54:
1003:), and Jewish tradition. He stressed the willingness and the joyful readiness of the God-loving heart to perform life's duties. He wrote, "It is impossible to think that the nations would recognize us as being wise and understanding if we were not to provide infallible proofs and explanations for the truths of the Torah and our faith." Many Jewish writers familiar with his work consider him an original thinker of high rank. According to
995:, "the duties to be performed by the parts of the body" ("Hovot HaEvarim"), without regard to the inner ideas and sentiments that should be embodied in the Jewish way of life, "the duties of the heart" ("Hovot HaLev"). He also felt that many disregarded all duties incumbent upon them, whether outward observances or inner moral obligations.
1013:
Bahya combined in a rare degree great depth of emotion, a vivid poetic imagination, the power of eloquence, and beauty of diction with a penetrating intellect; and he was therefore well fitted to write a work the main object of which was not to argue about and defend the doctrines of
Judaism, but to
1071:
Bahya, inclined to contemplative mysticism and asceticism, eliminated from his system every element that he felt might obscure monotheism or interfere with halakha. He wanted to present a religious system that was at once lofty and pure and in full accord with reason.
998:
In his view, most people acted according to selfish, worldly motives. Bahya, therefore, felt compelled to attempt to present the Jewish faith as a great spiritual truth founded on reason, revelation (especially regarding the
1168:
The Book of
Direction to the Duties of the Heart, from the Original Arabic Version of Bahya Ben Joseph Ibn Pakuda's al-Hidaya ila Fara'id al-Qulub by Menahem Mansoor (the only English translation from the original
726:
2357:
848:
762:
2337:
2332:
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and philosophical and scientific Arabic, Greek, and Roman literature, frequently quoting from the works of non-Jewish moral philosophers in his work.
352:
1045:
2352:
2342:
53:
1726:
1561:
1215:
841:
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1954:
1021:
became a popular book among the Jews worldwide, and parts of it were once recited for devotional purposes during the days before
1959:
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1943:
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984:, Bahya says that he wished to fill a great need in Jewish literature; he felt that neither the rabbis of the
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nor subsequent rabbis adequately brought all the ethical teachings of
Judaism into a coherent system.
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1771:
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893:
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1103:
A Sufi-Jewish
Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Bahya ibn Paquda's "Duties of the Heart"
1092:", Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies, Volume III, Division C, p. 81 (1973)
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A Sufi-Jewish
Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Bahya ibn Paquda's Duties of the Heart
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1130:(English translation of the original Shaar HaBitachon from Chovot HaLevavot,
1538:
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1173:
Interiority and Law: Bahya ibn Paquda and the
Concept of Inner Commandments,
1028:
Ibn Paquda's works inspired and shaped many later Jewish writers, including
822:
395:
158:
89:
84:
1105:, Introduction, text: "The Hidāya was written in Judeo-Arabic around 1080."
991:
Bahya felt that many Jews paid attention only to the outward observance of
1144:
Duties of the Heart / Chovot HaLevavot - free complete
English translation
1014:
appeal to the sentiments and to stir and elevate the hearts of the people.
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Little is known of his life except that he bore the title of
1193:
1044:
He often followed the method of the anonymously-authored "
1063:
950:
2243:
2156:
2121:
2053:
1860:
1632:
1506:
1404:
1280:
1231:
27:Spanish Jewish philosopher and rabbi (c.1050–1120)
1088:Menahem Mansoor, "Arabic sources on Ibn Pakuda's
928:He was the author of the first Jewish system of
1189:. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. pp. 20–21.
1011:
1175:Omer Michaelis, Stanford University Press 2024
1209:
942:in the years 1161-80 under the title Hebrew:
842:
756:
8:
1151:, jewishencyclopedia.com article written by
973:. Bahya was thoroughly familiar with Jewish
1185:ibn Pakuda, Bachya; Yaakov Feldman (1996).
