211:
the 'Roman Law of
Condictiones', 'Common Law' (comprising the general principles of contract, torts, and crime), 'Equity', and 'Conflict of Laws'. The optional paper was to be chosen from either the 'Law of Evidence', the 'Law of Negotiable Instruments', specified topics in Public International Law, or the 'Roman-Dutch Law of Testamentary and Intestate Succession'. In 1960, the syllabus was changed to six papers, of which four were compulsory: 'Common Law' (as above), the 'Roman Law of Ownership and Possession', 'Equity', and 'Conflict of Laws'. The two optional papers were to be chosen from either the 'Development of Modern Jurisprudence', the 'Roman Law of Condictiones', the 'Law of Evidence', 'Criminal Law and Penology', 'Public International Law', 'Roman Dutch Law', 'Legal History: the Legislation of Edward I', 'Administrative Law', or the 'Comparative Law of Matrimonial Causes'. For non-Oxford graduates, there was a preliminary examination after the first year. Presently, four papers can be chosen from a wide range of options.
199:) first. In this case, it took four to six years to take the BCL. From the 1850s, the BCL could only be taken by those who had an Oxford BA, but at the end of the 19th century the course was restructured: While it was still possible for Oxford BAs to complete it in one year, graduates from other universities were also admitted to the BCL, though as a two-year taught degree course. This dual structure was still in place in the 1960s, but at least since 1991, the BCL has been a one-year course both for graduates from Oxford, and elsewhere. In 1991, the MJur was introduced as a degree in European and Comparative Law. Around 2000, this was reshaped into a degree with the same structure and papers as the BCL, but for graduates from non-Common Law backgrounds.
534:) in view of the Louisiana Civil Law components of the program. The DCL (which was awarded as a BCL for those classes graduating in the 2003–06 academic years) reflects the 15 added credit hours of legal study in Civil Law, and comparative international law, in addition to that which is required for achieving the standard JD. The additional course hours, which are roughly equal to one additional semester of study, are generally achieved through a combination of taking summer course offerings, on campus or abroad, as well as via one or more other available routes offered by the Law Center.
454:
choose to complete the curriculum in 3, 3.5, or 4 years. Admission to the McGill programme can be a first-entry programme, in the case of Quebec students (30 students every year are admitted straight out of college while others still need an undergraduate degree even if they are from the
Province of Québec), though it is a second-entry programme in the case of students from other provinces (as three to four years of university studies is required, effectively at least two extra years of study more than for a college diploma).
453:
diploma for entry. Except in the cases of both Ottawa and McGill, they are three years in length. The Common Law LLB and Quebec Civil Law LLL are combined in programmes offered by both the
University of Ottawa, and McGill University. McGill offers a "transystemic program" of 105 credits. Students can
210:
in 1758. Undergraduate examinations in law were not established until 1850, with the separate BA undergraduate 'Honour School of
Jurisprudence' being established in 1872. Before 1960, there were seven papers, of which six were compulsory: 'Jurisprudence', the 'Roman Law of Ownership and Possession',
136:). Oxford claims that the BCL is "the most highly regarded taught masters-level qualification in the Common Law world". The course differs from many LLM programmes insofar as it provides not only seminar-and lecture—format teaching, but also the intensive small-group tutorials that characterize
363:. For historical reasons, Quebec has a hybrid legal system born of its French-heritage in civil law. As a result, universities in Quebec (and others wishing to offer degrees suitable for practitioners in Quebec) must provide training in both Civil and Common Law.
69:, although it is true that common law was not taught in the civil law faculties in either university until at least the second half of the 18th century. However, some universities in English-speaking countries use the degree in the
61:; at Oxford, the BCL continues to be the primary postgraduate taught course in law. It is also taught as an undergraduate degree in other countries. The reference to civil law was not originally in contradistinction to
226:
The
Faculty of Civil Law in Cambridge was renamed the Faculty of Laws after the teaching of English Common Law was introduced in the 19th century. The initial postgraduate degree in the faculty became the
190:
degree at Oxford (and one additional year if his degree was from
Cambridge). It was, however, possible to enter the Faculty of Law directly after matriculation as a 'Student in Civil Law', without even a
374:
is called the BCL, to distinguish it from the first degree in Common Law (i.e., the JD) offered by that same university. Graduates earn both degrees concurrently after three to four years of study.
152:. The degree is either an overall "pass" or an overall "distinction", the latter requiring more than 70 marks in two or more of the four courses, and not less than 60 in any of the courses. The
126:) programmes of other British universities, but specifically for Common Law degree holders. Students with Civil Law degrees following the same programme are awarded the degree of
499:, by completing two additional graduate-level law classes and doing a directed studies paper, the student may also earn an LLM in Notarial Law, in addition to the Diploma.
