Bachman's sparrow - Knowledge

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loblolly pine stands of varying ages and under different management in South Carolina, plots occupied by Bachman's sparrows consistently had low volumes of vegetation from 7 to 13 feet (2–4 m) above ground compared to unoccupied sites. In middle-aged and mature forests of Georgia composed primarily of loblolly pine, Bachman sparrow densities were negatively associated with tree/shrub volume and vegetation volume from 7 to <16 feet (3 to <5 m). In loblolly and shortleaf pine plantations of Arkansas, Bachman's sparrow breeding areas had significantly lower percent canopy cover (p<0.001), shorter woody vegetation (p≤0.01) and fewer trees (p<0.001) and shrubs (p≤0.05) than unoccupied sites. In south-central Missouri, Bachman's sparrows occurred in glades with less than 30% woody cover, and occupied glades had significantly (p≤0.05) lower percentages of deciduous and coniferous saplings, deciduous and coniferous trees, and total woody vegetation. Mid-story density was marginally (p=0.055) greater on unoccupied sites, and Bachman's sparrow abundance was significantly (p=0.043) negatively correlated (r= –0.446) with mid-story density in longleaf pine woodlands of northwestern Florida. However, relative abundance of Bachman's sparrows was not significantly (p=0.107) associated with canopy cover and there were no significant (p=0.133) differences in canopy cover between occupied and unoccupied sites.

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from 1.21 to 4.16 offspring per pair per year across sites and years. In a South Carolina longleaf pine community, daily survival rate of Bachman's sparrow nests in 1995 was 0.952, which was significantly (p=0.04) higher than the 1996 daily nest survival rate of 0.889. Earlier nesting attempts (before June 15, n=15) had significantly (p=0.05) higher survival rates than those started later in the year (n=11). Daily nest survival rate was 0.922 during incubation and 0.973 during the nestling stage. In central Arkansas, daily success rate during the incubation period was 0.965, while in the nestling period it was 0.919. In the glades of south-central Missouri, 8 female Bachman's sparrows fledged an average of 1.5 young per season over 2 years. Predation accounted for 80% of egg loss on study sites in Arkansas and 94% of nest failures on sites in central Florida. Daily survival rates of nests in the Sandhills of North Carolina were 0.947 and 0.951. Nest survival in North Carolina and South Carolina declined significantly later in the breeding season.

599:, which resulted in a lower volume of vegetation from 3 to 7 feet (1–2 m) above ground. The authors suggest that the lack of vegetation in this height range may have limited perches, resulting in fewer birds on the site. An investigation of Bachman's sparrow habitat characteristics in 1- to 6-year-old loblolly pine stands of eastern Texas led to recommendations that 2 to 5 tall (>39 feet (12 m)) trees/100 ha remain on a clearcut for Bachman sparrow singing perches. In Georgia, the lack of vegetation from 10 to <16 feet (3 to <5 m) was suggested as a possible reason for the absence of Bachman's sparrows from open field vegetation. However, across the southeast, vegetation density from 3 to 6 feet (0.91–1.8 m) above ground varies widely on sites occupied by Bachman's sparrows, suggesting their requirements for the density of this vegetation layer are comparatively flexible. 417:

Mississippi and Alabama have been thought to migrate south during winter. Historical records suggest that Bachman's sparrows that once bred from Illinois to Pennsylvania did migrate to the south. Records of Bachman's sparrow occurrence on breeding grounds and specimens of subspecies collected outside their normal breeding range suggest that spring migration occurs from mid-March to May and fall migration occurs from late August through to late October. However, migration of Bachman's sparrows in the northern part of their current range is not well understood and it may be that suitable habitat conditions do not necessitate migration. Because of their secretive nature, determining the presence of Bachman's sparrows is difficult outside of the breeding season, when individuals rarely sing and perch visibly. However, examination of

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across sites of different ages and management regimes. In Georgia, Bachman sparrow densities ranged from 0 to 0.92 birds/ha on sites ranging from an open field to middle-aged and mature forests composed primarily of loblolly pine. In a south-central Florida community composed of saw palmetto, scrub palmetto, and threeawn, Bachman's sparrow density averaged 1 male/33 ha. In dry prairie of central Florida, Bachman's sparrow densities varied from 0.92 to 3.24 territories/10 ha across sites and years. Bachman's sparrow densities calculated from breeding bird censuses in longleaf pine forests was >15 territories/40 ha, while densities from winter bird population studies were from 6 to 10 individuals/40 ha.

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pine-grassland restoration stands in Mississippi increased as size of areas with long burning rotations, short-harvest rotations, and no removal of hardwoods decreased (p=0.05) and as the perimeter to area ratio of these areas increased (p=0.02). In South Carolina, distance from source populations significantly (p≤ 0.05) influenced the ability of Bachman's sparrows to colonize recent clearcuts in both years on one study area and in 1 of 2 years in another study area. The authors suggest that the presence of corridors in the latter study area may have resulted in distance being less influential.

