2
786:2017
738:850Ci
714:850Ci
688:840Ci
664:840Ci
655:Power
649:Years
646:Model
583:Bosch
545:850Ci
485:840Ci
439:Sales
342:coupé
272:Width
132:coupé
109:Class
1888:next
1840:2009
1810:2018
1788:2010
1766:2013
1744:2010
1722:2017
1696:2018
1674:2018
1626:2021
1615:"M8"
1601:2021
1576:2017
1551:2014
1525:2014
1503:2018
1481:2018
1459:2019
1433:2019
1409:2019
1384:2021
1340:2024
1277:2010
1205:2019
1179:2010
1153:2018
1140:ISBN
1119:2017
1093:2010
886:830i
324:The
2157:E31
2142:F01
2137:E65
2132:E38
2127:E32
2122:E23
2109:E63
2100:E24
2088:E60
2083:E39
2078:E34
2073:E28
2068:E12
2055:E90
2050:E46
2045:E36
2040:E30
2035:E21
2022:E87
1044:VLN
966:WBA
962:WBS
926:S70
771:S70
747:M73
723:M70
697:M62
673:M60
637:S70
387:of
381:CAD
354:E24
350:V12
348:or
338:BMW
241:V12
205:V12
196:V12
186:V12
68:BMW
2223::
2202:Z8
2180:Z3
2173:Z1
2005:9
1975:9
1945:9
1826:.
1665:.
1643:.
1617:.
1592:.
1567:.
1450:.
1400:.
1375:.
1323:.
1303:.
1244:^
1213:^
1195:.
1169:.
1109:.
1072:^
908:M8
417:Z1
346:V8
234:V8
178:V8
168:V8
2002:8
1999:7
1996:6
1993:5
1990:4
1987:3
1984:2
1981:1
1978:0
1972:8
1969:7
1966:6
1963:5
1960:4
1957:3
1954:2
1951:1
1948:0
1942:8
1939:7
1936:6
1933:5
1930:4
1927:3
1924:2
1921:1
1918:0
1872:e
1865:t
1858:v
1842:.
1812:.
1790:.
1768:.
1746:.
1724:.
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1628:.
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857:)
850:)
843:)
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815:)
808:)
602:(
400:/
393:d
389:C
120:)
118:S
116:(
36:.
20:)
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