522:
51:
367:
506:
626:
358:, passing through two transitional stages: T1 and T2. Throughout their migration to the spleen and after spleen entry, they are considered T1 B cells. Within the spleen, T1 B cells transition to T2 B cells. T2 B cells differentiate into either follicular (FO) B cells or marginal zone (MZ) B cells depending on signals received through the BCR and other receptors. Once differentiated, they are now considered mature B cells, or naïve B cells.
402:. At the SLO, B cell activation begins when the B cell binds to an antigen via its BCR. Although the events taking place immediately after activation have yet to be completely determined, it is believed that B cells are activated in accordance with the kinetic segregation model , initially determined in T lymphocytes. This model denotes that before antigen stimulation, receptors diffuse through the membrane coming into contact with
271:
375:
651:
antibodies with a higher affinity towards their target antigen due to affinity maturation in the germinal center (GC) and produce more antibodies. Plasma cells typically result from the germinal center reaction from T cell-dependent activation of B cells, though they can also result from T cell-independent activation of B cells.
859:(WGBS), showed that there is a hypomethylation from the earliest stages to the most differentiated stages. The largest methylation difference is between the stages of germinal center B cells and memory B cells. Furthermore, this study showed that there is a similarity between B cell tumors and long-lived B cells in their
426:(all three are collectively known as the B cell coreceptor complex). When a BCR binds an antigen tagged with a fragment of the C3 complement protein, CD21 binds the C3 fragment, co-ligates with the bound BCR, and signals are transduced through CD19 and CD81 to lower the activation threshold of the cell.
582:
Memory B cell activation begins with the detection and binding of their target antigen, which is shared by their parent B cell. Some memory B cells can be activated without T cell help, such as certain virus-specific memory B cells, but others need T cell help. Upon antigen binding, the memory B cell
330:
B cells undergo two types of selection while developing in the bone marrow to ensure proper development, both involving B cell receptors (BCR) on the surface of the cell. Positive selection occurs through antigen-independent signalling involving both the pre-BCR and the BCR. If these receptors do not
707:
Found mainly in the marginal zone of the spleen and serves as a first line of defense against blood-borne pathogens, as the marginal zone receives large amounts of blood from the general circulation. They can undergo both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent activation, but preferentially undergo
595:
cell, the memory B cell is activated and differentiates either into plasmablasts and plasma cells via an extrafollicular response or enter a germinal center reaction where they generate plasma cells and more memory B cells. It is unclear whether the memory B cells undergo further affinity maturation
682:
Dormant B cell arising from B cell differentiation. Their function is to circulate through the body and initiate a stronger, more rapid antibody response (known as the anamnestic secondary antibody response) if they detect the antigen that had activated their parent B cell (memory B cells and their
434:
Antigens that activate B cells with the help of T-cell are known as T cell-dependent (TD) antigens and include foreign proteins. They are named as such because they are unable to induce a humoral response in organisms that lack T cells. B cell responses to these antigens takes multiple days, though
410:
in equal frequency, rendering a net equilibrium of phosphorylation and non-phosphorylation. It is only when the cell comes in contact with an antigen presenting cell that the larger CD45 is displaced due to the close distance between the two membranes. This allows for net phosphorylation of the BCR
748:
by directly interacting with T cells to skew their differentiation towards Tregs. No common Breg cell identity has been described and many Breg cell subsets sharing regulatory functions have been found in both mice and humans. It is currently unknown if Breg cell subsets are developmentally linked
573:
or by extensive crosslinking of BCRs to repeated epitopes on a bacterial cell. B cells activated by TI antigens go on to proliferate outside lymphoid follicles but still in SLOs (GCs do not form), possibly undergo immunoglobulin class switching, and differentiate into short-lived plasmablasts that
650:
A long-lived, non-proliferating antibody-secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation. There is evidence that B cells first differentiate into a plasmablast-like cell, then differentiate into a plasma cell. Plasma cells are generated later in an infection and, compared to plasmablasts, have
517:
and memory B cells for persistent protection. The first step, known as the extrafollicular response, occurs outside lymphoid follicles but still in the SLO. During this step activated B cells proliferate, may undergo immunoglobulin class switching, and differentiate into plasmablasts that produce
279:
564:
and include foreign polysaccharides and unmethylated CpG DNA. They are named as such because they are able to induce a humoral response in organisms that lack T cells. B cell response to these antigens is rapid, though antibodies generated tend to have lower affinity and are less functionally
641:
A short-lived, proliferating antibody-secreting cell arising from B cell differentiation. Plasmablasts are generated early in an infection and their antibodies tend to have a weaker affinity towards their target antigen compared to plasma cell. Plasmablasts can result from T cell-independent
732:(antibodies produced without infection), defend against mucosal pathogens, and primarily exhibit T cell-independent activation. A true homologue of mouse B-1 cells has not been discovered in humans, though various cell populations similar to B-1 cells have been described.