975:
937:
900:
863:
449:
These bachelor's degrees in Quebec Civil Law are a first-entry degree programme which, like other first-entry university programmes in any discipline in Quebec, require a
1151:
768:
417:
836:
218:
for both BCL and MJur graduates consists of the lay faculties' masters' gown with a hood of steel blue silk, half lined and bound with white rabbit fur.
215:
315:
168:
335:
311:
207:
553:
511:
requires legal practitioners in the state to have education in both Civil Law, and Common Law, and necessarily sets it apart from other
164:
743:
469:
160:
156:
is awarded to the student deemed to have the best overall performance on the BCL; examples of past
Vinerian Scholars include the
890:
278:
1176:
829:
299:
247:), before being retitled LLM in the 20th century in order to clarify its status as a postgraduate degree. The BCL degree in
603:
405:), to distinguish it from the first degree in Common Law (i.e., the LLB, now renamed JD) offered by that same university.
186:
in 1535. In the 16th century, it generally took three years to study for the BCL if the student had previously obtained a
174:
Historically, the BCL was established as the lower degree in Oxford's
Faculty of Civil Law, the higher degree being the
411:
886:
450:
255:
427:
776:
523:
822:
548:
519:
307:
484:
955:
543:
526:
in the U.S. confers on the graduates of its law program a combined Juris Doctor / Diploma of Civil Law (styled
70:
53:
conferred by
English-language universities. The BCL originated as a postgraduate degree in the universities of
882:
331:
303:
58:
251:
is now also titled LLM. Within the UK, only the law faculty at Oxford has retained the older nomenclature.
928:
339:
327:
323:
319:
473:
must, after that baccalaureate degree, go on to obtain a
Diploma of Notarial Law through graduate study (
989:
183:
359:
principally adopts the English Common Law legal tradition in all provinces and territories, excluding
1181:
1103:
1059:
965:
951:
909:
854:
508:
386:
378:
153:
144:. The principal mode of assessment for the BCL and MJur is end-of-year examinations held in Oxford's
54:
254:
Before it was renamed in 1969 as the LLB, the bachelor's degree in Common Law conferred by Canada's
1117:
1094:
1079:
421:
295:
175:
145:
798:"Juris Doctor and Optional Graduate Diploma in Comparative Law Degrees | LSU Law – Academics"
1021:
946:
1113:
877:
367:
248:
1143:
1099:
1016:
872:
228:
192:
273:) in 1967, the Bachelor of Civil Law was the degree granted by the first law school in the
1138:
1122:
1084:
1069:
1036:
846:
747:
458:
433:
141:
699:
578:
408:
The other universities in Quebec that offer a baccalaureate degree in Quebec Civil Law (
1108:
1064:
914:
398:
240:
187:
128:
95:
42:
17:
1170:
797:
512:
462:
356:
274:
1026:
262:
149:
1089:
632:
91:
611:
558:
371:
178:. The Faculty of Civil Law was so named to distinguish it from the faculty of
62:
984:
814:
203:
179:
157:
66:
137:
382:
90:, the Bachelor of Civil Law degree is a taught postgraduate degree in
1074:
1041:
1031:
960:
360:
330:, award the LLB. degree. The LLB is offered at postgraduate level by
87:
107:
818:
50:
389:
in Quebec Civil Law, which it styles the Licentiate of Laws (
467:, a candidate for entry into the training programme of the
457:
While the baccalaureate degree in Quebec Civil Law is the
733:, 6 J. Soc'y Pub. Tchrs. L. n.s. 121 (1961), p. 125–6
720:, 6 J. Soc'y Pub. Tchrs. L. n.s. 121 (1961), p. 121–2
298:. It is awarded by constituent universities of the
1131:
1050:
1009:
1002:
974:
936:
927:
899:
862:
853:
689:, 6 J. Soc'y Pub. Tchrs. L. n.s. 121 (1961), p. 121
461:for entry into the bar admission programme of the
493:: requiring two semesters of full-time study. At
294:The BCL degree is also a standard law degree in
1152:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
830:
8:
494:
488:
478:
446:and Université Laval was styled as 'LL.L.'.
441:
425:
409:
182:which was abolished in both universities by
475:Diplôme de deuxième cycle en droit notarial
120:
112:
1006:
933:
859:
837:
823:
815:
598:
596:
322:. Other Irish universities, including the
316:National University of Ireland, Maynooth
258:was known as the Bachelor of Civil Law.