957:
1216:
1202:
1194:
849:
835:
774:
763:
749:
36:
2358:Burials at the Old Jewish Cemetery, Safed
1140:(partial translation) at sacred-texts.com
912:). He was one of two people now known as
916:, the other being the Bible commentator
1081:
1032:in his encyclopedic philosophical work
777:
376:Maimonidean / Anti-Maimonidean
44:
1046:Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
7:
881:
1053:
962:'The Duties of the Heart'.
943:
935:Guidance to the Duties of the Heart
889:
1114:Duties of the Heart (Feldman 1996)
25:
2338:11th-century rabbis in al-Andalus
2333:12th-century rabbis in al-Andalus
938:It was translated into Hebrew by
1955:Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg
1128:Shaar HaBitachon - Gate of Trust
52:
1960:Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg
1054:رسائل إخوان الصفاء وخلان الوفاء
2098:Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah
1944:Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg
1782:Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre
1777:Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre
320:Mansur ibn Sulayman al-Ghamari
1:
1817:Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise
1712:Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans
1568:Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne
1355:Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon
1036:, "The Book of Compilation."
2353:Medieval Jewish philosophers
2302:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi
2215:Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona
1914:Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin
1673:Samson ben Joseph of Falaise
535:Eliezer ben Elijah Ashkenazi
2343:Writers of Musar literature
2178:Isaiah di Trani the Younger
1822:Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon
1574:Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim
1442:Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona
1361:Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula
1149:Bahya Ben Joseph ibn Pakuda
1064:
951:
866:Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda
2374:
2078:Eliyahu Menachem of London
1970:Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol
1847:Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken
1792:Samson ben Abraham of Sens
1556:David ben Levi of Narbonne
650:Menachem Mendel Schneerson
530:Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm
29:
2210:Moses ben Meir of Ferrara
2088:Jacob ben Judah of London
1827:Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils
940:Judah ben Saul ibn Tibbon
560:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
353:Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat
111:Aristobulus of Alexandria
2287:Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan
2277:Isaac ben Samuel of Acre
1797:Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi
1727:Haim ben Hananel HaCohen
1695:Moses ben Jacob of Coucy
1619:Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen
1267:Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam
1163:Rabbi Bachaya Ibn Pakuda
525:Joseph Solomon Delmedigo
30:Not to be confused with
2328:Philosophers of Judaism
2143:Avigdor Cohen of Vienna
2035:Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi
1980:Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir
1926:Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi
1870:Meshullam ben Kalonymus
1138:The Duties of the Heart
1025:, the Jewish New Year.
1006:The Jewish Encyclopedia
980:In the introduction to
932:, written around 1080.
892:), c. 1050–1120, was a
2015:Jacob ben Judah Landau
2010:Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi
1985:Meir ben Baruch Halevi
1594:Abraham of Montpellier
1465:Simeon ben Zemah Duran
1065:Rasā'il Ikhwān al-Ṣafā
1016:
585:Isaac Orobio de Castro
555:Shneur Zalman of Liadi
252:Shem-Tov ibn Falaquera
2230:Isaac ben Melchizedek
2225:Joseph Colon Trabotto
1910:(Maharam MeRotenberg)
1570:(Raavad II, HaEshkol)
1344:Isaac ben Moses Arama
1272:Shemariah ben Elhanan
1247:Chananel ben Chushiel