683:
parent B cells share the same BCR, thus they detect the same antigen). Memory B cells can be generated from T cell-dependent activation through both the extrafollicular response and the germinal center reaction as well as from T cell-independent activation of B1 cells.
698:
Most common type of B cell and, when not circulating through the blood, is found mainly in the lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). They are responsible for generating the majority of high-affinity antibodies during an
568:
As with TD antigens, B cells activated by TI antigens need additional signals to complete activation, but instead of receiving them from T cells, they are provided either by recognition and binding of a common microbial constituent to
545:
cells within the GC and generate both high-affinity memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells. Resultant plasma cells secrete large numbers of antibodies and either stay within the SLO or, more preferentially, migrate to bone marrow.
335:, B cells do not receive the proper signals and cease to develop. Negative selection occurs through the binding of self-antigen with the BCR; if the BCR can bind strongly to self-antigen, then the B cell undergoes one of four fates:
411:
and the initiation of the signal transduction pathway. Of the three B cell subsets, FO B cells preferentially undergo T cell-dependent activation while MZ B cells and B1 B cells preferentially undergo T cell-independent activation.
591:) cells, that were derived from T cells activated with the same antigen recognize and bind these MHC-II-peptide complexes through their TCR. Following TCR-MHC-II-peptide binding and the relay of other signals from the memory T
749:
and how exactly differentiation into a Breg cell occurs. There is evidence showing that nearly all B cell types can differentiate into a Breg cell through mechanisms involving inflammatory signals and BCR recognition.
2453:
Grammatikos
Alexandros, Donati Matthew, Johnston Sarah L., Gompels Mark M. Peripheral B Cell Deficiency and Predisposition to Viral Infections: The Paradigm of Immune Deficiencies. Frontiers in Immunology (12)2021
758:
Autoimmune disease can result from abnormal B cell recognition of self-antigens followed by the production of autoantibodies. Autoimmune diseases where disease activity is correlated with B cell activity include
657:
A cell with a mixture of B lymphocyte and plasma cell morphological features that is thought to be closely related to or a subtype of plasma cells. This cell type is found in pre-malignant and malignant
502:
also promote B cell proliferation, immunoglobulin class switching, and somatic hypermutation as well as guide differentiation. After B cells receive these signals, they are considered activated.
583:
takes up the antigen through receptor-mediated endocytosis, degrades it, and presents it to T cells as peptide pieces in complex with MHC-II molecules on the cell membrane. Memory T helper (T
2904:
877:
1657:"Human complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) as a receptor for DNA: implications for its roles in the immune response and the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)"
744:
B cell type that stops the expansion of pathogenic, pro-inflammatory lymphocytes through the secretion of IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β. Also, it promotes the generation of
183:
is activated by an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into an antibody-secreting effector cell, known as a plasmablast or plasma cell. In addition, B cells
124:
1550:
Yuseff MI, Pierobon P, Reversat A, Lennon-Duménil AM (July 2013). "How B cells capture, process and present antigens: a crucial role for cell polarity".
2897:
398:. After B cells mature in the bone marrow, they migrate through the blood to SLOs, which receive a constant supply of antigen through circulating
513:
Once activated, B cells participate in a two-step differentiation process that yields both short-lived plasmablasts for immediate protection and
258:, against which it will initiate an antibody response. B cell receptors are extremely specific, with all BCRs on a B cell recognizing the same
2534:
2327:
Yanaba K, Bouaziz JD, Matsushita T, Magro CM, St Clair EW, Tedder TF (June 2008). "B-lymphocyte contributions to human autoimmune disease".
826:
671:
521:
435:
antibodies generated have a higher affinity and are more functionally versatile than those generated from T cell-independent activation.
2753:
841:
794:
2890:
1844:
MacLennan IC, Toellner KM, Cunningham AF, Serre K, Sze DM, Zúñiga E, et al. (August 2003). "Extrafollicular antibody responses".
305:(CLP) cells. From here, their development into B cells occurs in several stages (shown in image to the right), each marked by various
1379:"B cell development in the spleen takes place in discrete steps and is determined by the quality of B cell receptor-derived signals"
942:
856:
3236:
2789:
131:
3231:
537:, which is a specialized microenvironment where B cells undergo extensive proliferation, immunoglobulin class switching, and
491:
602:
activation of memory B cells can be achieved through stimulation with various activators, such as pokeweed mitogen or anti-
3174:
2712:
837:
439:
119:
2834:
2804:
2784:
2196:
Baumgarth N (January 2011). "The double life of a B-1 cell: self-reactivity selects for protective effector functions".
798:
768:
720:
Arises from a developmental pathway different from FO B cells and MZ B cells. In mice, they predominantly populate the
2822:
2817:
2657:
1942:"Long-lived bone marrow plasma cells are induced early in response to T cell-independent or T cell-dependent antigens"
459:
347:, or ignorance (B cell ignores signal and continues development). This negative selection process leads to a state of
2097:
Jahnmatz, Maja; Kesa, Gun; Netterlid, Eva; Buisman, Anne-Marie; Thorstensson, Rigmor; Ahlborg, Niklas (2013-05-31).