673:. Oxford University Press, 2016, p. 482
570:
681:
679:
581:. University of Oxford, Faculty of Law
312:National University of Ireland, Galway
94:, occupying a similar position as the
731:Changes in the BCL Syllabus at Oxford
718:Changes in the BCL Syllabus at Oxford
687:Changes in the BCL Syllabus at Oxford
440:) though, in the past, the degree at
208:Vinerian Professorship of English Law
7:
318:. The BCL degree is also offered by
49:) is the name of various degrees in
671:The University of Oxford. A History
554:Degrees of the University of Oxford
202:The syllabus consisted entirely of
370:, the bachelor's degree in Quebec
25:
346:Degrees specifically in civil law
279:William & Mary School of Law
891:Certificate of Higher Education
418:Université du Québec à Montréal
206:until the establishment of the
700:"Introduction to the BCL/MJur"
579:"Introduction to the BCL/MJur"
470:Chambre des notaires du Québec
300:National University of Ireland
1:
658:Universities in Tudor England
222:The historical BCL: Elsewhere
459:terminal professional degree
887:Diploma of Higher Education
256:University of New Brunswick
1198:
744:"Ll.B. V. J.D. | Unb"
524:Louisiana State University
47:Baccalaureus Civilis Legis
549:Common law (legal system)
520:Paul M. Hebert Law Center
503:Louisiana (United States)
495:
489:
479:
442:
426:
410:
351:Canada (BCL / LLB / LLL)
308:University College Dublin
544:Civil law (legal system)
490:Université de Sherbrooke
428:Université de Sherbrooke
883:Higher National Diploma
332:University College Cork
304:University College Cork
496:Université de Montréal
480:Université de Montréal
443:Université de Montréal
437:
432:) call it an 'LL.B.' (
412:Université de Montréal
402:
381:, although located in
357:legal system in Canada
340:University of Limerick
328:Trinity College Dublin
324:University of Limerick
320:Dublin City University
261:Until replaced by the
244:
121:
113:
82:The modern BCL: Oxford
46:
18:Bachelor of Civil Laws
990:Candidate of Sciences
438:baccalauréat en droit
285:Undergraduate degrees
31:Bachelor of Civil Law
1060:Academic certificate
952:Postgraduate diploma
706:. 15 September 2015.
509:Louisiana Civil Code
483:, Université Laval,
387:baccalaureate degree
379:University of Ottawa
154:Vinerian Scholarship
77:Postgraduate degrees
1095:Professional degree
656:Craig R. Thompson.
485:Université d'Ottawa
176:Doctor of Civil Law
148:, after the end of
146:Examination Schools
1177:Bachelor's degrees
1022:Doctor of Sciences
669:Brockliss, L.W.B.
637:Oxford Law Faculty
245:Legum Baccalaureus
165:Lord Edmund-Davies
1164:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1114:Specialist degree
998:
997:
966:Engineer's degree
923:
922:
910:Bachelor's degree
878:Foundation degree
750:on 1 January 2017
604:"Oxford Law: BCL"
522:on the campus of
464:Barreau du Québec
403:Legum Licentiatus
368:McGill University
281:founded in 1779.
249:Durham University
140:'s undergraduate
16:(Redirected from
1189:
1100:Graduate diploma
1017:Higher doctorate
1007:
934:
873:Associate degree
860:
839:
832:
825:
816:
809:
808:
806:
805:
794:
788:
787:
785:
784:
775:. Archived from
769:"DCU BCL Degree"
765:
759:
758:
756:
755:
746:. Archived from
740:
734:
727:
721:
714:
708:
707:
696:
690:
683:
674:
667:
661:
654:
648:
647:
645:
644:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
610:. Archived from
600:
591:
590:
588:
586:
575:
498:
497:
492:
491:
482:
481:
445:
444:
431:
430:
422:Université Laval
415:
414:
385:, also offers a
229:Bachelor of Laws
193:Bachelor of Arts
124:
116:
21:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1156:
1139:Honorary degree
1127:
1123:Terminal degree
1085:Magister degree
1070:External degree
1052:
1046:
994:
970:
947:Master's degree
919:
895:
849:
847:academic degree
843:
813:
812:
803:
801:
796:
795:
791:
782:
780:
767:
766:
762:
753:
751:
742:
741:
737:
728:
724:
715:
711:
698:
697:
693:
684:
677:
668:
664:
655:
651:
642:
640:
633:"Lord Hoffmann"
631:
630:
626:
617:
615:
602:
601:
594:
584:
582:
577:
576:
572:
567:
540:
505:
353:
348:
292:
287:
224:
204:Roman Civil Law
184:King Henry VIII
142:tutorial system
84:
79:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1195:
1193:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1111:
1109:Higher diploma
1106:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1065:Artist diploma
1062:
1056:
1054:
1053:classification
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1004:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
993:
992:
987:
981:
979:
972:
971:
969:
968:
963:
958:
949:
943:
941:
931:
925:
924:
921:
920:
918:
917:
915:Honours degree
912:
906:
904:
897:
896:
894:
893:
880:
875:
869:
867:
857:
851:
850:
844:
842:
841:
834:
827:
819:
811:
810:
789:
760:
735:
722:
709:
691:
675:
662:
649:
624:
592:
569:
568:
566:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
539:
536:
504:
501:
352:
349:
347:
344:
291:
288:
286:
283:
223:
220:
216:academic dress
188:Master of Arts
129:Magister Juris
122:Legum Magister
114:Magister Legum
96:Master of Laws
83:
80:
78:
75:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1194:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
980:
977:
973:
967:
964:
962:
961:Diplom degree
959:
957:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
939:
935:
932:
930:
926:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
902:
898:
892:
888:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
856:
855:Undergraduate
852:
848:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
821:
820:
817:
800:. Law.lsu.edu
799:
793:
790:
779:on 2009-08-01
778:
774:
770:
764:
761:
749:
745:
739:
736:
732:
729:Harris, D.R.