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unoccupied sites in Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina and North Carolina. In 17- to 28-year- old slash pine plantations of northwestern Florida that had been burned within 4 years, Bachman's sparrow abundance was significantly (p=0.043) correlated (r=0.46) with relative volume of grass. In longleaf and loblolly pine stands of varying ages and under different management in South Carolina, areas occupied by Bachman's sparrows consistently had high vegetation volumes ≤3 feet (1 m) above ground. Sites occupied by Bachman's sparrows in longleaf pine woodlands of Florida managed for the

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traditionally managed stands. In 1- to 6-year-old loblolly pine stands of eastern Texas, herbaceous ground cover (p=0.003) was greater in study areas occupied by Bachman's sparrows. In south-central Missouri, glades occupied by Bachman's sparrows had significantly more grass (p=0.03) and forb cover (p=0.0005) than unoccupied glades. However, vegetation densities below 3 feet (0.9 m) and percent ground and grass cover in areas occupied by Bachman's sparrow did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from unoccupied areas of loblolly and shortleaf pine plantations in Arkansas.

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feet (1 m) above ground as recently burned pineland sites that were occupied by Bachman's sparrow. Although measurements were not taken, observations of Bachman's sparrow in clearcuts in eastern Texas suggest they may favor tall grass in clumpy rather that uniform distribution. In loblolly and shortleaf pine plantations of Arkansas, explanations suggested for a lack of evidence of ground layer features influencing selection of breeding territories included importance of habitat characteristics that were not measured, such as patchiness of the

31: 587:>4 inches (10 cm) in diameter removed (0.4 territories/40 ha) in a loblolly pine forest of South Carolina. Haggerty suggests that litter may provide habitat for Bachman's sparrow prey, but that too much litter could interfere with foraging. In loblolly and shortleaf pine plantations of Arkansas, litter cover (78%) and depth (0.5 inches (1.2 cm) on sites occupied by Bachman's sparrows were significantly (p≤0.01) lower than litter cover (88.9%) and depth (1.6 inches (4.2 cm)) on unoccupied sites. 595:

sparrow density was 22.3 pairs/km . In an area in South Carolina composed of longleaf and loblolly pine, Bachman's sparrow occurred at significantly (p=0.002) higher density in clearcuts than middle-aged (22–50 years) stands, while in another area clearcuts had relatively low densities of Bachman's sparrows. Vegetation differences between the 2 sites are likely to explain the difference. The site with relatively low densities of Bachman's sparrows had been rolled with a

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agricultural fields up into the early 1900s, Bachman's sparrows rapidly expanded their range and began breeding in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and parts of Pennsylvania. However, this trend reversed during the 1930s as much of the eastern deciduous forest recovered. Bachman's sparrows are thought to have been extirpated from Virginia in the early 2000s, and North Carolina is now the northern periphery of their eastern range.

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from the 9.7-day average period between a failed nest and a subsequent nest attempt. On average, females attempted 3.1 nests per season. The maximum number of attempts per season was five. The maximum number of nests attempted in longleaf pine habitat of South Carolina was also five. After two successful nests, a female attempted three times to raise a third brood. Limited evidence suggests that three broods per season may occur occasionally.

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at the base of small trees, forbs, and other grass species. Bachman's sparrow nests are dome-shaped with an opening typically oriented to the north. However, there is some variation in nest shape and on the Arkansas study site above, only 7% of nests were not either partially or completely domed. Bachman's sparrow nest shape may vary geographically, as nests found farther north in their historic range were infrequently domed.

50: 72: 624:(p<0.05) correlated (r=–0.22) with distance to edge. However, in dry prairie of central Florida the difference in Bachman's sparrow densities in edge and core habitat was not significant (p≥0.36), and both edge and core habitat were considered population sinks. In North Carolina, Bachman's sparrow occupancy increased at intermediate distances (~250 meters) from wildlife openings. 546:

grass that is too dense may impede movement. Further, though Bachman's sparrows select home ranges with a relatively low density of woody vegetation, individual birds seem to select microhabitat within their range with greater density of woody vegetation. This may be due to the importance of woody song perches for males and woody vegetation as escape cover.

1966:"The relative importance of multiscale factors in the distribution of Bachman's Sparrow and the implications for ecosystem conservationImportancia relativa de los factores a múltiples escalas en la distribución de Peucaea aestivalis y las implicancias para la conservación de los ecosistemasMultiscale factors influence Bachman's Sparrow distribution" 841: 500:

from 20 April to 26 July was 80.0%. In another radio telemetry study, four mortalities out of 38 Bachman's sparrows were documented over two years. The overall breeding season survival rate was estimated as 0.893. According to a literature review, Bachman's sparrows have been captured that were at least three years old.

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In the dry prairie of central Florida, Bachman's sparrows used clumps of saw-palmetto that had "natural" burrows significantly (p<0.001) more than would be expected based on availability. The authors suggest that Bachman's sparrows in prairie habitat use burrows as areas of refuge from predators.

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Despite an emphasis on grass and herbaceous vegetation under 3 feet, recent studies have shown that Bachman's sparrows show a threshold level response to grass density and actually decline in regions where grass is too dense. Because Bachman's sparrows often walk across the ground instead of flying,

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Values of nest success reported for Bachman's sparrows vary. Daily nest survival rate of Bachman's sparrow ranged from 0.89 to 0.96 across sites and years in the dry prairie of central Florida. On average 3.13 birds were fledged per successful Bachman's sparrow nest. Estimates of productivity ranged

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Bachman's sparrows exhibit some fidelity to breeding sites. Over a two-year period in shortleaf and loblolly pine plantations of central Arkansas, 6 of 34 adults returned to areas where they had a territory in a previous year. This varied across years, with a 29% return rate of adult birds banded in