3060:
561:
555:
317:
313:
302:
1612:
Nutt SL, Hodgkin PD, Tarlinton DM, Corcoran LM (March 2015). "The generation of antibody-secreting plasma cells".
2527:
482:. CD40L serves as a necessary co-stimulatory factor for B cell activation by binding the B cell surface receptor
387:
786:
776:
772:
378:
Basic B cell function: bind to an antigen, receive help from a cognate helper T cell, and differentiate into a
200:
107:
1431:
Chung JB, Silverman M, Monroe JG (June 2003). "Transitional B cells: step by step towards immune competence".
1067:"Antibody Specific B-Cell Epitope Predictions: Leveraging Information From Antibody-Antigen Protein Complexes"
2620:
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366:
290:
188:
71:
50:
3353:
3262:
2980:
2916:
2704:
2146:
Ribourtout B, Zandecki M (June 2015). "Plasma cell morphology in multiple myeloma and related disorders".
574:
produce early, weak antibodies mostly of class IgM, but also some populations of long-lived plasma cells.
514:
298:
175:
molecules which may be either secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane where they serve as a part of
168:
3209:
3065:
3043:
2743:
2720:
2696:
818:
667:
659:
495:
415:
332:
31:
2099:"Optimization of a human IgG B-cell ELISpot assay for the analysis of vaccine-induced B-cell responses"
1065:
Jespersen, Martin
Closter; Mahajan, Swapnil; Peters, Bjoern; Nielsen, Morten; Marcatili, Paolo (2019).
814:
1116:
Fischer U, Yang JJ, Ikawa T, Hein D, Vicente-Dueñas C, Borkhardt A, Sánchez-García I (November 2020).
3343:
3338:
3226:
3159:
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2767:
2584:
2520:
810:
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702:
355:
184:
2882:
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3221:
3204:
3038:
2956:
2776:
2615:
806:
802:
606:
538:
324:
282:
278:
239:
642:
activation of B cells or the extrafollicular response from T cell-dependent activation of B cells.
3106:
2748:
2735:
2455:
2352:
2221:
2171:
2079:
1919:
1869:
1637:
1575:
1305:
1118:"Cell Fate Decisions: The Role of Transcription Factors in Early B-cell Development and Leukemia"
764:
735:
692:
570:
216:
836:
Abnormal B cells may be relatively large and some diseases include this in their names, such as
505:
498:
as well as sustains T cell growth and differentiation. T cell-derived cytokines bound by B cell
3154:
2920:
2799:
2680:
2599:
2579:
2499:
2436:
2401:
2344:
2306:
2256:
2213:
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2128:
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1971:
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2252:
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3214:
3186:
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3126:
2672:
2648:
2489:
2481:
2468:
Kulis M, Merkel A, Heath S, Queirós AC, Schuyler RP, Castellano G, et al. (July 2015).
2428:
2391:
2383:
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2155:
2110:
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2019:
2011:
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1953:
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1808:
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1341:
1287:
1243:
1235:
1191:
1183:
1139:
1129:
1088:
1078:
1037:
996:
855:
A study that investigated the methylome of B cells along their differentiation cycle, using
822:
340:
320:
164:
156:
625:
3169:
2664:
2387:
1756:
1528:
980:
860:
534:
467:
354:
To complete development, immature B cells migrate from the bone marrow into the spleen as
336:
306:
270:
243:
176:
533:
The second step consists of activated B cells entering a lymphoid follicle and forming a
219:, a lymphoid organ where they were first discovered by Chang and Glick, which is why the
3196:
3141:
3082:
3002:
2975:
2494:
2469:
2396:
2371:
2024:
1999:
1966:
1941:
1821:
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1656:
1492:
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1403:
1378:
1354:
1329:
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1144:
1117:
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725:
603:
483:
479:
1717:
1444:
1377:
Loder F, Mutschler B, Ray RJ, Paige CJ, Sideras P, Torres R, et al. (July 1999).
3327:
3164:
3053:
2871:
2853:
2691:
2653:
2574:
2340:
1907:
1857:
1187:
677:
614:
475:
451:
344:
247:
180:
83:
2356:
2225:
2083:
1579:
1309:
351:, in which the mature B cells do not bind self antigens present in the bone marrow.
3131:
3116:
3111:
3048:
2946:
2686:
2589:
2470:"Whole-genome fingerprint of the DNA methylome during human B cell differentiation"
2175:
1923:
1873:
1641:
630:
447:
78:
1292:
1275:
1172:"Lymphoid and myeloid lineage commitment in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors"
1134:
2301:
2284:
2159:
1672:
1345:
112:
2866:
2569:
2564:
1239:
830:
760:
645:
487:
443:
395:
379:
294:
204:
962:
438:
Once a BCR binds a TD antigen, the antigen is taken up into the B cell through
3254:
3007:
2913:
2543:
2432:
2115:
2098:
1940:
Bortnick A, Chernova I, Quinn WJ, Mugnier M, Cancro MP, Allman D (June 2012).