595:Samuel David Luzzatto
565:Samson Raphael Hirsch
186:Spanish and European:
154:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
2307:Nethanel ben Isaiah
2292:Nathan ben Abraham I
2184:Obadiah of Bertinoro
1902:Mordechai ben Hillel
1842:Shemaiah of Soissons
297:Judah Leon Abravanel
2196:(Shibbolei HaLeket)
2113:Berechiah de Nicole
2063:Aaron of Canterbury
2045:Isaac Asir HaTikvah
2020:Samuel ben Natronai
1975:Judah ben Kalonymus
1940:(Hagahot Maimuniot)
1643:Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol
1589:Asher ben Meshullam
1584:Meshullam ben Jacob
1544:Isaac ben Abba Mari
1498:Judah ben Barzillai
1187:Duties of the Heart
1090:Duties of the Heart
1030:Berechiah ha-Nakdan
1019:Duties of the Heart
982:Duties of the Heart
975:rabbinic literature
727:Microcosm–macrocosm
645:Joseph Soloveitchik
315:Natan'el al-Fayyumi
116:Philo of Alexandria
40:Part of a series on
2297:Hillel ben Eliakim
2267:Zerahiah the Greek
2261:Tobiah ben Eliezer
2133:(Terumat HaDeshen)
1965:Samson ben Eliezer
1920:Eliezer ben Nathan
1908:Meir of Rothenburg
1877:(Rabbeinu Gershom)
1852:Ephraim ben Samson
1772:Eliezer of Touques
1683:Eliezer ben Samuel
1678:Yom Tov of Falaise
1550:Abraham ben Nathan
1346:(Akeidat Yitzchak)
1284:(except Catalonia)
894:Jewish philosopher
640:Abraham Isaac Kook
620:Monsieur Chouchani
222:Joseph ibn Tzaddik
192:Hasdai ibn Shaprut
159:Ismaili philosophy
149:Brethren of Purity
2315:
2314:
2272:Isaac ben Dorbolo
2235:Judah Messer Leon
2220:Hillel ben Samuel
2166:Nathan ben Jehiel
2108:Yom Tov of Joigny
1995:Israel of Bamberg
1946:(Yehudah haHasid)
1875:Gershom ben Judah
1832:Menahem ben Helbo
1742:Peretz ben Elijah
1722:Judah ben Yom Tov
1653:List of Tosafists
1636:(except Provence)
1624:Jonathan of Lunel
1614:Isaac of Narbonne
1609:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1521:Abraham ben David
1459:Isaac ben Sheshet
1430:Shlomo ibn Aderet
1371:Maimon ben Joseph
1366:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
1312:Joseph ibn Migash
1257:Zechariah Aghmati
1252:Dunash ben Labrat
1062:
961:
952:Ḥoḇoṯ hal-Leḇāḇoṯ
949:
902:Taifa of Zaragoza
900:who lived in the
859:
858:
773:
772:
610:Eliezer Berkovits
600:Elijah Benamozegh
590:Moses Mendelssohn
505:Francisco Sanches
464:Reconstructionist
267:Isaac ben Sheshet
262:Moses of Narbonne
242:Samuel ibn Tibbon
202:Abraham bar Hiyya
46:Jewish philosophy
16:(Redirected from
2365:
2348:Jewish ethicists
2189:Menahem Recanati
2131:Israel Isserlein
2025:Alexander Suslin
1950:Yaakov ben Yakar
1932:Eleazar of Worms
1890:Asher ben Jehiel
1881:Simeon bar Isaac
1812:Samuel of Évreux
1787:Baruch ben Isaac
1762:Samson of Chinon
1757:Jacob of Orléans
1732:Yechiel of Paris
1701:Judah ben Nathan
1689:Isaac ben Samuel
1668:Solomon ben Meir
1579:Moshe ha-Darshan
1562:Moses ben Joseph
1516:Hachmei Provence
1483:Azriel of Gerona
1479:(Nimmukei Yosef)
1477:Joseph ibn Habib
1473:(Maggid Mishneh)
1438:(Rabbeinu Yonah)
1424:Nissim of Gerona
1381:Abraham ibn Daud
1350:Rabbenu Yerucham
1324:Bahya ibn Paquda
1306:Yom Tov Asevilli
1301:Abraham ibn Ezra
1262:Nissim ben Jacob
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948:romanized:
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862:Bahyā ibn Pāqudā
851:
844:
837:
775:
765:
758:
751:
668:
625:Emmanuel Levinas
416:
247:Joseph ben Judah
227:Abraham ibn Ezra
217:Abraham ibn Daud
207:Bahya ibn Paquda
174:Rabbinic Judaism
136:
67:
56:
37:
21:
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2256:Elijah Mizrachi
2251:Isaac Abarbanel
2239:
2172:Isaiah di Trani
2152:
2137:Isaac of Vienna
2117:
2103:Moses of London
2093:Josce of London
2083:Hagin Deulacres
2073:Elias of London
2049:
2040:Simha of Speyer
2005:Judah ben Asher
2000:Ephraim of Bonn
1896:Jacob ben Asher
1856:
1807:Moses of Évreux
1802:Meir ben Samuel
1767:Jacob of Chinon
1747:Eliezer of Toul
1717:Elijah of Paris
1628:
1604:Isaac the Blind
1502:
1493:Judah ben Yakar
1471:Vidal of Tolosa
1400:
1391:Jonah ibn Janah
1334:David Abudirham
1329:Bahya ben Asher
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1227:
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1153:Kaufmann Kohler
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969:"judge" at the
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918:Bahya ben Asher
914:Rabbeinu Behaye
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778:Rabbinical eras
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635:Gershom Scholem
615:Eliyahu Dessler
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282:Elia del Medigo
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32:Bahya ben Asher
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1898:(Baal HaTurim)
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1448:Hasdai Crescas
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1419:Menachem Meiri
1416:
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1386:Moses ibn Ezra
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1038:
1034:Sefer HaHibbur
925:
924:Life and works
922:
890:بهية بن فاقودا
882:בחיי אבן פקודה
857:
856:
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547:
542:
540:Tzvi Ashkenazi
537:
532:
527:
522:
520:Salomon Maimon
517:
515:Baruch Spinoza
512:
510:Uriel da Costa
507:
501:
497:
495:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
459:Existentialist
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
425:
421:
418:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
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378:
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368:
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289:
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279:
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272:Hasdai Crescas
269:
264:
259:
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204:
199:
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176:
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145:
143:Influenced by:
141:
138:
131:
130:
127:
126:
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122:
119:
118:
113:
107:
103:
101:
98:
97:
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87:
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76:
72:
69:
62:
61:
58:
57:
49:
48:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2370:
2359:
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2354:
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2334:
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2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Benjamin Anaw
2198:
2195:
2194:Zedekiah Anaw
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Aaron of York
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
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1891:
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1886:
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1778:
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1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:Chaim Paltiel
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
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1517:
1514:
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1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Moshe Chalava
1486:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1453:Aharon HaLevi
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:(Baal HaMaor)
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:Yonah Gerondi
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:Isaac Aboab I
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1318:Meir Abulafia
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
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1273:
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1234:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1181:, Diana Lobel
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:Diana Lobel,
1098:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1023:Rosh Hashanah
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
996:
994:
989:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
963:
953:
941:
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936:
931:
923:
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919:
915:
911:
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903:
899:
895:
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871:
867:
863:
852:
847:
845:
840:
838:
833:
832:
830:
829:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
783:
782:
781:
776:
766:
761:
759:
754:
752:
747:
746:
744:
743:
733:
732:Righteousness
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
682:Chosen people
680:
678:
675:
674:
672:
671:
663:
662:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
575:Isaac Cardoso
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:Samuel Hirsch
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
502:
500:
496:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
424:
420:
419:
415:
409:
408:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
371:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Isaac Israeli
336:
335:
333:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
310:
306:
305:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
187:
183:
182:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
139:
135:
129:
128:
117:
114:
112:
109:
108:
106:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
75:
71:
70:
66:
60:
59:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2263:(Lekach Tov)
2148:Isaac Tyrnau
1990:Israel Bruna
1938:Meir HaKohen
1691:(Ri HaZaken)
1658:Rabbeinu Tam
1599:Joseph Caspi
1396:Abraham Saba
1323:
1296:Judah Halevi
1241:Isaac Alfasi
1233:North Africa
1186:
1178:
1172:
1157:Isaac Broydé
1110:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1070:
1043:
1040:Neoplatonism
1033:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1004:
997:
990:
981:
979:
964:
944:חובות הלבבות
933:
927:
913:
878:Judeo-Arabic
873:
869:
865:
861:
860:
630:Martin Buber
498:
449:Conservative
422:
369:
331:
308:
212:Judah Halevi
206:
185:
164:Jewish Kalam
142:
104:
73:
2168:(the Aruch)
1904:(Mordechai)
1837:Simeon Kara
1707:Bechor Shor
1558:(HaMichtam)
1533:David Kimhi
1414:Nachmanides
1357:(Migdal Oz)
1339:Joseph Albo
1314:(Ri Migash)
1165:, at OU.org
687:Eschatology
580:David Nieto
545:Jacob Emden
479:Neo-Hasidic
358:Ibn Kammuna
348:al-Mukkamas
343:Saadia Gaon
277:Joseph Albo
237:Nachmanides
197:Ibn Gabirol
65:Hellenistic
2322:Categories
2282:Moses Taku
2205:Judah Anav
2139:(Or Zarua)
2030:Jacob Weil
1552:(HaManhig)
1527:Gersonides
1467:(Tashbatz)
1291:Maimonides
1076:References
906:al-Andalus
605:Moses Hess
423:Positions:
370:Positions:
287:Judah Minz
257:Gersonides
232:Maimonides
95:Boethusian
74:Positions:
2244:Elsewhere
1934:(Rokeach)
1928:(Raavyah)
1922:(Ra'aven)
1916:(Maharil)
1546:(HaIttur)
1539:Abba Mari
1406:Catalonia
1059:romanized
823:Acharonim
717:Holocaust
707:Happiness
489:Rambamist
469:Holocaust
444:Chassidic
434:Sephardic
381:Kabbalist
309:Yemenite:
85:Sadducean
80:Hasmonean
1685:(Yereim)
1529:(Ralbag)
1523:(Raavad)
1508:Provence
1461:(Rivash)
1432:(Rashba)
1225:Rishonim
971:beth din
818:Rishonim
806:Savoraim
712:Holiness
429:Orthodox
396:Tosafist
391:Talmudic
169:Kabbalah
134:Medieval
90:Pharisee
2123:Austria
2055:England
1862:Germany
1703:(Rivan)
1697:(Semag)
1663:Rashbam
1564:(Rambi)
1535:(Radak)
1455:(Ra'ah)
1320:(Ramah)
1308:(Ritva)
1169:Arabic)
1061::
993:halakha
960:
870:Pekudah
801:Amoraim
796:Tannaim
722:Messiah
499:People:
474:Renewal
386:Karaism
105:People:
2180:(Riaz)
1892:(Rosh)
1634:France
1155:&
1050:Arabic
986:Talmud
930:ethics
886:Arabic
874:Bakuda
813:Geonim
786:Chazal
692:Ethics
667:Topics
484:Mussar
454:Reform
439:Chabad
414:Modern
332:Other:
18:Bachya
2174:(Rid)
2158:Italy
1885:Mainz
1737:Rivam
1648:Rashi
1426:(Ran)
1282:Spain
1243:(Rif)
1134:2021)
1132:Kehot
1001:Torah
967:dayan
910:Spain
908:(now
898:rabbi
791:Zugot
697:Faith
677:Anger
1048:'" (
958:lit.
896:and
1883:of
1068:).
904:in
702:God
2324::
1056:,
1052::
1009::
955:,
946:,
920:.
888::
884:,
880::
876:;
872:,
868:,
1217:e
1210:t
1203:v
1159:.
864:(
850:e
843:t
836:v
764:e
757:t
750:v
34:.
20:)
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