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Bachman's sparrow nests are constructed on the ground by females and are primarily made of grasses. All nests (n=71) found in a study in shortleaf and loblolly pine plantations of Arkansas were built on the ground. Most nests (70%) were built at the base of bluestem clumps, although nests were found

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Bachman's sparrows typically raise 2 broods per breeding season and will renest after failed attempts. In shortleaf and loblolly pine plantations of Arkansas, the average time between fledging of the 1st brood and starting the second brood was 12.3 days. This was not significantly (p=0.39) different

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Amount of litter and debris on a site may influence Bachman's sparrow habitat selection. Percent litter cover was consistently high (>58%) on sites occupied by Bachman's sparrow in Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, South Carolina and North Carolina. Although statistical significance was not tested due

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Bachman's sparrows' selection of a dense layer of herbaceous vegetation is widely documented. Vegetation density was greater below 3 feet (0.9 m) than above 3 feet (0.9 m) and percent ground cover and percent grass cover were consistently higher (>58%) on sites occupied by Bachman's sparrow than

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Time since fire is an important factor in Bachman's sparrow habitat use. In Florida, Bachman's sparrows abandoned sites that were greater than 5 years post fire. In North Carolina, occupancy of Bachman's sparrows decreased with years since fire. Several studies suggest that optimal sites are those

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Survival of Bachman's sparrows during the breeding season has been investigated in a South Carolina study area dominated by longleaf pine. Recapture of banded birds resulted in a monthly survival rate during the breeding season of 0.94. Using radio telemetry, average survival of Bachman's sparrows

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varies from three to five. Average clutch size on a site in Arkansas was 3.9, while in a longleaf pine community in South Carolina mean clutch size was 3.6. Both of these studies found significant (p≤0.02) decreases in clutch size as the breeding season progressed. On a dry prairie site in Florida

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Bachman's sparrows occur primarily in the southeastern United States from the central region of peninsular Florida north to southeastern North Carolina and west through portions of Tennessee, Kentucky and Missouri to eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. Following forest conversion and the spread of

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Bachman's sparrow density during the breeding season has been estimated in several habitats. On clearcuts of various ages with relatively abundant loblolly pine in eastern Texas, maximum Bachman sparrow density was 1.9/10 ha. In South Carolina, Bachman's sparrow densities ranged from 0 to 0.48/ha

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The ability of the Bachman's sparrow to detect and colonize areas before they are no longer suitable may depend on the size and isolation of the habitat. In south-central Missouri, only glades ≥ 29 acres (11.7 ha) were occupied by Bachman's sparrows. The probability of Bachman's sparrow occupying

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Bachman's sparrow inhabits areas with open overstories. In sites in eastern Texas of varying age since clearcutting, study areas occupied by Bachman's sparrows had significantly (p<0.01) fewer short (≤ 10 feet (3m)) and tall (>10 feet (3m)) trees than unoccupied study areas. In longleaf and

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of the ground layer may affect habitat suitability by influencing foraging success and the availability of food and nesting material. In Georgia, Bachman's sparrows did not occur in open areas with uniformly dense herbaceous vegetation, despite these sites having a similar volume of vegetation ≤3

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spp.) ≤ 2 feet (0.5 m) above ground, was also significantly (p=0.004) greater on occupied compared to unoccupied sites. Bachman's sparrows were significantly (p≤0.01) more abundant in mixed pine-grassland restoration stands in Mississippi, which had greater understory, grass, and forb cover, than

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Bachman's sparrows may be dependent on landscape level factors at a large scale. An occupancy study in North Carolina used repeated point counts (n=232 points) to examine the impact of patch fragmentation and size on occupancy. They found that occupancy was very strongly correlated to percent of

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Territory size of Bachman's sparrows varies. In Missouri glades, reports of average Bachman's sparrow breeding territory range from 1.5 acres (0.62 ha, n=13) to 7 acres (2.9 ha, n=7). In loblolly and shortleaf pine plantations of central Arkansas, mean home range size (n=25) during the breeding

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There is evidence that Bachman sparrow may select sites with some tall vegetation. In north-central Florida, densities of Bachman's sparrows in young (2–4 years) slash pine plantations with artificial snags added (n=3) was 31.4 pairs/km, while in similar vegetation without snags (n=3) Bachman's

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Engstrom, R. Todd. 1993. Characteristic mammals and birds of longleaf pine forests. In: Hermann, Sharon M., ed. The longleaf pine ecosystem: ecology, restoration and management: Proceedings, 18th Tall Timbers fire ecology conference; 1991 May 30 – June 2; Tallahassee, FL. Tallahassee, FL: Tall

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Bachman's sparrows' association with edge habitat is uncertain. In eastern Texas clearcuts with relatively abundant loblolly pine, sites with Bachman's sparrow territories were significantly (p<0.01) closer to the edge of the study area and the number of Bachman's sparrows was significantly

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In shortleaf and loblolly pine plantations in Arkansas, females incubated eggs for 13 to 14 days. The average nestling period was 9 days, and the average period between fledging and independence was 25 days. Both parents care for the young during these periods. A review suggests that Bachman's

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Reviews and a field guide summarize the limited information available on Bachman's sparrow migration. Bachman's sparrows in the southern portion of their range are resident, while those in Missouri, Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, Tennessee, Virginia, parts of North Carolina, and extreme northern

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Stober, Jonathan M.; Krementz, David G. 2000. Survival and reproductive biology of the Bachman's Sparrow. In: Proceedings of the annual conference of the Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies; 2000 October 28 – November 1; Baton Rouge, LA. 54. Tallahassee, FL: Southeastern

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Bachman's sparrows forage on the ground for plant seeds and arthropods. In a predominately loblolly and shortleaf pine habitat of eastern Texas, all Bachman's sparrow foraging observations were on the ground and a literature review states that Bachman's sparrows rarely forage in shrubs.