1468:"Marginal zone B cells: virtues of innate-like antibody-producing lymphocytes"
610:
374:
160:
66:
2124:
1957:
1704:
Zabel MD, Weis JH (March 2001). "Cell-specific regulation of the CD21 gene".
1083:
1051:
3312:
3017:
2839:
2794:
2642:
1998:
McHeyzer-Williams M, Okitsu S, Wang N, McHeyzer-Williams L (December 2011).
1892:"Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells"
872:
470:. Following TCR-MHC-II-peptide binding, T cells express the surface protein
35:
2503:
2440:
2405:
2348:
2310:
2260:
2217:
2167:
2132:
2075:
2033:
1975:
1915:
1865:
1830:
1774:
1725:
1690:
1633:
1571:
1536:
1501:
1452:
1412:
1363:
1301:
1257:
1205:
1153:
1102:
1010:
30:
This article is about the immune system cell. For the electrical cell, see
1515:
Harwood NE, Batista FD (2010-01-01). "Early events in B cell activation".
3302:
3087:
3075:
3033:
2987:
2951:
2608:
2559:
1394:
729:
715:
598:
310:
192:
172:
3307:
3121:
2970:
2941:
2827:
1042:
1025:
541:
directed by somatic hypermutation. These processes are facilitated by T
370:
B cell activation: from immature B cell to plasma cell or memory B cell
259:
255:
17:
2239:
Pillai S, Cariappa A, Moran ST (2005-01-01). "Marginal zone B cells".
137:
3267:
2963:
2630:
790:
391:
235:
196:
2485:
2209:
2067:
2015:
1891:
1812:
1708:. Unraveling Mechanisms and Discovering Novel Roles for Complement.
1625:
1563:
1483:
1001:
984:
285:
development: from immature B cell to MZ B cell or mature (FO) B cell
1655:
Asokan R, Banda NK, Szakonyi G, Chen XS, Holers VM (January 2013).
961:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002).
847:
Patients with B cell alymphocytosis are predisposed to infections.
624:
520:
504:
471:
399:
373:
365:
277:
269:
95:
1274:
Mårtensson IL, Almqvist N, Grimsholm O, Bernardi AI (June 2010).
565:
versatile than those generated from T cell-dependent activation.
560:
Antigens that activate B cells without T cell help are known as
466:
recognize and bind these MHC-II-peptide complexes through their
423:
419:
407:
212:
208:
2886:
2516:
1024:
Glick, Bruce; Chang, Timothy S.; Jaap, R. George (1956-01-01).
2512:
2456:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.731643
2054:
Kurosaki T, Kometani K, Ise W (March 2015). "Memory B cells".
663:
403:
446:, and presented to T cells as peptide pieces in complex with
274:
Early B cell development: from stem cell to immature B cell
2419:
Castillo JJ (December 2016). "Plasma Cell
Disorders".
668:
IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance
418:, a surface receptor in complex with surface proteins
414:
B cell activation is enhanced through the activity of
234:
B cells, unlike the other two classes of lymphocytes,
2285:"Regulatory B cells: origin, phenotype, and function"
789:
of B cells and their precursors can cause a host of
3295:
3253:
3195:
3096:
3026:
2934:
2927:
2852:
2775:
2766:
2734:
2629:
2550:
878:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
323:arrangements, the latter due to B cells undergoing
118:
106:
94:
89:
77:
65:
60:
43:
1224:"Central B-cell tolerance: where selection begins"
1026:"The Bursa of Fabricius and Antibody Production"
587:) cells, typically memory follicular T helper (T
1739:Blum JS, Wearsch PA, Cresswell P (2013-01-01).
2370:Shaffer AL, Young RM, Staudt LM (2012-01-01).
1330:"B lymphocytes: how they develop and function"
956:
954:
666:monoclonal proteins; these dyscrasias include
2898:
2528:
518:early, weak antibodies mostly of class IgM.
8:
1797:"A brief history of T cell help to B cells"
1466:Cerutti A, Cols M, Puga I (February 2013).
937:(8th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
2931:
2905:
2891:
2883:
2772:
2635:
2535:
2521:
2513:
1228:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
662:that are associated with the secretion of
609:, however, a study found a combination of
187:(they are also classified as professional
49:
2493:
2395:
2300:
2114:
2023:
1965:
1820:
1764:
1680:
1491:
1402:
1353:
1291:
1247:
1195:
1143:
1133:
1092:
1082:
1041:
1000:
382:that secretes large numbers of antibodies
2372:"Pathogenesis of human B cell lymphomas"
2253:10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115728
2000:"Molecular programming of B cell memory"
1328:LeBien TW, Tedder TF (September 2008).