726:
723:
719:
716:Harris, D.R.
713:
710:
705:
701:
695:
692:
688:
685:Harris, D.R.
682:
680:
676:
672:
666:
663:
659:
653:
650:
638:
634:
628:
625:
614:on 2011-05-29
613:
609:
605:
599:
597:
593:
580:
574:
571:
564:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
537:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
513:jurisdictions
510:
502:
500:
486:
476:
472:
471:
466:
465:
460:
455:
452:
447:
439:
435:
429:
423:
419:
413:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
350:
345:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
284:
282:
280:
276:
275:United States
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
221:
219:
217:
212:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
161:Lord Hoffmann
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
123:
117:
115:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
81:
76:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:(abbreviated
32:
27:Degree in law
19:
1144:
1027:Habilitation
1010:Postdoctoral
929:Postgraduate
802:. Retrieved
792:
781:. Retrieved
777:the original
772:
763:
752:. Retrieved
748:the original
738:
730:
725:
717:
712:
703:
694:
686:
670:
665:
657:
652:
641:. Retrieved
639:. 2015-07-16
636:
627:
616:. Retrieved
612:the original
607:
583:. Retrieved
573:
531:
527:
517:
515:in the U.S.
506:
474:
468:
463:
456:
448:
407:
394:
390:
376:
365:
354:
293:
270:
266:
263:Juris Doctor
260:
253:
236:
232:
225:
213:
201:
196:
173:
169:Lord Saville
150:Trinity term
133:
127:
119:
111:
103:
99:
85:
71:former sense
38:
34:
30:
29:
1182:Law degrees
1104:certificate
1090:Microdegree
1051:No dominant
956:certificate
336:NUI, Galway
92:English law
1171:Categories
1080:Licentiate
845:Levels of
804:2022-04-04
783:2009-05-04
754:2022-04-04
643:2018-04-05
618:2010-09-02
565:References
559:Law Degree
338:, and the
302:, such as
132:(commonly
63:common law
1145:Ad eundem
1116:/
1102:/
985:Doctorate
954:/
889:/
885:/
372:Civil Law
180:Canon Law
158:Law Lords
67:canon law
65:, but to
59:Cambridge
1132:Unearned
704:ox.ac.uk
608:ox.ac.uk
538:See also
326:and the
310:and the
231:degree (
138:Oxbridge
1118:diploma
978:level 8
940:level 7
903:level 6
866:level 5
660:, p. 18
477:) from
451:college
383:Ontario
296:Ireland
290:Ireland
1147:degree
1075:Laurea
1042:Fellow
1037:Tenure
1032:Docent
773:dcu.ie
585:21 May
528:D.C.L.
434:French
361:Quebec
342:also.
277:, the
88:Oxford
55:Oxford
39:B.C.L.
1003:Other
976:ISCED
938:ISCED
901:ISCED
864:ISCED
487:, or
399:Latin
395:LL.L.
269:, or
241:Latin
237:LL.B.
235:, or
108:Latin
104:LL.M.
43:Latin
587:2021
518:The
507:The
424:and
377:The
355:The
314:and
271:J.D.
214:The
167:and
134:MJur
100:M.L.
57:and
532:DCL
530:or
393:or
391:LLL
366:At
233:LLB
118:or
102:or
86:At
51:law
37:or
35:BCL
1173::
771:.
702:.
678:^
635:.
606:.
595:^
436::
420:,
416:,
401::
397:;
334:,
306:,
267:JD
243::
239:;
197:BA
171:.
163:,
110::
106:;
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45::
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838:e
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786:.
757:.
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