717:). Insects comprise more of the Bachman's sparrow diet in spring and fall than in winter. Stomach contents of Bachman's sparrow collected in eastern Texas in summer (n=5) and fall (n=11) had a greater abundance of insects than those collected in winter (n=4). 2665: 429:

Bachman's sparrows' breeding season typically begins in April and continues through August. The earliest date for Bachman's sparrow eggs in Florida is 14 April and the latest date is 4 August. The earliest Bachman's sparrow nest found during a study in

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Information on Bachman's sparrow nest predators can be found in the Predators section of this summary. Cowbirds, nest abandonment, and prescribed fire are other known causes of nest failure. There are several accounts of Bachman's sparrow exhibiting

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Haggerty, Thomas M. (1998). "Vegetation Structure of Bachman's Sparrow Breeding Habitat and Its Relationship to Home Range (Estructura de la Vegetación del Habitat de Anidamiento de Aimophila aestivalis y su Relación con el Área Que Ocupa)".

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Wan Ramle, Wan A. Kadir. 1987. Vegetational characteristics of early successional sites utilized for breeding by the Bachman's Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis) in eastern Texas. Nacogdoches, TX: Stephen F. Austin State University.

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Dunning, John B. 1993. Bachman's Sparrow. In: Poole, A.; Stettenheim, P.; Gill, F., eds. The Birds of North America. No. 38. Philadelphia, PA: The Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists' Union:

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and two individuals chased away an approaching cotton rat. There have also been some reports of Bachman's sparrows which feign injury or imitate the movement of a snake, even emitting a hissing noise, at the approach of danger.

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Several studies have investigated the importance of landscape attributes on Bachman's sparrows. For a discussion of the possible importance of patchiness of vegetation within a site see the habitat characteristics section.

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spp.), Bachman's sparrow territories (n=6) averaged 12.5 acres (5.1 ha). In winter (November–January), the average home range size of 8 Bachman's sparrows was 1.6 acres (0.65 ha) in the dry prairie of central Florida.

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Brooks, Robert Alexander. 1987. Avifaunal populations of regenerating clearcut areas in eastern Texas, with emphasis on the Bachman's Sparrow and Prairie Warbler. Nacogdoches, TX: Stephen F. Austin State University.

457:(n=9) average clutch size was 3.44 and on another (n=5) it was 3.6. In shortleaf and loblolly pine plantations of Arkansas, females laid an average of 11.6 eggs (n=20) over the course of the breeding season. 2018:

Jones, Clark D.; Cox, James A.; Toriani-Moura, Emily; Cooper, Robert J. (June 2013). "Nest-Site Characteristics of Bachman's Sparrows and Their Relationship To Plant Succession Following Prescribed Burns".

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Fish, Alexander C.; Moorman, Christopher E.; DePerno, Christopher S.; Schillaci, Jessica M.; Hess, George R. (February 2018). "Predictors of Bachman's Sparrow Occupancy at its Northern Range Limit".

741:) prey on adult Bachman's sparrows. Species responsible for nest predation are not generally known. Evidence in some studies suggest mammalian predators and snakes eat Bachman's sparrow nestlings. 2198:

Winiarski, Jason M.; Moorman, Christopher E.; Carpenter, John P. (September 2017). "Bachman's Sparrows at the northern periphery of their range: home range size and microhabitat selection".

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Gobris, Nancy M. 1992. Habitat occupancy during the breeding season by Bachman's Sparrow at Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge in central Georgia. Athens, GA: University of Georgia. Thesis

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Van Lear, David H.; Carroll, W. D.; Kapeluck, P. R.; Johnson, Rhett (2005-06-06). "History and restoration of the longleaf pine-grassland ecosystem: Implications for species at risk".

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Dunning, John B.; Borgella, Rene; Clements, Krista & Meffe, Gary K. (1995). "Patch Isolation, Corridor Effects, and Colonization by a Resident Sparrow in a Managed Pine Woodland".

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and species composition. In a predominantly longleaf pine forest in Georgia, Bachman's sparrows were significantly (p=0.04) more abundant in areas where ground cover was primarily

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Engstrom, R. Todd; Crawford, Robert L.; Baker, W. Wilson (1984). "Breeding Bird Populations in Relation to Changing Forest Structure following Fire Exclusion: A 15-Year Study".

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Reviews and an investigation of the Bachman sparrow's diet in eastern Texas summarize the species that comprise the Bachman's sparrow's diet. A variety of grass seeds such as

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Bachman's sparrows inhabit areas with a dense layer of ground vegetation and open mid-stories with scattered shrubs and saplings, including young clearcuts and open pine (

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colored breast and whitish belly. These are mid-sized New World sparrows, measuring 12.2–16.2 cm (4.8–6.4 in) and weighing 18.4–23 g (0.65–0.81 oz).