888:
2322:
2320:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1935:
1933:
1885:
1883:
135:
40:
2388:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075027
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1757:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-095910
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1529:10.1146/annurev-immunol-030409-101216
1426:
1424:
1422:
1323:
1321:
1319:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
529:, with germinal center in the middle.
7:
1383:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1276:"The pre-B cell receptor checkpoint"
1269:
1267:
1217:
1215:
1165:
1163:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
617:to be the most efficient activator.
2754:Mucosal associated invariant T cell
1890:Shlomchik MJ, Weisel F (May 2012).
1222:Pelanda R, Torres RM (April 2012).
842:intravascular large B-cell lymphoma
799:acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
795:chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
25:
2283:Rosser EC, Mauri C (April 2015).
857:whole-genome bisulfite sequencing
2790:Lymphokine-activated killer cell
2594:
2341:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00646.x
2103:Journal of Immunological Methods
1908:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2012.01124.x
1858:10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00058.x
1741:"Pathways of antigen processing"
1706:International Immunopharmacology
1188:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2010.00963.x
969:(4th ed.). Garland Science.
562:T cell-independent (TI) antigens
386:B cell activation occurs in the
297:. HSCs first differentiate into
132:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
827:Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
672:Waldenström's macroglobulinemia
291:hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
207:, which is at the core of most
3232:Immunoglobulin class switching
985:"The early history of B cells"
838:diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
708:T cell-independent activation.
492:immunoglobulin class switching
189:antigen-presenting cells, APCs
163:subtype. They function in the
34:. For β-cell of pancreas, see
1:
2458:DOI=10.3389/fimmu.2021.731643
1718:10.1016/S1567-5769(00)00046-1
1445:10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00119-4
1293:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.057
1135:10.1158/2643-3230.BCD-20-0011
967:Molecular Biology of the Cell
550:T cell-independent activation
509:T-dependent B cell activation
474:as well as cytokines such as
440:receptor-mediated endocytosis
2835:Type 3 innate lymphoid cells
2823:Type 2 innate lymphoid cells
2818:Type 1 innate lymphoid cells
2805:Uterine natural killer cells
2785:Cytokine-induced killer cell
2302:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.005
2160:10.1016/j.morpho.2015.02.001
1673:10.1016/j.molimm.2012.07.002
1346:10.1182/blood-2008-02-078071
769:systemic lupus erythematosus
596:within these secondary GCs.
2376:Annual Review of Immunology
2241:Annual Review of Immunology
1745:Annual Review of Immunology
1517:Annual Review of Immunology
1240:10.1101/cshperspect.a007146
689:FO B cells and MZ B cells.
430:T cell-dependent activation
250:. BCRs allow the B cell to
3370:
3061:Polyclonal B cell response
2198:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2056:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2004:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1801:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1614:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1552:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1472:Nature Reviews. Immunology
989:Nature Reviews. Immunology
695:(also known as a B-2 cell)
571:toll-like receptors (TLRs)
556:T independent antigen (TI)
553:
303:common lymphoid progenitor
29:
2813:
2638:
2433:10.1016/j.pop.2016.07.002
2116:10.1016/j.jim.2013.02.009
1170:Kondo M (November 2010).
746:regulatory T (Treg) cells
703:Marginal-zone (MZ) B cell
388:secondary lymphoid organs
130:
48:
1958:10.4049/jimmunol.1102808
1084:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00298
963:"B Cells and Antibodies"
819:plasma cell malignancies
787:Malignant transformation
754:B cell-related pathology
736:Regulatory B (Breg) cell
578:Memory B cell activation
486:, which promotes B cell
231:, as commonly believed.
215:, B cells mature in the
27:Type of white blood cell
2862:Hematopoietic stem cell
2621:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
1795:Crotty S (March 2015).
1071:Frontiers in Immunology
935:Janeway's Immunobiology
829:, and certain forms of
654:Lymphoplasmacytoid cell
515:long-lived plasma cells
244:B cell receptors (BCRs)
72:Hematopoietic stem cell
3175:Tolerance in pregnancy
2917:adaptive immune system
1122:Blood Cancer Discovery
811:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
693:Follicular (FO) B cell
660:plasma cell dyscrasias
634:
615:recombinant human IL-2
530:
525:Histology of a normal
510:
460:follicular T helper (T
450:on the cell membrane.
