348:
proprietary code and make money with it (and therefore these see permissive licenses as offering them a "right"), while for other developers it might be more valuable to know that nobody will ever capitalize what has mostly been their work (and therefore these see copyleft licenses as offering them a "right"). Furthermore, the final users might not be developers at all, and in this case copyleft licenses offer them the everlasting right to access a software as free software, ensuring that it will never become closed source – while permissive licenses offer no rights at all to non-developer final users, and software released with a permissive license could theoretically become from one day to another a closed source malware without the user even knowing it.
633:
419:
2123:
2113:
1462:, etc.) are compatible with each other. That's because they have no requirements about other code that is added to the program. They even permit putting the entire program (perhaps with changes) into a proprietary software product; thus, we call them "pushover licenses" because they can't say "no" when one user tries to deny freedom to others.
737:
1. MIT license 24%, 2. GNU General Public
License (GPL) 2.0 23%, 3. Apache License 16%, 4. GNU General Public License (GPL) 3.0 9%, 5. BSD License 2.0 (3-clause, New or Revised) License 6%, 6. GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) 2.1 5%, 7. Artistic License (Perl) 4%, 8. GNU Lesser General Public
1019:
No. Some of the requirements in GPLv3, such as the requirement to provide
Installation Information, do not exist in GPLv2. As a result, the licenses are not compatible: if you tried to combine code released under both these licenses, you would violate section 6 of GPLv2. However, if code is released
1113:
In some jurisdictions, it is doubtful whether voluntarily placing one's own work into the public domain is legally possible. For that reason, to make any substantial body of code free, it is preferable to state the copyright and put it under an ISC or BSD license instead of attempting to release it
959:
The licenses for distributing free or open source software (FOSS) are divided in two families: permissive and copyleft. Permissive licenses (BSD, MIT, X11, Apache, Zope) are generally compatible and interoperable with most other licenses, tolerating to merge, combine or improve the covered code and
620:
defines permissive licenses as "pushover licenses", comparing them to those people who "can't say no", because they are seen as granting a right to "deny freedom to others." The
Foundation recommends pushover licenses only for small programs, below 300 lines of code, where "the benefits provided by
343:
licenses generally require the reciprocal publication of the source code of any modified versions under the original work's copyleft license. Permissive licenses, in contrast, do not try to guarantee that modified versions of the software will remain free and publicly available, generally requiring
992:
Permissive licensing simplifies things One reason the business world, and more and more developers , favor permissive licenses is in the simplicity of reuse. The license usually only pertains to the source code that is licensed and makes no attempt to infer any conditions upon any other component,
918:
In contrast to the GPL, which is designed to prevent the proprietary commercialization of open-source code, the BSD license places minimal restrictions on future behavior. This allows BSD code to remain open source or become integrated into commercial solutions, as a project's or company's needs
1132:
Also at the time I did not realize, having lived my whole life in the United States, which is, you know, under
British common law, where the public domain is something that's recognized. I did not realize that there were a lot of jurisdictions in the world where it's difficult or impossible for
347:
Defining how liberal a license is, however, is not something easily quantifiable, and often depends on the goals of the final users. If the latter are developers, for some it might be valuable to have the right to modify and exploit source code written by others and possibly incorporate it into
326:'s newmediarights.com defined them as follows: "The 'BSD-like' licenses such as the BSD, MIT and Apache licenses are extremely permissive, requiring little more than attributing the original portions of the licensed code to the original developers in your own code and/or documentation."
376:
used the term "public domain" to refer to works that have become widely shared and distributed under permission, rather than work that was deliberately put into the public domain. However, permissive licenses are not actually equivalent to releasing a work into the
1266:
Posted 02 May 2013 by Jason
Hibbets "Q: Are there software-development companies favoring a certain open-source license over another? What is the trend in the community? A: We're definitely seeing some trends away from copyleft licenses—mostly towards permissive
1171:
a good argument to be made that the MIT License, also called the X Consortium or X11 License at the time, crystallized with X11 in 1987, and that's the best date to use. You could argue it was created in 1985 with possible adjustments over the next couple of
403:
are an attempt to solve this problem, providing a fallback permissive license for cases where renunciation of copyright is not legally possible, and sometimes also including a disclaimer of warranties similar to most permissive licenses.