2069:"Effects of Hurricane Katrina and Salvage Logging on Bachman's SparrowEfectos del Huracán Katrina y de la Subsiguiente Extracción de Madera sobre Aimophila aestivalis" 744:

A 2019 study in Florida video-monitored 65 nests and recorded 37 individual depredation events by 12 total species. Most (51%) of nest predation was caused by snakes (

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habitat of South Carolina was 10 April, while the latest nest found was early in the incubation stage on 5 August. In a study of Bachman's sparrow reproduction in

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that have been burned within the previous 3 years, which highlights the importance of frequent fire regimes for the successful conservation of Bachman's sparrow.

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plantations of Arkansas, egg laying started as early as 17 April and continued until 26 August. However, 85% of clutches were started in May, June, or July.

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Chambers, Rachel J. 1994. Habitat relations of Bachman's sparrows and other birds on Missouri glades. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri-Columbia. Thesis

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Rutledge, Brandon T. & Conner, L. Mike (2002). "Potential effects of groundcover restoration on breeding bird communities in longleaf pine stands".

529:) had significantly (p=0.007) higher vegetation densities ≤ 2 feet (0.5 m) than unoccupied sites in the study area. Grass density, primarily bluestems ( 637: 2155:

TUCKER, JAMES W.; ROBINSON, W. DOUGLAS; GRAND, JAMES B. (October 2004). "Influence of Fire on Bachman's Sparrow, an Endemic North American Songbird".

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Perkins, Dustin W.; Vickery, Peter D. & Shriver, W. Gregory (2003). "Spatial Dynamics of Source-Sink Habitats: Effects on Rare Grassland Birds".

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Winiarski, Jason M.; Fish, Alexander C.; Moorman, Christopher E.; Carpenter, John P.; DePerno, Christopher S.; Schillaci, Jessica M. (August 2017).

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season was 6 acres (2.5 ha). In on a south-central Florida site with saw palmetto and scrub palmetto (Sabal etonia) interspersed amongst threeawn (

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brown upperparts and crown with gray and black streaking on the nape, back and primaries. The face is gray with a rufous brown eyestripe. It has a

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Bachman's sparrow is primarily a non-migratory resident, but it may retreat from some of the most northerly territories. The species is mainly a

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Wood, Douglas R.; Burger, L. Wes Jr.; Bowman, Jacob L. & Hardy, Carol L. (2004). "Avian community response to pine—grassland restoration".

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habitat within 3 kilometers. This sensitivity to habitat in the surrounding landscape may be related to dispersal but is not yet understood.

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to small sample size, Bachman's sparrows occurred at higher densities in control plots (1.5 territories/40 ha) than plots that had downed

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Martin, Alexander C.; Zim, Herbert S.; Nelson, Arnold L. (1951). American wildlife and plants. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

807:). In shortleaf and loblolly pine plantations of central Arkansas, 5% of 38 nest failures were due to brown-headed cowbird parasitism. 2339:

Dean, Tylan F. & Vickery, Peter D. (2003). "Bachman's Sparrows use burrows and palmetto clumps as escape refugia from predators".

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National Geographic Society. 1999. Field guide to the birds of North America. 3d ed. Washington, DC: The National Geographic Society

3230: 3115: 79: 2659: 1178: 1140: 3169: 2965: 2631: 364:, with habitat loss one of the major factors often cited in its decline. Habitat degradation due to later stages of forest 421:

data from recent decades suggests that several populations of Bachman's sparrows remain in North Carolina for the winter.

2851: 2687:(A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology; Retrieved from The Birds of North American Online database 1173:

Stevenson, Henry M.; Anderson, Bruce H. (1994). The birdlife of Florida. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press

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Dunning, John B. Jr. & Watts, Bryan D. (1990). "Regional differences in habitat occupancy by Bachman's Sparrow".

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Haggerty, Thomas M. (1995). "Nest-site selection, nest design, and nest-entrance orientation in Bachman's Sparrow".

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spp.), and threeawns are eaten by Bachman's sparrows as well as seeds of several other taxa, including blueberries (

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1983 and none of the adults banded in 1984 returning to the site in 1985. No juveniles (n=60) returned to the site.

985: 314: 1369: 1097: 1827: 958: 342:. The domed nest is usually built on the ground near a clump of grass or a bush. Females lay three to five eggs. 2545: 2168: 1910: 94: 3071: 2600:

Sauer, J.R.; Niven, D.K.; Hines, J.E.; Ziolkowski, Jr., D.J.; Pardieck, K.L.; Fallon, J.E.; Link, W.A. (2019).

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Mumford, Russell E.; Keller, Charles E. 1984. The birds of Indiana. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press

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Malone, Kristen; Jones, Harrison; Betancourt, Adriana; Terhune II, Theron; Sieving, Kathryn (2019-07-31).

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data suggest that the species has declined since the survey began in 1966. The species' dependence on

977: 559: 3102: 2867: 2744: 824: 800: 206: 1868: 3130: 2751: 745: 584: 550: 479: 39: 2991: 1650:"Scrub-Successional Bird Community Dynamics in Young and Mature Longleaf Pine-Wiregrass Savannahs" 636: 2568: 2474: 2418: 2364: 2356: 2301: 2258: 2180: 2134: 2098: 2044: 1995: 1922: 1914: 1842: 1803: 1754: 1709: 1669: 1627: 1573: 1459: 1411: 1384: 1267: 1220: 258: 89: 850: 3156: 2604:. Laurel, Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. Version 2.07.2019 2233:

Pulliam, H. Ronald; Mills, G. Scott (November 1977). "The Use of Space by Wintering Sparrows".