383:
371:
299:multipotent progenitor
286:
275:
169:adaptive immune system
3210:Somatic hypermutation
3044:Polyclonal antibodies
3039:Monoclonal antibodies
2768:Innate lymphoid cells
2744:Natural killer T cell
2329:Immunological Reviews
1946:Journal of Immunology
1896:Immunological Reviews
1846:Immunological Reviews
1176:Immunological Reviews
628:
607:monoclonal antibodies
524:
508:
496:somatic hypermutation
468:T cell receptor (TCR)
377:
369:
289:B cells develop from
281:
273:
32:Battery (vacuum tube)
3227:Junctional diversity
2995:Antigen presentation
1661:Molecular Immunology
1433:Trends in Immunology
1395:10.1084/jem.190.1.75
781:rheumatoid arthritis
535:germinal center (GC)
390:(SLOs), such as the
356:transitional B cells
293:that originate from
240:natural killer cells
3222:V(D)J recombination
3205:Affinity maturation
2957:Antigenic variation
2736:Innate-like T cells
2616:Transitional B cell
807:follicular lymphoma
803:hairy cell leukemia
777:post-infectious IBS
539:affinity maturation
325:V(D)J recombination
283:Transitional B cell
55:Animation of B cell
44:B lymphocyte cell
1043:10.3382/ps.0350224
815:Hodgkin's lymphoma
765:multiple sclerosis
730:natural antibodies
635:
531:
511:
500:cytokine receptors
384:
372:
301:(MPP) cells, then
287:
276:
217:bursa of Fabricius
179:. When a naïve or
171:. B cells produce
3321:
3320:
3249:
3248:
2999:professional APCs
2880:
2879:
2848:
2847:
2762:
2761:
1952:(11): 5389–5396.
1286:(12): 2572–2579.
933:Murphy K (2012).
742:immunosuppressive
722:peritoneal cavity
527:lymphoid follicle
349:central tolerance
327:as they develop.
167:component of the
146:
145:
141:
16:(Redirected from
3361:
3215:Clonal selection
3187:Immune privilege
3182:Immunodeficiency
3137:Cross-reactivity
3127:Hypersensitivity
2932:
2907:
2900:
2893:
2884:
2800:Adaptive NK cell
2773:
2636:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2497:
2465:
2459:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2399:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2304:
2280:
2265:
2264:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2193:
2180:
2179:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2118:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2051:
2038:
2037:
2027:
1995:
1980:
1979:
1969:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1792:
1779:
1778:
1768:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1609:
1584:
1583:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1428:
1417:
1416:
1406:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1340:(5): 1570–1580.
1325:
1314:
1313:
1295:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1251:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1199:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1137:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1086:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1004:
977:
971:
970:
958:
949:
948:
930:
823:multiple myeloma
448:MHC-II molecules
341:receptor editing
185:present antigens
177:B-cell receptors
165:humoral immunity
157:white blood cell
155:, are a type of
151:, also known as
138:edit on Wikidata
53:
41:
21:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3291:
3245:
3191:
3170:Clonal deletion
3098:
3092:
3022:
2923:
2911:
2881:
2876:
2844:
2809:
2758:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2676:
2668:
2661:
2625:
2603:
2546:
2541:
2511:
2486:10.1038/ng.3291
2474:Nature Genetics
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2448:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2326:
2325:
2318:
2282:
2281:
2268:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2210:10.1038/nri2901
2195:
2194:
2183:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2068:10.1038/nri3802
2053:
2052:
2041:
2016:10.1038/nri3128
1997:
1996:
1983:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1889:
1888:
1881:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1813:10.1038/nri3803
1794:
1793:
1782:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1667:(1–2): 99–110.
1654:
1653:
1649:
1626:10.1038/nri3795
1611:
1610:
1587:
1564:10.1038/nri3469
1549:
1548:
1544:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1484:10.1038/nri3383
1465:
1464:
1460:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1030:Poultry Science
1023:
1022:
1018:
1002:10.1038/nri3801
979:
978:
974:
960:
959:
952:
945:
932:
931:
890:
886:
869:
861:DNA methylation
853:
773:type 1 diabetes
756:
623:
594:
590:
586:
580:
558:
552:
544:
463:
455:
432:
364:
337:clonal deletion
307:gene expression
268:
142:
56:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3259:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3201:
3199:
3197:Immunogenetics
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3142:Co-stimulation
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3083:Immune complex
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3003:Dendritic cell
2991:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2981:Conformational
2978:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2938:
2936:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2902:
2895:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2510:
2509:
2480:(7): 746–756.
2460:
2446:
2427:(4): 677–691.
2411:
2382:(1): 565–610.
2362:
2335:(1): 284–299.
2316:
2295:(4): 607–612.
2266:
2247:(1): 161–196.
2231:
2181:
2154:(325): 38–62.
2138:
2089:
2062:(3): 149–159.
2039:
1981:
1929:
1879:
1836:
1807:(3): 185–189.
1780:
1751:(1): 443–473.
1731:
1712:(3): 483–493.
1696:
1647:
1620:(3): 160–171.
1585:
1558:(7): 475–486.
1542:
1523:(1): 185–210.
1507:
1478:(2): 118–132.
1458:
1439:(6): 343–349.
1418:
1369:
1315:
1263:
1234:(4): a007146.
1211:
1159:
1128:(3): 224–233.
1108:
1057:
1036:(1): 224–225.
1016:
995:(3): 191–197.
983:(March 2015).