524:
Sometimes the word "permissive" is considered too ambiguous, because all free software licenses are "permissive", in the sense that they all allow to modify and redistribute the source code. In most cases the real opposition is between
922:
In addition, since the BSD license does not come with the legal complexity of the GPL or LGPL licenses, it allows developers and companies to spend their time creating and promoting good code rather than worrying if that code violates
276:
Copying and distribution of this file, with or without modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty, provided the copyright notice and this notice are preserved. This file is offered as-is, without any
1202:
The GPL is still the world's most popular open-source license but it's declining in use, while permissive licenses are gaining more fans, and some developers are choosing to release code without any license at
442:
Due to their non-restrictiveness, most permissive software licenses are even compatible with copyleft licenses, which are incompatible with most other licenses. Some older permissive licenses, such as the
430:
according to David A. Wheeler (2007): the vector arrows denote a one directional compatibility, therefore better compatibility on the left side ("permissive licenses") than on the right side ("copyleft
993:
and because of this there is no need to define what constitutes a derived work. I have also never seen a license compatibility chart for permissive licenses; it seems that they are all compatible.
1616:
455:, have clauses requiring advertising materials to credit the copyright holder, which made them incompatible with copyleft licenses. Popular modern permissive licenses, however, such as the
806:
on opensource.org "A "permissive" license is simply a non-copyleft open-source license – one that guarantees the freedoms to use, modify and redistribute, but that permits
1695:
399:
Advocates of permissive licenses often recommend against attempting to release software to the public domain, on the grounds that this can be legally problematic in some jurisdictions.
344:
only that the original copyright notice be retained. As a result, derivative works, or future versions, of permissively-licensed software can be released as proprietary software.
1914:
1536:
666:
1753:
770:"1 MIT 44.69%, 2 Other 15.68%, 3 GPLv2 12.96%, 4 Apache 11.19%, 5 GPLv3 8.88%, 6 BSD 3-clause 4.53%, 7 Unlicense 1.87%, 8 BSD 2-clause 1.70%, 9 LGPLv3 1.30%, 10 AGPLv3 1.05%
1685:
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While they have been in use since the mid-1980s, several authors noted an increase in the popularity of permissive licenses during the 2010s.
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than copyleft licenses, which cannot generally be freely combined and mixed, because their reciprocity requirements conflict with each other.
1700:
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1601:
646:
373:
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Some licenses do not allow derived works to add a restriction that says a redistributor cannot add more restrictions. Examples include the
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2019:
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copyleft are usually too small to justify the inconvenience of making sure a copy of the license always accompanies the software".
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requires disclosing material that has been previously published, and attribution may still be considered an ethical requirement in
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1186:
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100:
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protections, carries only minimal restrictions on how the software can be used, modified, and redistributed, usually including a
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on choosealicense.com "Which of the following best describes your situation? – I want it simple and permissive."
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563:
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Berkeley had what we called "copycenter," which is "take it down to the copy center and make as many copies as you want."
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Permissive licenses often do stipulate some limited requirements, such as that the original authors must be credited (
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60:
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change. In other words, the BSD license does not become a legal time-bomb at any point in the development process.
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1999:
1984:
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licenses and non-copyleft ones, thus some authors prefer to use the term "non-copyleft" instead of "permissive".
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under GPL "version 2 or later," that is compatible with GPLv3 because GPLv3 is one of the options it permits.
595:
We call them “pushover licenses” because they can't say “no” when one user tries to deny freedom to others.."
901:
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project advocates permissive licenses for companies and commercial use-cases: they say that they place only
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2014:
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1989:
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661:
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352:
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141:
478:. However such restrictions also make the license incompatible with permissive free-software licenses.
388:). If a work is truly in the public domain, this is usually not legally required, but a United States
2074:
2009:
2004:
1566:
807:
208:
1007:"Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses – Is GPLv3 compatible with GPLv2?"
1954:
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122:
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723:
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559:
105:
2034:
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782:
Free
Software Foundation, Various Licenses and Comments about Them, GNU All-permissive License
319:
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56:
48:
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someone to place their works in the public domain. I didn't know. So that's a complication.
755:
418:
2069:
1426:
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738:
License (LGPL) 3.0 2%, 9. Microsoft Public
License 2%, 10. Eclipse Public License (EPL) 2%
148:
1064:"Interpreting, enforcing and changing the GNU GPL, as applied to combining Linux and ZFS"
467:, don't include advertising clauses and are generally compatible with copyleft licenses.
1336:"Open Source Software Licenses: Strong-Copyleft, Non-Copyleft, or Somewhere in Between?"
1866:
1789:
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185:
76:
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448:
311:
181:
80:
64:
17:
1217:
870:"Google's iron grip on Android: Controlling open source by any means necessary"
493:, a permissive license, is the most popular free software license, followed by
1351:
1083:
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960:
to re-distribute it under many licenses (including non-free or "proprietary").
759:
628:
1359:
832:
1886:
793:
Information for
Maintainers of GNU Software, License Notices for Other Files
575:
571:
248:
157:
153:
Grants rights for noncommercial use only. May not be combined with copyleft.