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Plentovich, Sheldon; Tucker, James W. Jr.; Holler, Nicholas R. & Hill, Geoffrey E. (1998).

1740:"Vegetation structure of Bachman's Sparrow breeding habitat and its relationship to home range" 3079: 3012: 2978: 2898: 2509: 2466: 2426: 2250: 2215: 2172: 2126: 2090: 2036: 1987: 1619: 1565: 1544:"Nest-site selection and nest survival of Bachman's Sparrows in two longleaf pine communities" 1509: 1259: 1212: 1174: 1136: 1017: 828: 773: 726: 453: 156: 3215: 3017: 2939: 2698: 2560: 2501: 2458: 2391: 2348: 2242: 2207: 2164: 2080: 2068: 2028: 1977: 1965: 1906: 1795: 1661: 1609: 1555: 1451: 1251: 1109: 989: 893: 796: 734: 555: 306: 2880: 1370:"Aspects of the breeding biology and productivity of Bachman's Sparrow in central Arkansas" 3177: 2765: 781: 693:

spp). Arthropods in the Bachman's sparrow's diet include grasshoppers and crickets (order

369: 357: 54: 2671: 875: 2395: 2496:. Relative Risk Assessments for Decision –Making Related To Uncharacteristic Wildfire. 1203:

Brooks, Maurice (1938). "Bachman's Sparrow in the North-Central Portion of Its Range".

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NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data accessed through NatureServe Explorer

3084: 2903: 777: 714: 596: 318: 3120: 482:. One study recorded video evidence of a Bachman's sparrow successfully leading a 3057: 2890: 2505: 1239: 2986: 2947: 2836: 2690: 1781:"Enhancing Bachman's Sparrow Habitat via Management of Red-Cockaded Woodpeckers" 820: 757: 725:

Data demonstrating which species prey on Bachman's sparrow are lacking. However

710: 706: 487: 2827: 3025: 2352: 1598:"Video documentation of predators and nest defense at Bachman's Sparrow nests" 749: 702: 694: 666: 531: 2513: 2470: 2430: 2254: 2219: 2176: 2130: 2094: 2085: 2040: 1991: 1828:"Managing mid–rotation pine plantations to enhance Bachman's sparrow habitat" 1623: 1614: 1597: 1569: 1513: 1263: 1216: 1982: 1560: 1543: 683: 575: 146: 106: 2685:

Bachman’s Sparrow (Aimophila aestivalis). The Birds of North America Online

2602:"The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 - 2019" 1964:

Taillie, Paul J.; Peterson, M. Nils; Moorman, Christopher E. (2015-05-01).

792:(14%). Predators were not identified for 17 additional depredation events. 391:

breeds furthest east, from southeast South Carolina to peninsular Florida.

1826:

Tucker, James W. Jr.; Hill, Geoffrey E. & Holler, Nicholas R. (1998).

3182: 3051: 2821: 2462: 789: 785: 677: 564: 310: 126: 3094: 1415: 3143: 2929: 2862: 2723: 2572: 2546:"Feeding Ecology of Three Resident Sympatric Sparrows in Eastern Texas" 2422: 2360: 2305: 2262: 2211: 2138: 1918: 1846: 1807: 1758: 1713: 1673: 1463: 1388: 1271: 1224: 1113: 698: 671: 166: 1869:"A geographic study of the vegetation structure of Bachman's Sparrow ( 3066: 2952: 2032: 769: 765: 350: 325: 116: 2798: 2564: 2246: 1799: 1665: 1649: 1455: 1255: 2916: 993: 2911: 689: 635: 418: 3107: 815:

The Bachman's sparrow is considered to be near threatened by the

2601: 1502:

Effects of Ground-based Military Training on Bachman's Sparrow (

816: 361: 336: 136: 2802: 2694: 1240:"Thirty-Two Years of Bird Migration at Raleigh, North Carolina" 375:

The song begins as a clear whistle, followed by a short trill.

869: 867: 569:), compared to relatively disturbed communities of bluestems ( 486:

away from its nest. In the same study, three individuals used

2169:

10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[1114:iofobs]2.0.co;2

1911:

10.2193/0091-7648(2004)032[0819:ACRTPR]2.0.CO;2

1285: 368:

has also been attributed to the decline of this species.

1508:(MSc thesis). Raleigh: North Carolina State University. 403:

occurs in the westernmost region of the species' range.

2067:

Brooks, Matthew E.; Stouffer, Philip C. (2010-11-01).

1648:

Krementz, David G. & Christie, Jeffrey S. (1999).

976:

Dunning, Jr., John B. (2006). Rodewald, P. G. (ed.).

2544:

Allaire, Pierre N. & Fisher, Charles D. (1975).

3041: 2811: 1325:

Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies: 383–390.

899:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22721256A179939235.en 831:for habitat complicates conservation management. 549:Factors such as the patchiness of vegetation and 461:sparrows probably breed the year after hatching. 387:Among the three subspecies of Bachman's sparrow, 1016:, John B. Dunning Jr. (ed.). CRC Press (1992), 3221:Native birds of the Southeastern United States 317:. This species was named in honor of Reverend 2706: 8: 1286:"eBird - Discover a new world of birding..." 2672:Bachman's (or Pinewoods) sparrow bird sound 2626:National Audubon Watch List species account 3226:Endemic birds of the Eastern United States 2799: 2713: 2699: 2691: 233: 70: 48: 29: 20: 2084: 1981: 1877:Journal of the Alabama Academy of Science 1613: 1559: 897: 2640:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 1363: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1351: 1169: 863: 857:United States Department of Agriculture 2586: 2584: 2582: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1892: 1890: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1643: 1641: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1349: 1347: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1058: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 399:to Mississippi and north to Kentucky. 3206:IUCN Red List near threatened species 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2150: 2148: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2013: 2011: 2009: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1495: 1493: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1030: 7: 1500:Fish, Alexander Christopher (2017). 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 922: 920: 918: 916: 2396:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09030542.x 885:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 939:. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe 14: 2021:The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 1014:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses 978:"Bachman's Sparrow: Introduction" 844: This article incorporates 839: 819:and vulnerable to extinction by 93: 2666:Bachman's sparrow photo gallery 2656:on the Internet Bird Collection 2527:Timbers Research, Inc.: 127–138 874:BirdLife International (2020). 335:Their breeding habitat is open 3211:NatureServe vulnerable species 2157:Journal of Wildlife Management 1788:Journal of Wildlife Management 1654:Journal of Wildlife Management 1602:Avian Conservation and Ecology 1444:Journal of Wildlife Management 226:Peucaea aestivalis illinoensis 222:Peucaea aestivalis aestivalis 1: 2494:Forest Ecology and Management 389:Peucaea aestivalis aestivalis 349:, but it will also take some 2506:10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.014 2341:Journal of Field Ornithology 2200:Journal of Field Ornithology 2119:Journal of Field Ornithology 1867:Haggerty, Thomas M. (2000). 1747:Journal of Field Ornithology 1738:Haggerty, Thomas M. (1998). 1368:Haggerty, Thomas M. (1988). 1098:"Breeding birds of Virginia" 927:NatureServe (7 April 2023). 823:as of 2023. North American 795:Bachman's sparrow nests are 764:), followed by mesomammals ( 224:Peucaea aestivalis bachmani 1404:The Southwestern Naturalist 1102:Virginia Journal of Science 713:), and leafhoppers (family 407:Timing of major life events 3247: 986:Cornell Lab of Ornithology 982:The Birds of North America 687:spp.), pines, and sedges ( 315:southeastern United States 2732: 2353:10.1648/0273-8570-74.1.26 2294:Wildlife Society Bulletin 1899:Wildlife Society Bulletin 1835:Wildlife Society Bulletin 892:: e.T22721256A179939235. 271:(Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823) 264: 257: 241: 232: 219: 214: 195: 188: 90:Scientific classification 88: 68: 46: 37: 28: 23: 2654:Bachman's sparrow videos 2086:10.1525/cond.2010.100019 1615:10.5751/ACE-01409-140206 1096:Watts, Bryan D. (2015). 797:occasionally parasitized 372:may assist in recovery. 356:This bird is considered 3231:Birds described in 1823 2683:Dunning, J. B. (2006). 2662:(for the United States) 2451:Southeastern Naturalist 1983:10.1650/CONDOR-14-137.1 1561:10.1650/condor-16-220.1 1238:Brimley, C. S. (1917). 705:), caterpillars (order 607:Landscape level effects 523:red-cockaded woodpecker 516:Habitat characteristics 370:Prescribed forest burns 279:Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823 846:public domain material 640: 24:Bachman's sparrow 801:brown-headed cowbirds 639: 632:Territory and density 573:spp.) and silkgrass ( 480:nest defense behavior 297:), also known as the 3072:aimophila-aestivalis 3043:Aimophila aestivalis 2634:Aimophila aestivalis 2463:10.1656/058.017.0108 2384:Conservation Biology 1871:Aimophila aestivalis 959:"Peucaea aestivalis" 852:Aimophila aestivalis 825:Breeding Bird Survey 675:sp.), crowngrasses ( 393:Peucaea a. bachmanii 276:Fringilla aestivalis 268:Aimophila aestivalis 2780:Peucaea sumichrasti 2411:The Wilson Bulletin 1873:) breeding habitat" 1377:The Wilson Bulletin 1205:The Wilson Bulletin 585:coarse woody debris 551:species composition 40:Conservation status 3031:Peucaea-aestivalis 2843:Peucaea aestivalis 2813:Peucaea aestivalis 2766:Peucaea mystacalis 2738:Peucaea aestivalis 2212:10.1111/jofo.12215 1506:) Breeding Ecology 1504:Peucaea aestivalis 1114:10.25778/31dc-jz42 984:. Ithaca, NY, US: 931:Peucaea aestivalis 878:Peucaea aestivalis 727:short-tailed hawks 701:), beetles (order 697:), spiders (order 669:, bristlegrasses ( 641: 294:Peucaea aestivalis 199:Peucaea aestivalis 181:P. aestivalis 