972:
950:
943:
887:
885:
882:
881:
880:
875:
868:
865:
852:
849:
755:
752:
751:
750:
738:
733:
726:pleural cavity
718:
712:
711:
710:
709:
705:
700:
696:
687:
684:
680:
675:
655:
652:
648:
643:
639:
622:
619:
592:
588:
584:
579:
576:
554:Main article:
551:
548:
542:
461:
453:
431:
428:
363:
360:
331:bind to their
311:immunoglobulin
267:
264:
191:) and secrete
144:
143:
134:
128:
127:
122:
116:
115:
110:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3366:
3355:
3354:Immune system
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3165:Clonal anergy
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:Microantibody
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2873:
2872:Prolymphocyte
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2854:Lymphopoiesis
2851:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2692:Memory T cell
2690:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2649:Cytotoxic CD8
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2585:Marginal zone
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
976:
973:
968:
964:
957:
955:
951:
946:
944:9780815342434
940:
936:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
889:
883:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
864:
862:
858:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:(DLBCLs) and
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
753:
747:
743:
739:
737:
734:
731:
727:
723:
719:
717:
714:
713:
706:
704:
701:
697:
694:
691:
690:
688:
685:
681:
679:
678:Memory B cell
676:
673:
669:
665:
661:
656:
653:
649:
647:
644:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:Plasmablast,
627:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
605:
601:
600:
577:
575:
572:
566:
563:
557:
549:
547:
540:
536:
528:
523:
519:
516:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:proliferation
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
457:
449:
445:
441:
436:
429:
427:
425:
421:
417:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
376:
368:
361:
359:
357:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
319:
315:
312:
309:patterns and
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
280:
272:
265:
263:
261:
257:
254:to a foreign
253:
249:
248:cell membrane
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:memory B cell
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:B lymphocytes
150:
139:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
114:
111:
109:
105:
102:
101:lymphocytus B
99:
97:
93:
88:
85:
84:Immune system
82:
80:
76:
73:
70:
68:
64:
59:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3279:
3132:Inflammation
3117:Alloimmunity
3112:Autoimmunity
3097:Immunity vs.
3049:Autoantibody
3012:
2947:Superantigen
2551:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2449:
2424:
2421:Primary Care
2420:
2414:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2332:
2328:
2292:
2288:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2204:(1): 34–46.
2201:
2197:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2109:(1): 50–59.
2106:
2102:
2092:
2059:
2055:
2010:(1): 24–34.
2007:
2003:
1949:
1945:
1902:(1): 52–63.
1899:
1895:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1804:
1800:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1617:
1613:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1436:
1432:
1389:(1): 75–89.
1386:
1382:
1372:
1337:
1333:
1283:
1280:FEBS Letters
1279:
1231:
1227:
1182:(1): 37–46.
1179:
1175:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1033:
1029:
1019:
992:
988:
975:
966:
934:
863:signatures.
854:
846:
835:
793:, including
785:
757:
631:Wright stain
621:B cell types
597:
581:
567:
559:
532:
512:
458:, typically
437:
433:
413:
385:
353:
329:
288:
233:
228:
224:
220:
152:
148:
147:
100:
3344:Human cells
3339:Lymphocytes
3255:Lymphocytes
2914:Lymphocytic
2867:Lymphoblast
2565:Plasmablast
2544:Lymphocytes
2148:Morphologie
851:Epigenetics
831:amyloidosis
761:scleroderma
728:, generate
646:Plasma cell
638:Plasmablast
452:T helper (T
396:lymph nodes
380:plasma cell
295:bone marrow
266:Development
229:bone marrow
223:stands for
205:bone marrow
90:Identifiers
3349:Immunology
3328:Categories
3296:Substances
3160:Peripheral
3148:Inaction:
3027:Antibodies
3008:Macrophage
2921:complement
2681:Regulatory
2654:Helper CD4
2580:Follicular
884:References
699:infection.
362:Activation
242:, express
161:lymphocyte
3313:Cytolysin
3303:Cytokines
3150:Tolerance
3099:tolerance
3018:Immunogen
2840:LTi cells
2795:Null cell
2643:Thymocyte
2125:0022-1759
1052:0032-5791
981:Cooper MD
873:A20 cells
821:such as
321:gene loci
246:on their
193:cytokines
67:Precursor
36:beta cell
3263:Cellular
3107:Immunity
3105:Action:
3088:Paratope
3076:Idiotype
3066:Allotype
3034:Antibody
2988:Mimotope
2952:Allergen
2935:Antigens
2928:Lymphoid
2828:Nuocytes
2777:NK cells
2609:B10 cell
2504:26053498
2441:27866585
2406:22224767
2357:11593298
2349:18613843
2311:25902480
2289:Immunity
2261:15771569
2226:23355423
2218:21151033
2168:25899140
2133:23454005
2084:20825732
2076:25677494
2034:22158414
1976:22529295
1916:22500831
1866:12846803
1852:: 8–18.