1475:
How to choose a license for your own work – Free
Software Foundation
980:"Should I use a permissive license? Copyleft? Or something in the middle?"
1924:
1804:
1034:
579:
526:
393:
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as " people do anything they want with your code as long as they provide
299:
242:
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110:
52:
1280:
803:
905:
887:
452:
302:
license that guarantees the freedoms to use, modify and redistribute".
79:. As of 2016, the most popular free-software license is the permissive
1383:"Add Kirk's comment about "copycenter"; it's just too good to pass up"
1310:"Copyleft versus non-copyleft licenses in free / open source software"
1101:
902:"Why you should use a BSD style license for your Open Source Project"
303:
1050:
GPLv3 broke "the" GPL into incompatible forks that can't share code.
511:
A "permissive" license is simply a non-copyleft open source license.
1297:
A 'permissive' license is simply a non-copyleft open source license
140:
Grants use rights, forbids almost nothing (allows proprietization,
1891:
1190:
1088:
228:
1334:
Sen, Ravi; Subramaniam, Chandrasekar; Nelson, Matthew L. (2011).
1187:"The fall of GPL and the rise of permissive open-source licenses"
558:, a permissive free-software license. The term was presented by
1490:
819:
604:
223:
190:
172:
1145:
The Free-Libre / Open Source
Software (FLOSS) License Slide
820:
Choosing an open-source license doesn't need to be scary
722:. Black Duck Software. 19 November 2015. Archived from
439:
with most other software licenses in most situations.
1281:"Frequently Asked Questions | Open Source Initiative"
1537:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
667:
Comparison of free and open-source software licenses
2043:
1977:
1905:
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1752:
1714:
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1418:
1377:
1375:
916:
9. GPL Advantages and Disadvantages 12. Conclusion
616:'s guide to license compatibility and relicensing,
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971:
298:defines a permissive software license as a "non-
714:
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593:
536:
509:
271:
1275:
1273:
1502:
933:
931:
690:
688:
686:
265:The following is the full text of the simple
8:
1542:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
1159:"The mysterious history of the MIT License"
1902:
1509:
1495:
1487:
892:"minimal restrictions on future behavior"
855:"Categories of free and nonfree software"
756:"Open source license usage on GitHub.com"
554:is a term originally used to explain the
435:In general permissive licenses have good
351:Permissive licenses offer more extensive
1240:"The trend towards permissive licensing"
749:
747:
417:
90:
1427:"License Compatibility and Relicensing"
682:
273:Copyright <YEAR>, <AUTHORS>
2148:Free and open-source software licenses
1147:by David A. Wheeler on October 4, 2021
1442:In general, lax permissive licenses (
1218:"Licensing in a Post Copyright World"
945:. joinup.ec.europa.eu. Archived from
894:and argue that copyleft licenses are
570:at a BSD conference in 1999. It is a
422:License compatibility between common
104:
7:
2065:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
1128:"Why SQLite succeeded as a database"
647:List of permissive software licenses
639:Free and open-source software portal
1532:Alternative terms for free software
1872:Python Software Foundation License
374:Computer Associates Int'l v. Altai
25:
1935:Definition of Free Cultural Works
1552:Free software project directories
1242:. the451group.com. Archived from
978:Hanwell, Marcus D. (2014-01-28).
401:Public-domain-equivalent licenses
310:website describes the permissive
27:License with minimal restrictions
2122:
2121:
2111:
1572:Open-source software development
1425:Stallman, Richard (2016-02-08).
702:California Western School of Law
657:Public domain equivalent license
631:
369:Public-domain-equivalent license
324:California Western School of Law
1930:Debian Free Software Guidelines
1762:Free Software Movement of India
695:New Media Rights (2008-09-12).
318:back to you and don't hold you
1264:Does your code need a license?
1238:Aslett, Matthew (2011-06-06).
1216:Ronacher, Armin (2013-07-23).
900:Montague, Bruce (2013-11-13).
564:Berkeley Software Distribution
1:
1920:Contributor License Agreement
1734:Open-source-software movement
1518:Free and open-source software
943:European Union Public Licence
697:"Open Source Licensing Guide"
424:free and open-source software
2091:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
1945:The Free Software Definition
868:Amadeo, Ron (21 July 2018).
1995:Mozilla software rebranding
1960:Permissive software license
1185:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J.
1084:US Copyright Office Form CO
359:Comparison to public domain
214:private, internal software
163:No information made public
160:; no rights need be granted
147:Grants use rights, forbids
73:Apple Public Source License
34:permissive software license
2164:
2000:Proprietary device drivers
1950:The Open Source Definition
1102:"OpenBSD Copyright Policy"
754:Balter, Ben (2015-03-09).