3193: 3192: 3013:Open Tree of Life 2805:Taxon identifiers 2796: 2795: 2773:Peucaea ruficauda 2759:Peucaea humeralis 829:seral communities 774:hispid cotton rat 772:; 19%), rodents ( 735:American kestrels 527:Picoides borealis 504:Preferred habitat 401:P. a. illinoensis 299:pinewoods sparrow 289:Bachman's sparrow 286: 285: 280: 272: 207:Lichtenstein, MHC 83: 63: 3238: 3186: 3185: 3173: 3172: 3160: 3159: 3147: 3146: 3134: 3133: 3124: 3123: 3111: 3110: 3098: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3075: 3074: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3034: 3033: 3021: 3020: 3008: 3007: 2995: 2994: 2982: 2981: 2969: 2968: 2956: 2955: 2943: 2942: 2940:bachmans-sparrow 2933: 2932: 2920: 2919: 2907: 2906: 2894: 2893: 2884: 2883: 2871: 2870: 2868:DAD22BB68CF2206A 2858: 2857: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2832: 2831: 2830: 2800: 2787:Peucaea carpalis 2752:Peucaea cassinii 2745:Peucaea botterii 2721:Sparrows in the 2715: 2708: 2701: 2692: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2614: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2597: 2591: 2588: 2577: 2576: 2550: 2541: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2446: 2435: 2434: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2336: 2325: 2321: 2310: 2309: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2267: 2266: 2241:(6): 1393–1399. 2230: 2224: 2223: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2163:(4): 1114–1123. 2152: 2143: 2142: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2088: 2064: 2053: 2052: 2033:10.1676/12-119.1 2015: 2004: 2003: 1985: 1961: 1946: 1942: 1931: 1930: 1894: 1885: 1884: 1864: 1851: 1850: 1832: 1823: 1812: 1811: 1785: 1776: 1763: 1762: 1744: 1735: 1718: 1717: 1697: 1678: 1677: 1645: 1636: 1635: 1617: 1593: 1582: 1581: 1563: 1539: 1518: 1517: 1497: 1488: 1485: 1468: 1467: 1439: 1420: 1419: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1374: 1365: 1326: 1322: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1235: 1229: 1228: 1200: 1181: 1171: 1144: 1133: 1118: 1117: 1093: 1080: 1077: 1064: 1060: 1025: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1002: 1000: 973: 967: 966: 955: 949: 948: 946: 944: 924: 911: 910: 908: 906: 901: 871: 860: 843: 842: 739:Falco sparverius 733:) and possibly 731:Buteo brachyurus 709:), wasps (order 560:Beyrich threeawn 556:herbaceous layer 397:P. a. aestivalis 307:American sparrow 303:oakwoods sparrow 278: 270: 252: Year-round 251: 245: 237: 201: 98: 97: 77: 74: 73: 57: 52: 51: 33: 21: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3181: 3178:Observation.org 3176: 3168: 3163: 3155: 3150: 3142: 3137: 3129: 3127: 3119: 3114: 3106: 3101: 3093: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3070: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3037: 3029: 3024: 3016: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2990: 2985: 2977: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2951: 2946: 2938: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2915: 2910: 2902: 2897: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2874: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2807: 2797: 2792: 2728: 2719: 2680: 2678:Further reading 2644: 2642: 2630: 2622: 2617: 2607: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2580: 2565:10.2307/4084555 2548: 2543: 2542: 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497: 471: 469:Nesting success 427: 414: 409: 395:occurs west of 381: 358:near threatened 253: 249: 247: 243: 225: 223: 210: 203: 197: 184: 92: 84: 75: 71: 64: 55:Near Threatened 53: 49: 42: 17: 16:Species of bird 12: 11: 5: 3244: 3242: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3198: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3187: 3174: 3161: 3148: 3135: 3125: 3112: 3099: 3089: 3076: 3063: 3047: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3035: 3022: 3009: 2996: 2983: 2970: 2957: 2944: 2934: 2921: 2908: 2895: 2885: 2872: 2859: 2848: 2833: 2817: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2794: 2793: 2791: 2790: 2783: 2776: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2689: 2688: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2628: 2621: 2620:External links 2618: 2616: 2615: 2592: 2578: 2559:(2): 260–269. 2529: 2519: 2500:(1): 150–165. 2484: 2457:(1): 104–116. 2436: 2417:(3): 437–450. 2401: 2374: 2326: 2311: 2300:(2): 354–360. 2284: 2268: 2225: 2206:(3): 250–261. 2190: 2144: 2108: 2079:(4): 744–753. 2054: 2027:(2): 293–300. 2005: 1976:(2): 137–146. 1947: 1932: 1905:(3): 819–829. 1886: 1852: 1841:(2): 342–348. 1813: 1794:(1): 347–354. 1764: 1719: 1708:(3): 463–472. 1679: 1660:(3): 803–814. 1637: 1583: 1554:(3): 361–374. 1519: 1489: 1469: 1450:(3): 588–599. 1421: 1394: 1383:(2): 247–255. 1327: 1300: 1277: 1250:(3): 296–308. 1230: 1182: 1145: 1119: 1108:(3): 223–276. 1081: 1065: 1026: 1022:978-0849342585 1006: 994:10.2173/bna.38 968: 950: 912: 862: 836: 833: 812: 809: 805:Molothrus ater 754:gray rat snake 722: 719: 658: 655: 633: 630: 608: 605: 517: 514: 505: 502: 496: 493: 470: 467: 426: 423: 413: 410: 408: 405: 380: 377: 284: 283: 282: 281: 273: 262: 261: 255: 254: 248: 246: Breeding 242: 239: 238: 230: 229: 217: 216: 212: 211: 204: 193: 192: 186: 185: 178: 176: 172: 171: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 134: 130: 129: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 86: 85: 69: 66: 65: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3243: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 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