1831:25677493
1775:23298205
1726:11367532
1691:22885687
1634:25698678
1580:24791216
1572:23797063
1537:20192804
1502:23348416
1453:12810111
1413:10429672
1364:18725575
1310:43158480
1302:20420836
1258:22378602
1206:20969583
1154:33392513
1103:30863406
1011:25656707
867:See also
716:B-1 cell
686:B-2 cell
599:In vitro
444:degraded
227:and not
199:B cells
173:antibody
3334:B cells
3308:Opsonin
3287:NK cell
3275:Humoral
3155:Central
3122:Allergy
3071:Isotype
2971:Epitope
2942:Antigen
2631:T cells
2560:B1 cell
2552:B cells
2495:5444519
2397:7478144
2176:1508656
2025:3947622
1967:4341991
1924:5362003
1874:2455541
1822:4414089
1766:4026165
1682:3439536
1642:9769697
1493:3652659
1404:2195560
1355:2518873
1249:3312675
1197:2975965
1145:7774874
1094:6399414
1077:: 298.
791:cancers
464:) cells
456:) cells
318:L chain
314:H chain
260:epitope
256:antigen
236:T cells
203:in the
197:mammals
159:of the
149:B cells
113:D001402
61:Details
18:B Cells
3280:B cell
3268:T cell
3013:B cell
2976:Linear
2964:Hapten
2575:Memory
2570:Plasma
2502:
2492:
2439:
2404:
2394:
2355:
2347:
2309:
2259:
2224:
2216:
2174:
2166:
2131:
2123:
2082:
2074:
2032:
2022:
1974:
1964:
1922:
1914:
1872:
1864:
1829:
1819:
1773:
1763:
1724:
1689:
1679:
1640:
1632:
1578:
1570:
1535:
1500:
1490:
1451:
1411:
1401:
1362:
1352:
1308:
1300:
1256:
1246:
1204:
1194:
1152:
1142:
1101:
1091:
1050:
1009:
941:
817:, and
779:, and
494:, and
392:spleen
345:anergy
333:ligand
201:mature
79:System
2687:Naïve
2595:Pre-B
2590:Naïve
2353:S2CID
2222:S2CID
2172:S2CID
2080:S2CID
1920:S2CID
1870:S2CID
1638:S2CID
1576:S2CID
1334:Blood
1306:S2CID
611:R-848
480:IL-21
472:CD40L
400:lymph
225:bursa
213:birds
211:. In
209:bones
195:. In
136:[
125:62869
96:Latin
2919:and
2647:αβ (
2604:cell
2500:PMID
2437:PMID
2402:PMID
2345:PMID
2307:PMID
2257:PMID
2214:PMID
2164:PMID
2129:PMID
2121:ISSN
2072:PMID
2030:PMID
1972:PMID
1912:PMID
1862:PMID
1827:PMID
1771:PMID
1722:PMID
1687:PMID
1630:PMID
1568:PMID
1533:PMID
1498:PMID
1449:PMID
1409:PMID
1360:PMID
1298:PMID
1254:PMID
1202:PMID
1150:PMID
1099:PMID
1048:ISSN
1007:PMID
939:ISBN
724:and
670:and
613:and
604:CD40
484:CD40
478:and
476:IL-4
424:CD81
422:and
420:CD19
416:CD21
408:CD45
406:and
394:and
316:and
252:bind
238:and
108:MeSH
3241:HLA
3237:MHC
2602:reg
2490:PMC
2482:doi
2429:doi
2392:PMC
2384:doi
2337:doi
2333:223
2297:doi
2249:doi
2206:doi
2156:doi
2111:doi
2107:391
2064:doi
2020:PMC
2012:doi
1962:PMC
1954:doi
1950:188
1904:doi
1900:247
1854:doi
1850:194
1817:PMC
1809:doi
1761:PMC
1753:doi
1714:doi
1677:PMC
1669:doi
1622:doi
1560:doi
1525:doi
1488:PMC
1480:doi
1441:doi
1399:PMC
1391:doi
1387:190
1350:PMC
1342:doi
1338:112
1288:doi
1284:584
1244:PMC
1236:doi
1192:PMC
1184:doi
1180:238
1140:PMC
1130:doi
1089:PMC
1079:doi
1038:doi
997:doi
740:An
664:IgM
404:Lck
262:.
120:FMA
3330::
3001::
2749:γδ
2723:VM
2715:RM
2707:EM
2699:CM
2679:/
2677:17
2671:/
2663:/
2660:FH
2656:/
2498:.
2488:.
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2472:.
2435:.
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2184:^
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2105:.
2101:.
2078:.
2070:.
2060:15
2058:.
2042:^
2028:.
2018:.
2008:12
2006:.
2002:.
1984:^
1970:.
1960:.
1948:.
1944:.
1932:^
1918:.
1910:.
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1860:.
1848:.
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1815:.
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589:FH
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343:,
339:,
3239:/
2997:/
2906:e
2899:t
2892:v
2721:T
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