411:
362:
333:
283:GNU All-permissive License
267:GNU All-permissive License
61:GNU All-permissive License
2107:
2085:Source-available software
1985:Digital rights management
1352:10.1016/j.dss.2011.07.004
218:
167:
133:
2080:Shared Source Initiative
1877:Shared Source Initiative
1830:Free Software Foundation
1767:Free Software Foundation
1617:Configuration management
1431:Free Software Foundation
1340:Decision Support Systems
672:Free Software Foundation
614:Free Software Foundation
36:, sometimes also called
2015:SCO/Linux controversies
1114:into the public domain.
1035:"CELF 2013 Toybox talk"
939:"Licence Compatibility"
886:With this in mind, the
59:. Examples include the
1915:Comparison of licenses
1724:Free software movement
1286:Open Source Initiative
610:
568:Marshall Kirk McKusick
549:
544:Marshall Kirk McKusick
522:
517:Open Source Initiative
482:Reception and adoption
432:
390:copyright registration
365:Public domain software
330:Comparison to copyleft
296:Open Source Initiative
287:
1990:License proliferation
1385:. Historical FreeBSD
1104:. The OpenBSD project
662:Free-software license
652:License-free software
437:license compatibility
421:
414:License compatibility
408:License compatibility
363:Further information:
353:license compatibility
334:Further information:
219:Other creative works
142:license compatibility
2075:Open-source hardware
2010:Proprietary software
2005:Proprietary firmware
1706:Formerly open-source
1701:Formerly proprietary
1567:Open-source software
556:modified BSD license
445:4-clause BSD license
209:proprietary software
113:(protective license)
1955:Open-source license
1557:Gratis versus libre
251:, no public license
211:, no public license
156:Traditional use of
123:Proprietary license
57:warranty disclaimer
1411:. The Jargon File.
1220:. lucumr.pocoo.org
1126:Hipp, D. Richard.
1089:Ashton-Tate v. Fox
896:"legal time-bombs"
833:"What is Copyleft"
566:(BSD) contributor
560:computer scientist
433:
106:Permissive license
2135:
2134:
2035:Trusted Computing
2025:Software security
1973:
1972:
1654:Operating systems
1562:Long-term support
1407:Raymond, Eric S.
1130:. The Changelog.
720:"Top 20 licenses"
603:, founder of the
258:
257:
137:Grants all rights
51:which instead of
16:(Redirected from
2155:
2125:
2124:
2115:
2020:Software patents
1903:
1815:Creative Commons
1674:Web applications
1511:
1504:
1497:
1488:
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1438:
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1413:
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1161:. opensource.com
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997:
996:
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987:
982:. opensource.com
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742:
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716:
707:
706:
692:
641:
636:
635:
634:
618:Richard Stallman
608:
607:operating system
601:Richard Stallman
590:Pushover license
547:
520:
489:As of 2015, the
285:
238:Free Art License
91:
87:Comparison table
21:
18:BSD-like license
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2103:
2070:Open-core model
2045:
2039:
1969:
1907:
1901:
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1520:
1515:
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1005:
1004:
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764:
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745:
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727:
726:on 19 July 2016
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609:
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592:
548:
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535:
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503:
484:
459:, the 3-clause
453:OpenSSL License
416:
410:
371:
361:
338:
332:
292:
286:
281:
275:
274:
263:
149:proprietization
89:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1669:Video games
1644:Mathematics
1086:; see also
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584:copy center
501:Other terms
491:MIT License
461:BSD license
457:MIT License
449:PHP License
431:licenses").
386:attribution
316:attribution
312:MIT license
290:Definitions
101:equivalents
81:MIT license
65:MIT License
1978:Challenges
1696:Commercial
1679:E-commerce
1664:Television
1436:2019-09-29
1393:2020-06-08
1387:fortune(6)
1365:2022-08-09
1320:2022-08-09
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1224:2015-11-18
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953:2015-05-30
923:licensing.
911:2015-11-28
857:. gnu.org.
804:permissive
765:2015-11-21
760:github.com
678:References
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2044:Related
1925:Copyleft
1845:GNU LGPL
1840:GNU AGPL
1805:Beerware
1800:Artistic
1777:Licenses
1744:Advocacy
1691:iOS apps
1632:Wireless
1627:Graphics
1594:packages
1592:Software
1582:Timeline
1389:database
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625:See also
598:—
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463:and the
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341:Copyleft
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243:CC BY-NC
234:CC BY-SA
111:Copyleft
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38:BSD-like
2053:Forking
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1577:Outline
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